Appendix 1. Clinical pathology and physiological values
David McLelland
This appendix presents reference values derived from published and unpublished sources for haematological, biochemical, urinalysis and physiological data for Australian mammals.
Where available, reference intervals established using accepted methods are reported. If reference intervals are not available, descriptive statistics are presented. All values are reported in SI units; data published in alternate units have been converted. Abbreviations are defined in Appendix 6 or in table footnotes.Not all published datasets for Australian mammals are reported here. While seeking to maximise the range of species covered, priority has been given to recent publications and studies with larger sample sizes. Reference values for Australian mammals have previously been compiled by Clark (2004) and Vogelnest and Woods (2008).
The sample sizes reported here represent the number of animals sampled. Some datasets incorporate multiple samples from individuals in the sampled population; in these cases, the number of samples contributing to the reference values is greater than the sample size listed.
Demographic and other characteristics of sampled populations can influence clinical pathology and physiological parameters (e.g. age, sex, environment, capture and restraint method, and time from capture to sample collection). Many studies report separate reference values for parameters that vary with factors such as age, sex, season and time since capture. Cohort-specific reference values are only reported here where species-level data are not available.
Sample handling and analytical factors can also affect measured values (e.g. proficiency of sample collection, sample storage conditions, time from sample collection to preparation/analysis, analytical equipment and test method). These characteristics are not outlined in this appendix.
Many of the urinalysis and physiological reference data reported here are generic to broad taxonomic groupings or were not published with supporting details of the sampled population, sample size or method of sample collection. This should be considered when applying these data to specific species, populations and clinical scenarios.
Many of the reference values included here are from Zoological Information Management Software (ZIMS; Species360 2017). These reference values are calculated using data contributed by member institutions globally. Though not stipulated, it is reasonable to assume the majority of contributed data are from animals held in managed care. Characteristics of sampled individuals/ populations and the methods utilised by contributors are not published. Data analysis is automated and data entry errors by contributors can potentially result in implausible reference values. However, a range of methods are used to ensure the quality of reference data is optimised.
Reference values should not be used as strict diagnostic criteria. When comparing datasets, consideration should be given to the factors outlined above. Test results that fall within and outside of ranges reported here should be interpreted in the context of other clinical findings.
haematologyand biochemistry
Monotremes
Haematological and biochemical values for platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 657
Haematological and biochemical values for platypus and the short-beaked echidna (continued)
1Macgregorefa/. (2017); 2Geraghtyefa/. (2011); 3Booth and Connolly (2008); 4MiddIeton (2008); sSpecies360 (2017)
658 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Macropods
Haematological and biochemical values for selected potoroid species
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 659
Haematological and biochemical values for selected potoroid species (continued)
660 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Haematological and biochemical values for selected tree kangaroo species, including species from New Guinea, which may be extrapolated to Australian species for which there are no data, and the yellow-footed rock wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values
Haematological and biochemical values for selected tree kangaroo species and the yellow-footed rock wallaby (continued)
662 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Haematological and biochemical values for selected rock-wallaby species (Petrogale spp.)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 663
Haematological and biochemical values for selected rock-wallaby species (continued)
664 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Haematological and biochemical reference values for selected wallaby species (Notamacropus spp.)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 665
Haematological and biochemical reference values for selected wallaby species (continued)
666 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Haematological and biochemical reference values for selected kangaroo species (Macropus spp., Osphranter spp.)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values
Haematological and biochemical reference values for selected kangaroo species (continued)
1Species360 (2017)
668 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Haematological and biochemical reference Valuesforthequokka (Setonix brachyurus)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 669
Haematological and biochemical reference values for the quokka (continued)
1Martmez-Perez (2016); 2Species360 (2017)
670 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Koala
Haematological and biochemical values for managed and free-ranging koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 671
Haematological and biochemical values for managed and free-ranging koalas (continued)
672 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Wombats
Haematological and biochemical Valuesforthesouthern hairy-nosed wombat (LasiorhinusIatifrons)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 673
Haematological and biochemical values for the southern hairy-nosed wombat (continued)
674 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Haematological and biochemical values for the northern hairy-nosed (Lasiorhinus krefftii) and bare-nosed (Vombatus ursinus) wombats
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 675
Haematological and biochemical values for the northern hairy-nosed and bare-nosed wombats (continued)
1Reiss etal.
(2008); 2Bryant and Reiss (2008), derived from Booth (1999); 3Species360 (2017); 4Barboza etal. (1993)676 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Possums and gliders
Haematological and biochemical values for selected glider and possum species
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 677
Haematological and biochemical values for selected glider and possum species (continued)
1Species360 (2017); 2Viggers and Lindenmayer (2001); 3CIarke etal. (2013); 4Roberts etal. (1990) aManaged population maintained on browse-free diet.
