EUTHANASIA
Within the context of wildlife rehabilitation, euthanasia of an individual must be considered if the animal is unable to regain full physical function with a normal species-specific behavioural repertoire or if the release of a rehabilitated animal poses a threat to the health of the free-ranging population.
Although there are a limited number of non-releasable animals that can be used for educational, zoological or threatened species breeding programs, most animals that are determined to be unfit for release should be euthanased as soon as possible. Marsupial orphans with an age factor M, Garcia M (2007) A case of bilateral polydactyly in the grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). European Journal of Anatomy 11, 189-191. doi:10.1002/ar.24530Diesch TJ, Mellor DJ, Johnson CB, Lentle RG (2010) Developmental changes in the electroencephalogram and responses to a noxious stimulus in anaesthetized tammar wallaby joeys (Macropus eugenii eugenii). Laboratory Animals 44, 79-87. doi:10.1258/la.2009.009045 Edwards MJ, Hinds LA, Deane EM, Deakin JE (2012) A review of complementary mechanisms which protect the developing marsupial pouch young. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 37, 213-220. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2012.03.013
Englefield B, Blackman SA, Starling M, McGreevy PD (2019) A review of Australian animal welfare legislation, regulation, codes of practice, and policy, and their influence on stakeholders caring for wildlife and the animals for whom they care. Animals 9, 335. doi:10.3390/ani9060335
Ferner K, Zeller U, Renfree MB (2009) Lung development of mono- tremes: evidence for the mammalian morphotype. The Anatomical Record 292, 190-201. doi:10.1002/ar.20825
Frappell PB (2008) Ontogeny and allometry of metabolic rate and ventilation in the marsupial: matching supply and demand from ecto- thermy to endothermy. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 150, 181-188.
doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.02.017Gage L (2002) Hand-rearing Wild and Domestic Mammals. Iowa State Press, Ames.
Goldenberg S, Parker JM, Chege SM, Greggor AL, Hunt M, Lamberski N, Leigh KA, Nollens HH, Ruppert KA, Thouless C, Wittemyer G, Owen MA (2022) Revisiting the 4 R’s: improving post-release outcomes for rescued mammalian wildlife by fostering behavioral competence during rehabilitation. Frontiers in Conservation Science 3. doi:10.3389/fcosc.2022.910358
Hamlin JH, Guillette LJ Jr (2010) Birth defects in wildlife: the role of environmental contaminants as inducers of reproductive and developmental dysfunction. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine 56, 113-121. doi:10.3109/19396360903244598
Hulst F (2008) Dingoes. In Medicine of Australian Mammals. (Eds L Vogelnest and R Woods) pp. 527-540. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
Jackson S (2003) Australian Mammals: Biology and Captive Management. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
Kutzler M (2013) Clinical pathology in pediatric patients. In Proceedings of the Central Veterinary Conference East. 9-13 May, Washington DC. Central Veterinary Conference, Washington DC.
Kwek JHL, De Iongh R, Digby MR, Refree MB, Nicholas KR, Familiari M (2009) Cross-fostering of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) pouch young accelerates fore-stomach maturation. Mechanisms of Development 126, 449-463. doi:10.1016/j.mod.2009.01.003
Lee JA, Cohn LA (2017) Fluid therapy for pediatric patients. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 47, 373-382. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.09.010
Lentle RG, Dey D, Hulls C, Mellor DJ, Moughan PJ, Stafford KJ, Nicholas K (2006) A quantitative study of the morphological development and bacterial colonisation of the gut of the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii eugenii and brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula during in-pouch development. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 176, 763-774. doi:10.1007/s00360-006-0097-4
Lyons R, Wimberley T (2016) Introduction to the Care and Rehabilitation of Microbats.
