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EUTHANASIA

Within the context of wildlife rehabilitation, euthanasia of an individual must be considered if the animal is unable to regain full physical function with a normal species-specific behavioural repertoire or if the release of a rehabilitated animal poses a threat to the health of the free-ranging population.

Although there are a limited number of non-releasable animals that can be used for educational, zoological or threatened species breeding programs, most animals that are determined to be unfit for release should be euthanased as soon as possible. Mar­supial orphans with an age factor M, Garcia M (2007) A case of bilateral polydactyly in the grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). European Journal of Anatomy 11, 189-191. doi:10.1002/ar.24530

Diesch TJ, Mellor DJ, Johnson CB, Lentle RG (2010) Developmental changes in the electroencephalogram and responses to a noxious stimulus in anaesthetized tammar wallaby joeys (Macropus eugenii eugenii). Laboratory Animals 44, 79-87. doi:10.1258/la.2009.009045 Edwards MJ, Hinds LA, Deane EM, Deakin JE (2012) A review of com­plementary mechanisms which protect the developing marsupial pouch young. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 37, 213-220. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2012.03.013

Englefield B, Blackman SA, Starling M, McGreevy PD (2019) A review of Australian animal welfare legislation, regulation, codes of practice, and policy, and their influence on stakeholders caring for wildlife and the animals for whom they care. Animals 9, 335. doi:10.3390/ani9060335

Ferner K, Zeller U, Renfree MB (2009) Lung development of mono- tremes: evidence for the mammalian morphotype. The Anatomical Record 292, 190-201. doi:10.1002/ar.20825

Frappell PB (2008) Ontogeny and allometry of metabolic rate and ven­tilation in the marsupial: matching supply and demand from ecto- thermy to endothermy. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 150, 181-188.

doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.02.017

Gage L (2002) Hand-rearing Wild and Domestic Mammals. Iowa State Press, Ames.

Goldenberg S, Parker JM, Chege SM, Greggor AL, Hunt M, Lamberski N, Leigh KA, Nollens HH, Ruppert KA, Thouless C, Wittemyer G, Owen MA (2022) Revisiting the 4 R’s: improving post-release outcomes for rescued mammalian wildlife by fostering behavioral competence during rehabilitation. Frontiers in Conservation Science 3. doi:10.3389/fcosc.2022.910358

Hamlin JH, Guillette LJ Jr (2010) Birth defects in wildlife: the role of environmental contaminants as inducers of reproductive and developmental dysfunction. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine 56, 113-121. doi:10.3109/19396360903244598

Hulst F (2008) Dingoes. In Medicine of Australian Mammals. (Eds L Vogelnest and R Woods) pp. 527-540. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

Jackson S (2003) Australian Mammals: Biology and Captive Manage­ment. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

Kutzler M (2013) Clinical pathology in pediatric patients. In Proceed­ings of the Central Veterinary Conference East. 9-13 May, Washing­ton DC. Central Veterinary Conference, Washington DC.

Kwek JHL, De Iongh R, Digby MR, Refree MB, Nicholas KR, Familiari M (2009) Cross-fostering of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) pouch young accelerates fore-stomach maturation. Mecha­nisms of Development 126, 449-463. doi:10.1016/j.mod.2009.01.003

Lee JA, Cohn LA (2017) Fluid therapy for pediatric patients. The Veteri­nary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 47, 373-382. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.09.010

Lentle RG, Dey D, Hulls C, Mellor DJ, Moughan PJ, Stafford KJ, Nicholas K (2006) A quantitative study of the morphological devel­opment and bacterial colonisation of the gut of the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii eugenii and brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula during in-pouch development. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 176, 763-774. doi:10.1007/s00360-006-0097-4

Lyons R, Wimberley T (2016) Introduction to the Care and Rehabilita­tion of Microbats.

Wildcare Australia Inc., Nerang, Qld.

