Index
Page numbers followed by "f indicate figures, "t" indicate tables, and "b" indicate boxes.
A
Abbreviata spp., 356
Abdominal distension
in ferrets, 18
in goldfish and koi, 528
in hedgehogs, 214
in marmosets, 172, 178
in parrots and related species,
283
in rabbits, 62
in tropical freshwater fish, 534 Abdominal fluid, in tropical marine fish, 573 Abdominal herniation, in budgerigars, 297 Abdominal mass palpable
in ferrets, 24
in hedgehogs, 214, 218
in hystricomorph, 125
in marmosets, 172, 184 Abdominal neoplasia, in parrots and related species, 283 Abdominal pain, in ferrets, 13 Abdominal swelling
in hystricomorph, 124
in small rodents, 159 Abdominomegaly, in marmosets, 184
Aberrant visceral larval migrans, in sugar gliders, 234, 250 Abnormal heart sounds
in hedgehogs, 215
in marmosets, 181
Abnormal lung sounds
in ferrets, 20
in hedgehogs, 215
in marmosets, 181 Abortions
in hystricomorphs, 107, 115, 123, 127
in marmosets, 194-195
in rabbits, 62, 73
Abscess/abscessation.
see also Preputial gland abscess; Retrobulbar abscess; Subspectacular abscessin amphibians, 492
in ferrets, 6
in hedgehogs, 201, 203
in hystricomorph, 93, 95, 103-104
in lizards, 349, 351, 375
in rabbits, 49, 52, 54, 57f, 78 in small rodents, 135, 138 in snakes, 392, 394, 412, 414f, 421
in songbirds and softbills, 323, 325
in sugar gliders, 236-237 in tortoises and turtles, 431, 441f, 450, 458
Absidia corymbifera, 5
Acanthamoeba, 376-377, 415-416
Acanthocephala spp., 171, 174
Acanthocephalans
in amphibians, 483-484 in hedgehogs, 208, 210 in tortoises and turtles, 444
Acanthosylla pavida, 236
Acarus farris, 92, 135
ACE inhibitors, ferrets, 23
Acetazolamide, tropical marine fish, 575, 579
N-acetylcysteine, 141
for hystricomorph, 98 for rabbits, 55 for snakes, 419
Acinic cell carcinoma, hedgehogs, 208, 223
Acrochordon, in rabbits, 49
ACTH stimulation test, for rabbits, 81b
Actinobacillus spp., 118, 135
Actinomyces, ferrets, 5
Actinomyces naeslundii, 207
Actinomycosis, ferrets, 8
Acuaria skrjabini, 337
Acute hemorrhagic diarrhea, marmosets, 172
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, sungazer lizard, 352
Acute pulmonary emphysema, in amphibians, 481-482, 489
Acyclovir
for hedgehogs, 222
for iguana, 367
for marmosets, 184
for parrots and related species, 285, 303
for tortoises and turtles, 437
Adenocarcinoma
in ferrets, 12, 16
in hedgehogs, 208, 212, 224, 228
in rabbits, 61
in snakes, 400
Adenocortical carcinoma, in hedgehogs, 224
Adenoleiomyosarcoma, in hedgehogs, 228
Adenolike virus infection, in songbirds and softbills, 331
Adenoma, in hedgehogs, 213, 228 Adenosarcoma, in hedgehogs, 228 Adenovirus
in guinea pigs, 96, 98
in lizards, 356, 359-364, 368, 370, 376
in parrots and related species, 282, 293, 302, 312, 314, 317
in snakes, 406
Adhesive tape entanglement, snakes, 390, 390f, 393 Adrenal adenoma
in ferrets, 31
in hedgehogs, 224
Adrenal carcinoma, in ferrets, 31
Adrenal disease
in parrots and related species, 316
in rabbits, 81
Adrenal gland, enlarged, ferrets,
32
Adrenal hyperplasia
in ferrets, 31
in hystricomorph, 102, 122
in rabbits, 81
Adrenal neoplasia
in ferrets, 31, 37
in rabbits, 81
Adrenalectomy, for rabbits, 82 Adrenocortical adenoma/ carcinoma, in small rodents, 154
Aeromonas spp., 327, 349, 378, 390, 396-398, 431, 477, 479, 488, 530
Aeromonas hydrophila, 399, 440 in parrots and related species, 288
Aerophagy, in hystricomorph, 104 Aflatoxicosis
in parrots and related species, 302
in rabbits, 66
in sugar gliders, 243-244 Aflatoxins, for hystricomorph, 109, 118
Agalactia, in hystricomorph, 127-128
Aggression
in ferrets, 28
in marmosets, 189
in rabbits, 81, 88
Agitation, in amphibians, 489 Air hunger
in ferrets, 9
in small rodents, 148 Air ingestion, in neonatal seahorses, 568-569 Air sac mites, in songbirds and softbills, 327-328 Air sac perfusion anesthesia, for parrots and related species, 264, 264b
Air sac rupture, in parrots and related species, 283
Air sac worms, in parrots and related species, 282, 286
Air sacculitis, in snakes, 394 Akiba, 304
Alaeuris spp., 444 Albendazole
for hystricomorph, 120-121
for lizards, 370
for marmosets, 174, 189
for parrots and related species, 316, 319
for rabbits, 77, 80, 84
for small rodents, 153 Aleutian disease, in ferrets, 17, 19,
23, 25, 27, 34 Alfaxalone, for tortoises and turtles, 430b
Algal dermatitis, in tropical freshwater fish, 534
Algal growths, in tortoises and turtles, 432
Allergic dermatitis, in small rodents, 133, 138
Allergic disorders
of parrots and related species, 271, 274, 281, 283, 286
of rabbits, 54
of small rodents, 139, 153
Allopurinol
for amphibians, 492
for lizards, 383
for parrots and related species, 319
for snakes, 422
for tortoises and turtles, 466
Alopecia, 92-94, 108, 125 in ferrets, 5, 5f seasonal, 8
in hedgehogs, 200-201
in marmosets, 166
in parrots and related species,
270
in rabbits, 48
in small rodents, 133-134, 155, 159
in songbirds and softbills, 323 in sugar gliders, 234
Alpha agonist drugs, in rabbits, 69
Alveologenic carcinoma, in small rodents, 139
Alveologenic papillary adenomas, in hystricomorph, 97
Amantadine, for ferrets, 10
Amazon tracheitis virus, in parrots and related species, 282, 285
Amblyomma spp., 391 Amblyomma marmoreum, 432, 434
Amblyomma sparsum, 432
Amebiasis, in tortoises and turtles, 448, 450-451, 456
Amikacin, snakes, 392 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole, tropical freshwater fish, 550
Aminoglycosides
in lizards, 376, 381
in rabbits, 62, 84
in snakes, 421
in tortoises and turtles, 464 Aminophylline
for parrots and related species, 284
for songbirds and softbills, 330
Amirthalingamia spp., 544
Amitraz washes
for hedgehogs, 203
for hystricomorph, 95
Amitriptyline, for parrots and related species, 279
Ammonia toxicity
in amphibians, 477-478, 488, 490, 493
in goldfish and koi, 511-514, 524 in small rodents, 139 in tropical freshwater fish, 540, 552-553
in tropical marine fish, 565-567, 576-577
Amoxicillin
for ferrets, 14
for rabbits, 62
Amphibians, 475-498
analgesia for, 477
anesthesia for, 477 cardiovascular and hematologic disorders of, 486-487 consultation and handling of, 475-476
endocrine disorders of, 495 gastrointestinal tract disorders of, 482-485
hepatic disorders of, 485-486 key facts of, 475t musculoskeletal disorders of, 491-492
neurologic disorders of,
493- 494
nursing care for, 476-477 nutritional disorders of, 485 nutritional support for, 476 ophthalmic disorders of,
494- 495
renal and urinary disorders of,
496- 497
reproductive disorders of,
497- 498
respiratory tract disorders of, 481-482
skin disorders of, 477-481 systemic disorders of, 488-491 Amphotericin B
for ferrets, 8, 10, 14, 29
for hystricomorph, 116
for marmosets, 190
for parrots and related species, 274, 291, 297
for songbirds and softbills, 325, 334, 336
Ampicillin, for rabbits, 62 Amprolium, 14
for tropical freshwater fish,
546
Amyloidosis hystricomorph, 109-110, 122-123
lizards, 362, 364, 369
in marmosets, 176, 183, 185
in parrots and related species, 302, 311, 318
in small rodents, 146, 149, 157 in snakes, 411
in songbirds and softbills, 339
in tortoises and turtles, 452
Amyloodinium, 564, 567
Anabolic steroids, for parrots and related species, 319
Anal gland abscess, ferrets, 12 Anal gland neoplasia, ferrets, 12 Anal sac impaction, ferrets, 13, 15
Analgesia
for amphibians, 477
for ferrets, 3, 3t
for goldfish and koi, 501
for hedgehogs, 199
for hystricomorph, 90, 90t
for lizards, 347, 3471
for marmosets, 163
for parrots and related species,
263, 263t
for rabbits, 45, 63
for small rodents, 132, 132t for sugar gliders, 232, 233t for tortoises and turtles, 429 Analgesics, for marmosets, 196 Anasarca, in amphibians, 485, 489 Anatrichosoma cutaneum, in marmosets, 166-167, 171 Anchor worm (Lernea), in goldfish and koi, 505, 510
Ancylostoma, 12 Ancyrocephalus, 565
Anemia
in ferrets, 20, 37
in hedgehogs, 215
in lizards, 350, 353-354, 365, 368
in parrots and related species, 283, 308
in rabbits, 66, 82
in small rodents, 136, 148 in snakes, 390-391, 408, 410 in songbirds and softbills, 329 in sugar gliders, 244, 246 in tortoises and turtles, 454 in tropical freshwater fish, 541 in tropical marine fish, 572 Anesthesia
for ferrets, 3-4
parenteral, 4b protocol for, 4b
for goldfish and koi, 501, 501b-502b
for hedgehogs, 199-200 gaseous, 199b parenteral anesthesia, 200b
for hystricomorph, 91, 91b
for lizards, 347, 347b-348b
for marmosets, 163-165 parenteral, 164b, 164/-165/
for parrots and related species,
264, 272/
for rabbits, 45-47, 45b
for small rodents, 132
for snakes, 389b
for sugar gliders, 233, 233/
for tortoises and turtles, 429 Angelfish.
see Tropical freshwater fish; Tropical marine fish Angelfish encephalitis virus, 573, 575, 577Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 312
Angiostrongylus vasorum, 11, 20
Angusticaecum, 438, 440, 444 Annular fiber, in hedgehogs, 220-221
Anodonites trapesialis, 535
Anophthalmia
in small rodents, 153
in snakes, 417
in tortoises and turtles, 462 Anorexia
in amphibians, 479, 483, 487, 489, 496
in ferrets, 13, 16, 34
in goldfish and koi, 515
in hedgehogs, 209, 225
in hystricomorph, 97, 99, 115, 123, 127
in lizards, 353, 361-362, 365, 369, 380-383
in marmosets, 168, 183-184, 192
in parrots and related species, 302, 311
in rabbits, 54, 56, 62, 72-73, 75, 83, 85
in small rodents, 140
in snakes, 390, 401, 404-405, 411-412, 421
in songbirds and softbills, 331, 340
in sugar gliders, 244, 252 in tortoises and turtles, 434, 450, 452, 454, 459, 462, 464, 470
in tropical freshwater fish, 556 in tropical marine fish, 579
Anoxia, in tropical freshwater fish, 546
Antibiosis
in amphibians, 482, 486, 489, 495
in ferrets, 10, 14, 25, 31, 35-36, 39, 41
in goldfish and koi, 513, 520, 527
in hedgehogs, 203-206, 209-210, 217, 219, 221-222, 224, 227-228
in hystricomorph, 95, 98, 102, 113, 118, 120-121, 124, 126
in lizards, 368, 379
in marmosets, 170, 173, 185, 193, 195
in parrots and related species, 282, 296
in rabbits, 52, 60, 80, 84, 86 in small rodents, 137-138, 145, 150, 154, 160
in snakes, 392, 396, 414
in songbirds and softbills, 336-337
in sugar gliders, 237-238, 241, 244, 248, 250-251, 253, 255
in tortoises and turtles, 441-442, 451, 455, 465
in tropical freshwater fish, 548 in tropical marine fish, 565, 567, 569
Antibiotic-induced enterotoxicosis, in small rodents, 143, 145 Antibiotics, 569, 575
for amphibians, 480, 482
for goldfish and koi, 501, 518, 524
for hystricomorph, 101, 104-105, 128
for lizards, 379
for marmosets, 172, 193
for parrots and related species, 274, 297, 321
for rabbits, 52, 55, 62-63, 65, 77-78
for small rodents, 140, 152
for snakes, 392, 398-399, 411, 416, 419
for songbirds and softbills, 325, 328, 336, 338
for sugar gliders, 238, 255
for tortoises and turtles, 434, 437, 443
for tropical freshwater fish, 537, 543, 553
for tropical marine fish, 564 Anticoagulant drug poisoning, in marmosets, 180, 183 Anticoccidials, for parrots and related species, 319 Antifungals
for snakes, 392
for tortoises and turtles, 434, 443
Antihistamines, for small rodents,
141
Antiinflammatories, for hedgehogs, 203
Antimicrobials
for amphibians, 482, 487, 494, 497
in tortoises and turtles, 449,
456
Antimycotics
for lizards, 355, 379
for snakes, 419
for songbirds and softbills,
340
for tortoises and turtles, 463
for tropical freshwater fish,
553
Antithyroid drugs, for snakes, 392
Anuria
in lizards, 381
in snakes, 421
in tortoises and turtles, 464 Anxiety
in ferrets, 28
in marmosets, 189
Aorta, metastatic calcification, lizards, 365
Aphanomyces invadens, 530, 539 Apocrine adenocarcinoma, in rabbits, 50
Aponomma exornatum, 349 Aponomma fuscolineatus, 349 Aponomma latum, 391
Aponomma varanensis, 349 Apparent visual problems, in sugar gliders, 257
Apparent weakness, in sugar gliders, 249-250
Appetite
loss of
in hedgehogs, 213
in rabbits, 67
reduced
in hedgehogs, 212
in marmosets, 176
Archeopsylla erinacei, 201
Arcus senilis, in tortoises and turtles, 462-463
Arenavirus
in hystricomorph, 118
in small rodents, 157
Argipressin
in snakes, 423
in tortoises and turtles, 471
Argulus.
see Fish louseArmillifer armillatus, 219 Armillifer armillifer, 390, 400 Arowonas. see Tropical freshwater fish
Arrhythmias
in ferrets, 20
in hedgehogs, 215
in hystricomorph, 114
in marmosets, 181
in parrots and related species, 304
in rabbits, 69, 72
in small rodents, 148
in sugar gliders, 246 Arteriosclerosis, in rabbits, 69 Arthritis, in small rodents, 149 Arthroderma benhamiae var.
erinacei, 200-201
Arthropods
in lizards, 349
in snakes, 391
Articular gout
in parrots and related species, 307-308
in tortoises and turtles, 456
Ascaridia, 296, 337
Ascaridia hermaphrodita, 294
Ascarids
in lizards, 358f, 360-361
in parrots and related species, 294
in snakes, 400, 403
in tortoises and turtles, 438-440, 444, 448
Ascaris, in rabbits, 75
Ascaris platycerci, 294
Ascites
in amphibians, 485, 487, 489, 496
in ferrets, 17, 20, 23-24
in goldfish and koi, 520, 528
in hedgehogs, 212, 215
in lizards, 363, 370
in marmosets, 176, 181
in parrots and related species, 302
in rabbits, 62, 67, 69
in small rodents, 157
in snakes, 407
in songbirds and softbills, 338
in sugar gliders, 244, 246
in tortoises and turtles, 435 in tropical freshwater fish, 549-550
in tropical marine fish, 573, 581 Ascorbic acid. see Vitamin C Asparaginase
in ferrets, 26t
in parrots and related species, 307
Aspergillosis
in parrots and related species, 282, 310
in songbirds and softbills, 326-327, 329
Aspergillus spp., 390
Aspergillus niger, 394
in parrots and related species, 267, 274, 279, 281, 286
Aspiculuris tetraptera, 143
Aspiration pneumonia
in hedgehogs, 205
in lizards, 352
in sugar gliders, 237 Aspirin, for ferrets, 22 Asteroid hyalosis, in chinchillas, 121
Asthmalike conditions, in parrots and related species, 283 Ataxia
in ferrets, 18
in hedgehogs, 218
in hystricomorph, 115
in marmosets, 178, 183-184
in parrots and related species, 308, 312, 318
in rabbits, 73
in small rodents, 144, 155
in songbirds and softbills, 341
in sugar gliders, 249
Atelerix albiventris, 198, 206 Atenolol
for ferrets, 23
for hedgehogs, 217
for hystricomorph, 114
for rabbits, 72
Atherosclerosis
in marmosets, 180
in parrots and related species, 304, 307, 312
in rabbits, 69, 75, 77
in songbirds and softbills, 329 Athesmia spp., 243-244 Atipamezole, for ferrets, 4 Atopomelid mites, in sugar gliders, 236
Atractis vidali, 544
Atresia, in parrots and related species, 281, 315-316
Atrial septal defects, in rabbits, 68 Atrial thrombosis, in Syrian hamsters, 148
Atrioventricular degeneration, in parrots and related species, 304
Atropine
for ferrets, 4b
for hedgehogs, 199b
for hystricomorph, 114
for rabbits, 72
for snakes, 417
Atypical myxomatosis, in rabbits,
52
Aural hematoma, in chinchillas,
93
Aureomycin, for hystricomorph, 104
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, in lizards, 365, 368
Autosomal recessive disorders, of small rodents, 148
Autotomy, lizards, 372, 375-376 Avian bornavirus.
seeProventricular dilatation disease (PDD)
Avian influenza, in parrots and related species, 317
Avian leukosis, in songbirds and softbills, 337
Avian polyomavirus (AVP), in songbirds and softbills, 329
Avian pox virus
in parrots and related species, 269, 274, 282, 314-315
in songbirds and softbills, 326, 328-329
Avian tuberculosis, in parrots and related species, 294
Avocado toxicity, in parrots and related species, 304
Avulsion of the spectacle, snakes, 417, 419
Azaleas, lizards, 377
Azaleas poisoning, in tortoises and turtles, 444, 452
B
Babesia, 393, 434
Babesiosoma mariae, 547
Bacillus piliformis, 147
Bacitracin, for hystricomorph, 104 Bacteremia
in ferrets, 20, 23, 25
in hedgehogs, 214, 218-219
in lizards, 368
in marmosets, 180
in snakes, 402, 410
in sugar gliders, 245, 247-248
Bacterial CNS infection
in ferrets, 29
in hedgehogs, 222
Bacterial conjunctivitis, in parrots and related species, 314-316
Bacterial dermatitis
in ferrets, 8
in hedgehogs, 200, 203
in lizards, 349
in rabbits, 48f, 52
Bacterial diseases, in small rodents, 145-146, 160-161
Bacterial disorders
of amphibians, 481-482, 485-486, 488, 491, 493-494, 496
of ferrets, 8-9, 12, 14, 20, 23, 28, 30, 34, 37, 40
of goldfish and koi, 511, 517, 519, 521-522, 525, 527
of hedgehogs, 204, 208, 214, 218-219, 221, 223, 225, 227
of hystricomorph, 93, 96, 103, 108-110, 112, 114, 116-118, 120, 123, 125, 127
of lizards, 352, 356, 362, 365, 368, 370-371, 376, 378, 381
of marmosets, 168, 171, 176, 180, 183, 187-188, 190, 192-193, 196
of parrots and related species, 280, 282, 288, 293-294, 302, 304, 307, 309-310, 312, 314, 317, 319
of rabbits, 47, 53-54, 60-61, 66,
68, 72, 74, 78, 82, 84
of small rodents, 139, 142, 146-147, 149, 151, 153, 157
of snakes, 394, 396-398, 400, 406, 408, 410, 412, 415, 417, 421
of songbirds and softbills, 326-327, 329, 331, 333-334, 337, 339
of sugar gliders, 237, 239, 243, 245, 247, 249, 251-252, 254
of tortoises and turtles, 434-435, 438, 440, 442, 444, 450, 452, 454-456, 459-460, 463, 472
of tropical freshwater fish, 540, 543, 546-548, 550, 552, 554, 556
of tropical marine fish, 565, 568, 571-573, 575-576, 578, 580
Bacterial enteritis
in hedgehogs, 209
in rabbits, 63
Bacterial gill disease
in goldfish and koi, 511, 513
in tropical freshwater fish, 540, 542
in tropical marine fish, 567 Bacterial hepatitis
in amphibians, 486
in parrots and related species, 302
in rabbits, 66, 68
in tropical marine fish, 571 Bacterial infections, 217
in parrots and related species, 274
Bacterial keratitis
in amphibians, 494
in goldfish and koi, 525
Bacterial meningitis
in ferrets, 28
in hedgehogs, 221
in marmosets, 188
in parrots and related species, 312
in sugar gliders, 249
in tropical freshwater fish,
552
Bacterial osteomyelitis, in amphibians, 491
Bacterial pneumonia
in ferrets, 8-10
in hedgehogs, 205-206
in hystricomorph, 97
in lizards, 352
in sugar gliders, 238
in tortoises and turtles, 439
Bacteroides, in rabbits, 60-61
Balance, loss of
in goldfish and koi, 515-516, 519, 522-523, 528
in tropical freshwater fish, 546 in tropical marine fish, 573 Balanoposthitis, in hystricomorph, 125-126
Balantidium spp., 444
Balantidium caviae, 103, 143 Balantidium coli, 143, 171, 173 Bancroftiella spp., 444
Barbering
in rabbits, 48, 66
in small rodents, 133
Barium sulfate, in green iguana, 358t
Barium sulfate suspension, for tortoises and turtles, 446t Barnacles, in tortoises and turtles, 432
Basal cell carcinoma, in parrots and related species, 286 Basal cell tumor, in rabbits, 50 Basidiobolus ranarum, 478, 480 Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, 478, 488
Baylisascaris, 188-189
Baylisascaris procyonis, 118, 120
in rabbits, 75, 77
Beak abnormalities, in tortoises and turtles, 442-443, 457
Beak trimming, in parrots and related species, 286b, 287f Bearded dragon.