Wildcare Australia Inc., Nerang, Qld.Ma G, Dennis M, Rose K, Spratt D, Spielman D (2013) Tawny frogmouths and brushtail possums as sentinels for Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm. Veterinary Parasitology 192, 158-165. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.009
Mackie JT, Gillett AK, Palmieri C, Feng T, Higgins DP (2016) Pneumonia due to Chlamydia pecorum in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Journal of Comparative Pathology 155, 356-360. doi:10.1016/j. jcpa.2016.07.011
Mathews K, Kronen PW, Lascelles D, Nolan A, Robertson S, Steagall PV, Wright B, Yamashita K (2014) Guidelines for recognition, assessment and treatment of pain. The Journal of Small Animal Practice 55, E10-E68. doi:10.1111/jsap.12200
McCracken H (2008) Veterinary aspects of hand-rearing orphaned marsupials. In Medicine of Australian Mammals. (Eds L Vogelnest and R Woods) pp. 13-37. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
McKenzie S, Deane EM, Burnett L (2002) Haematology and serum biochemistry of the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii. Comparative Clinical Pathology 11, 229-237. doi:10.1007/s005800200024
McLelland DJ, Fielder K, Males G, Langley N, Schultz D (2015) Successful transfer of a Goodfellow’s tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus goodfellowi) pouch young to a yellow-footed rock wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus) surrogate. Zoo Biology 34, 460-462. doi:10.1002/zoo.21236
McMichael M (2014) Pediatric critical care. In Proceedings of the International Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Symposium. 10-14 September, Indianapolis. Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society, San Antonio, TX.
Mella VSA, Gillies C, McArthur C, Webb E, Herbert C (2023) Factors influencing the success of hand-reared juvenile brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) released into the wild. Wildlife Research 50, 96-107. doi:10.1071/WR22056
Mellor DJ (2010) Galloping colts, fetal feelings, and reassuring regulations: putting animal-welfare science into practice. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 37, 94-100.
doi:10.3138/jvme.37.1.94Menzies BR, Shaw G, Fletcher TP, Renfree MB (2009) Early onset of ghrelin production in a marsupial. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 299, 266-273. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.033
Mess AM, Ferner KJ (2010) Evolution and development of gas exchange structures in Mammalia: the placenta and the lung. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 173, S74-S82. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2010.01.005
Munn AJ, Dawson TJ, Maloney SK (2007) Ventilation patterns in red kangaroos (Macropus rufus Desmarest): juveniles work harder than adults at thermal extremes, but extract more oxygen per breath at thermoneutrality. The Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 27232729. doi:10.1242/jeb.005009
NRMMC (2008) National Code of Practice for the Humane Shooting of Kangaroos and Wallabies for Commercial Purposes. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Canberra, ACT.
Old JM (2016) Haematopoeisis in marsupials. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 58, 40-46. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.009
Olsson A, Woods R (2008) Bats. In Medicine of Australian Mammals. (Eds L Vogelnest and R Woods) pp. 465-502. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
Parameswaran N, O’Handley RM, Grigg ME, Wayne A, Thompson RC (2009) Vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Australian marsupials. Parasitology 136, 939-944. doi:10.1017/S0031182009006453
Peck S, Corkrey R, Hamede R, Jones M, Canfield P (2015) Hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals for wild Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii). Veterinary Clinical Pathology 44, 519-529. doi:10.1111/vcp.12304
Petersen M (2011) Pediatric toxicology. In Proceedings of the 83rd Western Veterinary Conference. 20-24 February, Las Vegas, NV.
Phillips C, Higgins D, Herbert C, Spielman D (2012) Investigating the efficacy of ‘5 in 1’ vaccines in macropods. In Proceedings of the Australian Wildlife Rehabilitation Conference. 16-20 July, Townsville, Qld..