Ma G, Dennis M, Rose K, Spratt D, Spielman D (2013) Tawny frog­mouths and brushtail possums as sentinels for Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm. Veterinary Parasitology 192, 158-165. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.009

Mackie JT, Gillett AK, Palmieri C, Feng T, Higgins DP (2016) Pneumo­nia due to Chlamydia pecorum in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Journal of Comparative Pathology 155, 356-360. doi:10.1016/j. jcpa.2016.07.011

Mathews K, Kronen PW, Lascelles D, Nolan A, Robertson S, Steagall PV, Wright B, Yamashita K (2014) Guidelines for recognition, assessment and treatment of pain. The Journal of Small Animal Practice 55, E10-E68. doi:10.1111/jsap.12200

McCracken H (2008) Veterinary aspects of hand-rearing orphaned marsupials. In Medicine of Australian Mammals. (Eds L Vogelnest and R Woods) pp. 13-37. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

McKenzie S, Deane EM, Burnett L (2002) Haematology and serum biochemistry of the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii. Compara­tive Clinical Pathology 11, 229-237. doi:10.1007/s005800200024

McLelland DJ, Fielder K, Males G, Langley N, Schultz D (2015) Successful transfer of a Goodfellow’s tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus goodfellowi) pouch young to a yellow-footed rock wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus) surrogate. Zoo Biology 34, 460-462. doi:10.1002/zoo.21236

McMichael M (2014) Pediatric critical care. In Proceedings of the Inter­national Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Symposium. 10-14 September, Indianapolis. Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society, San Antonio, TX.

Mella VSA, Gillies C, McArthur C, Webb E, Herbert C (2023) Factors influencing the success of hand-reared juvenile brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) released into the wild. Wildlife Research 50, 96-107. doi:10.1071/WR22056

Mellor DJ (2010) Galloping colts, fetal feelings, and reassuring regula­tions: putting animal-welfare science into practice. Journal of Vet­erinary Medical Education 37, 94-100.

doi:10.3138/jvme.37.1.94

Menzies BR, Shaw G, Fletcher TP, Renfree MB (2009) Early onset of ghrelin production in a marsupial. Molecular and Cellular Endocri­nology 299, 266-273. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.033

Mess AM, Ferner KJ (2010) Evolution and development of gas exchange structures in Mammalia: the placenta and the lung. Respiratory Physi­ology & Neurobiology 173, S74-S82. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2010.01.005

Munn AJ, Dawson TJ, Maloney SK (2007) Ventilation patterns in red kangaroos (Macropus rufus Desmarest): juveniles work harder than adults at thermal extremes, but extract more oxygen per breath at thermoneutrality. The Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 2723­2729. doi:10.1242/jeb.005009

NRMMC (2008) National Code of Practice for the Humane Shooting of Kangaroos and Wallabies for Commercial Purposes. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Canberra, ACT.

Old JM (2016) Haematopoeisis in marsupials. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 58, 40-46. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.009

Olsson A, Woods R (2008) Bats. In Medicine of Australian Mammals. (Eds L Vogelnest and R Woods) pp. 465-502. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

Parameswaran N, O’Handley RM, Grigg ME, Wayne A, Thompson RC (2009) Vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Australian mar­supials. Parasitology 136, 939-944. doi:10.1017/S0031182009006453

Peck S, Corkrey R, Hamede R, Jones M, Canfield P (2015) Hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals for wild Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii). Veterinary Clinical Pathology 44, 519-529. doi:10.1111/vcp.12304

Petersen M (2011) Pediatric toxicology. In Proceedings of the 83rd Western Veterinary Conference. 20-24 February, Las Vegas, NV.

Phillips C, Higgins D, Herbert C, Spielman D (2012) Investigating the efficacy of ‘5 in 1’ vaccines in macropods. In Proceedings of the Aus­tralian Wildlife Rehabilitation Conference. 16-20 July, Townsville, Qld..