see Lizards Behavioral disordersof hystricomorph, 96
of lizards, 385
of sugar gliders, 234 Behavioral signs, abnormal, in amphibians, 493
Benazepril
for ferrets, 23
for hedgehogs, 216
for hystricomorph, 114
for marmosets, 182
for parrots and related species,
319
for rabbits, 72
for small rodents, 148
Benekea chitinovora, 431
Benign cystic adenoma, ferrets, 6 Benzalkonium chloride
for amphibians, 480 for tropical freshwater fish, 537t, 542
Benzimidazole toxicity, in tortoises and turtles, 454-456
Benznidazole, for marmosets, 182 Bicuspid valve insufficiency, in rabbits, 69
Bilateral adrenal disease, 33
Bilateral exophthalmia, in rabbits,
54
Bilateral exophthalmos, in lizards,
378
Bilateral mucopurulent discharge, in ferrets, 23, 30
Bile duct adenocarcinoma, in rabbits, 67
Bile duct adenoma, in rabbits, 67
Bile duct carcinoma, in parrots and related species, 297
Bile duct cyst adenoma
in ferrets, 16
in hedgehogs, 212
Bile-tinged (green) diarrhea, 176, 212
in ferrets, 17
Biliary carcinoma
in ferrets, 16
in hedgehogs, 212
Biliary cysts, in snakes, 406-407 Biliary hyperplasia, in lizards, 362 Biliary tumors, in hystricomorphs, 109
Biotin deficiency
in ferrets, 5, 8
in lizards, 376-377
in parrots and related species, 299
in snakes, 415-416
Bismuth subsalicylate, 14-15 Bites, 134
in amphibians, 477-478
in ferrets, 8
in hedgehogs, 201, 203-204
in hystricomorph, 94, 96
in lizards, 349
in marmosets, 166-167
in rabbits, 49, 52
in snakes, 390
in sugar gliders, 236
Biting midges, in songbirds and softbills, 330
Black spot disease
in songbirds and softbills, 335
in tropical freshwater fish, 534 Blackflies, in songbirds and softbills, 330
Bladder atony
in ferrets, 28
in lizards, 370
in marmosets, 189
Bladder calculi, in lizards, 370, 381 Bladder distension, in lizards, 370 Bladder rupture, in sugar gliders,
252
Bladder stone, in tortoises and turtles, 445, 464, 466
Bladder threadworm, in small rodents, 157
Blastomyces
Blastomyces dermatitidis, 6, 168
in ferrets, 8
Blastomycosis
in ferrets, 28
in marmosets, 166, 168, 170
Blepharitis
in lizards, 378
in parrots and related species,
298
in rabbits, 78
in tortoises and turtles, 462 Blepharospasm, in lizards, 379 Blind intubation, of rabbits, 46b Blindness
in goldfish and koi, 526
in marmosets, 183-184
in sugar gliders, 251
in tropical freshwater fish,
554-555
in tropical marine fish,
578-579
Blisters, in snakes, 390
Blood clotting, poor
in hystricomorph, 109, 112
in small rodents, 146
Blood sampling, for tortoises and turtles, 427
Blood sucking mites, in songbirds and softbills, 327, 329
Blowfly maggots, in rabbits, 47 Bohle iridovirus, in amphibians,
488
Boidae, 403
Bone cysts, in hedgehogs, 207, 220
Bone marrow aspirate, technique for, 24b
Bordetella avium, in parrots and related species, 282, 289
Bordetella bronchiseptica, 9, 96, 118 in rabbits, 53, 74
Bordetella bronchisepticum, 168, 170, 204
Bordetellosis
in hystricomorph, 98
in marmosets, 168
Borrelia, 266, 323
Botfly larvae, in tortoises and turtles, 432
Bothriocephalus spp., 514-515
Botulism, 183, 185
Brachylaemus erinacei, 208
Bradycardia, in hystricomorph, 112
Branchiomycosis, in goldfish and koi, 511, 513
Breathing difficulties
in goldfish and koi, 504, 507
in tropical freshwater fish, 535,
541
Bromelain, for rabbits, 64
Bromhexine
for hystricomorph, 98
for parrots and related species, 284
for rabbits, 55
for small rodents, 141 Bronchoalveolar carcinoma, in hedgehogs, 205 Bronchodilators, for parrots and related species, 284 Bronchogenic papillary adenomas,
97
Brooklynella, 561, 565, 567 Brumation, in amphibians, 491 Buccal tilting, in rabbits, 58f Buccopharyngeal neoplasia
in goldfish and koi, 514 in tropical freshwater fish, 544-545
Budesonide, for marmosets, 187 Budgerigar, see Parrots and related species
Bufolucilia, 478, 481
Bulla abscessation, in rabbits, 54 Bumblefoot
in parrots and related species, 269, 274-275
in songbirds and softbills, 323 Buphthalmos, in amphibians, 495 Buprenorphine
for ferrets, 3t
for hystricomorph, 90t
for lizards, 347t
for rabbits, 45t
for small rodents, 131t Burns
in lizards, 349
in snakes, 391, 393
in songbirds and softbills, 324-325
in tortoises and turtles, 431 Burst abscesses, in hedgehogs, 201
Butorphanol
for ferrets, 3t
for goldfish and koi, 501
for hystricomorph, 90t
for lizards, 347t
for parrots and related species, 263t
for rabbits, 45t, 47b
for small rodents, 131t Butyrivibrio, in rabbits, 60-61
C
Calcification
of blood vessels, in parrots and related species, 304
of major vessels, in lizards, 365 Calcifying vasculopathy, in Syrian hamsters, 148
Calcinosis circumscripta
in lizards, 349, 352
in marmosets, 166, 183, 185
in parrots and related species,
294
Calcinosis cutis, in lizards, 349,
352
Calcitonin
in lizards, 375
in tortoises and turtles, 458 Calcium
for amphibians, 492
for ferrets, 16
for lizards, 375, 385
for parrots and related species, 3001, 320
for songbirds and softbills, 342 for tortoises and turtles, 458, 471
Calcium deficiency
in lizards, 372
in tortoises and turtles, 456 Calcium disodium edetate, for hystricomorph, 120 Calcium excess
in rabbits, 66
in tortoises and turtles, 452 Calcium glubionate, for marmosets, 175
Calcium gluconate
for ferrets, 16
for hystricomorph, 110, 116-117, 120, 128
for lizards, 375, 385
for marmosets, 178
for rabbits, 74
for sugar gliders, 243
for tortoises and turtles, 458, 471 Calcium keratopathy, in amphibians, 495
Calcium lesions in the cornea, in amphibians, 494
Calcium/phosphorus imbalance
in lizards, 372
in tortoises and turtles, 456 Calcium storage, in crested geckos, 354-356
Calciuria, in rabbits, 82, 84 Calculus, buildup, in marmosets, 170
Calicivirus, in rabbits, 53, 72
Calliphora spp., 201
Calliphora vicina, 432 Callitrichine herpesvirus 3, in marmosets, 183-184 Camallanus spp., 444, 514-515, 568
Campylobacter spp., 103, 142, 171, 173, 336
Campylobacter fetus, 444
Campylobacter jejuni, 12
Canary.
see Songbirds and softbillsCandida, 171, 173
in parrots and related species, 291, 294, 297
Candida albicans, 390
in tortoises and turtles, 438 Candidiasis
in parrots and related species, 269, 274, 289
in snakes, 400
in songbirds and softbills, 325, 334
in sugar gliders, 254
Canine distemper virus (CDV), in ferrets, 23, 25, 28, 30
Caparinia erinacei, 201
Caparinia tripilis, 201
Capillaria spp., 240, 294, 296, 337, 356, 358f, 400, 406-407
Capillaria aerophilum, 205 Capillaria erinacei, 208, 210 Capillaria hepatica, 176-177
Captive care, for tortoises and turtles, 426
Carbaryl powder, for sugar gliders, 237
Carbimazole, for snakes, 392
Carbon monoxide poisoning, of songbirds and softbills, 326
Carcinoma of the ocular globe in ferrets, 30 in hedgehogs, 223
Cardiac arrest
in hystricomorph, 91b
in rabbits, 47b
Cardiac disease
in ferrets, 9, 17
in hedgehogs, 205, 213
in marmosets, 178
in small rodents, 147
in tortoises and turtles, 454
Cardiac fibrosarcomas, in hystricomorph, 112
Cardiomegaly
in hystricomorph, 112
in rabbits, 70f
in snakes, 408
Cardiomyopathy
in amphibians, 487
in ferrets, 20, 23
in goldfish and koi, 518, 526
in hedgehogs, 215-217
in hystricomorph, 112-113
in lizards, 365, 368
in marmosets, 180, 182
in rabbits, 72
in small rodents, 148-149
in snakes, 408, 410
in sugar gliders, 246-247
in tropical freshwater fish, 548,
554
in tropical marine fish, 572-573, 578
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
for ferrets, 4b
for hedgehogs, 200b
for hystricomorph, 91
for marmosets, 165b
for parrots and related species, 265b
for rabbits, 47
for small rodents, 133b
for sugar gliders, 234b Cardiovascular and hematologic disorders
of amphibians, 486-487
of ferrets, 19-23
of goldfish and koi, 517-518
of guinea pigs, chinchillas and degus, 111-114, 113t
of hedgehogs, 214-217
of lizards, 364-368, 371
of marmosets, 180-183
of parrots and related species, 303-307
of rabbits, 68-72
of small rodents, 147-149
of snakes, 408-410
of songbirds and softbills, 329-330
of sugar gliders, 245-246
of tortoises and turtles, 451-454
of tropical freshwater fish, 547-548
of tropical marine fish, 572-573 Caries, buildup, marmosets, 170 L-carnitine
for hedgehogs, 216
for parrots and related species, 274, 297, 301
Carp pox, 510
Carprofen
for ferrets, 3t
for hystricomorph, 90t
for lizards, 347t
for parrots and related species, 263t
for rabbits, 45t
for small rodents, 131t
Caryospora, 358f, 358t, 400, 403, 444, 448
Cat laxatives, for ferrets, 15 Cataracts
in amphibians, 495
in ferrets, 30-31
in goldfish and koi, 526
in hedgehogs, 223-224
in hystricomorph, 110, 121
in lizards, 379
in marmosets, 190-191
in parrots and related species, 315-316
in rabbits, 78, 81
in small rodents, 153, 155
in snakes, 417-418
in songbirds and softbills, 333 in sugar gliders, 251-252 in tortoises and turtles, 460-463 in tropical marine fish, 578 Catecholamines, in rabbits, 69 Caviid herpesvirus, in hystricomorph, 127-128 C-cell carcinoma, in hedgehogs, 224
C-cell tumors, in small rodents,
154
Cecal dilatation/tympany, in hystricomorph, 104-105
Cecal impaction, in hystricomorph, 104, 106
Cecal polyp, in rabbits, 62
Cedar shavings, in snakes, 415
Cedar wood shavings, in lizards, 377
Cellulitis
in lizards, 371
in rabbits, 52
Central nervous system (CNS) of goldfish and koi, 522 of hystricomorph, 112, 115 lesions, in lizards, 370 metastases, in rabbits, 75 signs, in small rodents, 144 of snakes, 415 of tropical marine fish, 577
Centropyge spp., 573, 576
Cephalosporins, for hystricomorph, 106
Ceratomyxa, 571
Cerebral nematodiasis, in hystricomorph, 118, 120
Cerebrospinal angiostrongyliasis, in parrots and related species, 312, 314
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), collection of, in rabbits, 76b
Cerebrovascular accidents, in parrots and related species, 312
Cervical edema, in tortoises and turtles, 435
Cervical thickening, in small rodents, 144
Cestodes
in amphibians, 483, 490
in ferrets, 12, 15
in hystricomorph, 106
in parrots and related species, 294, 297
in rabbits, 61, 64
in small rodents, 143
in snakes, 390-392, 412
in songbirds and softbills, 337 in tortoises and turtles, 444, 448 Chameleon. see Lizards Chameleon erythrocyte virus, 364, 367
Channel catfish virus disease, 530, 537, 548
Cheek pouch eversion/prolapse/ neoplasia, in small rodents, 141, 142f
Cheek pouch impaction, in small rodents, 141
Cheek pouches, in small rodents, 141
Chelonia. see Tortoises and turtles
Chelonian herpesvirus (CHV), in tortoises and turtles, 431, 435, 437-439, 442, 450, 454-456, 459-460
Chemotherapy
for ferrets, 25-26, 26t
for hedgehogs, 204, 219
Cheyletiella, in rabbits, 47-48, 50 Cheyletiellid mites
in parrots and related species, 266, 274
in songbirds and softbills, 325 Chiggers, in hedgehogs, 201 Chilodonella, 504-505, 505f, 507, 509, 511, 513
Chin rash, in ferrets, 23 Chinchillas. see Guinea pigs, chinchillas, and degus
Chirodiscoides caviae, 92, 95
Chironomus larvae, 515-516
Chlamydia-like organisms, in tortoises and turtles, 454
Chlamydophila spp., 410, 478-479 Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 410,
454
Chlamydophila psittaci, 96, 120 in parrots and related species, 282
Chlamydophila-like organisms in goldfish and koi, 510 in lizards, 368
Chlamydophilosis (Chlamydophila) in lizards, 368
in parrots and related species, 277, 280, 282, 284t, 285, 294, 297, 302-303, 310, 312, 314-315
in rabbits, 54
in songbirds and softbills, 333-334, 336 Chloramine-T
for tropical freshwater fish, 538, 538t, 542
for tropical marine fish, 567
Chloramphenicol
for ferrets, 14, 31
for goldfish and koi, 510
for hystricomorph, 113
for rabbits, 52
for tropical marine fish, 564 Chloramphenicol sodium succinate, for amphibians, 480
Chlorhexidine
for amphibians, 480
for ferrets, 8
for hystricomorph, 95, 126
for lizards, 351
for rabbits, 51-52
for small rodents, 137
for snakes, 392
Chlorhexidine toxicity, in amphibians, 478, 488, 493
Chlorine, for amphibians, 478 Chlorine toxicity, in amphibians, 488, 490, 493
Chloromyxum
Chloromyxum cyprini, 516
Chloromyxum koi, 516
Chloroquine
for amphibians, 487
for lizards, 367
for parrots and related species, 306
for snakes, 403, 410
for songbirds and softbills, 330 for tortoises and turtles, 448, 451
Chlortetracycline ointment, for hystricomorph, 121
Choanal atresia, in parrots and related species, 281
Choking, in chinchillas, 97-98 Cholangiocarcinoma, in lizards, 362
Cholangiocellular carcinoma, in amphibians, 485
Cholangiohepatitis
in ferrets, 16
in hedgehogs, 212
in sugar gliders, 244 Cholecystitis, in tortoises and turtles, 451
Cholecystolithiasis, in tortoises and turtles, 450-451
Cholelithiasis, 176-177 Cholesterol lesions, 494 Cholestyramine
for hystricomorph, 106
for rabbits, 63
Choline deficiency, in parrots and related species, 300
Chondroma
in ferrets, 27
in snakes, 394, 396
Chondrosarcoma, in ferrets, 27 Chordoma
in ferrets, 27-28
in marmosets, 188
Chorioptes spp., 201 Choristopsylla tristis, 236
Chromatophoroma
in lizards, 349, 352
in snakes, 391, 393
Chromide iridovirus, 550 Chromomycosis
in amphibians, 478, 480, 488-491
in tortoises and turtles, 431 Chronic debilitation, in tortoises and turtles, 450 Chronic hypertrophy of the nictitating membrane, in tortoises and turtles, 462-463
Chronic interstitial nephritis
in ferrets, 34
in marmosets, 192
Chronic lymphocytic enteritis, in marmosets, 186
Chronic progressive diarrhea, in marmosets, 172
Chronic progressive weight loss, in marmosets, 186
Chronic pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, in parrots and related species, 283, 304 Chronic renal failure, in hystricomorph, 123
Chronic systemic lung disease, in parrots and related species, 304
Chronic ulcerative dermatitis, in parrots and related species, 270, 270f, 274
Chronic upper respiratory infections, of ferrets, 24 Chronic/focal myocarditis, in marmosets, 180
Chrysosporium, 349, 390 Chylous ascites, in hedgehogs, 212-213
Chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 478-480, 488, 490
Cichlidogyrus spp., 535 Cilia-associated respiratory bacillus
in rabbits, 54
in small rodents, 139 Ciliary body, bony spicules in, hystricomorph, 121 Ciliated protozoa, in amphibians, 478, 480, 484
Ciliates
in amphibians, 483
in lizards, 356, 360
in tortoises and turtles, 444,
448
Cimetidine
for ferrets, 15
for hystricomorph, 107
for lizards, 368
for marmosets, 173
for parrots and related species, 289, 297
for rabbits, 64
Circling
in hedgehogs, 218 in small rodents, 152 Circovirus, in songbirds and softbills, 337
Cirrhosis
in hedgehogs, 212
in parrots and related species, 302
Cisapride
for ferrets, 15
for hystricomorph, 101, 106
for parrots and related species, 297
for rabbits, 63-64
for snakes, 404
Cis-permethrin, for songbirds and softbills, 325
Cisplatin, for parrots and related species, 274
Cistudinomyia cistudinis, 431-432 Citrobacter spp., 334
Citrobacter freundii, 103, 142, 145-146, 431, 434 Cittotaenia variablis, in rabbits,
61
Cladosporium herbarum, 431 Clamped fins
in goldfish and koi, 507, 511 in tropical freshwater fish, 535, 541
Clarithromycin
for ferrets, 31
for tortoises and turtles, 437 Claw abnormalities, in tortoises and turtles, 457 Claws, overgrown
in hystricomorph, 94
in small rodents, 136
Cleithrarticus, 565
Clindamycin
for ferrets, 29
for hystricomorph, 104
for marmosets, 185
for rabbits, 62
for sugar gliders, 250
Clinostomum spp., 534
Clinostomum attenuatum, 478
Cloacal and paracloacal abscessation, in sugar gliders, 241
Cloacal and paracloacal gland enlargement, in sugar gliders, 240
Cloacal impaction, in parrots and related species, 294, 298
Cloacal prolapse
in amphibians, 483, 485 in lizards, 357, 361 in parrots and related species, 294, 298, 319
in snakes, 400, 404
in tortoises and turtles, 444-445, 449
Cloacitis
in lizards, 357
in snakes, 400
in tortoises and turtles, 444
Cloacoliths
in lizards, 357
in snakes, 400
in tortoises and turtles, 444
Clofazimine, for ferrets, 31
Clostridial infections, in parrots and related species, 297
Clostridium spp., 239, 444 Clostridium botulinum, 183 Clostridium difficile, 103, 143, 548
Clostridium perfringens, 12, 15, 103, 171
Clostridium piliforme, 103-104, 142, 144, 249
Clostridium piliformis, 145
Clostridium spiroforme, in rabbits, 61
Clostridium tetani, 187-188 in parrots and related species
Clostridium colinum, 294
Clostridium perfringens, 294 Clostridium tertium, 294
Clotrimazole
for parrots and related species, 286
for songbirds and softbills, 325, 334
for tortoises and turtles, 463
CNS signs, in tortoises and turtles, 435
Coagulative keratopathy, in tortoises and turtles, 462-463
Coccidia, in parrots and related species, 282
Coccidioides immitis, 168
Coccidiomycosis
in marmosets, 168, 170
in snakes, 394
Coccidiosis
in rabbits, 62, 64
in songbirds and softbills, 334, 335t, 336
in sugar gliders, 239, 241
in tropical freshwater fish, 544 Coccomyxa hoffmani, 567 Cochleostoma, in songbirds and softbills, 334
Cochlosomosis, in songbirds and softbills, 336
Cockatiel. see Parrots and related species
Cockatoo. see Parrots and related species
Coelomic distension, in lizards,
362
Coelomic fat pads, enlarged, in lizards, 370-371
Coelomic mass
in snakes, 401
in tortoises and turtles, 437 Coelomic neoplasia, in songbirds and softbills, 327 Coelomic swelling
in amphibians, 489
in lizards, 383
Coelomitis, in parrots and related species, 319
Cold intolerance, in small rodents, 155
Coliforms
in ferrets, 37
in hystricomorph, 118, 123 Colitis, in marmosets, 172 Colitis-like signs, in ferrets, 13 Collapse
in hedgehogs, 209
in parrots and related species, 312
in rabbits, 62, 73
in small rodents, 155
in songbirds and softbills,
331
Collars, for parrots and related species, 273
Collision with environmental objects, in amphibians, 494
Colloids
for ferrets, 2b
for rabbits, 44b
Colonic adenocarcinoma, in lizards, 357
Color fading
in goldfish and koi, 505
in tropical freshwater fish, 534 in tropical marine fish, 562 Colorectal impaction, in hystricomorph, 104, 106
Coma, in ferrets, 28
Congenital abnormalities
in snakes, 412, 424
in tortoises and turtles, 472
Congenital defects
in lizards, 372, 378, 380
in snakes, 419
in tortoises and turtles, 462-463
Congenital disorders
of ferrets, 20
of hedgehogs, 215
of marmosets, 180
of rabbits, 68-69, 82
of sugar gliders, 246
Congestive heart failure
in hystricomorph, 114
in rabbits, 54, 72
in snakes, 408
in songbirds and softbills, 329-330, 337
Conjunctivitis
in ferrets, 30
in hedgehogs, 223
in hystricomorph, 97, 99, 121
in lizards, 378-379
in marmosets, 183-184, 190
in parrots and related species, 314-316
in rabbits, 54, 57, 78
in songbirds and softbills, 332
in tortoises and turtles, 462
Constipation
in ferrets, 28
in goldfish and koi, 514-516
in hystricomorph, 104, 106
in lizards, 361, 371, 382
in marmosets, 189
in snakes, 400, 404
in sugar gliders, 240, 242
in tortoises and turtles, 444
Contracaecum spp., 544
Convulsions
in amphibians, 489
in hystricomorph, 107
in lizards, 377
in rabbits, 73
in songbirds and softbills, 332 Copepods, in amphibians, 478, 480
Copper, therapeutic use of, in tropical marine fish, 560t
Copper deficiency
in hystricomorph, 112
in rabbits, 66
Copper poisoning, in amphibians, 488, 493
Copper toxicity, in tropical marine fish, 565, 567
Copper toxicosis, in ferrets, 16-17, 23
Coprophagy
in marmosets, 176
in small rodents, 142
Coral fish disease, in tropical marine fish, 562
Corneal edema
in ferrets, 30
in hedgehogs, 223
in marmosets, 190
in rabbits, 79
Corneal fat deposits, in sugar gliders, 251
Corneal lesions, in amphibians, 494
Corneal occlusion syndrome, in rabbits, 78, 81
Corneal trauma
in amphibians, 494-495
in sugar gliders, 251
Corneal ulceration
in amphibians, 494-495
in ferrets, 30-31
in goldfish and koi, 526-527
in hedgehogs, 223-224
in lizards, 379
in marmosets, 190-191
in parrots and related species, 316
in rabbits, 80-81, 80f
in small rodents, 153
in songbirds and softbills, 333 in sugar gliders, 251-252 in tortoises and turtles, 462 Coronary atherosclerosis, in rabbits, 69
Coronavirus
in ferrets, 12, 23, 25-28
in guinea pigs, 103, 106
in rabbits, 68
in small rodents, 142
in songbirds and softbills, 326 Cortical carcinoma, in hedgehogs, 221
Corticosteroid, in tortoises and turtles, 463
Corynebacterium spp., 5, 103, 135, 204, 573, 580
Corynebacterium aquaticum, 456
Corynebacterium kutscheri, 114, 135, 137, 139
Corynebacterium pyogenes, 114
Co-trimoxazole
for ferrets, 29
for hystricomorph, 102, 106, 120-121, 128
for marmosets, 185, 189
for parrots and related species, 297, 316, 319
for rabbits, 60, 64, 68, 77, 80, 84
for small rodents, 153
for sugar gliders, 250
Cotton fur syndrome, in chinchillas, 94, 108 Coughing
in ferrets, 9
in marmosets, 168
Coughing (Continued)
in parrots and related species, 283
in songbirds and softbills, 327
Cowdria ruminatium, 434
Cox-2 inhibitors, for parrots and related species, 297
Coxofemoral arthritis, in tortoises and turtles, 456, 464
Crassicutis cichlasomae, 544
Crenosoma striatum, 205
Creosote, in parrots and related species, 283
Crepidoodinium, 564, 567
Crickets, in amphibians, 494 Crop fistula, in parrots and related species, 288, 288f, 292
Crop muscle atony, in parrots and related species, 288
Crop stasis, in parrots and related species, 288, 292
Crustaceans
in amphibians, 478
in goldfish and koi, 505
in tropical freshwater fish, 535 in tropical marine fish, 565, 569
Crusting. see Scaling and crusting
Cryptobia iubilans, 540, 546 Cryptocaryon
Cryptocaryon irritans, 564, 567 Cryptocaryon tomonts, 564
Cryptococcal meningitis, in ferrets, 28
Cryptococcosis
in parrots and related species, 269, 282
in sugar gliders, 247-248
Cryptococcus bacillisporus, 6 Cryptococcus neoformans, 93, 168, 188, 190, 349, 410
Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii, 12
Cryptosporidiosis
in snakes, 401
in songbirds and softbills,
334
in tropical freshwater fish, 548
Cryptosporidium, 14, 143, 360, 444, 448
Cryptosporidium erinacei, 208, 210
Cryptosporidium muris, 103 Cryptosporidium nasoris, 569 Cryptosporidium parvum, 143, 171, 173, 360, 403
Cryptosporidium serpentis, 400, 403
Cryptosporidium wrairi, 103 in rabbits, 61, 64 in sugar gliders, 239, 241
Crystalloids
for ferrets, 2b
for rabbits, 44b
Ctenocephalides, 6
Ctenocephalides felis, 135
in rabbits, 47
Ctenotaenia ctenoids, in rabbits,
61
Cucullanus, 568-569 Culicoides, 330
in parrots and related species, 307
Curvularia spp., 431
Cushing disease, in small rodents, 154
Cutaneous capillariasis, in amphibians, 478
Cutaneous cysts, in hystricomorph, 93, 95
Cutaneous emphysema, in hedgehogs, 202, 204
Cutaneous hemangioma, in hystricomorph, 94
Cutaneous lymphosarcoma
in rabbits, 49