Pohl CS, Medland JE, Moeser AJ (2015) Early-life stress origins of gastrointestinal disease: animal models, intestinal pathophysiology, and translational implications. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 309, G927-G941. doi:10.1152/ ajpgi.00206.2015
Polymeropoulos E, Jastroch M, Frappell P (2012) Absence of adaptive nonshivering thermogenesis in a marsupial, the fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata). Journal of Comparative Physiology. B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 182, 393-401. doi:10.1007/s00360-011-0623-x
Presidente PJA, Correa J (1981) Haematology plasma electrolytes and serum biochemical values of Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr) Marsu- pialia: Phalangeridae. Australian Journal of Zoology 29, 507-517. doi:10.1071/ZO9810507
Pye GW, Gait SC, Mulot B, de Asua MD, Martinez-Nevado E, Bonar CJ, Baines SJ, Baines EA (2013) Metabolic bone disease in juvenile koalas. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 44, 273-279. doi:10.1638/2012-0031R1.1
Reidarson TH (2003) Cetaceans. In Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. 5th edn. (Eds M Fowler and RE Miller) pp. 442-459. Elsevier, St Louis.
Rich B (2012) Nutritional requirements of juvenile marsupials. In Proceedings of the Australian Wildlife Rehabilitation Conference. 16-20 July, Townsville, Qld.
Shibata E, Shindo I, Miyakawa E, Kido N (2017) Supplemental feeding of captive neonatal koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). Zoo Biology 36, 62-65. doi:10.1002/zoo.21343
Simpson SJ, Flecknoe SJ, Clugston RD, Greer JJ, Hooper SB, Frappell PB (2011) Structural and functional development of the respiratory exchange system in a newborn marsupial with cutaneous gas exchange. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 84, 634-649. doi:10.1086/662557
Sisak DM (2007) Anesthesia considerations: geriatric and pediatric patients. In Proceedings of the International Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Symposium. 26-30 September, New Orleans. Academy of Veterinary Technician Anesthetists, USA.
Smits A, Kulo A, de Hoon JN, Allegaert K (2012) Pharmacokinetics of drugs in neonates: pattern recognition beyond compound specific observations. Current Pharmaceutical Design 18, 3119-3146. doi:10. 2174/1381612811209023119
Spencer AJ, Canfield PJ (1994) Age-related changes in the haematology of young koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) up to one year old. Comparative Haematology International 4, 146-151. doi:10.1007/ BF00798355
Stannard H (2012) Diet, nutrition and haematology of dasyurid marsupials. PhD thesis. University of Western Sydney, Australia.
Taggart DA, Schultz DJ, Fletcher TP, Friend JA, Smith IG, Breed WG (2010) Cross-fostering and short-term pouch isolation in macropo- doid marsupials: implications for conservation and species management. In Macropods: The Biology of Kangaroos, Wallabies and Rat-Kangaroos. (Eds G Coulson and M Eldridge) pp. 263-278. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
Vaughan RJ, Warren KS, Mills SJ, Palmer C, Fenwick S, Monaghan CL, Friend AJ (2009) Haematological and serum biochemical reference values and cohort analysis in the Gilbert’s potoroo (Potorous gil- bertii). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 40, 276-288. doi:10. 1638/2008-0058.1
Vogelnest L (2015) Marsupialia (marsupials). In Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. Vol. 8. (Eds RE Miller and ME Fowler) pp. 255-274. Elsevier, St Louis.
Vogelnest L, Portas T (2008) Macropods. In Medicine of Australian Mammals. (Eds L Vogelnest and R Woods) pp. 133-225. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
Vogelnest L, Woods R (2008) Medicine of Australian Mammals. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
Warburton NM, Cake MA, Kelman KR (2021) Extreme bilateral polydactyly in a wild-caught western grey kangaroo. Anatomical Record 304, 1361-1374. doi:10.1002/ar.24530
Warren KS, Holyoake CS, Friend TJ, Yeap L, McConnell M (2015) Hae- matologic and serum biochemical reference intervals for the bilby (Macrotis lagotis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 51, 889-895. doi:10.7589/2014-03-074
16