Pohl CS, Medland JE, Moeser AJ (2015) Early-life stress origins of gas­trointestinal disease: animal models, intestinal pathophysiology, and translational implications. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 309, G927-G941. doi:10.1152/ ajpgi.00206.2015

Polymeropoulos E, Jastroch M, Frappell P (2012) Absence of adaptive nonshivering thermogenesis in a marsupial, the fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata). Journal of Comparative Physiology. B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 182, 393-401. doi:10.1007/s00360-011-0623-x

Presidente PJA, Correa J (1981) Haematology plasma electrolytes and serum biochemical values of Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr) Marsu- pialia: Phalangeridae. Australian Journal of Zoology 29, 507-517. doi:10.1071/ZO9810507

Pye GW, Gait SC, Mulot B, de Asua MD, Martinez-Nevado E, Bonar CJ, Baines SJ, Baines EA (2013) Metabolic bone disease in juvenile koalas. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 44, 273-279. doi:10.1638/2012-0031R1.1

Reidarson TH (2003) Cetaceans. In Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. 5th edn. (Eds M Fowler and RE Miller) pp. 442-459. Elsevier, St Louis.

Rich B (2012) Nutritional requirements of juvenile marsupials. In Pro­ceedings of the Australian Wildlife Rehabilitation Conference. 16-20 July, Townsville, Qld.

Shibata E, Shindo I, Miyakawa E, Kido N (2017) Supplemental feeding of captive neonatal koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). Zoo Biology 36, 62-65. doi:10.1002/zoo.21343

Simpson SJ, Flecknoe SJ, Clugston RD, Greer JJ, Hooper SB, Frappell PB (2011) Structural and functional development of the respiratory exchange system in a newborn marsupial with cutaneous gas exchange. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 84, 634-649. doi:10.1086/662557

Sisak DM (2007) Anesthesia considerations: geriatric and pediatric patients. In Proceedings of the International Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Symposium. 26-30 September, New Orleans. Academy of Veterinary Technician Anesthetists, USA.

Smits A, Kulo A, de Hoon JN, Allegaert K (2012) Pharmacokinetics of drugs in neonates: pattern recognition beyond compound specific observations. Current Pharmaceutical Design 18, 3119-3146. doi:10. 2174/1381612811209023119

Spencer AJ, Canfield PJ (1994) Age-related changes in the haematology of young koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) up to one year old. Com­parative Haematology International 4, 146-151. doi:10.1007/ BF00798355

Stannard H (2012) Diet, nutrition and haematology of dasyurid marsu­pials. PhD thesis. University of Western Sydney, Australia.

Taggart DA, Schultz DJ, Fletcher TP, Friend JA, Smith IG, Breed WG (2010) Cross-fostering and short-term pouch isolation in macropo- doid marsupials: implications for conservation and species man­agement. In Macropods: The Biology of Kangaroos, Wallabies and Rat-Kangaroos. (Eds G Coulson and M Eldridge) pp. 263-278. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

Vaughan RJ, Warren KS, Mills SJ, Palmer C, Fenwick S, Monaghan CL, Friend AJ (2009) Haematological and serum biochemical reference values and cohort analysis in the Gilbert’s potoroo (Potorous gil- bertii). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 40, 276-288. doi:10. 1638/2008-0058.1

Vogelnest L (2015) Marsupialia (marsupials). In Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. Vol. 8. (Eds RE Miller and ME Fowler) pp. 255-274. Elsevier, St Louis.

Vogelnest L, Portas T (2008) Macropods. In Medicine of Australian Mammals. (Eds L Vogelnest and R Woods) pp. 133-225. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

Vogelnest L, Woods R (2008) Medicine of Australian Mammals. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

Warburton NM, Cake MA, Kelman KR (2021) Extreme bilateral poly­dactyly in a wild-caught western grey kangaroo. Anatomical Record 304, 1361-1374. doi:10.1002/ar.24530

Warren KS, Holyoake CS, Friend TJ, Yeap L, McConnell M (2015) Hae- matologic and serum biochemical reference intervals for the bilby (Macrotis lagotis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 51, 889-895. doi:10.7589/2014-03-074

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Source: Vogelnest L., Portas T. (Eds.). Current Therapy in Medicine of Australian Mammals. CSIRO,2025. — 848 p.. 2025

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