in sugar gliders, 236 Cutaneous papilloma of the foot pad, in hystricomorph, 94 Cutaneous papillomatosis, in parrots and related species, 314
Cuterebra, 6
in rabbits, 49, 51 Cyanide toxicity, in tropical marine fish, 575
Cyanosis
of extremities, in small rodents, 148
in ferrets, 9, 13, 20
in hedgehogs, 215, 218
in hystricomorph, 97
in marmosets, 181
in rabbits, 69
in small rodents, 140
in sugar gliders, 237, 246
in tortoises and turtles, 442
Cyathostoma, 282, 286
Cyclophosphamide
for ferrets, 26t
for hystricomorph, 113
for parrots and related species, 307
Cyclopia
in snakes, 417
in tortoises and turtles, 462 Cyclosporine, for rabbits, 81 Cyclosporine A, for small rodents, 154
Cyclustera spp., 544
Cyniclomyces guttulatus, in rabbits,
60-61
Cyprinid herpesvirus 1, in goldfish and koi, 504 Cyrilia nili, 547
Cyromazine, for rabbits, 51 Cystic calculi
in amphibians, 496
in ferrets, 34, 36
in hedgehogs, 227
in sugar gliders, 253
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia, in hystricomorph, 125
Cystic lesions, in tropical freshwater fish, 534
Cystic mastitis, in rabbits, 85-86 Cystic ovarian disease, in hystricomorph, 122, 125-126
Cystic ovaries
in rabbits, 48
in small rodents, 134, 159 Cysticercosis, in rabbits, 61-62, 64, 66, 68
Cystitis
in ferrets, 34
in hedgehogs, 225
in hystricomorph, 110,
123-125
in marmosets, 192-193
in rabbits, 82
in small rodents, 157
in sugar gliders, 252
in tortoises and turtles, 463, 465-466
Cytodites nudus mites, 327 Cytomegalovirus, in hystricomorph, 127
Cytophaga psychrophila, 503-504
D
Dacryocystitis
in hystricomorph, 99
in rabbits, 54, 56, 78, 79f, 80 Dactylogyrus. see Gill flukes Dark patch, abdomen, in songbirds and softbills, 335
Death
of amphibians, 489
of ferrets, 34
of hedgehogs, 226
of marmosets, 183-184, 192 Debilitation, in small rodents, 136
Deciduous dental formula, 11b Deep angelfish disease, 552-553 Deferoxamine, for songbirds and softbills, 342
Degenerative joint disease, in tortoises and turtles, 456
Degus. see Guinea pigs, chinchillas, and degus
Dehydration
in amphibians, 476
in ferrets, 13, 38
in hedgehogs, 202, 228
in hystricomorph, 89, 107-108
in lizards, 383
in marmosets, 172
in parrots and related species, 261b
in rabbits, 62
in small rodents, 144
in snakes, 401, 422
in sugar gliders, 240
in tortoises and turtles, 434, 445
Delmadinone acetate, for tortoises and turtles, 471
Demodex, 92, 95, 134, 137
Demodex aurati, 135
Demodex criceti, 135
Demodex erinacei, 201
Demodex meroni, 135
Demodex nanus, 135
in marmosets, 166-167 Demodex mites, in rabbits, 47 Dental disease
in ferrets, 11-12
in hedgehogs, 206-207
in hystricomorph, 115
in marmosets, 170
in rabbits, 50, 53, 55-60, 55b, 65, 72
in small rodents, 149
in sugar gliders, 239
Dental disorders
of guinea pigs, chinchillas, and degus, 98-102, 98b investigations, 99-101, 100/-101/
of small rodents, 141 Dentostomella translucida, 143 Depression
in ferrets, 9, 34
in goldfish and koi, 507, 511
in hedgehogs, 225-226
in hystricomorph, 105, 127
in lizards, 353, 365
in marmosets, 192
in parrots and related species, 312
in rabbits, 62, 83
in snakes, 390, 401
in songbirds and softbills, 331
in sugar gliders, 249, 252 in tortoises and turtles, 470 in tropical freshwater fish,
535
Dermal hemangiosarcoma, in sugar gliders, 236
Dermal lymphoma, in small rodents, 135, 138
Dermal necrosis, in rabbits, 49/
Dermal papillomatosis, in tortoises and turtles, 431
Dermanyssus avium, 266, 323 Dermatitis
in hystricomorph, 123 in lizards, 349, 351
in marmosets, 166
in parrots and related species, 269-270
in rabbits, 48/, 50, 52 in small rodents, 133
in snakes, 390
in songbirds and softbills, 324 in tortoises and turtles, 430
Dermatofibroma, in ferrets, 6 Dermatomycosis, in songbirds and softbills, 323, 325
Dermatophilosis
in lizards, 349
in snakes, 390
Dermatophilus chelonae, 390
Dermatophytosis
in ferrets, 5, 8
in hedgehogs, 200-201, 203 in hystricomorph, 93, 95 in marmosets, 166-167
in parrots and related species, 269
in rabbits, 52
in small rodents, 133-134, 137 in snakes, 390, 392
in sugar gliders, 234, 236-237 Dermocystidium koi, 504, 510, 521 Dermoids, in parrots and related species, 315
Dermophthirius penneri, 565
Descenting, 1
Deslorelin implant
in ferrets, 33, 37 in marmosets, 193
Developmental abnormalities, in snakes, 408
Dewlap, in rabbits, 50, 52
Dexamethasone, 16
for hedgehogs, 211
for hystricomorph, 110, 116
for marmosets, 178
for rabbits, 74
for tortoises and turtles, 440
Diabetes mellitus
in ferrets, 18-19
in hystricomorph, 110-111, 121, 123, 125
in lizards, 380
in marmosets, 178, 180
in parrots and related species, 318
in rabbits, 78, 81-82
in small rodents, 147, 153-154, 155t, 156
in songbirds and softbills, 340 in tortoises and turtles, 466-467 Diaphragmatic hernia, in hystricomorph, 97 Diarrhea
in amphibians, 483, 489
in ferrets, 13, 40
in goldfish and koi, 514-516
in hedgehogs, 208-209, 229
in hystricomorph, 104, 107, 109, 115
in marmosets, 168, 176, 184, 197
in rabbits, 62, 73
in small rodents, 144, 146
in songbirds and softbills, 335 in sugar gliders, 240, 244, 257 in tortoises and turtles, 435, 445, 450
in tropical freshwater fish, 545 Diazepam, 4b, 19b
for rabbits, 46b
for songbirds and softbills, 332 Diazoxide, for ferrets, 19 Diet, in parrots and related species, 267-268
Dietary disorders. see Nutritional disorders
Dietary fiber, lack of
in rabbits, 66
in tropical freshwater fish, 544 Dietary protein deficiency, 186 Dietary supplements, for ferrets, 1 Diet-associated dermatitis, in small rodents, 133, 138, 146
Di//enbachia, 377
Digenetic trematodes, in tropical freshwater fish, 535
Digging, in tortoises and turtles, 470
Digoxin
for ferrets, 23
for hystricomorph, 114
for marmosets, 182
for parrots and related species, 306
for rabbits, 72
for songbirds and softbills, 330 for sugar gliders, 247 Diiodohydroxyquin
for snakes, 403
for tortoises and turtles, 448, 451 Dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy
in ferrets, 23
in hedgehogs, 216
in marmosets, 180, 182
in rabbits, 68
Diltiazem
for ferrets, 23
for hedgehogs, 217
Diltiazem (Continued)
for hystricomorph, 114
for rabbits, 72 Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), for parrots and related species, 292, 314 Dimetridazole
for parrots and related species, 297
for tortoises and turtles, 465
for tropical freshwater fish,
539
Dinoprost, for parrots and related species, 320
Dipetalonema, 180, 182-183
Diphenhydramine
for ferrets, 10
for parrots and related species, 307
Diphenylhydantoin, for small rodents, 153
Diphtheroid-necrotizing stomatitis, in tortoises and turtles, 435
Diphyllobothrium, 390-391, 412-414
Diplostomum, 525, 527 Dirofilaria immitis, 20, 22-23 Discospondylitis, in rabbits, 54, 74, 82
Discus. see Tropical freshwater fish Discus plague, in tropical freshwater fish, 539, 541/, 550
Disorientation
in amphibians, 493
in tropical marine fish, 561 Dispharynx, in parrots and related species, 294, 297
Distal limb necrosis, in small rodents, 149
Distended abdomen, in ferrets,
24
Distended bladder
in ferrets, 34
in hedgehogs, 226
Diuretics
for rabbits, 71
for tortoises and turtles, 453 Dog attack, in tortoises and turtles, 434
Dorisella spp., 334
Downfish. see Tropical marine fish Doxapram, for rabbits, 47b Doxepin, for parrots and related species, 279
Doxorubicin
administration, in rabbits, 69 for ferrets, 26t
for parrots and related species, 307
Doxycycline
for amphibians, 479
for parrots and related species, 285, 315
for songbirds and softbills,
336
for tortoises and turtles, 437
Dragonfish. see Tropical freshwater fish
Drechslera spp., 431
“Drop eye” in dragonfish, 554, 554/
Droppings, assessment of, in parrots and related species, 292-293, 292b, 293/
Dropsy, in tropical freshwater fish, 549-550
Drowning, in tortoises and turtles, 438, 440
Dry/necrotic penis, in sugar gliders, 254-256
Dubininia melopsittaci, 266
Dullness, in ferrets, 9
Dysautonomia, in rabbits, 62, 64 Dysbiosis
in hystricomorph, 104 in tortoises and turtles, 444, 449-450
Dysecdysis
in lizards, 348, 350-352, 372 in snakes, 389, 391
in tortoises and turtles, 430
Dysentery, in snakes, 401
Dyskeratosis, in tortoises and turtles, 433
Dysphagia
defined, 287b
differential diagnosis for, in parrots and related species, 287-289
in ferrets, 13
in goldfish and koi, 515
in hedgehogs, 225
in hystricomorph, 112
in tortoises and turtles, 435
in tropical freshwater fish, 545
Dysplastic koilin, in parrots and related species, 294
Dyspnea
in amphibians, 489 differential diagnosis of, in tortoises and turtles, 437
in ferrets, 9, 13, 20, 23-24
in hedgehogs, 205, 215, 218
in hystricomorph, 97, 105, 112 in lizards, 353, 371
in marmosets, 168, 176, 181
in parrots and related species, 283, 295
in rabbits, 54, 69, 73
in small rodents, 140
in songbirds and softbills, 327-328, 341
in sugar gliders, 237-238, 246
in tortoises and turtles, 438 Dystocia
in ferrets, 37, 40
in hedgehogs, 228-229
in hystricomorph, 127-128
in lizards, 357, 383, 384/, 385
in marmosets, 194-196, 194/
in parrots and related species, 319-321
in rabbits, 85, 87
in snakes, 400, 422-423
in tortoises and turtles, 445
in tropical freshwater fish, 558 Dystrophic calcification, in small rodents, 149
Dystrophic feathers, in parrots and related species, 267
Dysuria
in ferrets, 32, 34
in hedgehogs, 226
in marmosets, 192
in small rodents, 157
in sugar gliders, 252
E
Ear canal, discharge from, in hedgehogs, 202
Ear disorders, of tortoises and turtles, 440-442
Ear mites
in ferrets, 6-7
in hedgehogs, 201, 204
in rabbits, 47, 48/, 50-51
in small rodents, 133-135
Ear wax accumulation, in small rodents, 134
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), in marmosets, 183, 185, 188
Ecchymotic hemorrhage, in ferrets, 37
Ecdysis, in snakes, 389
Echinorhynchus erinacei, 208 Echinorhynchus roase, 208
Eclampsia, in hystricomorph, 127-128
Ectoparasites
in amphibians, 478
in ferrets, 4-6
in goldfish and koi, 505-506, 507/
in hedgehogs, 201
in hystricomorph, 95-96, 99
in lizards, 348-349
in marmosets, 166
in parrots and related species, 273-275
in rabbits, 47, 50-52, 56
in small rodents, 133-135, 134/,
137
in snakes, 391
in songbirds and softbills, 323-324
in sugar gliders, 234, 236-237
in tortoises and turtles, 430, 432
in tropical freshwater fish, 534-535
in tropical marine fish, 562-563 Ectopic pregnancy, in snakes, 422-423
Ectopic thyroid, in marmosets, 180
Ectromelia virus, 134-135, 137-138, 149
Edema
in amphibians, 487
in lizards, 365, 369, 381
in rabbits, 47
in snakes, 408, 421
in tortoises and turtles, 452, 454, 464, 473
Edwardsiella ictaruli, 534
Egg coelomitis, in songbirds and softbills, 327
Egg peritonitis, in parrots and related species, 319
Egg retention
in goldfish and koi, 528, 529b
in tortoises and turtles, 469, 471
Egg serositis, in parrots and related species, 320
Egg stasis
in lizards, 383
in snakes, 422
in tortoises and turtles, 469,
471
Egg yolk peritonitis, in lizards,
383
Egg yolk serositis, in tortoises and turtles, 469, 471
Egg-binding, in parrots and related species, 319-321
Ehrlichia, 434
Eimeria spp., 103, 106, 143, 334, 356, 358/, 358t, 360, 400, 403, 444
Eimeria carpelli, 514
Eimeria caviae, 103
Eimeria chinchillae, 103
Eimeria /alci/ormis, 143
Eimeria hindlei, 143
Eimeria keilini, 143
Eimeria krijgsmanni, 143
Eimeria musculi, 143
Eimeria rastegaiv, 208, 210
Eimeria schue//neri, 143
Eimeria subepithelialis, 514
in rabbits
Eimeria irresidua, 61
Eimeria magna, 61
Eimeria media, 61
Eimeria per/orans, 61 Eimeria stiedae, 61, 66, 68 Elaphidae, 403
Electrocution
in goldfish and koi, 521
in rabbits, 75
in tropical marine fish, 575 Emaciation
in goldfish and koi, 515
in tortoises and turtles, 454
in tropical freshwater fish, 544 Embryonal nephroma, in rabbits, 82
Embryonic deaths, in snakes, 424 Emesis, in marmosets, 176
Emmonsia spp., 355
Emodepside
for lizards, 361
for small rodents, 145
for snakes, 403
for tortoises and turtles, 439, 442, 448
Emphysema
in parrots and related species, 285
in tropical marine fish, 573, 574/
Enalapril
for ferrets, 23
for hedgehogs, 216
for hystricomorph, 114
for marmosets, 182
for parrots and related species, 306
for rabbits, 72
for sugar gliders, 247 Encephalitis
in rabbits, 74
in snakes, 415
Encephalitozoon
Encephalitozoon cuniculi, 118, 120-121, 136, 153, 157, 188-190
in rabbits, 55, 68, 75, 77, 80, 84
Encephalitozoon hellem, 314, 316-317, 319
Encephalomyocarditis virus, 147 Endocardiosis
in hedgehogs, 215
in lizards, 365
in songbirds and softbills, 329 Endocarditis
in amphibians, 486
in ferrets, 20
in goldfish and koi, 517
in hedgehogs, 214
in hystricomorph, 112
in lizards, 365
in marmosets, 180
in rabbits, 68
in small rodents, 149
in snakes, 408
in songbirds and softbills, 329
in sugar gliders, 245
in tortoises and turtles, 452
in tropical freshwater fish, 547
in tropical marine fish, 572 Endocrine disorders
of amphibians, 495
of ferrets, 31-33
of hedgehogs, 224-225
of hystricomorph, 122-123
of lizards, 380
of marmosets, 191, 191t
of parrots and related species, 316-319
of rabbits, 81-82
of small rodents, 154-156
of snakes, 419-420
of songbirds and softbills, 340 of sugar gliders, 252 of tortoises and turtles,
466-467
of tropical marine fish,
579-580
Endolymphatic glands, of geckos, 349
Endometrial hyperplasia
in marmosets, 194-195
in rabbits, 84
Endometrial polyps, 228
Endometrial stromal sarcoma, in hedgehogs, 228
Endometrial venous aneurysms, in rabbits, 82, 85-86
Endometritis
in hystricomorph, 125
in marmosets, 194-195
in small rodents, 158-159
Enlarged adrenal gland, in ferrets, 32
Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes in ferrets, 13
in hystricomorph, 115
Enlarged palpable viscus, 159-160 in rabbits, 86
Enrofloxacin
for goldfish and koi, 508
for hystricomorph, 121, 124
for parrots and related species, 285, 297, 316
for rabbits, 60, 62
for small rodents, 145
for snakes, 392
for songbirds and softbills, 334,
336
for tortoises and turtles, 437
Entamoeba, 358f, 358t
Entamoeba caviae, 103
Entamoeba cuniculi, in rabbits, 61, 82
Entamoeba histolytica, 171, 173
Entamoeba invadens, 400-401, 403, 444
Entamoeba muris, 143
Entamoeba ranarum, 483-485,
496
Enteric bacteria, in rabbits, 84,
86
Enteritis
in amphibians, 482
in goldfish and koi, 525
in hystricomorph, 104
in marmosets, 184
in parrots and related species, 293-295
in rabbits, 61, 63
in small rodents, 142, 144
in tortoises and turtles, 435
in tropical freshwater fish, 543
Enterobius vermicularis, 173
Enterococcus faecalis, 327
Enterococcus seriolicida, 548
Enterogyrus cichlidarum, 544, 546
Enterotoxemia, in rabbits, 62-63
Entomelas spp., 352
Entropion, in rabbits, 78 Enucleation, in sugar gliders,
252
Enzyme papain, for rabbits, 64 Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, in ferrets, 12-13, 15
Eosinophilic granulomatous infiltrate, in ferrets, 28
Eperythrozoon coccoides, 136, 147,
149
Epicarditis, in tortoises and turtles, 451
Epidermal cysts, hyperkeratotic, in songbirds and softbills, 324
Epidermoptid mites
in parrots and related species, 266, 274
in songbirds and softbills, 325 Epididymitis, in rabbits, 86 Epilepsy
in hystricomorph, 120
in parrots and related species, 312
in rabbits, 75, 78
Epilepsy-like conditions, in hystricomorph, 119-120
Epileptiform seizures, in marmosets, 189
Epinephrine
for ferrets, 4b
for hedgehogs, 200b
Epistaxis
in lizards, 353-354
in rabbits, 73
Epistylis, 505, 509
Epitheliocystis, 567
in goldfish and koi, 504, 510
in tropical marine fish, 564 Epithelioma
in songbirds and softbills, 323
in tropical marine fish, 563 Epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma, in hedgehogs, 200, 202, 204
Epizootic catarrhal enteritis, ferrets, 12, 14
Epstein-Barr-like virus, hystricomorph, 127
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 183-184 Ericaceae poisoning, in tortoises and turtles, 444, 452
Erinaceus europaeus, 198
Erosions and ulcerations
in amphibians, 477-478
in ferrets, 6
in goldfish and koi, 503-504, 503f
in hedgehogs, 201
in hystricomorph, 93
in lizards, 349
in marmosets, 166
in parrots and related species,
268
in rabbits, 49
in small rodents, 134
in snakes, 390
in sugar gliders, 236
in tortoises and turtles, 431
in tropical freshwater fish, 530
in tropical marine fish, 561 Erysipelas
in hystricomorph, 125
in parrots and related species, 267
in small rodents, 149-150
in songbirds and softbills, 334
Erysipelothrix, 269
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, 147 Erythema
in amphibians, 489
in tortoises and turtles,
431-432
Erythematous vesicles, in amphibians, 478
Erythromycin
for hystricomorph, 104
for rabbits, 62
for small rodents, 145 Erythrophoroma, for goldfish and koi, 506, 526-527 Erythropoietic porphyria, 217
in hedgehogs, 215
Escherichia coli, 103, 125, 142, 171-174, 334, 356, 400, 440, 477
in ferrets, 5, 8
in parrots and related species, 282, 288, 293
in rabbits, 61
Esophageal obstruction, in tortoises and turtles, 438
Estrus, in ferrets, 36-38, 36f Ethambutol
for parrots and related species, 285
for songbirds and softbills, 332 Ethanol toxicity, in songbirds and softbills, 341
Etonogestrel, for marmosets, 193 Eubacterium tarantellus, 576-577 Euthanasia
for amphibians, 480, 490, 497 for ferrets, 14, 25, 31
for goldfish and koi, 520-521 for hedgehogs, 209-210, 219, 222, 229
for hystricomorph, 117, 120
for lizards, 364, 370
for marmosets, 170, 177, 184, 189
for parrots and related species, 274, 285
for rabbits, 60, 77
for small rodents, 137, 150, 152, 158
for snakes, 412
for songbirds and softbills, 332
for sugar gliders, 248
for tortoises and turtles, 455
for tropical freshwater fish, 550 for tropical marine fish, 567 Excess dietary sugar, sugar gliders, 241
Excessive protein intake, in tortoises and turtles, 432-433
Excoriation, ferrets, 6 Exercise intolerance
in ferrets, 20
in hedgehogs, 215
in marmosets, 181
in parrots and related species, 304
in small rodents, 148
in songbirds and softbills, 327, 329
in sugar gliders, 246
Exercise tolerance, in rabbits, 54,
69
Exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinoma, in ferrets, 18-19
Exophiala spp., 454, 460
Exophthalmos, 190
in ferrets, 30
in goldfish and koi, 519
in hystricomorph, 121
in lizards, 378
in marmosets, 184
in rabbits, 57, 68-69, 79
in tropical freshwater fish, 554-555
in tropical marine fish, 578 Exophthalmos proptosis, in hedgehogs, 223 Extraintestinal mass
in lizards, 357
in snakes, 400
in tortoises and turtles, 445 Extraskeletal osteosarcoma, in hedgehogs, 202
Eye infections, in ferrets, 41
Eye overgrowth, in goldfish and koi, 526f
Eyelids
crusting
in parrots and related species, 314
in songbirds and softbills, 333 granuloma of, in tortoises and turtles, 463
mass, in tortoises and turtles, 462
swollen
in rabbits, 79
in tortoises and turtles, 462
F
Failure to breed, in hystricomorph, 127
Failure to caecotroph, in rabbits, 62, 64-65
Failure to feed
in ferrets, 40
in hedgehogs, 229
in marmosets, 197
in sugar gliders, 256
Failure to grow
in ferrets, 40
in hedgehogs, 229
in marmosets, 197
in sugar gliders, 256 Failure to mate, in ferrets, 37 False neon tetra disease, in tropical freshwater fish, 530
Famciclovir, for marmosets, 184
Fasciola gigantica, 104
Fasciola hepatica, 104
in rabbits, 61, 64
Fat accumulation, in parrots and related species, 304
Fatty acid deficiency, in chinchillas, 107-108 Fatty degeneration, in rabbits, 82 Fatty liver disease, in marmosets, 176, 178
Feather cysts
in parrots and related species, 269, 274
in songbirds and softbills, 323, 325
Feather damage, in parrots and related species, 267
Feather mites
in parrots and related species, 266, 273
in songbirds and softbills, 324 Feather picking, in songbirds and softbills, 323
Feather pulp hemorrhages, in parrots and related species, 303
Fecal coliforms, in hystricomorph,
123
Fecal impaction, in snakes, 404 Fecal parasites
in snakes, 402t
in tortoises and turtles, 446t Fecal tenesmus, in ferrets, 13 Fecaliths, in rabbits, 62
Feces
abnormal
in ferrets, 17
in hedgehogs, 212
in marmosets, 176
in rabbits, 62, 67
bluish colored, hedgehogs, 218 frank blood in, in hystricomorph, 104
lack of
in lizards, 357
in sugar gliders, 240 lack of, in rabbits, 62 reduced or absent, hedgehogs, 209
Feet
inflammation, in ferrets, 6 swollen, in small rodents, 133 Femoral arterial pulse abnormalities
in ferrets, 20
in hedgehogs, 215
in marmosets, 181
Femoral artery hematoma, in marmosets, 180, 182 Fenbendazole
for amphibians, 480, 482, 484 for ferrets, 15
for goldfish and koi, 515
for hedgehogs, 206
for hystricomorph, 106, 120-121 for lizards, 354, 360
for marmosets, 174, 177, 180,
189 for parrots and related species, 286, 296, 314, 316, 319 for rabbits, 64, 77, 80, 84 for small rodents, 153, 158 for snakes, 392, 396, 403, 407 for songbirds and softbills, 329, 336
for sugar gliders, 238, 241 for tortoises and turtles, 439, 441, 455, 463
for tropical freshwater fish, 546 for tropical marine fish, 569 Ferrets, 1-41
analgesia, 3, 3t anesthesia, 3-4 blood hormone levels, 32t blood sampling, 1-2, 2b blood transfusions in, 2, 3b bone marrow aspirate, technique for, 24b cardiovascular and hematologic disorders of, 19-23 cerebrospinal fluid tap in, 29b chemotherapy protocol for, 26t consultation and handling, 1-2 deciduous dental formula of, 11b endocrine disorders, 31-33 fluid therapy in, 2, 2b gastrointestinal tract disorders,
11- 15
differential diagnoses for,
12- 13
gastroprotectants for, 3t GFR evaluation, 351 grading of lymphoma in, 24t hepatic disorders of, 16-17 key facts, 1t
musculoskeletal disorders, 27-28
neonatal disorders, 40-41 neonatal kits, normal parameters, 40t neurologic disorders, 28-29 normal echocardiographic values of, 22t
normal lead II ECGs, 211 normal urine parameters, 35t nursing care, 2-4 nutrition of, 16b
nutritional disorders, 15-16, 23, 28, 30, 34, 37
nutritional support, 3 odor and, 1 ophthalmic disorders, 30-31 oral cavity of, disorders of, 11-12
ovulation, 36, 36f pancreatic disorders, 18-19 PCV, 38t
permanent dental formula of, 11b
Ferrets (Continued)
reproductive disorders, 36-40 respiratory tract disorders of, 8-11
routine hematology and biochemistry, 18t
skin disorders of, 4-8 splenic disorders, 17-18 systemic disorders, 23-27 temperament, 1 thermoregulation in, 2 thyroid levels, 33t thyroid stimulation test, 32b urinary disorders, 34-36 Fertilizer intoxication, in rabbits,
75
Fever
in hystricomorph, 115
in marmosets, 183-184
in rabbits, 49, 53-54, 62, 73, 75 Fiberglass in moray eels, 561 Fibroadenomas, in hystricomorph, 125
Fibrocarcinomas, in hystricomorph, 125 Fibromas
in goldfish and koi, 506, 506/ inflammation, in ferrets, 6 in lizards, 372
Fibrosarcoma
in amphibians, 488