678 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Haematological and biochemical values for the common brush-tailed (Trichosurus vulpecula) and mountain brush-tailed (7^. cunninghami) possums
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 679
Haematological and biochemical values for the common brush-tailed and mountain brush-tailed possums (continued)
680 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Dasyurids
Haematological and biochemical VaIuesfortheTasmanian devil (SarcophiIusharrisii)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 681
Haematological and biochemical values for the Tasmanian devil (continued)
1Hope and Peck (2016); 2Stannard etal. (2016); 3Peckefa/.
(2015); 4Species360 (2017)Haematological and biochemical values for selected quoll species (Dasyurus spp.) and the kowari (Dasyuroides byrnei)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 683
Haematological and biochemical values for selected quoll species and the kowari (continued)
1Fancourtand Nicol (in press); 2Stannard etal. (2013);3 Melrose etal. (1987)j4Species360 (2017)
684 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Bandicoots and the greater bilby
Haematological and biochemical values for selected bandicoot species (Perameles spp.)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 685
Haematological and biochemical values for selected bandicoot species (continued)
1Lynch (2008);2 Species360 (2017); 3Bennett etal. (2008)
686 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Haematological and biochemical Valuesforthesouthern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) and the greater bilby (Macrotis Iagotis)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 687
Haematological and biochemical values for the southern brown bandicoot and the greater bilby (continued)
1Packer (2014); 2Wicks and Clark (2005); 3Species360 (2017); 4Warren etal. (2015); 5Lynch (2008) N/L ratio = neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio.
688 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Bats
Haematological and biochemical values for selected flying-fox species (Pteropus spp.)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 689
Haematological and biochemical values for selected flying-fox species (continued)
690 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Haematological and biochemical values for selected flying-fox species (Pteropus spp.)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 691
Haematological and biochemical values for selected flying-fox species (continued)
1Edson etal. (2018); 2Species360 (2017); 3HaII etal. (2014)
692 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Haematological and biochemical values for selected microbat species
1Adapted by Clark (2004); 2HoIz etal. (2020); 3P Holz pers. comm.
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 693
Rodents
Haematological and biochemical values for selected rodent species
694 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Haematological and biochemical values for selected rodent species
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 695
Haematological and biochemical values for selected rodent species (continued)
696 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Haematological and biochemical values for selected rodent species
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 697
Pinnipeds
Haematological and biochemical values for Australian species of fur seals
698 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Haematological and biochemical values for Australian species of fur seals
1Species360 (2017); 2Barnes etal.
(2008a); 3TryIand etal. (2012)Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 699
Haematological and biochemical values for the Australian sea-lion (Neophoca cinerea)
700 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
1McFarlane (2009); 2TryIand etal. (2012)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 701
Haematological and biochemical values for Australian phocid species (continued)
702 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
1Gray (2005); 2Lane etal. (1972); 3MeIrose etal. (1995) PT = prothrombin time; PTT = partial thromboplastin time.
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 703
Cetaceans
Haematological and biochemical values for the common bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) (see also next table)
704 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Haematological and biochemical values for the common bottle-nosed dolphin
Haematological and biochemical values for the common bottle-nosed dolphin (continued)
706 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Haematological and biochemical values for the common bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) (see also previous table)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 707
Haematological and biochemical values for the common bottle-nosed dolphin (continued)
708 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Dugong
Haematological and biochemical values for the dugong (Dugong dugon)
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 709
Haematological and biochemical values for the dugong (continued)
1Woolford etal. (2015); 2Lanyon etal. (2015); 3Lanyon etal. (2012)
710 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
URINALYSIS
Urinalysisvalues for the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) and selected taxa OfAustraIian marsupials
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values
Urinalysis values for selected macropod species, including a New Guinea tree kangaroo species, which may be extrapolated to Australian species for which there are no data
712 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Urinalysis values for flying-foxes (Pteropus spp.)
1Olsson and Woods (2008); 2McMichaeI etal. (2018); 3Edson etal. (2018) USG = urine specific gravity.
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 713
Urinalysis values for dolphins and the common bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
1Blyde and Vogelnest (2008); 2Species360 (2017) USG = urine specific gravity.
714 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Physiologicaldata
Physiological values for the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus)
1Macgregoreta/. (2017); 2Booth and Connolly (2008); 3MiddIeton (2008), adapted from Griffiths (1989); 4HoIz (2015)
Physiological values for selected taxa and species OfAustraIian marsupials and a New Guinea tree kangaroo species, which may be extrapolated to Australian species for which there are no data
1McCracken (2008); 2VogeInest and Portas (2008); 3Travis et al. (2012); 4BIanshard and Bodley (2008)
Physiological values for selected taxa and species OfAustraIian mammals
Appendix 1 - Clinical pathology and physiological values 715
Physiological values for selected taxa and species OfAustraIian marine mammals
1Barnes etal. (2008a); 2BIyde and Vogelnest (2008); 3Lanyon etal. (2010); 4Lanyon etal. (2012)
716 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
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