in ferrets, 27, 37
in hystricomorph, 93
in lizards, 349
in parrots and related species, 270-271
in rabbits, 50
in snakes, 391, 412 Fibrosarcoma plasmacytoma, in hedgehogs, 207-208 Fibrous osteodystrophy, in small rodents, 157
Filarial nematodes
in lizards, 349, 351, 365, 369-370
in snakes, 391-392
Filarid nematodes, in parrots and related species, 282
Fin disorders, in goldfish and koi, 506-507
Fin rot
in goldfish and koi, 503-504 in tropical freshwater fish, 530 in tropical marine fish, 561 Finches. see Songbirds and softbills
Fipronil
application, in rabbits, 75, 78 for lizards, 351
for parrots and related species,
273
for small rodents, 137
for snakes, 393
for songbirds and softbills,
325
Firefly intoxication, in lizards, 352, 365, 367, 369
Firm subcutaneous mass, in marmosets, 184
Fish. see Goldfish and koi; Tropical freshwater fish; Tropical marine fish
Fish louse
in amphibians, 478, 480-481 in goldfish and koi, 505, 510 in tropical freshwater fish, 535
Flaccid paralysis, in amphibians, 493
Flagellates
in lizards, 356-357, 358/, 360 in snakes, 400
in tortoises and turtles, 444, 449
Flatworms, in tropical freshwater fish, 534-535
Flavivirus, in parrots and related species, 312
Flavobacterium spp., 488, 503-504, 530
Fleas
in ferrets, 6-8
in hedgehogs, 201, 203
in marmosets, 166-167
in rabbits, 47
in small rodents, 135
Flexibacter columnaris, 530, 537 Flies
in parrots and related species, 266
in songbirds and softbills, 323-324
Flight disorders, in parrots and related species, 308
Floppy-tail, in lizards, 372-373, 376
Fluconazole, in amphibians, 490 Fluid administration, for small rodents, 130, 131/, 131t
Fluid therapy
for amphibians, 476, 476b
for ferrets, 2, 2b, 14, 17, 35, 38
for hedgehogs, 199
for hystricomorph, 89-90, 89t for lizards, 346, 346b-347b for marmosets, 163, 177, 193 for parrots and related species, 261, 262/
for snakes, 388, 388b
for sugar gliders, 232
for tortoises and turtles, 428, 428b, 429/
Fluids, for rabbits, 44, 44b, 44/
Flukes
in hedgehogs, 208, 210
in snakes, 400, 421-422
in tortoises and turtles, 444, 448, 465
in tropical freshwater fish, 536, 538
Flunixin, for rabbits, 63 Fluoroquinolones, for rabbits, 62 Fluorosis, in amphibians, 491-492 Fluoxetine
for hystricomorph, 96
for parrots and related species, 279
Flurofamide, for marmosets, 193 Fly strike, in tortoises and turtles, 432
Foleyella, 390-391
Folic acid
for ferrets, 29
for hystricomorph, 128
for marmosets, 185, 189
for rabbits, 77, 80
for songbirds and softbills, 329-330
for sugar gliders, 250
Folic acid deficiency, in parrots and related species, 300 Follicular adenoma, in hedgehogs, 224
Follicular cell adenoma, in small rodents, 154
Follicular mite, in small rodents,
135
Folliculitis, in parrots and related species, 267
Fonsecaea spp., 431
Foot and mouth disease, in hedgehogs, 201, 204, 208-210
Foot pad
cutaneous papilloma, in hystricomorph, 94
hyperkeratosis, in ferrets, 7, 23 Foreign bodies
in ferrets, 12-13, 15, 30
in goldfish and koi, 515
in hedgehogs, 208, 210, 220, 223
in hystricomorph, 102
in lizards, 352, 354, 357, 361, 378
in parrots and related species, 285-286, 288, 291, 294
in rabbits, 62, 78
in small rodents, 142
in snakes, 400-401, 404
in tortoises and turtles, 444, 464
in tropical freshwater fish, 546 in tropical marine fish, 561, 569 Forestomach papilloma, in small rodents, 143
Formaldehyde, for tortoises and turtles, 434
Formalin, for tropical marine fish, 564-565, 567
Fractured egg, in tortoises and turtles, 469, 471
Fractured jaw, in tortoises and turtles, 443
Fractured mandible, in snakes, 399f
Fractured tooth, in hedgehogs,
207
Fractures
in amphibians, 492
in hystricomorph, 107, 117-118 in lizards, 361
in parrots and related species, 308-309, 309f, 312
in rabbits, 75, 77
in snakes, 398
Franciscella tularensis, 183, 185 Frenkelia spp., 118, 120
Frostbite, in chinchillas, 93, 96 Fumagillin
for amphibians, 497
for goldfish and koi, 509
for tropical freshwater fish, 539 Fume inhalation, in parrots and related species, 283, 286 Fungal dermatitis, in lizards, 351 Fungal disorder
in amphibians, 481, 483, 488, 491, 493-494, 496
in ferrets, 9, 12, 28
in goldfish and koi, 511, 519, 521-522, 525
in hedgehogs, 205, 208, 213, 218
in hystricomorph, 93, 97, 103, 109, 114, 118, 120
in lizards, 352, 356, 362, 365, 376, 378, 381
in marmosets, 168, 171, 188, 190
in parrots and related species, 281-282, 286, 294, 302, 304, 309-310, 312, 314, 317
in small rodents, 147
in snakes, 394, 396, 398, 400, 410, 412, 415, 417, 421
in songbirds and softbills, 324, 326-327, 329, 331, 333-334, 337, 339
in sugar gliders, 237, 247, 254 in tortoises and turtles, 431, 434, 436, 438, 440, 442, 444, 454, 459-460, 463
in tropical freshwater fish, 540, 548, 551-552, 554, 556-557
in tropical marine fish, 565, 571, 573, 576, 578, 580
Fungal gill disease
in tropical freshwater fish, 542 in tropical marine fish, 565,
567
Fungal hepatitis, in tropical marine fish, 571
Fungal infections, in amphibians, 478
Fungal keratitis
in amphibians, 494
in tortoises and turtles, 461f, 463
Fungal mandibular periodontal osteomyelitis, in lizards, 355
Fungal meningitis, in parrots and related species, 312
Fungal mycoses, in ferrets, 10
Fur chewing, in chinchillas, 96,
122
Fur mites
in hystricomorph, 92 in small rodents, 135
Fur slip, in hystricomorph, 93 Furosemide
for amphibians, 486-487, 489 for ferrets, 23
for hedgehogs, 216
for hystricomorph, 114 for lizards, 363, 368, 371
for marmosets, 182
for parrots and related species, 306
for rabbits, 72
for snakes, 407, 410
for songbirds and softbills, 330 for sugar gliders, 247 for tortoises and turtles, 451,
453
Fusarium spp., 390, 504, 525, 530, 539, 554-555
Fusarium incarnatum, 431
Fusarium semitectum, 432
Fusobacterium necrophorum, 239
G
Gagging, in ferrets, 13
Gait
abnormal
in hystricomorph, 117
in marmosets, 176 stiff, in marmosets, 189
Gallstones, in tortoises and turtles, 450
Gas bubble disease, 431 in goldfish and koi, 504,
508-510, 526
in tropical freshwater fish,
536-540, 554
in tropical marine fish,
563-565, 578
Gaseous anesthesia
for hystricomorph, 91b
for parrots and related species, 264b
for rabbits, 46b
Gastric adenoma, in parrots and related species, 294
Gastric bloat
in ferrets, 9, 13, 15
in hystricomorph, 105
in marmosets, 171, 174
in rabbits, 62, 64, 68
Gastric carcinoma, in parrots and related species, 294
Gastric dilatation
in hystricomorph, 104-107, 128 in tortoises and turtles, 444, 449
Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), in sugar gliders, 242
Gastric distension, in ferrets, 13
Gastric impaction, in amphibians, 483, 485
Gastric lymph nodes, in ferrets, 24 Gastric prolapse, in amphibians, 483, 485
Gastric stasis, in rabbits, 62, 64 Gastric torsion, in hystricomorph, 104-107
Gastric trichobezoars, in rabbits,
62
Gastric ulceration
in chinchillas, 104
in ferrets, 12, 15, 20
in hedgehogs, 208, 210
in hystricomorph, 107 Gastroesophageal intussusception, in hedgehogs, 208, 210 Gastrointestinal bloating, in lizards, 357
Gastrointestinal stasis, in lizards,
357
Gastrointestinal tract disorders
of amphibians, 482-485
of ferrets, 11-15
of goldfish and koi, 514-516
of hedgehogs, 206-210 oral cavity, 206-207, 206f-207f
of hystricomorph, 102-107
of lizards, 354-361
of marmosets, 170-174
of parrots and related species, 286-298
of rabbits, 60-64
of small rodents, 141-146
of snakes, 396-399
of songbirds and softbills, 334-337
of sugar gliders, 239-242
of tortoises and turtles, 442-449
Gastrointestinal tract disorders
(Continued)
of tropical freshwater fish, 543-546
of tropical marine fish, 568-569 Gastrointestinal tract distension, in lizards, 370
Gastroprotectants
for marmosets, 173
for sugar gliders, 241
GB virus, in marmosets, 183-184
Geckobiella spp., 349
Genetic predisposition, in hystricomorph, 99 Genitalia, swollen, in rabbits, 49 Gentamicin
for rabbits, 82
for snakes, 392
Gentamicin toxicity, in ferrets, 2, 34
Geopetitia, in parrots and related species, 294, 297
Geopetitia aspiculata, 335 Geotrichum candidum, 349, 431
GI tract lymphoma, in marmosets, 171, 174, 186
Giardia, 12, 14, 103, 106, 143, 334, 336, 356, 360
Giardia caviae, 103
Giardia duodenalis, in rabbits, 61
Giardia muris, 143 in marmosets, 173 in parrots and related species, 294, 297
in sugar gliders, 239, 241
Giardiasis, in parrots and related species, 274
Gill covers, overturned, in tropical freshwater fish, 543
Gill flukes
in goldfish and koi, 505, 511 in tropical freshwater fish, 540 in tropical marine fish, 565, 567
Gill hyperplasia, in tropical freshwater fish, 534, 542
Gill maggot (Ergasilus), in goldfish and koi, 511
Gill necrosis virus, in goldfish and koi, 510, 513
Gill neoplasia
in goldfish and koi, 511, 514 in tropical freshwater fish, 544 Gingivitis
buildup, in marmosets, 170 in ferrets, 11
Gizzard worm, in songbirds and softbills, 336-337 Glaucoma
in ferrets, 30
in goldfish and koi, 526-527
in hedgehogs, 223
in marmosets, 190
in rabbits, 78
in small rodents, 153-154
in tropical freshwater fish, 555
in tropical marine fish, 579 “Glazed eye” appearance, in ferrets, 18 Gliadin/gluten allergy, in marmosets, 186-187
Gliricola porcelli, 92 Glocchidia, 504-505, 509, 511,
514
Glomerulonephritis, in small rodents, 157
Glomerulonephropathy, 225
in hystricomorph, 123
in marmosets, 192
in tortoises and turtles, 464 Glomerulosclerosis
in hedgehogs, 225 in small rodents, 157 Glossitis, in tortoises and turtles,
435
Glossocercus spp., 444
Glottal foreign bodies, in lizards, 352
Glottal neoplasia, in parrots and related species, 283 Glottis, in tortoises and turtles,
438
Glucocorticoid therapy, for small rodents, 156
Glucose
for ferrets, 3, 16
for hystricomorph, 101, 116 as prognostic indicator, in rabbits, 42, 43t
for rabbits, 73
Glugea, 564
Glutamine synthetase deficiency, in small rodents, 152
Glyburide, in small rodents, 156 Glycopyrrolate
for hystricomorph, 114
for rabbits, 72 Glycopyrronium, for rabbits, 72 Glycosuria, in hystricomorph,
123
GnRH, in ferrets, 39
Goiter
in freshwater stingrays, 556
in parrots and related species, 288, 292, 317
in tortoises and turtles, 466
in tropical marine fish, 580 Golden shiner virus, 509 Goldfish and koi, 499-529
analgesia, 501
anesthesia, 501
blood sampling, 499
cardiovascular and hematologic disorders, 517-518
clinical aquarium setup, 501/ consultation and handling, 499 gastrointestinal tract disorders, 514-516
hepatic disorders, 516-517 internal anatomy, 500/ musculoskeletal disorders, 521-522
neurological disorders, 522-525 nursing care, 500-501 nutritional disorders, 514, 516,
519, 521, 525
ophthalmic disorders, 525-527 pancreatic disorders, 517 recommended water quality parameters for, 500t
reproductive disorders, 528-529 respiratory tract disorders, 510-514
skin disorders, 502-510
skin structure, 502
swimming disorders, 522-525 systemic disorders, 518-520 urinary disorders, 527-528 Gonadal neoplasia
in amphibians, 488, 498
in goldfish and koi, 519 Gonadal tumor, in parrots and related species, 307 Gonadotropic adenomas, 33 Gonglyonema spp., 208 Gongylonema pulchrum, 171 Gout
in amphibians, 491-492
in lizards, 381, 381/, 383
in tortoises and turtles, 454, 464, 466
Granuloma
in amphibians, 479, 493
in ferrets, 6
in goldfish and koi, 522, 525
in lizards, 349, 362, 376
in parrots and related species, 289
in snakes, 390, 392, 394, 406, 415
in tortoises and turtles, 431, 459 in tropical freshwater fish, 552-553
in tropical marine fish, 576 Granulomata, in snakes, 412 Granulomatous disease on postmortem, in hystricomorph, 115 Granulomatous pericarditis, 408 Granulosa cell tumor, 227 Grass carp rheovirus, in goldfish and koi, 504-505, 507, 509, 525-526
Gravid, in lizards, 371
Green almond poisoning, in songbirds and softbills, 341 Green diarrhea
in ferrets, 13
in parrots and related species,
295
in rabbits, 62
in songbirds and softbills, 331 Green feces
in songbirds and softbills,
338
in tortoises and turtles, 444-445, 450
Green slime disease, 12
Green urine, in hedgehogs, 226 Greens, influx of, in hystricomorph, 104
Grey skin, in amphibians, 479 Griseofulvin
for ferrets, 8
for hedgehogs, 203
for hystricomorph, 95
for marmosets, 167, 170
for rabbits, 52
for small rodents, 137
for snakes, 392, 396
for sugar gliders, 237
for tortoises and turtles, 439 Guinea pigs, chinchillas, and degus, 88-128
ACTH response test in guinea pigs, 122b
analgesia, 90, 90t
anesthesia, 91, 91b cardiovascular and hematologic disorders, 111-114 consultation and handling, 88 dental disorders, 98-102 echocardiographic measurements from chinchillas, 113t endocrine disorders, 122-123 gastrointestinal tract disorders,
102- 107
differential diagnoses,
103- 104
oral cavity, 102-103 glucose tolerance test, 111b hepatic disorders, 108-110 key facts of, 88t musculoskeletal disorders, 117-118
neurologic disorders, 118-120 nursing care, 89-91
nutritional disorders, 93, 99, 104, 107-108, 110, 112, 114, 118, 121, 127
nutritional status, 90 ophthalmic disorders, 120-122 pancreatic disorders, 110-111 permanent dental formula, 98b reproductive disorders, 127-128 reproductive tract disorders, 125-126
respiratory tract disorders,
96-98
sexing, 88, 89f
skin disorders, 92-96, 92f systemic disorders, 114-117 urinary disorders, 123-125 urine parameters, normal, 124t Gular scent gland, sugar gliders, 235f
Guntheria kowanyam, 236
Gut impaction, in small rodents, 143, 146
Gut motility enhancers, for sugar gliders, 241
Gut stasis
in rabbits, 62, 68
in small rodents, 143, 146 Gut stasis, hystricomorph, 105, 107, 116, 120, 128
Gut transit time, 15-16
Gyropus ovalis, 92
H
Habronema, in parrots and related species, 294, 297
Haemaphysalis erinacei, 201 Haemobartonella caviae, 112 Haemobartonella muris, 136, 147,
149
Haemogregarina spp., 365, 408,
452
Haemonchus contortus, 104 Haemophilus, in rabbits, 78 Haemoproteus spp., 323-324, 329-330, 365, 452
in parrots and related species, 266, 304, 306
Hair loss, in sugar gliders, 234, 237
Haliotrema, 565
Haloperidol, for parrots and related species, 279
Halothane, in snakes, 393 Hamster leukemia virus, 147 Hamster polyomavirus (HaPV), in small rodents, 134, 137, 149
Harpirhynchid mites
in parrots and related species, 266, 274
in songbirds and softbills, 325 Hasstilesia tricolor, in rabbits, 61,
64
hCG, in ferrets, 39
Head and lateral line disease
(HLLD), in tropical marine fish, 561
Head standing, in tropical freshwater fish, 549
Head swinging
in parrots and related species, 283
in songbirds and softbills, 327 Head tilt
in lizards, 377
in parrots and related species,
312
in rabbits, 75
in small rodents, 144, 155
in sugar gliders, 249
Head trauma, in parrots and related species, 312 Heart disease
in parrots and related species,
306
in rabbits, 67
in small rodents, 139
Heart sounds, abnormal
in ferrets, 20
in hystricomorph, 112
in rabbits, 69
in small rodents, 148
in sugar gliders, 246 Heartworm, in ferrets, 20 Heat loss, in chinchillas, 90 Heat stress, in hystricomorph, 115-116
Heatstroke, in rabbits, 54, 72, 74 Heavy metal intoxication, in rabbits, 75
Heavy metal poisoning
in amphibians, 488, 493-494
in hystricomorph, 119-120
in parrots and related species, 288, 292, 312, 315, 318
in songbirds and softbills, 326, 331
in tortoises and turtles, 444, 454, 456, 459
in tropical freshwater fish, 547 in tropical marine fish, 578 Heavy metal toxicity, in tortoises and turtles, 460 Hedgehogs, 198-230
analgesia, 199
analgesic doses, 199t anesthesia, 199-200, 199b-200b anointing, 198
anting, 198
blood sampling, 199 cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 200b
cardiovascular and hematologic disorders, 214-217 consultation and handling, 198-199
echocardiographic values for, 217t
Hedgehogs (Continued)
endocrine disorders, 224-225 fluid therapy, 199 gastrointestinal tract disorders, 206-210
differential diagnoses for, 208 hepatic disorders, 211-213 hypoglycemia in, 214b key facts, 198t musculoskeletal disorders,
219-221
neonatal disorders, 229-230 neonates, normal parameters, 229t
neurologic disorders, 221-223 nursing care, 199-200 nutrition, 210 b, 2111 nutritional disorders, 208,
210-211, 221, 223, 227
nutritional support, 199 ophthalmic disorders, 223-224 oral cavity disorders, 206-207, 206f-207f
pancreatic disorders, 213-214 permanent dental formula, 206b quills, 200
radiographic cardiac values, 216t reproductive disorders, 227-229 respiratory tract disorders, 204-206
routine hematology and biochemistry, 226t
skin disorders, 200-204, 202f
differential diagnoses of, 200-202
general, 200-202 splenic disorders, 213 systemic disorders, 217-219 thermoregulation, 199 urinalysis, 226t urinary disorders, 225-227
Helicobacter, 173
Helicobacter mustelae, 12, 14
Helminths
in goldfish and koi, 505, 514
in lizards, 372
in tortoises and turtles, 463
Hemangioma
in amphibians, 478
in ferrets, 17
in hedgehogs, 215
in marmosets, 178
in sugar gliders, 245
Hemangiosarcoma
in ferrets, 16-17
in hedgehogs, 212-213
epithelioid variant, 202
in lizards, 369
in marmosets, 178
in parrots and related species,
283
in small rodents, 135
in sugar gliders, 245 Hematologic disorders, of hedgehogs, 214-217 Hematoma
in chinchillas, 93
in ferrets, 6
in hystricomorph, 96 Hematuria
in ferrets, 34
in hedgehogs, 215, 226
in hystricomorph, 123
in marmosets, 192
in parrots and related species,
318
in rabbits, 82, 85
in small rodents, 157
in songbirds and softbills, 339
in sugar gliders, 252 Hemochromatosis
in parrots and related species, 300, 302
in songbirds and softbills, 331, 337, 341-342 Hemocoelom, in parrots and related species, 283, 286 Hemolytic anemia, in rabbits, 82 Hemoparasites
in goldfish and koi, 518
in lizards, 367, 372
in parrots and related species,
266
in snakes, 410
in songbirds and softbills, 323-324
in tropical freshwater fish, 539, 547-548
in tropical marine fish, 572-573, 575
Hemopericardium, in hystricomorph, 112
Hemoprotozoan parasites, in parrots and related species, 266
Hemoprotozoans, in tortoises and turtles, 432
Hemorrhage
in hystricomorph, 107, 112
in marmosets, 176
in parrots and related species, 299
in tropical freshwater fish, 549 in tropical marine fish, 562 Hemorrhagic colitis, 103 Hemorrhagic diarrhea
in ferrets, 13
in hedgehogs, 209
in rabbits, 62
Hemorrhagic diathesis, in songbirds and softbills, 335, 341
Hemorrhagic discharge, in hystricomorph, 115, 123
Hemorrhagic feces
in lizards, 357
in parrots and related species, 295
in tropical marine fish, 568
Hemorrhagic typhlitis, 103 Hemosiderosis, in marmosets, 177 Henneguya, H. koi, 504-505, 509, 511, 514
Hepatic adenocarcinoma, in sugar gliders, 244
Hepatic amebiasis, in amphibians, 486
Hepatic carcinoma, in small rodents, 146
Hepatic coccidiosis, in rabbits, 61
Hepatic disorders
of amphibians, 485-486
of ferrets, 16-17
of goldfish and koi, 516-517
of hedgehogs, 211-213
of hystricomorph, 108-110
of lizards, 362-364
of marmosets, 176-178
of parrots and related species, 302-303
of rabbits, 66-68
of small rodents, 146-147
of snakes, 406-407
of songbirds and softbills, 337-338
of sugar gliders, 243-244
of tortoises and turtles, 450-451 of tropical freshwater fish, 546-547
of tropical marine fish, 571 Hepatic encephalopathy
in parrots and related species, 300, 312, 315
in snakes, 415
Hepatic hematoma, in parrots and related species, 321
Hepatic lipidosis
in ferrets, 16-17
in goldfish and koi, 516
in hedgehogs, 211-212
in hystricomorph, 109-110
in lizards, 362, 364
in marmosets, 176, 178
in parrots and related species, 300-302, 321
in rabbits, 66, 74
in small rodents, 146
in snakes, 406-407
in songbirds and softbills, 341 in sugar gliders, 243 in tortoises and turtles, 450 in tropical freshwater fish, 546 in tropical marine fish, 570
Hepatic neoplasia
in goldfish and koi, 517
in hystricomorph, 110
in lizards, 370
in parrots and related species, 283
Hepatic tumors, in parrots and related species, 302
Hepatitis
in amphibians, 486
in hystricomorphs, 108
in parrots and related species, 293-294, 302, 318
in rabbits, 66
in sugar gliders, 243-244
in tortoises and turtles, 435
in tropical freshwater fish, 546 in tropical marine fish, 571 Hepatitis G virus, in marmosets, 176
Hepatocellular adenoma
in ferrets, 16
in hedgehogs, 212
in snakes, 406
Hepatocellular carcinoma
in hedgehogs, 212
in songbirds and softbills, 337 Hepatocellular tumors, in goldfish and koi, 516
Hepatoma
in lizards, 362
in songbirds and softbills, 337 Hepatomegaly
in ferrets, 17, 20
in green iguana, 364/, 365,
370
in hedgehogs, 215
in hystricomorph, 109
in marmosets, 176, 181
in parrots and related species, 300
in rabbits, 62, 67
in small rodents, 146, 148
in songbirds and softbills, 331, 335
in sugar gliders, 244, 246 Hepatomegaly, hedgehogs, 212 Hepatosplenomegaly, in hystricomorph, 115 Hepatozoon spp., 245, 393, 408, 434
Herbicides, in rabbits, 75 Hereditary cataracts
in ferrets, 30
in marmosets, 190
Herichthys Cyanoguttatus, 533/
Herpes simplex, in rabbits, 74 Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1)
in hedgehogs, 221-223
in marmosets, 183-185, 187-188, 190
Herpesvirus
in amphibians, 496
in goldfish and koi, 512/
in hedgehogs, 211-213, 217, 219 in hystricomorph, 127-128 in lizards, 355, 362, 364 in parrots and related species,
268, 274, 302, 317
in rabbits, 49, 53
in songbirds and softbills, 333,
337
in tropical freshwater fish, 552 Herpesvirus ateles, in marmosets, 183-184
Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), in
marmosets, 183
Herpesvirus tamarinus, in
marmosets, 183-185, 187-188
Heterakidae nematode, in
hystricomorph, 104 Heteropolaria, 505, 509 Heterotrophic bony metaplasia
and calcification, in hystricomorph, 114-115, 117, 121-122
Hexametra, 400 Hexamita, 463, 543
Hexamitiasis, for tortoises and turtles, 465
Hibernation-associated disorders,
of tortoises and turtles, 467-469
High plane of nutrition, in rabbits, 64
High temperature, in
hystricomorph, 97, 125 Highly unsaturated fatty acid
(HUFA) deficiency, in tropical marine fish, 570 Hind-leg paresis
in ferrets, 27
in hedgehogs, 220
in marmosets, 188 in sugar gliders, 248 Hind-leg weakness
in ferrets, 23-24, 34 in hedgehogs, 218, 226 in marmosets, 192 in sugar gliders, 252 Hind-limb paralysis
in hystricomorph, 105, 120,
128
in small rodents, 151-152 Hind-limb paresis
in ferrets, 18, 37
in marmosets, 178
in rabbits, 75
in tortoises and turtles, 435 Hind-limb weakness, in tortoises and turtles, 464
Hippoboscids
in parrots and related species, 266, 307
in songbirds and softbills, 323-324
Hirstiella spp., 348
Hirstiella trombidii/ormis, 349 Histoplasma capsulatum, 114, 213,
218
Histoplasmosis
in hedgehogs, 205
in hystricomorph, 115-116
Ho/erellus
Ho/erellus carassii, 519, 527
Ho/erellus cyprini, 527-528 Holocanthus, 573, 576 Hookworms
in lizards, 356, 358/, 360-361 in snakes, 391, 400, 403
in tortoises and turtles, 444, 448
Hormodendrum spp., 431
Hormonal alopecia, in small
rodents, 134
Horner syndrome, in parrots and
related species, 315 Husbandry-related disorders, of
tortoises and turtles, 474 Hydrocephalus, in rabbits, 75 Hydrometra, in rabbits, 85 Hydronephrosis
in ferrets, 34-35
in hystricomorph, 123 Hydropericardium, in parrots and
related species, 303 Hydrothorax, in hystricomorph,
96, 112
Hymenolepis, 136
Hymenolepis diminuta, 143 Hymenolepis nana, 143, 145 Hymenolepis spp., 104 Hymenolepis erinacei, 208 Hyperadrenocorticism
in ferrets, 5, 23, 31-33, 37
in hedgehogs, 225
in hystricomorph, 122-123 in small rodents, 154, 155t, 156, 160
Hypercalcemia
in amphibians, 488, 490
in rabbits, 66, 69, 82
in tortoises and turtles, 458 Hyperesthesia, in hedgehogs, 218 Hyperestrogenism, in ferrets, 9,
20, 23, 31, 36-37, 39-40 prevention, 39
Hyperglycemia
in ferrets, 19
in hystricomorph, 111t Hyperkalemia
in hystricomorph, 115
in tortoises and turtles, 452
Hyperkeratosis
in hedgehogs, 202
in parrots and related species,
298
Hyperkeratotic skin, in lizards,
350
Hyperlipidemia
in hystricomorph, 115
in rabbits, 69 Hyperparathyroidism, in lizards,
372
Hyperphosphatemia
in parrots and related species, 298
in songbirds and softbills, 341 Hyperpigmentation, in small rodents, 155
Hypersalivation
in ferrets, 13, 18
in hedgehogs, 218
in hystricomorph, 115
in marmosets, 178
in tortoises and turtles, 435 Hypersexuality, in tortoises and turtles, 469, 471 Hypertensive nephrosclerosis, in hystricomorph, 123 Hypertestosteronism, in rabbits, 81-82, 84
Hyperthermia
in ferrets, 17
in hystricomorph, 115
in rabbits, 73
in tortoises and turtles, 438, 440
Hyperthyroidism
in marmosets, 191
in snakes, 389, 392
Hypertonic bath, for amphibians, 480
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
in ferrets, 23
in hedgehogs, 217
in rabbits, 68
Hypertrophic osteopathy, in lizards, 372, 375
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy, in lizards, 376
Hypervitaminosis A
in parrots and related species, 298
in tortoises and turtles, 431 Hypervitaminosis C, hystricomorph, 117 Hypervitaminosis D, in rabbits,
82
Hypervitaminosis D3
in amphibians, 485, 488-490 in parrots and related species, 298, 301
Hypoaspis miles, 393
Hypocalcemia
in amphibians, 485, 488
in chameleons, 356-357, 370, 383
in hystricomorph, 114, 116-117, 120, 127-128
in parrots and related species, 298, 299f, 300-301, 308, 312, 317, 319
in songbirds and softbills, 341 in tortoises and turtles, 445, 454, 459-460, 469 Hypochloremia, in hystricomorph, 115
Hypoderma bovis, 6
Hypoglycemia
in amphibians, 493-494
in ferrets, 3, 16, 19b, 28-29
in hedgehogs, 211, 214b, 221-222
in hystricomorph, 91, 99, 115-116
in lizards, 376-377
in marmosets, 174, 179 b, 189
in parrots and related species, 308, 312
in rabbits, 72-73
in snakes, 415
in sugar gliders, 249-250
in tortoises and turtles, 454 Hypokalemia, in hystricomorph, 112, 115, 117
Hyponatremia, in hystricomorph, 115
Hypoproteinemia, in lizards, 370 Hypopyon
in ferrets, 30
in hedgehogs, 223
in lizards, 379
in marmosets, 190
in rabbits, 79
in snakes, 418
in tortoises and turtles, 462
Hypothermia
in ferrets, 17, 40
in hedgehogs, 229-230
in hystricomorph, 90, 105
in marmosets, 196
in rabbits, 43-44, 62
in small rodents, 131, 149
in sugar gliders, 256
Hypothyroidism
in lizards, 348, 352
in parrots and related species, 283, 286, 316-317
in small rodents, 154, 156
in tropical marine fish, 580 Hypovitaminosis A, 211, 223-224
in amphibians, 477, 483, 484t, 485, 494
in ferrets, 30 in goldfish and koi, 525 in hystricomorph, 121-122 in lizards, 348-349, 378, 385 in parrots and related species, 283, 298, 301, 314, 317 in rabbits, 66, 75, 84
in songbirds and softbills, 342 in tortoises and turtles,
438-440, 460, 461f, 462, 464
in tropical freshwater fish, 554 in tropical marine fish, 570, 578 Hypovitaminosis C
in goldfish and koi, 516, 521 in hystricomorph, 93, 104, 107-108, 114, 121
in marmosets, 171, 175
in snakes, 391
in songbirds and softbills, 342 in tropical freshwater fish, 544, 551
Hypovitaminosis D3, 211
in parrots and related species, 312
in tortoises and turtles, 456 Hypovitaminosis E
in chinchillas, 93, 107, 117-118 in goldfish and koi, 516
in lizards, 372
in marmosets, 175, 183, 186 in parrots and related species, 299
in rabbits, 66, 68, 75, 84
in small rodents, 146, 150, 159, 161
Hypovitaminosis K, in parrots and related species, 299
Hypovolemia, in rabbits, 44 Hypoxia
in goldfish and koi, 511, 513 in tropical freshwater fish, 540, 546
in tropical marine fish, 565
I
Ichthyobodo, 543
Ichthyobodo necator, 513, 535, 540
Ichthyophonus hoferi, 504, 519-520, 522, 525, 527
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, 509, 514 Icterus, in hedgehogs, 215 Idiopathic cataracts
in ferrets, 30
in hedgehogs, 223
in marmosets, 190 in sugar gliders, 251
Idiopathic splenomegaly
in ferrets, 17
in marmosets, 178
in sugar gliders, 245
Idiopathic uveitis, in sugar gliders,
251
Iguana herpesvirus, 364, 367-368 Ileus
in parrots and related species, 291/
in rabbits, 62
tropical marine fish, 569
Ill health
of ferrets, 16
of goldfish and koi, 516-517
of hedgehogs, 212
of hystricomorph, 107-108
of lizards, 382
of marmosets, 176
of parrots and related species, 294, 311
of rabbits, 67
of small rodents, 146, 157
of sugar gliders, 244
of tropical marine fish, 581 Imidacloprid
for ferrets, 22
for hedgehogs, 203
for hystricomorph, 95
for lizards, 352
for rabbits, 50
for small rodents, 145
for snakes, 393
Inactivity, in amphibians, 483,
496
Inappetence
in hedgehogs, 205
in lizards, 357, 383
in snakes, 411
in tropical freshwater fish, 551
in tropical marine fish, 570-571 Incisor extraction, in rabbits, 65 Incisor fracture, in hystricomorph, 99, 102
Incisor malocclusion
in hystricomorph, 99
in rabbits, 56-57, 56/, 65
in small rodents, 141
Incisor overgrowth
in rabbits, 56/
in tropical marine fish, 568 Incisor teeth overgrowth, in tropical freshwater fish, 546 Inclusion body disease (IBD), in snakes, 414, 417
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN), in goldfish and koi, 518
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, in tropical marine fish, 572-574
Infertility, in hystricomorph, 110, 117
Inflammatory bowel disease, in marmosets, 171, 186
Inflammatory fibroid polyp
in marmosets, 171
in rabbits, 61
Influenza
in ferrets, 8, 10, 12, 14, 30
in marmosets, 169 Influenza A
in parrots and related species,
282, 285
in songbirds and softbills, 326 Infraorbital sinusitis, in parrots
and related species, 314 Ingluvitis, in parrots and related
species, 288
Ingluvoliths, in parrots and
related species, 288, 292
Inguinal edema, in
hystricomorph, 105 Inguinal hernias, in rabbits, 82 Insecticides, in rabbits, 75 Insulin
for parrots and related species,
319
for songbirds and softbills, 340 for tortoises and turtles, 467 Insulin resistance, in marmosets,
178
Insulinoma
in ferrets, 17-19, 23, 28, 31 in small rodents, 154, 156 Interactions with transparent
barriers (ITB), in lizards, 349, 351
γ-interferon, in parrots and related species, 311
Intermandibular cellulitis, in
snakes, 398-399
Interstitial cell tumors
in ferrets, 37
in small rodents, 159
Interstitial fibrosis, in small
rodents, 157
Interstitial nephropathy, in
tortoises and turtles, 464 Interstitial pneumonia, in parrots
and related species, 282 Intervertebral disc disease in hedgehogs, 221, 223 in rabbits, 75, 77
Intestinal adenocarcinoma in goldfish and koi, 514 in small rodents, 143
Intestinal bloat, in tropical marine
fish, 569
Intestinal coccidiosis, in rabbits,
61
Intestinal foreign body in amphibians, 483, 485 in lizards, 357 in snakes, 400
in tortoises and turtles, 445
Intestinal lymphosarcoma, in hedgehogs, 208
Intestinal obstruction, in hystricomorph, 104, 107
Intestinal polyps, in small rodents, 143
Intestinal tympany, in lizards, 356, 361
Intestinal worms, in sugar gliders, 241
Intoxication, in rabbits, 75 Intracoelomic hemorrhage, in lizards, 369
Intracoelomic mass, in parrots and related species, 320 Intraerythrocytic protozoa, in small rodents, 149
Intranuclear coccidiosis
in lizards, 369-370
in tortoises and turtles, 436-437, 454-455 Intraocular hemorrhage
in parrots and related species, 315
in songbirds and softbills, 333 Intrarenal calcinosis, in hedgehogs, 225 Intravenous urography, for tortoises and turtles, 465b Intussusception
in lizards, 357, 370
in parrots and related species, 294
in rabbits, 62, 64
in small rodents, 143, 145
in snakes, 400, 404
in sugar gliders, 242
in tortoises and turtles, 445, 449
Iodine
for lizards, 351
for parrots and related species, 286, 292, 302
for tortoises and turtles, 467 Iodine deficiency, in tortoises and turtles, 466
Iodoquinol
for snakes, 403
for tortoises and turtles, 448, 451
Iridial abscesses, in rabbits, 79 Iridocyclitis, in songbirds and softbills, 328
Iridovirus
in amphibians, 478, 488, 496
in goldfish and koi, 504, 518
in lizards, 364, 368, 370
in tortoises and turtles, 435, 438, 451
in tropical freshwater fish, 530-534, 548
Iris collapse
in lizards, 379
in tortoises and turtles, 462 Iron dextran, for ferrets, 38 Ischemic necrosis, in parrots and related species, 315
Islet cell tumor
in hedgehogs, 213
in hystricomorph, 110 Isoflurane
for amphibians, 477
for ferrets, 1-2, 32
for marmosets, 162
for rabbits, 46
for snakes, 393
Isoniazid
for parrots and related species,
285
for songbirds and softbills,
332
Isospora, 12-14, 356, 358/, 358t, 360, 400, 403
Isospora amphiboluri, 356
Isospora erinacei, 208, 210
Isospora serini, 331, 334
Isotricha, in rabbits, 60-61 Itraconazole
for amphibians, 480
for ferrets, 8, 10, 29
for goldfish and koi, 510, 513
for hedgehogs, 203, 213
for hystricomorph, 95
for lizards, 351, 355
for marmosets, 167, 170
for parrots and related species,
286
for rabbits, 52
for small rodents, 137
for snakes, 412
for songbirds and softbills,
325
for sugar gliders, 237, 248, 255
for tortoises and turtles, 434, 439, 448
for tropical marine fish, 564 Ivermectin
for amphibians, 481-482, 484, 490
for ferrets, 15, 22
for goldfish and koi, 514
for hedgehogs, 203-204, 206 for hystricomorph, 95, 120 for lizards, 351, 354, 361, 370 for marmosets, 167, 174, 182 for parrots and related species, 273-274, 286, 314
for rabbits, 50, 64
for small rodents, 137, 145, 154, 158
for snakes, 392-393, 396, 403 for songbirds and softbills, 325, 329
for sugar gliders, 237-238, 241,
247
Ivermectin overdose, in snakes,
415
Ivermectin toxicity, in tortoises and turtles, 454-455, 459-460
Ixodes hexagonus, 201
Ixodes ricinus, 201
Ixodes tasmani, 236
J
Jaundice
in ferrets, 17
in hedgehogs, 212
in hystricomorph, 109
in lizards, 362
in marmosets, 176
in rabbits, 62, 67
in small rodents, 146
in sugar gliders, 244
in tortoises and turtles, 450
Joint dislocation, in tortoises and turtles, 456, 458
Juvenile osteodystrophy, in parrots and related species, 308
K
Kalicephalus, 390-392, 400-401
Kanamycin
for goldfish and koi, 521
for tropical freshwater fish, 537, 551
for tropical marine fish, 576
Keratinolytic bacteria, in tortoises and turtles, 431
Keratitis
in goldfish and koi, 526
in lizards, 378-380
in rabbits, 80/
in small rodents, 153
in snakes, 417
in songbirds and softbills,
333
in tortoises and turtles, 460,
462
Keratitis sicca, in small rodents, 153-154
Keratoconjunctivitis
in parrots and related species, 315
in songbirds and softbills, 333
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, in hedgehogs, 223
Ketamine
for ferrets, 4b
for hedgehogs, 200b
for marmosets, 162-163
for rabbits, 47b, 71t
Ketoconazole
for ferrets, 8, 10, 29
for hedgehogs, 203
for hystricomorph, 116
for lizards, 351, 355
for marmosets, 170
for parrots and related species, 274, 291
for snakes, 392, 396, 412
for songbirds and softbills, 325 for tortoises and turtles, 439, 448 for tropical marine fish, 564 Ketonuria
in hystricomorph, 123
in rabbits, 66
Ketoprofen
for ferrets, 3t
for hystricomorph, 90t
for lizards, 347t
for parrots and related species, 263t
for rabbits, 45t
for small rodents, 131t
Ketosis
in ferrets, 16, 23, 28, 37, 39
in hedgehogs, 211, 227, 229 in hystricomorph, 115-116, 127 in rabbits, 73-74
Khawia spp., 514-515
Kiricephalus spp., 390, 400
Klebsiella spp., 118, 125, 237 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 8, 168, 327
in parrots and related species,
293
in rabbits, 62
Klebsiella pneumoniae, 61
Klossiella, 252-253
Klossiella cobayae (caviae), 123
Knemidocoptes pilae, 266, 274
Knemidocoptid mites, in parrots and related species, 266, 274
Koi herpesvirus, 510
Kyphosis
in amphibians, 492
in lizards, 372, 376
L
Lacerations, skin, in rabbits, 49/,
52
Lactococcus garvieae, 548
Lactose intolerance, in hedgehogs, 208
Lactulose
for ferrets, 17
for hystricomorph, 109
for lizards, 363
for marmosets, 177
for parrots and related species, 303
for rabbits, 67
for snakes, 407
for sugar gliders, 244
for tortoises and turtles, 451
Lameness
in ferrets, 27
in hedgehogs, 220
in hystricomorph, 117
in marmosets, 188
in songbirds and softbills, 334,
339
in sugar gliders, 248
Larval freshwater mussels, in goldfish and koi, 504-505, 509, 511, 514
Larval migrans, in lizards, 376-377
Lawn mower trauma, in tortoises and turtles, 456, 458
Lawsonia intracellularis, 12, 142
Lead poisoning
in amphibians, 488, 493
in rabbits, 78
in songbirds and softbills, 326, 332
in tortoises and turtles, 454
Leeches
in amphibians, 478, 480
in goldfish and koi, 505, 510
in tortoises and turtles, 432
in tropical freshwater fish, 535 Leg paralysis, in parrots and related species, 308 Leiomyoma
in ferrets, 37
in hystricomorph, 125
in rabbits, 61
Leiomyosarcoma
in hedgehogs, 228
in parrots and related species,
288
in rabbits, 61
Lenticular cataract, in snakes, 417 Lentivirus, in snakes, 414
Leporacarus, in rabbits, 47 Leptospira interrogans, in rabbits, 84
Leptospirosis
in hedgehogs, 225, 227
in marmosets, 171, 173, 194
in small rodents, 157
Leptosylla spp., 135
Leptotheca, 571
Lerneascus spp., 563
Lethargy
in amphibians, 489
in ferrets, 9, 17-18, 24, 28, 38, 40
in goldfish and koi, 519-520
in hedgehogs, 202, 205, 213-214, 218, 228-229
in hystricomorph, 115
in lizards, 362-363, 365, 369, 381
in marmosets, 176, 178, 183-184, 189, 197
in rabbits, 72
in small rodents, 155
in snakes, 401, 408, 411, 421
in songbirds and softbills, 335, 340-341
in sugar gliders, 240, 244, 256-257
in tortoises and turtles, 454, 459, 464, 473
in tropical freshwater fish, 534 in tropical marine fish, 561 Leucocytozoon, 266, 304, 307 Leukemia
in hystricomorph, 112, 114
in lizards, 367, 369
in snakes, 408, 410, 412 Leukocytozoon, 323-324, 329-330 Leuprolide, for parrots and related species, 320
Leuprolide acetate
for ferrets, 33
for rabbits, 82
Levamisole
for amphibians, 480, 482, 484 for goldfish and koi, 515 for songbirds and softbills, 337
for tropical freshwater fish, 546 for tropical marine fish, 569 Levamisole toxicity, 218-219 Levothyroxine
for lizards, 352
for small rodents, 156
Lice
in hystricomorph, 92
in parrots and related species, 266
in small rodents, 135
in songbirds and softbills, 323 Lidocaine
for hystricomorph, 114
for rabbits, 72
Limb abnormalities, in small rodents, 149
Limb bone fracture
in parrots and related species, 307
in small rodents, 150-151 Limb deformities, in parrots and related species, 308 Limb fractures, in tortoises and turtles, 456
Limb swelling
in amphibians, 491
in lizards, 372-373
in tortoises and turtles, 457
Lincomycin
for hystricomorph, 104
for rabbits, 62
Lingual spurs, on lower premolars and molars, of chinchilla, 100f
Lingulata spp., 219
Lip fibroma, in angelfish, 530, 535 Lipid keratopathy
in amphibians, 494-495
in tropical marine fish, 579 Lipogranulomata, in songbirds and softbills, 337
Lipoma
in hystricomorph, 94
in parrots and related species, 270-271, 271f, 274
in rabbits, 50
in snakes, 391
Lipomatosis cordis, in parrots and related species, 304
Liponyssoides sanguineus, 135
Liposarcoma
in lizards, 349, 372
in parrots and related species, 270-271
in snakes, 391
Listeria monocytogenes, 9, 103, 118, 120, 188, 193, 196-197, 249, 368
in rabbits, 74
Listeriosis
in hystricomorph, 115
in lizards, 370
in marmosets, 194, 197
in small rodents, 139, 142, 146 Listlessness
in goldfish and koi, 519
in hystricomorph, 123
in tortoises and turtles, 450
in tropical freshwater fish, 544 Liver disease
in hedgehogs, 208
in tortoises and turtles, 432 Liver lobe torsion, in rabbits, 62, 67-68
Liver neoplasia, in rabbits, 62
Livoneca, 535, 539-540
Lizard mites, 349, 351-352 Lizards, 343-385
analgesia, 347, 347t anesthesia, 347, 347b-348b behavioral disorders, 385 bile acid stimulation test, green iguana, 363b
cardiovascular and hematologic disorders, 364-368, 371 clinical vivarium setup, 346f consultation and handling, 343-345
ECG values, lacertid lizard, 367t
Lizards (Continued)
endocrine disorders, 380 epidermis, 348 gastrointestinal parasites, 358/ gastrointestinal tract disorders, 354-361
differential diagnosis, 356-357
oral cavity, 354-356 hepatic disorders, 362-364 internal anatomy, 344/ key facts, 3441 microchipping, 345 musculoskeletal disorders, 371-376
neurologic disorders, 376-377 nursing care, 345-347 nutritional disorders, 356, 361-362, 365, 372, 376, 378, 383
nutritional supplementation, 343
nutritional support, 347 ophthalmic disorders, 378-380 pancreatic disorders, 364 protozoal cysts, 358t renal disorders, 380-383 reproductive disorders, 383-385 respiratory tract disorders, 352-354
sexing, 345, 345/ skin disorders, 348-352 swollen/distended body cavity, 370-371
systemic disorders, 368-370 temperature, 343
thyroid levels, 350t ultraviolet exposure, 343 Long bone fractures, in tortoises and turtles, 458
Long fiber, lack of, in rabbits, 55, 61
Loss of appetite
in amphibians, 496
in ferrets, 16-17
in sugar gliders, 244
in tortoises and turtles, 473 Louping ill, 323
in parrots and related species, 266
Lower respiratory tract disorders of parrots and related species, 282-286
of tortoises and turtles, 437-440
Lucilia spp., 201
Lucilia ampullacea, 432
Lucilia Coeruleiviridis, 432
Lufenuron
for amphibians, 480
for hystricomorph, 95
Lumpy jaw, in sugar gliders, 236,
239
Lung metastases
in ferrets, 9
in rabbits, 54
Lung sounds, abnormal
in rabbits, 69
in sugar gliders, 238, 246 Lungworms
in hedgehogs, 206
in lizards, 352, 354
in snakes, 394, 396
Luteinizing hormone (LH) effects, ferrets, 33
Lymph heart insufficiency, of amphibians, 487
Lymphadenopathy
in ferrets, 24
in hedgehogs, 218
in marmosets, 184
in rabbits, 73
in small rodents, 148 Lymphocystis
in goldfish and koi, 504, 510, 518, 520
in tropical freshwater fish,
530-534, 548
in tropical marine fish, 564 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
(LCM)
in hystricomorph, 114, 117-118,
120
in marmosets, 176-178 virus, in small rodents,
149-150, 158
Lymphocytic hepatitis, 212
in ferrets, 16
in sugar gliders, 244
Lymphocytic leukemia
in small rodents, 148
in snakes, 411
Lymphocytosis, in hystricomorph,
116
Lymphedema, in amphibians, 489 Lymphoma
in ferrets, 6, 12, 16-17, 20,
23-26, 28, 34 grading of, 24t palliative treatment for, 26 in hedgehogs, 211-213, 215,
219, 221, 225
in lizards, 369
in marmosets, 178, 180, 183,
185
in parrots and related species,
304, 307
in rabbits, 49, 72
in small rodents, 149
in snakes, 412
in sugar gliders, 247-248 in tropical marine fish, 578
Lymphosarcoma
in ferrets, 12, 16-17, 23, 25-26
in hedgehogs, 211-213, 218-219
in hystricomorph, 109-110, 112-113
in marmosets, 178
in parrots and related species, 304, 307
in rabbits, 49, 72-74
in songbirds and softbills, 337
in sugar gliders, 247-248
in tropical freshwater fish, 535 Lysine, for marmosets, 184
M
Macdonaldius spp., 390-391 Macrorhabdus ornithogaster, 288,
291, 294, 297, 334, 336
Maggots, in tortoises and turtles, 432, 434-435
Magnesium, for parrots and related species, 300t
Magnesium hydroxide, for hystricomorph, 125
Malachite green, for tortoises and turtles, 434
Malachite green toxicity
in goldfish and koi, 511, 513
in tropical freshwater fish, 540, 542
Malaise, in tortoises and turtles,
450
Malawi bloat, 549
Male behavior, in castrated ferrets,
32
Malignant nephroblastoma, in marmosets, 192
Malignant T-cell lymphoma, in marmosets, 183
Malnutrition
in hedgehogs, 221
in songbirds and softbills, 340-341
Mammary adenocarcinoma
in hystricomorph, 94
in rabbits, 84
Mammary carcinoma
in marmosets, 193, 195
in sugar gliders, 254
Mammary cystic carcinoma, in ferrets, 37
Mammary fibroadenoma, in hystricomorph, 94
Mammary fibrocarcinoma, in hystricomorph, 94
Mammary gland adenocarcinoma, in small rodents, 159
Mammary gland carcinoma, in small rodents, 159
Mammary gland fibroadenoma, in small rodents, 159
Mammary gland hyperplasia/ neoplasia, in small rodents, 155, 160
Mammary glands, swollen, in ferrets, 6
Mammary tumors, 227-228
in hedgehogs, 201
Mandible
of lizards, 361
osteosarcoma of, in rabbits, 56 swelling of, in sugar gliders, 240
Mandibular fracture
in parrots and related species, 286
in tortoises and turtles, 442 Mandibular osteomyelitis, in hedgehogs, 207
Mandibular swelling
in hedgehogs, 220
in hystricomorph, 99
in rabbits, 56, 65
Manganese deficiency, in hystricomorph, 110
Manuka honey, for rabbits, 55 Marbofloxacin
for goldfish and koi, 508
for rabbits, 62
Marine white spot (C. irritans), 564
Marmoset poxvirus, 166-167 Marmosets, common/cotton- eared, 162-197
analgesia, 163
analgesic doses, 1631 anesthesia, 163-165, 164f-165f blood sampling, 162
femoral vein, 162 cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 165b
cardiovascular and hematologic disorders, 180-183
consultation and handling, 162 disorders of the oral cavity, 170-171
endocrine disorders, 191, 191t fluid therapy, 163 gastrointestinal tract disorders, 170-174
hepatic disorders, 176-178 key facts, 162t
milk or milk substitutes, composition of, 196t musculoskeletal disorders, 187-188
neonatal disorders, 196-197 neurologic disorders, 188-190 normal lead II ECGs, 181t normal urine parameters, 192t nursing care, 163-165 nutrition, 174b
nutritional disorders, 174-176, 180, 183, 186, 192
nutritional support, 163 olfaction, 166
ophthalmic disorders, 190-191 pancreatic disorders, 178-180, 179t
permanent dental formula, 170b
reproduction, 193 control, chemical methods, 193-194
reproductive disorders, 193-196, 194/
respiratory tract disorders, 168-170, 169t
skin disorders, 166-167
splenic disorders, 178 stress, 191
systemic disorders, 183-185 thermoregulation, 163 twins, 196
urinary disorders, 192-193 wasting syndrome, 163, 186-187
Marsupostrongylus spp.
(lungworm), 237-238 Mast cell tumor
in ferrets, 6
in hedgehogs, 201-202
Mastitis
in ferrets, 37-40
in hedgehogs, 227-229
in hystricomorph, 115, 125-126
in marmosets, 193, 195
in rabbits, 86
in small rodents, 159-161
in sugar gliders, 256
Maternal aggression/cannibalism, 229
in sugar gliders, 256 Maternal care, lack of, 229
in marmosets, 197
Maternal milk, lack of, 229-230
in ferrets, 41
in marmosets, 196-197
in sugar gliders, 256
Maternal systemic illness, 229
in ferrets, 40
in marmosets, 196
in sugar gliders, 256 Maxillary fracture, in parrots and related species, 286 Maxillary swellings, in hystricomorph, 99 Measles virus, in marmosets, 166, 168, 171, 183, 185, 190 Mebendazole
for ferrets, 15
for goldfish and koi, 515
for marmosets, 173
Medetomidine
for ferrets, 4
for hedgehogs, 200b
for marmosets, 163
for rabbits, 47b, 71t Medroxyprogesterone acetate, for parrots and related species, 320
Megabacteriosis
in parrots and related species, 288, 291, 294
in songbirds and softbills, 334, 336
Megacloaca, in parrots and related species, 294, 298
Megacolon
in parrots and related species,
294
in sugar gliders, 240, 242 Megaesophagus
in ferrets, 12, 15
in hedgehogs, 208
Megaglobus
in ferrets, 30
in hedgehogs, 223
in marmosets, 190
in rabbits, 79
Mehdiella spp., 444
Melanoma
in parrots and related species, 286
in small rodents, 135 Melanomacrophage hyperplasia, in lizards, 362
Melena
in ferrets, 34, 37
in hedgehogs, 209, 226
in marmosets, 192
in parrots and related species,
295
in sugar gliders, 252 Melengestrol acetate, 193 Meloxicam
for amphibians, 477
for ferrets, 3t
for hystricomorph, 90t, 95, 98, 102, 120
for lizards, 347t, 375
for parrots and related species, 263t, 274, 280, 286, 297, 306-307
for rabbits, 45t, 60, 65, 77
for small rodents, 131t, 140, 146 for snakes, 414
for songbirds and softbills, 325-326
for tortoises and turtles, 451 Meningitis
in ferrets
bacterial, 28
cryptococcal, 28
Meningitis (Continued)
in parrots and related species, 312
in rabbits, 55
in tortoises and turtles, 459 Meningoencephalitis, in young, marmosets, 194 Meperidine
for ferrets, 3t
for lizards, 347t
for rabbits, 45t
for small rodents, 131t Mesenchymomas of right atrium, in hystricomorph, 112 Mesothelioma
in ferrets, 23-24, 27
in lizards, 369
in snakes, 410
in tropical marine fish, 572 Metabolic acidosis, in goldfish and koi, 519-520 Metabolic bone disease
in amphibians, 491-492
in chameleons, 356
in hystricomorph, 107-108, 117 in lizards, 354, 356, 361, 372, 375
in marmosets, 174-175
in parrots and related species, 298, 299b, 301, 307
in snakes, 405
in songbirds and softbills, 341, 341b
in sugar gliders, 243
in tortoises and turtles, 432, 445, 454, 456-458, 472-474 Metabolic disease, in snakes, 415 Metabolic problems, in parrots and related species, 308 Metaldehyde poisoning, in hedgehogs, 219 Metastases
in ferrets, 16, 19
in hedgehogs, 211
in lizards, 352
in rabbits, 61, 67
in snakes, 394
in tortoises and turtles, 438 Metastatic calcification
in hystricomorph, 114 in lizards, 365, 372, 375
in rabbits, 75, 77
in tortoises and turtles, 456,
458
Metastatic mineralization, in tortoises and turtles, 452 Metformin, for marmosets, 180 Methimazole, for snakes, 392 Methotrexate
for ferrets, 26t
for hystricomorph, 113
Methylene blue
for goldfish and koi, 520
for tropical freshwater fish, 539, 548
for tropical marine fish, 575 Methylprednisolone, for tortoises and turtles, 455 Metoclopramide
for ferrets, 15
for hystricomorph, 101, 106
for parrots and related species, 289
for rabbits, 45b, 63-64
for small rodents, 146
for snakes, 404
Metritis
in ferrets, 37, 39 maternal, 40
in hystricomorph, 115, 123, 125-126
in marmosets, 193, 196
in rabbits, 86
in sugar gliders, 255 Metronidazole
for amphibians, 480, 482, 484, 486, 497
for ferrets, 14
for goldfish and koi, 508, 513, 518, 520
for hystricomorph, 102, 106
for lizards, 360
for marmosets, 173
for parrots and related species, 274, 291, 297
for rabbits, 55, 60
for small rodents, 145
for snakes, 403, 416
for songbirds and softbills,
336
for sugar gliders, 241
for tortoises and turtles, 448-449, 451, 465
for tropical freshwater fish, 537, 545, 548, 550
for tropical marine fish, 563, 575
Metyrapone, for small rodents,
156
Miamiensis, 561, 565, 567
Miconazole
for ferrets, 8
for hystricomorph, 95
for marmosets, 170
for parrots and related species, 286
for rabbits, 52
for small rodents, 137
for snakes, 392
Microchipping, of tortoises and turtles, 427
Microcotyle, 565
Microfilaria, of amphibians, 486, 490
Microfilariae, 460, 463
Microphthalmia
in lizards, 378
in small rodents, 153
in snakes, 417
in tortoises and turtles, 462
Microsporidae, 369-370 Microsporideans, 562
Microsporidia, 480, 490-491 Microsporum spp., 93, 133,
200-201, 323, 325, 431
in rabbits, 48 Midazolam, for rabbits, 46b Middle ear disease, in songbirds and softbills, 331
Milk thistle
for amphibians, 486
for ferrets, 17
for hystricomorph, 109
for lizards, 363
for marmosets, 177
for parrots and related species, 301, 303
for rabbits, 67
for snakes, 407
for songbirds and softbills, 328,
338
for sugar gliders, 244
for tortoises and turtles, 451
for tropical freshwater fish, 547 Mineralization, in marmosets,
180
Mitaspora, 535
Mites
in ferrets, 6-7
in hedgehogs, 200, 203
in hystricomorph, 92
in parrots and related species, 266, 273
in rabbits, 47, 50-51
in small rodents, 135
in songbirds and softbills,
323-324
Mitotane
for ferrets, 33
for small rodents, 156
Mitral valve insufficiency, in rabbits, 69
Molluscivores, in lizards, 356 Molluscs
in goldfish and koi, 505
in tropical freshwater fish, 535
Moniliformis cestodiformis, 208 Moniliformis clarki, 171 Moniliformis moniliform, 208 Monkeypox, in marmosets, 166-167
Monocercomonas cuniculi, in rabbits, 61
Monoecocestus americana, in rabbits, 61
Monogenetic trematodes, in tortoises and turtles, 442-443, 464
Moraxella, in rabbits, 53
Morganella, 396-398
Morphine
for amphibians, 477
for ferrets, 3t
for hystricomorph, 90t for lizards, 347t
for parrots and related species, 263t
for rabbits, 45t
for small rodents, 131t Mortalities
of amphibians, 487, 489, 493 of goldfish and koi, 519 of hystricomorph, 106 of lizards, 357, 382 of rabbits, 73
of snakes, 421
of songbirds and softbills, 335 of tortoises and turtles, 464 of tropical freshwater fish, 534 of tropical marine fish, 574
Mosgovoyia, in rabbits
M. pectinata americana, 61
M. perplexa, 61
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), in small rodents, 138, 140, 142
Mouse mammary tumor viruses,
158
Mousepox, 134-135 “Mouth fungus,” in tropical freshwater fish, 534
Moxidectin
for ferrets, 22
for hedgehogs, 203
for hystricomorph, 95 for lizards, 352 for parrots and related species, 296
for rabbits, 51
for small rodents, 137, 145 for snakes, 393
for songbirds and softbills, 336
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland, 207 Mucoid enteropathy, in rabbits, 62, 64
Mucolytics
for hystricomorph, 98 for marmosets, 169 for parrots and related species, 284
for rabbits, 55
for small rodents, 141
Mucometra, in hystricomorph,
125
Mucopurulent nasal discharge, in marmosets, 168
Mucor amphibiorum, 488
Mucor spp., 431
Mucormycosis
in ferrets, 5, 8
in marmosets, 170
in parrots and related species, 294, 297
in songbirds and softbills, 327, 331-332
Multicentric lymphoblastic lymphoma, in tortoises and turtles, 466
Multicentric T-cell lymphoma, in snakes, 411
Multifocal follicular hemorrhages, in parrots and related species, 303
Multiple myeloma, 188
in ferrets, 27
Muscle atrophy, in marmosets, 184
Muscle fasciculations
in amphibians, 491
in lizards, 373, 377
Muscle spasms, in hystricomorph, 117, 127
Muscle tremors
in ferrets, 28
in snakes, 415
Muscle wastage
in lizards, 353
in marmosets, 186
in snakes, 412
Muscle weakness
in amphibians, 491
in lizards, 372, 373f
in small rodents, 151, 160
in sugar gliders, 243
Muscular dystrophy
in hystricomorph, 117
in rabbits, 75
Musculoskeletal disorders
of amphibians, 491-492
of ferrets, 27-28
of goldfish and koi, 521-522
of hedgehogs, 219-221
of hystricomorph, 117-118
of lizards, 371-376
of marmosets, 187-188
of parrots and related species, 307-310
of small rodents, 150-151
of snakes, 412-414
of sugar gliders, 248-249
of tortoises and turtles, 456-458
of tropical freshwater fish,
550- 551
of tropical marine fish, 575-576
Mustela putorius furo, 1
Muzzle alopecia, in small rodents, 133
Mycetoma, snakes, 421-422 Mycobacteria
in parrots and related species, 269, 274
in tortoises and turtles, 454 Mycobacteriosis
in amphibians, 478, 480, 486, 488, 490-491
in ferrets, 9-10, 12, 14, 31
in goldfish and koi, 519,
521-522, 525
in hedgehogs, 203, 218-219
in hystricomorph, 93
in lizards, 362, 364, 370
in parrots and related species, 285, 285t, 302
in rabbits, 49, 54
in snakes, 406, 410, 412
in songbirds and softbills, 327, 329, 331-332, 332t, 334, 336
in sugar gliders, 247-248
in tortoises and turtles,
450-451, 455, 460
in tropical freshwater fish, 537, 548, 550-551
in tropical marine fish, 564, 576
Mycobacterium spp., 223
in ferrets, 30
Mycobacterium abscessus, 9-10 Mycobacterium avium, 12, 168, 170
in parrots and related species, 282, 294-295, 297
Mycobacterium avium avium, 488
Mycobacterium avium complex, 488
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, in rabbits,
61
Mycobacterium bovis, 9, 12
Mycobacterium chelonae, 488
Mycobacterium cheloni, 521
Mycobacterium fortuitum, 488, 521
Mycobacterium intracellulare, 488
Mycobacterium marinum, 488, 521, 534
Mycobacterium ranae, 488
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 168
Mycobacterium xenopi, 488
in parrots and related species, 282
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma agassizii, 435
Mycoplasma caviae, 96
Mycoplasma (Continued) Mycoplasma pulmonis, 96,
139-140, 158-159
in rabbits, 54, 84
in parrots and related species,
282
Mycoplasmal, in parrots and related species, 282 Mycoplasmosis
in hystricomorph, 98, 117, 127 in parrots and related species, 280, 314, 316
in rabbits, 84, 86 in small rodents, 140 in songbirds and softbills,
333-334
in tortoises and turtles, 435, 437, 440
Mycoptes musculinus, 134
Mycosis
in tortoises and turtles, 465 in tropical freshwater fish, 530,
539, 554-555
Mycotic dermatitis, in snakes, 390 Mycotic enteritis
in lizards, 356
in tortoises and turtles, 444, 448 Mycotic osteomyelitis, of amphibians, 491
Mycotic pleuritis, in lizards, 352 Mycotic pneumonia
in lizards, 352
in tortoises and turtles, 438-439 Mycotoxicosis, in hystricomorph, 110
Mycotoxins, in hystricomorph,
109, 118
Myelofibrosis, in marmosets, 180,
182
Myelogenous leukemia, in hedgehogs, 218
Myeloma, in lizards, 372 Myeloproliferative disease, in
hedgehogs, 218 Myiasis in ferrets, 6-7 in hedgehogs, 201, 204 in rabbits, 49, 51 in tortoises and turtles, 432,
459-460
Myobia musculi, 134
Myocardial disease, in tortoises
and turtles, 452 Myocardial fibrosis in marmosets, 180 in rabbits, 69 in small rodents, 148
Myocardial infarction, in lizards,
365
Myocardial ischemia, in snakes,
408
Myocardial mineralization, in snakes, 408
Myocardial muscular dystrophy, in rabbits, 68
Myocardiosis, in lizards, 365 Myocarditis
in ferrets, 20
in parrots and related species,
303
in rabbits, 68
in small rodents, 147, 149
Myocoptes musculinus, 92
Myopathies
in hamsters, 151
in snakes, 412, 414
Myositis
in amphibians, 492
in hedgehogs, 219, 221
in lizards, 371, 375
in tortoises and turtles, 444, 458
Myxobolus, 540
Myxoma, in amphibians, 483-484 Myxomatosis, in rabbits, 47, 49, 52-53, 78
Myxomatous degeneration of atrioventricular valve, in parrots and related species,
304
Myxosoma
Myxosoma dujardini, 511, 514
Myxosoma encephalina, 522 Myxosporea, in amphibians, 496-497
Myxosporidea, 564 Myxosporideans, in tropical marine fish, 571
Myxovirus, in marmosets, 168-169
Myxozoa (Myxidium), in tortoises and turtles, 463, 465
Myxozoans, in tropical freshwater fish, 556
N
Nalbuphine
for ferrets, 3t
for hystricomorph, 90t
for rabbits, 45t
for small rodents, 131t Nandrolone, for parrots and related species, 319 Nannizziopsis vriesii, 349, 390 Nasal dermatitis, in small rodents, 133-134, 138
Nasal discharge, 223
in ferrets, 9, 23, 30
in hedgehogs, 205
in hystricomorph, 97, 107
in lizards, 353
in marmosets, 168, 190
in rabbits, 49, 53, 78
in small rodents, 140
in snakes, 395, 398
in sugar gliders, 238 Nasal foreign body, in tortoises and turtles, 438
Nasal tract disorders
of songbirds and softbills, 336 of tortoises and turtles, differential diagnosis, 435-436
Nasolacrimal duct, of rabbit, 56/ Nasolacrimal duct absence
in lizards, 378
in snakes, 417
Nasolacrimal duct occlusion
in lizards, 378, 380
in snakes, 417, 419 Nasolacrimal duct patency, in rabbits, 59/
Neascus, 534
Neck extension, in lizards, 353 Neck stretching, in parrots and related species, 283
Necrosis of extremities
in lizards, 365, 366/, 369
in marmosets, 186
in small rodents, 135 Nematode larvae, in tortoises and turtles, 460
Nematodes
in amphibians, 483-484
in ferrets, 15
in goldfish and koi, 514-515, 517
in hedgehogs, 208
in hystricomorph, 106
in marmosets, 166, 171
in parrots and related species, 282, 294, 314
in rabbits, 61
in small rodents, 143, 145, 154, 157
in songbirds and softbills, 334-336
in sugar gliders, 246
in tortoises and turtles, 444, 472
in tropical freshwater fish, 544 in tropical marine fish, 568 Neohaliotrema, 565
Neon tetra disease, in tropical freshwater fish, 534, 539, 551
Neonatal disorders
in ferrets, 40-41
in hedgehogs, 229-230
in marmosets, 196-197
in snakes, 424
in sugar gliders, 256-257, 256t-257t
in tortoises and turtles, 472-474
Neoplasia
in amphibians, 478, 481, 483, 485, 488, 491, 495-496
in ferrets, 6, 8-9, 12, 15-16, 18, 20, 23, 27-28, 30-31, 34, 36-37
in goldfish and koi, 510-511, 514, 516-519, 521-522, 526, 528
in hedgehogs, 201-202, 204-205, 207-208, 211-213, 215, 218-221, 223-225, 227-228
in hystricomorph, 93-94, 96-97, 99, 104, 109-110, 112, 114, 117, 125
in lizards, 349, 352, 357, 362, 364-365, 369-370, 372, 376
in marmosets, 166, 168, 171, 180, 183, 186-187, 191-193, 195
in parrots and related species, 268, 270-271, 274, 281, 283, 286, 288, 294, 302, 304, 307, 309, 311-312, 315-317, 319
in pink-tongued skink, 355/ in rabbits, 50, 52, 54, 56, 61, 67-68, 72, 75, 78, 82, 84
in small rodents, 138, 143, 146, 148-154, 157, 159
in snakes, 391, 393-394, 398, 400, 406, 408, 410-412, 414-415, 419, 421
in songbirds and softbills, 324, 326-327, 329, 331, 333, 335, 337, 339
in sugar gliders, 236, 240, 244-247, 254
in tortoises and turtles, 435, 438, 459, 466, 469
in tropical freshwater fish, 535, 540, 544, 546-547, 549,
551- 552, 554, 556
in tropical marine fish, 563, 565, 567-569, 571-573, 575-579, 581
Neotrombicula spp., 201
Nephritis
in amphibians, 496-497
in goldfish and koi, 527
in hedgehogs, 225
in lizards, 381
in songbirds and softbills, 339 in sugar gliders, 252-253 in tropical freshwater fish, 556 Nephrocalcinosis
in hedgehogs, 225
in tropical freshwater fish, 556
Nephrosis, in hedgehogs, 225
Nephrotoxic drugs
for lizards, 381
for rabbits, 82
for snakes, 421
for tortoises and turtles, 464
Nephrotoxicity, in ferrets, 2 Neurofibroma, in hedgehogs, 202 Neurofibrosarcoma, in hedgehogs,
228
Neurologic disorders
of amphibians, 493-494
of ferrets, 28-29
of goldfish and koi, 522-525
of hedgehogs, 221-223
of hystricomorph, 118-120
of lizards, 376-377
of marmosets, 188-190
of parrots and related species, 312-314
of small rodents, 151-153
of snakes, 414-417
of songbirds and softbills, 331-332
of sugar gliders, 249-250
of tortoises and turtles, 459-460
of tropical freshwater fish,
552- 553
of tropical marine fish, 576-578
Neurologic signs, in marmosets, 168, 189, 197
Neuromuscular disorders, in rabbits, 74-78
Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, 19 for marmosets, 180 for small rodents, 156
New tank syndrome
in goldfish and koi, 522
in tropical marine fish, 561, 573, 576-577
Newcastle disease
in parrots and related species, 314
in songbirds and softbills, 332
Nickel contact allergy, in small rodents, 133
Nicotine, for lizards, 377
Nicotine toxicity
in tropical freshwater fish, 553 in tropical marine fish, 578 Nifurtimox, for marmosets, 182 Night blindness
in ferrets, 30
in marmosets, 190
Nitazoxanide
for ferrets, 14
for hedgehogs, 210
for hystricomorph, 106
for lizards, 360
for rabbits, 64
for small rodents, 145
for snakes, 403
for tortoises and turtles, 448
Nitrite toxicity
in goldfish and koi, 511-513 in tropical freshwater fish, 542, 549
Nitroglycerin
for ferrets, 23
for marmosets, 182
Nitroglycerin ointment
for hystricomorph, 114
for rabbits, 72
Nitrosomonas, 566, 577
Nocardia, 561
Nocardia asteroides, 573
Nocardia kampachi, 561
Nocardiosis
in songbirds and softbills, 334 in tropical marine fish, 573
Nodules and nonhealing wounds in ferrets, 6
in goldfish and koi, 504
in hedgehogs, 201
in lizards, 349
in marmosets, 166
in parrots and related species, 269
in rabbits, 49-50
in snakes, 390
in songbirds and softbills, 323
in sugar gliders, 236
in tortoises and turtles, 431
in tropical freshwater fish, 530-534
in tropical marine fish, 561 Noninfectious problems
in amphibians, 481, 483, 487-488, 491, 493-494, 496-497
in ferrets, 9, 16, 18, 20, 23, 27-28, 30-31, 34, 37, 40
in goldfish and koi, 511, 518-519, 521-522, 526, 528
in hedgehogs, 205, 208, 212-213, 215, 218, 220-221, 223, 225, 228-229
in hystricomorph, 97, 99, 104, 109-110, 112, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127
in lizards, 352-353, 357, 362, 365, 369-372, 376-378, 381, 383
in marmosets, 171, 176, 178, 180, 183, 186-187, 189-190, 192, 194, 196
in parrots and related species, 283, 286, 294, 302, 304, 307-311, 315-316, 318-320
in rabbits, 54, 56, 62, 65, 67-69, 72, 75, 78, 82, 84-85
Noninfectious problems
(Continued)
in small rodents, 139, 143, 146, 148-154, 157, 159
in snakes, 394, 398, 400-401, 406, 408, 411-412, 415, 417, 421-422, 424
in songbirds and softbills, 333, 335, 337
in sugar gliders, 237, 240, 244, 246-249, 251-252, 254, 256
in tortoises and turtles, 436, 438, 440, 442, 444-445, 452, 454, 456, 459-462, 464, 466, 469, 472
in tropical freshwater fish, 540 in tropical marine fish, 565, 568, 572-573, 575-578, 580-581
Normal ECG value red-eared slider, for tortoises and turtles, 453t
Northern fowl mite, 324
in parrots and related species, 266
Nosopsyllus spp., 135-136
Notoedres, 134, 137
Notoedres cati, 135, 201
Notoedres muris, 92, 135
Notoedres oudesmani, 201 NSAIDs
for ferrets, 31, 39
for hedgehogs, 205, 223-224, 228
for hystricomorph, 98, 120
for lizards, 375
for marmosets, 191, 195
for parrots and related species, 274, 286, 306-307, 321
for rabbits, 65, 77
for small rodents, 138, 140, 146, 154
for snakes, 414
for songbirds and softbills, 326 for tortoises and turtles, 451,
458
Nutritional disorders
of amphibians, 483, 485, 488, 491, 494
of ferrets, 16, 23, 28, 30, 34, 37 of goldfish and koi, 514, 516, 519, 521, 525
of hedgehogs, 208, 210-211, 221, 223, 227
of hystricomorph, 93, 99, 104, 107-108, 110, 112, 114, 118, 121, 127
of lizards, 356, 361-362, 365, 372, 376, 378, 383
of marmosets, 174-176, 180, 183, 186, 192 of parrots and related species, 281, 283, 294, 298-302, 304, 307, 311-312, 314, 317, 319
of rabbits, 55, 61, 64, 66, 68, 75, 82, 84
of small rodents, 143, 146, 150, 159
of snakes, 405-406, 408, 415
of songbirds and softbills, 327, 340-342
of sugar gliders, 240, 242-243, 248-249, 251-252
of tortoises and turtles, 436, 438, 440, 442, 444, 449-450, 452, 454, 456, 459-460, 464, 466, 469, 472
of tropical freshwater fish, 544, 546, 549, 551, 554-555
of tropical marine fish, 570-571 Nutritional osteodystrophy
in ferrets, 16
in tortoises and turtles, 432 Nyctotherus spp., 356, 358/, 444 Nystagmus, in rabbits, 75 Nystatin
for hystricomorph, 106
for marmosets, 173
for parrots and related species, 274, 291, 297
for songbirds and softbills, 336 for tortoises and turtles, 441, 448
O
Oak leaf poisoning, in tortoises and turtles, 444, 449, 464
Obeliscoides cuniculi, in rabbits, 61,
64
Obesity
in amphibians, 485
in hedgehogs, 211, 223
in lizards, 362, 370-371
in marmosets, 175, 178 in parrots and related species, 297, 300, 302
in rabbits, 64, 73
in snakes, 405, 422
in sugar gliders, 243
in tortoises and turtles, 456 Obstruction, in sugar gliders, 240 Obstructive dystocia, in tortoises and turtles, 469
Occasional diarrhea, 186 Ocheostomid trematodes, in snakes, 398
Ocular discharge
in ferrets, 23
in hystricomorph, 107
in lizards, 379
in marmosets, 168
in rabbits, 78
in small rodents, 133, 144
in sugar gliders, 238
in tortoises and turtles, 462 Ocular disease
in hystricomorph, 115
in tortoises and turtles, 464 Ocular disorders, differential diagnoses of, in rabbits, 78 Ocular neoplasia, in parrots and related species, 315 Ocular swelling, in small rodents, 144
Odontomas, in tropical freshwater fish, 535
Ofloxacin
for hystricomorph, 121
for parrots and related species, 316
for songbirds and softbills, 334 Oocysts
in lizards, 360
in snakes, 403
in tortoises and turtles, 448 Oodinium, in amphibians, 480-481
Oodinium pillularis, 478 Oophorohysterectomy, in ferrets, 39
Open-mouthed breathing
in hystricomorph, 97
in lizards, 353
in parrots and related species,
283
in snakes, 395
Ophiascaris, 400 Ophidascaris robertsi, 246-247 Ophidian paramyxovirus (OPMV), in lizards, 352
Ophionyssus natracis, 348-349, 389, 391
Ophiostrongylus, 400 Ophiotaenia spp., 444
Ophthalmic disorders
of amphibians, 494-495
of ferrets, 30-31
of goldfish and koi, 525-527
of hedgehogs, 223-224
of hystricomorph, 120-122
of lizards, 378-380
of marmosets, 190-191
of parrots and related species, 314-316
of rabbits, 78-81
of small rodents, 153-154
of snakes, 417-419
of songbirds and softbills, 332-334
of sugar gliders, 251-252
of tortoises and turtles, 460-463
of tropical freshwater fish,
553- 555
of tropical marine fish, 578-579 Oral abscesses, in sugar gliders, 239
Oral cavity disorders of ferrets, 11-12 of hedgehogs, 206-207, 206/-207/
of hystricomorph, 102-103 of lizards, 354-356
of marmosets, 170-171 of small rodents, 141-142 of snakes, 396-398, 399/ of sugar gliders, 239 of tortoises and turtles, 442
Oral discharge, in lizards, 353 Oral fibrosarcoma, in ferrets, 12 Oral neoplasia, in goldfish and koi, 519
Oral ulceration
in ferrets, 34
in hedgehogs, 226
in marmosets, 192 in sugar gliders, 252
Orbicularis muscle prolapse, in hedgehogs, 220-221
Orchitis, in rabbits, 86 Organochlorine pesticides, in tortoises and turtles, 440 Organophosphate exposure, in goldfish and koi, 521 Organophosphate toxicity, in snakes, 415, 417
Ornithonyssus, 266
Ornithonyssus bacoti, 135, 137 Ornithonyssus sylviarum, 324 Orthomyxovirus
in ferrets, 8
in parrots and related species, 282
Orthopedic conditions, 222 in ferrets, 29 in sugar gliders, 250
Orthopoxvirus, 134-135 Orthoreovirus, in parrots and related species, 282, 293
Osseous dysplasia, in snakes, 412, 414
Ossifying fibroma, in lizards, 354 Osteoarthritis
in hedgehogs, 220-221 in hystricomorph, 117-118 Osteochondritis, in tortoises and turtles, 456, 458
Osteochondromas, in rabbits, 75 Osteofluorosis, in amphibians, 492
Osteolysis
in rabbits, 58/-59/
in snakes, 414/
Osteoma, in ferrets, 27
Osteomalacia, in marmosets, 175 Osteomyelitis
in amphibians, 492
buildup, in marmosets, 170 in lizards, 371, 375 in parrots and related species, 307, 309
in rabbits, 74
in snakes, 412
in tortoises and turtles, 456, 458 Osteopetrosis, in lizards, 372, 375 Osteosarcoma
in hedgehogs, 219
in hystricomorph, 117
in lizards, 372
in parrots and related species, 307-308
in rabbits, 56, 60, 75
in snakes, 412
Oswaldofilaria, 390-391 Oswalsocruzia spp., 356
Otitis, in rabbits, 54
Otitis externa
in ferrets, 28
in hedgehogs, 202, 204, 221
in rabbits, 75
in small rodents, 133
Otitis interna
in hystricomorph, 118, 120
in rabbits, 74, 77
in small rodents, 152
in sugar gliders, 249
Otitis media
in ferrets, 28
in hedgehogs, 221
in hystricomorph, 118, 120
in marmosets, 188
in rabbits, 74-75, 77-78
in small rodents, 152
in sugar gliders, 249
Otodectes cyanotis, 7, 201 Ototoxicity, in ferrets, 2
Ovarian artery hemorrhage, in lizards, 383
Ovarian cystadenoma, in hystricomorph, 125
Ovarian cysts
in rabbits, 84-85, 87
in small rodents, 161
Ovarian follicular cysts, in small rodents, 159
Ovarian necrosis, in lizards, 383
Ovarian neoplasia
in goldfish and koi, 528
in small rodents, 159
Ovarian prolapse, in amphibians, 497-498
Ovarian remnant, 37
Ovarian stump neoplasia, in ferrets, 37
Ovarian teratoma
in ferrets, 37
in hystricomorph, 125
Ovarian tumors, in rabbits, 84, 87
Overfeeding, of tropical marine fish, 570
Overheating, in tortoises and turtles, 437, 442
Oviductal adenocarcinoma, in parrots and related species,
319
Oviductal prolapse, in amphibians, 497-498
Oviductal torsion, in parrots and related species, 320
Oxalate nephropathy, in marmosets, 192
Oxfendazole
for lizards, 354, 360
for snakes, 396, 403
for tortoises and turtles, 439, 441, 448
Oxygen delivery, for rabbits, 47
Oxygen therapy, for marmosets, 169
Oxyspirura, 294, 296
Oxytetracycline
for amphibians, 480
for small rodents, 145
Oxytocin
for ferrets, 40
for hedgehogs, 229
for hystricomorph, 126, 128
for lizards, 385
for marmosets, 196
for parrots and related species,
320
for snakes, 423
for tortoises and turtles, 471
Oxyurids
in lizards, 356, 358/, 360-361 in small rodents, 143 in snakes, 400, 403
in tortoises and turtles, 444, 448
P
Pacheco disease, in parrots and related species, 293, 295, 302, 312
Paecilomyces, 438
Paecilomyces lilacinus, 431, 434
Pain
in ferrets, 18, 27
in hedgehogs, 214, 220
in marmosets, 178, 188 in sugar gliders, 248
Painful urination, in sugar gliders, 252
Pale mucous membranes in ferrets, 37 in lizards, 365, 382
Pale mucous membranes
(Continued)
in rabbits, 73
in snakes, 408, 421
in tortoises and turtles, 464 Palpable abdominal viscus, in small rodents, 144 Palpebral swelling, in small rodents, 133
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, in songbirds and softbills, 337 Pancreatic beta cell tumor, 18 Pancreatic disorders
of ferrets, 18-19
of goldfish and koi, 517
of hedgehogs, 213-214 of hystricomorph, 110-111 of lizards, 364
of marmosets, 178-180 investigations, 179, 179t
of rabbits, 68
of small rodents, 147
of snakes, 407-408
of sugar gliders, 245-247
of tortoises and turtles, 451 of tropical marine fish, 572 Pancreatic exocrine
adenocarcinoma, 245 Pancreatic neoplasia, in hedgehogs, 214
Pancreatitis, in parrots and related species, 317
Panophthalmitis
in hystricomorph, 121
in lizards, 378
in snakes, 417-418
in tortoises and turtles, 462
in tropical freshwater fish, 555 Pantothenic acid deficiency
in chinchillas, 93, 107-108 in parrots and related species, 299
Papilloma-like virus, in tortoises and turtles, 454
Papillomas
in goldfish and koi, 506
in hedgehogs, 201, 203
in lizards, 349, 351
in parrots and related species, 282, 294
in tropical freshwater fish, 535
in tropical marine fish, 563 Papillomatosis
in parrots and related species, 293, 297
in rabbits, 60, 62-63 Papillomavirus
in parrots and related species, 268, 274
in songbirds and softbills, 323 in tortoises and turtles, 442
Papovavirus, 134
in parrots and related species, 267
in rabbits, 49
Papules, on oral mucosa, marmosets, 171
Parachlamydia acanthamoeba, 454
Paracloacal and cloacal abscessation, in sugar gliders, 239
Paralysis
in amphibians, 489 apparent, 220 in hystricomorph, 107 in rabbits, 75
in small rodents, 151, 160
in tortoises and turtles, 459
Paramyxovirus
in hystricomorph, 96
in lizards, 376
in marmosets, 168-170
in parrots and related species, 282, 285, 293, 295, 312, 314, 317
in rabbits, 53
in small rodents, 138
in snakes, 394, 407, 414
in songbirds and softbills, 331
Paraphimosis, in hystricomorph, 126
Parasitic disorders
in amphibians, 481, 483, 486, 488, 491, 496
in ferrets, 9, 20
in goldfish and koi, 511, 514, 517-518, 525
in hedgehogs, 205, 208, 214, 219 in hystricomorph, 92-93, 104, 118, 127
in lizards, 352, 356, 365, 369, 372, 376
in marmosets, 168, 171, 176, 178, 183, 186, 188
in parrots and related species, 282, 294, 295/, 296-297, 312
in rabbits, 61, 66, 75
in small rodents, 143, 148, 153, 157
in snakes, 394, 398, 400, 406, 408, 412, 421
in songbirds and softbills, 327, 329, 334-335
in sugar gliders, 237, 240, 243, 246-247, 249
in tortoises and turtles, 438, 440, 442, 444, 452, 459-460, 464, 472
in tropical freshwater fish, 544 in tropical marine fish, 565, 568, 575
Parasitism
in lizards, 357
in snakes, 401
in tortoises and turtles, 445 Paraspidodera uncinata, 104, 106 Parastrongyloides, 234, 240 Parastrongyloides trichosuri, sugar gliders, 238
Paraustrostrongylus spp., 240 Paraustroxyuris spp., 240
Parenteral anesthesia, 91 b
for amphibians, 477b
for ferrets, 4b
for lizards, 348b
for parrots and related species, 264b
for rabbits, 47b
for small rodents, 133b Parenteral fluids, for parrots and related species, 262b Paresis
in marmosets, 183-184
in rabbits, 75
Paromomycin
for lizards, 360
for snakes, 403
for tortoises and turtles, 448, 451
Parotid salivary gland abscessation, in hystricomorph, 103
Parrots and related species, 258-321
analgesia for, 263, 263t anatomical markers in, 265f anesthesia for, 264 assessment of droppings in, 292-293, 292b, 293f beak trimming in, 286b, 287f blood cholesterol levels in, 305t cardiac anatomy of, values of, 306t
cardiovascular and hematologic disorders in, 303-307 cloacal fluid administration for, 261t
collars for, 273
consultation and handling for,
258
correct environmental temperatures for chicks of, 321b
cutaneous glands of, 265 differential diagnosis of
loss of flight in, 309-310 polydipsia/polyuria in, 317-318
vomiting/regurgitation/ dysphagia in, 287-289 emergencies with, 260b endocrine disorders in, 316-319 experimental ACTH stimulation in, 316t
feather scoring in, 277, 278/ feather types of, 266 gastrointestinal tract disorders in, 286-298
differential diagnosis for, 293-294
growth and weaning of, 321 hepatic disorders in, 302-303 important nonspecific clinical signs in, 258b
key facts on, 259t microchipping of, 263b musculoskeletal disorders in, 307-310
nasal tract of, 280-281 neurologic disorders in, 312-314 normal lead II ECGs of, 306t normal radiographic heart parameters in, 305t nursing care for, 260-264 nutritional disorders in, 298-302
nutritional supplementation for, 262-263
ophthalmic disorders in, 314-316
parenteral fluids for, 262b radiographic anatomy of, 290/ recovery of, 265b
reproductive disorders in, 319-321
respiratory tract disorders in, 280-282
self-mutilating, 275-280 serum thyroid hormone levels in, 317t
skin disorders in, 265-275 splenic disorders in, 303 suggested individual bolus volumes for, 261t
systemic disorders in, 310-311 weighing of, 260/ wing clipping of, 263, 263b Parvovirus
in ferrets, 23
in hedgehogs, 208-209 Passalurus ambiguus, in rabbits, 61 Pasteurella spp., 135, 204, 460
in ferrets, 5
Pasteurella multocida, 237, 247, 249, 327, 337
abscess, in sugar gliders, 236 in rabbits, 53-54, 82
Pasteurella pneumotropica, 139, 159
in rabbits, 47, 68, 78, 84
Pasteurellosis
in rabbits, 53-55, 74
in songbirds and softbills, 328
Patagium, in sugar gliders, 235/
damage to, 236
Pediatric disorders, of tortoises and turtles, 472-474
Pelvic obstruction, in tortoises and turtles, 464 Penicillamine
for ferrets, 17
for parrots and related species, 292, 314
Penicillin
for hystricomorph, 104
for rabbits, 52
Penicillinosis, in parrots and related species, 310-311
Penicillium spp., 390
Penis, swelling around, in small rodents, 159
Pentamidine isethionate, for ferrets, 11
Pentastoma spp., 171, 174 Pentastomes (Rileyella), in sugar gliders, 238
Pentastomids
in hedgehogs, 219, 221
in lizards, 352, 354, 358/
in snakes, 390-392, 400
in tropical freshwater fish, 534,
539
Pericardial effusion
in parrots and related species, 304
in tortoises and turtles, 452 Pericarditis
in hedgehogs, 214
in hystricomorph, 96, 112
in marmosets, 180
in parrots and related species, 304
in rabbits, 68
Pericloacal neoplasia, in sugar gliders, 242
Perineal dermatitis, in hystricomorph, 123 Perineum
caecotroph accumulation in, in rabbits, 51, 56, 62
swollen, in rabbits, 49
wet
in ferrets, 34
in hedgehogs, 226
in marmosets, 192
Periocular swelling, in ferrets, 30 Periodontal disease, 206-207
buildup, in marmosets, 170
in ferrets, 11
in lizards, 354
in sugar gliders, 239
Periorbital edema, in marmosets, 190
Peritonitis, in marmosets, 168, 172
Perivasculitis/vasculitis, in marmosets, 180
Permethrin
for hedgehogs, 203
for hystricomorph, 95
for rabbits, 50
for tortoises and turtles, 434
Petauralges rackae, 236
Petechial hemorrhage
in ferrets, 37
in snakes, 390, 401
Pethidine, in hystricomorph, 90t Pharyngeal edema, in lizards, 355,
382
Pharyngeal neoplasia, in goldfish and koi, 519
Pharyngitis, in tortoises and turtles, 435, 437
Pharyngodon spp., 356
Phenobarbital
for hystricomorph, 120
for rabbits, 78
for small rodents, 153
for songbirds and softbills, 332 Pheochromocytoma, in hedgehogs, 224
Phialophora spp., 431
Phlebothrombosis, in small rodents, 147
Phosphate calculi, in hystricomorph, 125
Phosphorus, for parrots and related species, 300t
Photonis spp., 352, 365, 367, 369 Physaloptera spp., 104, 208, 356 Picobia spp., 324
Picornavirus, in parrots and related species, 293
Pieris spp., 444
Pigmentation changes
in amphibians, 478
in ferrets, 6
in goldfish and koi, 504-505
in hedgehogs, 201
in hystricomorph, 93
in lizards, 349
in marmosets, 166
in parrots and related species,
269
in small rodents, 135
in snakes, 390
in songbirds and softbills, 323
in tortoises and turtles, 431-432
in tropical freshwater fish, 534
in tropical marine fish, 562 Pimobendan
for ferrets, 23
for hedgehogs, 216
for hystricomorph, 114
for lizards, 368
for marmosets, 182
Pimobendan (Continued)
for rabbits, 72
for sugar gliders, 247
Pineapple juice, for rabbits, 64 Pinnae
bites to, in hystricomorph, 94, 96
swollen, in rabbits, 49
Pinnal dermatitis, in hedgehogs, 202, 204
Pinworms
in lizards, 356
in rabbits, 61, 64
in small rodents, 143
Piperazine, for tropical marine fish, 569
Piperonyl butoxide, for tortoises and turtles, 434
Pirhaemocyton, 452
Piscicola geometra, 505, 518
Piscicryptosporidium cichlidaris, 543
Pituitary adenomas, in parrots and related species, 315-316
Pituitary gonadotropic adenomas, in ferrets, 31
Pituitary hyperplasia/adenoma, in small rodents, 154-156, 159
Placenta previa, in marmosets, 194-195
Planaria, 534-535
Plasmacytoma, in hedgehogs, 208
Plasmodium spp., 304, 307, 329-330, 365, 452
Pleistophora, 539, 551
in amphibians, 491
Pleural effusion, in rabbits, 68
Pleuritis, in hystricomorph, 96, 112
Pneumocystis carinii, 9, 11, 96
Pneumocystis spp., 168, 170
Pneumocystography, for tortoises and turtles, 464b
Pneumonia
in amphibians, 481
in ferrets, 8-10
in hystricomorph, 97
in lizards, 352-353
in marmosets, 168
in parrots and related species,
282
in rabbits, 54
in snakes, 394, 394/
in sugar gliders, 237
in tortoises and turtles, 435-437
Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) in hedgehogs, 217 in hystricomorph, 96, 98
Pneumonitis, in small rodents, 139
Pneumothorax, in hystricomorph,
97
Pododermatitis
in hedgehogs, 201, 204
in hystricomorph, 93-95, 123
in rabbits, 49, 51-52, 51t
in small rodent, 136 Polioencephalomalacia, in sugar gliders, 249-250
Polyacanthorhynchus kenyensis, 544 Polyarteritis nodosus, in small rodents, 148-149
Polyarthritis, in small rodents,
149
Polycystic disease, in hamsters,
149
Polydelphis, 400
Polydipsia
in ferrets, 34
in hedgehogs, 226
in hystricomorph, 108-110, 123-124
in lizards, 380-381
in marmosets, 192
in parrots and related species, 302, 316
in rabbits, 81-83
in small rodents, 146, 155, 157
in snakes, 421
in songbirds and softbills, 339 in sugar gliders, 252
in tortoises and turtles, 464 Polyfolliculitis, in parrots and related species, 266, 274 Polylymphadenopathy, in marmosets, 184
Polymyxin B, for amphibians, 480 Polyomavirus, in parrots and related species, 267, 274, 286, 293, 302-303, 309
Polyphagia, in small rodents, 155 Polyplax, 136, 149
Polyplax serrata, 135
Polyplax spinulosa, 135
Polyps
in ferrets, 12, 15
in rabbits, 62 Polytetrafluoroethane toxicity, in parrots and related species, 283, 286
Polyuria, 192
in ferrets, 34
in hedgehogs, 226
in hystricomorph, 109-110, 123-124
in lizards, 380-381
in parrots and related species, 302, 316
in rabbits, 81-83
in small rodents, 146, 155, 157
in snakes, 421
in songbirds and softbills, 326 in sugar gliders, 252 in tortoises and turtles, 464 Poor maternal nutrition, in sugar gliders, 256-257 Poor nutrition, in marmosets, 166
Porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccine, for marmosets, 193
Porocephalus spp., 390, 400
Porphyrin secretion, around eyes, in small rodents, 153-154 Porphyrinuria, in rabbits, 82, 85 Porrocaecum, 294, 296, 334 Posterior paralysis/paresis in ferrets, 28 in hedgehogs, 221 in marmosets, 189 in sugar gliders, 249
Posthibernational anorexia, in tortoises and turtles, 474 Postventer CUD, in parrots and related species, 270
Potassium iodide, for tortoises and turtles, 467 Potassium permanganate, for amphibians, 481
Pouch infections, in sugar gliders, 254-255
Povidone-iodine
for amphibians, 480 for rabbits, 60 for snakes, 392, 399 for tortoises and turtles, 443 Povidone-iodine toxicity, in amphibians, 478, 488, 493 Poxlike virus, in tortoises and turtles, 431, 460
Poxvirus
in lizards, 349, 351 in rabbits, 49, 52 in small rodents, 137-138
Praziquantel
for amphibians, 490
for ferrets, 15 for goldfish and koi, 509, 514-515
for hedgehogs, 210
for hystricomorph, 106
for lizards, 361
for parrots and related species, 297
for rabbits, 64, 68
for small rodents, 145
for snakes, 392, 399, 403, 413, 422
for songbirds and softbills, 330 for sugar gliders, 244 for tortoises and turtles, 434, 440, 442-443, 448, 465 for tropical freshwater fish, 538, 543
for tropical marine fish, 565, 567, 569
Praziquantel toxicity, in tropical marine fish, 578
Precordial thrill
in ferrets, 20
in hedgehogs, 215
in marmosets, 181
in rabbits, 69
in sugar gliders, 246 Predatory mites, 352, 393 Prednisolone
for ferrets, 15, 19, 26t, 33
for hedgehogs, 219
for hystricomorph, 113
for lizards, 368
for marmosets, 182, 187
for parrots and related species, 307
Pregnancy, late, in rabbits, 73 Pregnancy toxemia
in ferrets, 37-38
in hamsters, 149-150
in hedgehogs, 227
in rabbits, 72, 74
in small rodents, 159 Pre-medication protocol
for lizards, 347b-348b
for rabbits, 46b
for small rodents, 132b Preovulatory ovarian stasis (POOS)
in lizards, 383
in snakes, 422
in tortoises and turtles, 469, 471-472
Prepatagial CUD, in parrots and related species, 270
Preputial adenocarcinoma, in ferrets, 6
Preputial gland abscess
in chinchillas, 125-126
in small rodents, 158-160 Preputial gland neoplasia, in small rodents, 159-160 Preputial hemorrhage, in small rodents, 157
Prey insects, in amphibians, 494 Primaquine
for amphibians, 487
for parrots and related species, 307
for snakes, 410
Probiotics
for hystricomorph, 105
for rabbits, 63
Procaine, for hystricomorph, 104 Procaine G benzylpenicillin, for rabbits, 60
Progesterone-containing implants, in marmosets, 193
Prolapse, in small rodents, 153 Prolapse of the umbilicus, in snakes, 424
Prolapsed hemipene, in snakes, 422-423
Prolapsed phallus, in tortoises and turtles, 469, 470/, 472
Prolapsed umbilicus, in tortoises and turtles, 472
Proliferative bowel disease (PBD), in ferrets, 12-14
Proliferative ileitis, in small rodents, 142, 144-145
Proligestone, for ferrets, 39 Propionibacterium, in rabbits, 60-61 Propofol
for ferrets, 4b
for lizards, 347b-348b
for tortoises and turtles, 430b Propofol induction, for rabbits, 46-47
Proptosis, in hedgehogs, 224 Propylene glycol
for ferrets, 16
for hystricomorph, 110
for marmosets, 178
for rabbits, 74
for songbirds and softbills, 329 Prostaglandin E2, for parrots and related species, 320 Prostaglandin F2α, for ferrets, 40 Prostatic carcinoma, in ferrets, 37 Prostatic hyperplasia
in ferrets, 34, 37-39
in marmosets, 193, 195-196 Prostatitis
in ferrets, 37
in marmosets, 193
Prostenorchis elegans, 171, 174 Prosthogonimus spp., 335
Protein deficiency
in guinea pigs, 121
in lizards, 372
in tortoises and turtles, 456 Protein excess, in tortoises and turtles, 456
Proteinuria, in hedgehogs, 215 Proteus spp., 125, 390, 396-398, 477
Proteus vulgaris, 440 Protolichus lunula, 266 Protopalina, 543
Protozoal disorders
of amphibians, 481, 483, 485-486, 488, 491, 496
of ferrets, 9, 12, 20, 28, 30
of goldfish and koi, 511, 514, 516-517, 519, 522, 525, 527 of hedgehogs, 208
of hystricomorph, 103, 109, 114, 118, 120, 123, 127
of lizards, 356, 362, 365, 369, 376, 378
of marmosets, 168, 171, 180, 183, 187-188, 190
of parrots and related species, 282, 294, 304, 310, 312, 314
of rabbits, 54, 61, 66, 68, 75, 78, 82
of small rodents, 143, 145, 147, 152
of snakes, 400, 408, 415
of songbirds and softbills, 327, 329, 331, 333-334, 337
of sugar gliders, 237, 239, 245, 249, 251-252
of tortoises and turtles, 436, 444, 450, 452, 454, 456, 463
of tropical freshwater fish, 547-548
of tropical marine fish, 565, 568, 571-573, 576, 578, 580
Proventer CUD, in parrots and related species, 270
Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), in parrots and related species, 282, 288,
292- 293, 295, 297, 303, 312
Proventricular impaction, in parrots and related species, 294, 298
Proventricular ulceration, in parrots and related species, 294, 297
Proventricular worms
in parrots and related species, 294, 297
in songbirds and softbills, 336 Proventriculitis, in parrots and related species, 288,
293- 294
Pruritus
in amphibians, 477
in ferrets, 4-5
in goldfish and koi, 502
in hedgehogs, 200
in hystricomorph, 92, 92/, 94
in lizards, 349
in marmosets, 166
in parrots and related species, 266
in rabbits, 47
in small rodents, 133, 138, 146
in snakes, 390
in songbirds and softbills, 323 in sugar gliders, 234 in tortoises and turtles, 430 in tropical marine fish, 561 Pseudempleurosomal 565 Pseudoancyrocephalusl 565 Pseudoaneurysm∣ in lizards, 349-350, 352
Pseudocapillaroides xenopi, 478,
480
Pseudomonas spp., 431, 477, 479,
488
in parrots and related species, 282, 288, 293
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 8, 114
in rabbits, 53
Pseudomonas fluorescens, 399
in rabbits, 47, 49-50, 61 Pseudomoniasis, in hystricomorph, 116
Pseudophyllidea, 568 Pseudopregnancy
in rabbits, 85, 87
in small rodents, 155, 159-161 Pseudotuberculosis, 137
in small rodents, 139
Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), in parrots and related species, 267, 268f-269f, 274, 307, 309, 311
Psittacosis, in parrots and related species, 294
Psorergates simplex spp., 135 Psoroptes cuniculi, in rabbits,
47-48, 50-51, 75
Psychotropic drugs, for parrots and related species, 279
Pterygodermatites nycticebi, 171,
173
Pterygosoma spp., 349
Ptosis, in parrots and related species, 315
Ptyalism, in tortoises and turtles, 442
Puerperal septicemia, in hystricomorph, 127-128
Pulmonary adenocarcinoma, in hedgehogs, 205
Pulmonary edema, in small rodents, 148
Pulmonary hemorrhage, in hedgehogs, 205
Pulmonary metastases, in small rodents, 139
Pulmonary migration, in marmosets, 168
Pyelonephritis
in hystricomorph, 123
in marmosets, 192-193
in parrots and related species,
317
in rabbits, 82, 84
in tortoises and turtles, 463,
465-466
Pyoderma
in ferrets, 5, 8
in hystricomorph, 93
in small rodents, 133
Pyometra
in ferrets, 37, 39
in hystricomorph, 125
in marmosets, 193, 195
in rabbits, 86
in small rodents, 158-160
in sugar gliders, 256
Pyrethrin
for small rodents, 137
for songbirds and softbills, 325 Pyrexia
in ferrets, 9
in marmosets, 168
in small rodents, 140 Pyrimethamine
in ferrets, 29
in hystricomorph, 128
in marmosets, 185, 189 in rabbits, 77
in songbirds and softbills, 329-330
in sugar gliders, 250
Pyrrhula erythaca, 324
Q
Quill loss, in hedgehogs, 200-202, 202f
Quill mites
in parrots and related species, 266, 273
in songbirds and softbills, 324-325
Quinine hydrochloride
for amphibians, 480, 482 for goldfish and koi, 509, 513 for tropical freshwater fish, 537 Quinine sulfate, for amphibians, 487
R
Rabbits, 42-87
aggressive to guinea pigs, 88 analgesia for, 45, 63 anesthesia for, 45-47, 45b blind intubation of, 46b blood pressure of, 71t cardiovascular disorders in, 68-72
chemotherapy protocol for, 74t consultation and handling of, 42 CSF parameters for, 761 dental disorders in, 50, 55-60, 65 dental formula of, 55b endocrine disorders in, 81-82 failure to caecotroph in, 64-65 gastrointestinal tract disorders in, 60-64
hepatic disorders in, 66-68
key facts for, 42t neuromuscular disorders in, 74-78
normal echocardiographic values in, 70t
normal lead II ECGs in, 70t
nursing care for, 43-47 nutritional disorders in, 55, 61,
64, 66
nutritional support for, 45 ophthalmic disorders in, 78-81 pancreatic disorders in, 68 reproductive disorders in,
84-87
respiratory tract disorders in, 53 skin disorders in, 47-52 systemic disorders in, 72-74 urinalysis values of, 83t urinary disorders in, 82-84 Rabies
in ferrets, 23, 25, 28-29
in hedgehogs, 219, 221-222
in marmosets, 188, 190
in rabbits, 74, 78
in small rodents, 152
Radfordia, 134
Radfordia affinis, 135
Radfordia ensifera, 135
Radiculoneuropathy, in small rodents, 152-153
Radiograph, of bearded dragon, 359f
Raillietiella, 352, 391
Raillietina, in parrots and related species, 294
Raillietnema kritscheri, 544
Ramirez dwarf cichlid virus, 548 Ranavirus (frog virus 3), in
amphibians, 497
Raphidascaris acus, 514
Rash, in small rodents, 135
Rat pneumonia complex, 140-141 Rat poxvirus, 134
Rectal impaction, in hystricomorph, 104
Rectal papillomas, in rabbits, 61
Rectal prolapse
in ferrets, 13, 15
in hystricomorph, 104, 106
in marmosets, 172
in small rodents, 143-144, 146
in sugar gliders, 240-241
Red mites
in parrots and related species, 266, 273
in songbirds and softbills, 324 Red worms
in goldfish and koi, 515
in tropical freshwater fish, 545 Reduced activity, in marmosets, 186
Regurgitation
defined, 287b
differential diagnosis for, in parrots and related species, 287-289
in snakes, 401, 415
in songbirds and softbills, 328,
335
in tortoises and turtles, 445 in tropical freshwater fish, 545 in tropical marine fish, 568 Renal adenocarcinoma
in amphibians, 496 in snakes, 421
Renal amebiasis, in amphibians, 496-497
Renal and urinary disorders, of amphibians, 496-497
Renal calcinosis, in rabbits, 82
Renal calculi, in hedgehogs, 225
Renal carcinoma, 34, 36
in rabbits, 82
in snakes, 394
Renal cell carcinoma, in snakes, 421
Renal clearance, in green iguana, 382b
Renal cyst adenoma, in tropical freshwater fish, 556
Renal cysts, in ferrets, 34-36
Renal disease
in amphibians, 488-489
in hedgehogs, 215
in lizards, 355
in marmosets, 186
in small rodents, 149
in tortoises and turtles, 452 Renal disorders
of lizards, 380-383
of snakes, 421-422
of songbirds and softbills, 339-340
of tropical freshwater fish, 556-557
Renal failure
in middle-aged iguanas, 381, 382b, 383
in tortoises and turtles, 431-432
Renal gout
in parrots and related species, 318
in snakes, 421
in tortoises and turtles, 464 Renal infarcts, in hedgehogs, 225 Renal infections, in parrots and related species, 307-309 Renal leiomyoma, in rabbits, 82 Renal neoplasia
in amphibians, 497
in goldfish and koi, 519
in lizards, 370
in snakes, 421
Renal neoplasm
in lizards, 357
in snakes, 400
in tortoises and turtles, 445 Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism, in lizards, 372
Renal tubules, in parrots and
related species, 317
Renal tumor, in parrots and
related species, 307
Renibacterium, 573, 580-581 Renomegaly
in lizards, 371
in snakes, 421
Reovirus
in lizards, 356-357, 359
in small rodents, 142
in snakes, 394, 400, 402-404,
406, 414
in tortoises and turtles, 444 Reproductive disorders
of amphibians, 497-498
of ferrets, 36-40
of goldfish and koi, 528-529 of hedgehogs, 227-229 of hystricomorph, 127-128 of lizards, 383-385
of marmosets, 193-196, 194/ of parrots and related species, 319-321
of rabbits, 84-87
of small rodents, 158-161
of snakes, 422-423
of sugar gliders, 253-256,
254/-255/
of tortoises and turtles,
469-472
of tropical freshwater fish,
557-558
of tropical marine fish, 581 Respiratory arrest
in hystricomorph, 91b
in rabbits, 47b
Respiratory noise
in hedgehogs, 205
in lizards, 353
in rabbits, 54
in snakes, 395, 398
in tortoises and turtles,
differential diagnosis, 438 Respiratory tract disorders of amphibians, 481-482 of ferrets, 8-11
of goldfish and koi, 510-514
of hedgehogs, 204-206
of hystricomorph, 96-98
of lizards, 352-354
of marmosets, 168-170
of parrots and related species, 280-282
of rabbits, 53
of small rodents, 138-141
of snakes, 394-396
of songbirds and softbills, 326-329
of sugar gliders, 237-238
of tortoises and turtles, 435-437 of tropical freshwater fish, 540-543
of tropical marine fish, 565-567
Restlessness
in hedgehogs, 209
in lizards, 383
in tortoises and turtles, 470 Retained spectacle
in lizards, 378
in snakes, 417, 418/, 419 Retinal degeneration
in ferrets, 30
in hedgehogs, 223
in lizards, 379
in marmosets, 190
in snakes, 418
Retortamonas cuniculi, in rabbits,
61
Retrobulbar abscess
in hystricomorph, 121
in rabbits, 78, 81
Retrobulbar granuloma
in goldfish and koi, 525
in tropical freshwater fish, 554 Retrobulbar neoplasia, in tropical freshwater fish, 554 Retroorbital lymphadenopathy, in hystricomorph, 121 Retroviral infection, in parrots and related species, 307, 310 Retrovirus
in hedgehogs, 217
type C, in hystricomorph, 111 Rhabdias spp., 394, 481-482 Rhabditis orbitalis, 153-154
in small rodents, 153 Rhabdomyosarcoma, in marmosets, 187 Rhabdovirus, 518, 530 Rhinitis
in parrots and related species, 280-281, 298
in rabbits, 54
in small rodents, 140
in snakes, 395
in songbirds and softbills, 326 in tortoises and turtles, 435 Rhinocladiella spp., 431 Rhinoliths, in parrots and related species, 281, 281/, 298 Rhipicephalus sanguineus, 201
Rhododendrons poisoning, in tortoises and turtles, 444, 452
Ribeiroia ondatrae, 491
Riboflavin deficiency, in parrots and related species, 299
Rickets, marmosets, 175
Rickettsia typhus, 136
Rifampin
for ferrets, 31
for parrots and related species,
285
Righting reflex, in amphibians,
493
Rileyella petauri (pentastomes),
237
Ringtail, in small rodents, 135,
137
Ringworm, in hedgehogs, 201, 203
Rio Grande perch rhabdovirus,
548
Rodent bites
in snakes, 390
in tortoises and turtles, 431, 432/, 435
Ronidazole, for songbirds and softbills, 336
Rotavirus
in ferrets, 12, 14-15, 40-41
in parrots and related species,
293
in rabbits, 60, 62-63 in small rodents, 142
Runny nose syndrome (RNS), in tortoises and turtles, 435, 438
S
Saddleback disease, in goldfish and koi, 503-504, 503/
Salivary gland adenocarcinoma, in ferrets, 12
Salivary mucocele
in ferrets, 11, 30 in rabbits, 49, 63-64
Salivation
excessive, in rabbits, 56
in ferrets, 28
in marmosets, 183-184
Salmon calcitonin, in marmosets, 175
Salmonella spp., 208-209, 223, 239, 297
in ferrets, 30
in rabbits, 68
Salmonella arizona, 368, 410
Salmonella choleraesuis, 12
Salmonella enteriditis, 142
Salmonella newport, 12 Salmonella typhimurium, 12, 142, 450
Salmonellosis
in ferrets, 12, 14
in hystricomorph, 93, 95, 115, 121
in lizards, 360
in parrots and related species, 294
in rabbits, 61-62, 72-73 in small rodents, 142, 146,
149- 150, 159-160
in snakes, 402-403
in songbirds and softbills, 327, 329
in tortoises and turtles, 444, 447-449
Sanguinicola, 514
Saprolegnia, 431
in amphibians, 480
in tropical freshwater fish, 539
Saprolegniosis
in goldfish and koi, 504, 510 in tortoises and turtles, 434
Sarcocystis, 187, 283, 286, 310, 312, 314, 327 in rabbits, 75, 77 S. /alculata, 282
Sarcoma
in ferrets, 6
in snakes, 398, 410-413
Sarcoptes spp., 201
in marmosets, 166-167
Sarcoptes muris, 92
Sarcoptes scabiei, 4, 6, 135
Sarcoptic mange, in ferrets, 7
Sarcoptic mites, in rabbits, 47 Sarcoptid, in hystricomorph, 92 Sarcoptid mites, in parrots and related species, 266, 273
Scabs, in hedgehogs, 202
Scaling and crusting
in ferrets, 5
in hedgehogs, 201
in hystricomorph, 93
in lizards, 349
in marmosets, 166
in parrots and related species,
268
in rabbits, 48-49
in small rodents, 134
in songbirds and softbills, 323 in sugar gliders, 236
Scar tissue, in tortoises and turtles, 432
Scarring
in lizards, 349
in snakes, 389, 393
Schistosoma spp., in songbirds and softbills, 330
Schwannoma
in ferrets, 28
in hedgehogs, 221
in lizards, 376
in snakes, 415
Scissor beak, in parrots and related species, 286
Scolecobasidium humicola, 431 Scoliosis
in amphibians, 491
in goldfish and koi, 521
in lizards, 372-373, 376
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, 93, 95
in rabbits, 48
Scurvy, in marmosets, 175 Seahorse gas bubble disease, 563-565, 575
Seasonal alopecia, in ferrets, 5, 8 Sebaceous adenitis, in rabbits, 48 Sebaceous adenoma, in
hystricomorph, 93 Sebaceous carcinoma, in
hedgehogs, 202
Sebaceous cysts, in lizards, 349 Sebaceous gland adenoma, in ferrets, 6
Sebaceous secretions, in hystricomorph, 93 Seborrhea
in hystricomorph, 93, 95
in small rodents, 135-136,
138
Sedation, for parrots and related species, 263
Seizures
in amphibians, 493
in ferrets, 17, 28
in hedgehogs, 212, 218, 221
in hystricomorph, 94, 99, 115, 127
in marmosets, 176, 183-184
in parrots and related species, 313
in rabbits, 75, 78
in small rodents, 152-153, 155
in sugar gliders, 244 Sekoke disease, in goldfish and koi, 516, 519
Selamectin
in amphibians, 481-482, 484 in hedgehogs, 203
in hystricomorph, 95
in rabbits, 51
in sugar gliders, 237-238 Selenium, for snakes, 414 Selenium deficiency, in lizards, 361, 372
Self-inflicted trauma
in hedgehogs, 202
in parrots and related species, 268
in small rodents, 135
in sugar gliders, 234
Self-mutilation
in ferrets, 8
in hedgehogs, 220
in parrots, 275-280
in rabbits, 48
in sugar gliders, 234, 249 Seminal plugs, in lizards, 383, 385
Sendai virus
in hystricomorph, 96, 98
in rabbits, 53
in small rodents, 138, 140 Senescent cataracts, in sugar gliders, 251
Septemcapsula plotosi, 576-577
Septic arthritis
in hystricomorph, 117-118 in lizards, 371, 373f, 375 in parrots and related species, 307
in tortoises and turtles, 456 Septic mastitis, in rabbits, 85-86 Septicemia
in amphibians, 489, 493
in ferrets, 20, 23, 25
in goldfish and koi, 508, 519 in hedgehogs, 214, 218-219 in hystricomorph, 127-128 in lizards, 368, 371, 376 in marmosets, 168, 180 in small rodents, 147 in snakes, 390, 393, 402, 410-412, 415-417
in songbirds and softbills, 326, 328, 335
in sugar gliders, 245, 247-248 in tortoises and turtles, 431, 459
in tropical freshwater fish, 534 in tropical marine fish, 568, 573
Septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease (SCUD), 431, 434
Serratia spp., 349
Sertoli cell tumors, in ferrets,
37-38
Sex reversal, in tropical freshwater fish, 558
Sexing, of tortoises and turtles, 427, 427f
Sexual behavior, in rabbits, 81 Shell deficits, in tortoises and turtles, 431
Shell deformities, in tortoises and turtles, 432-433
Shell fractures, in tortoises and turtles, 456, 458
Shell lesions, in tortoises and turtles, 433
Shellackia spp., 365, 367
Shigella sonnei, 171
Shope fibroma virus, in rabbits,
49, 52
Shope papillomavirus, in rabbits,
49, 52
Short-tongue syndrome, in frogs, 483-484
Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV),
138, 142, 153 Simethicone, for lizards, 361 Simian virus 5 (SV5), in
hystricomorph, 96, 98 Simkania negevensis, 454 Simulium spp., 307, 330
Sinusitis
in parrots and related species, 281-282, 314
in rabbits, 54
Skeletal abnormality, in parrots and related species, 320 Skin disorders
of amphibians, 477-481
of ferrets, 4-8
of goldfish and koi, 502-510
of hedgehogs, 200-204
of hystricomorph, 92-96, 92f
of lizards, 348-352
of marmosets, 166-167
of rabbits, 47-52
of small rodents, 133-138
of snakes, 389-394
of songbirds and softbills,
323-325
of sugar gliders, 234-237
of tortoises and turtles, 430-435 of tropical freshwater fish, 530-540
of tropical marine fish,
560-565
Skin flukes
in goldfish and koi, 505 in tropical freshwater fish, 535 in tropical marine fish, 562,
565
Skin lacerations, in rabbits, 49f Skin mites
in parrots and related species,
266
in songbirds and softbills, 324 Skin pox, in parrots and related species, 269
Skin shedding, abnormal, in tortoises and turtles, 430 “Sleeping sickness,” in goldfish and koi, 519, 528
Slow capillary refill time, 181 in ferrets, 20 in hedgehogs, 215 in rabbits, 69 in sugar gliders, 246
Small intestine carcinoma, in
marmosets, 171, 174, 186 Small rodents, 129-161 analgesia for, 132, 132t anesthesia for, 132 cardiovascular and hematologic disorders of, 147-149 consultation and handling of, 129-130
endocrine disorders, 154-156 fluid administration for, 131t gastrointestinal tract disorders of, 141-146
differential diagnosis, 142-143
oral cavity, 141-142
hepatic disorders of, 146-147 hypothermia and, 131
key facts of, 129t musculoskeletal disorders of,
150- 151
neurological disorders of,
151- 153
nursing care for, 130-132, 130t nutritional disorders of, 143, 146
nutritional status for, 131 ophthalmic disorders of, 153-154
pancreatic disorders of, 147 parenteral anesthesia for, 133b permanent dental formula for, 141b
reproductive disorders of, 158-161
respiratory tract disorders of, 138-141
skin disorders of, 133-138 systemic disorders of, 149-150 thyroxine levels of, 156t urinalysis values, typical, 158t urinary disorders of, 157-158 Smallpox vaccine, for marmosets, 167
Snake mites
in lizards, 348-349, 351-352
in snakes, 390-391, 393
Snakes, 386-424
anesthesia, 389b anorexia, 404-405
blood T4 levels, 420t body organ position, 413t cardiovascular and hematologic disorders, 408-410
clinical vivarium setup, 388f common gastrointestinal parasites, 401f
consultation and handling, 387 contrast studies, 401b
CT measurements, pythons, 396t-397t
ECG of boa constrictor, 4091 endocrine disorders, 419-420
Snakes (Continued)
epidermis, 348 gastrointestinal tract disorders, 396-399
differential diagnosis, 400-404
oral cavity, 396-398
hepatic disorders, 406-407 internal anatomy, 387f key facts, 386t
microchipping, 387 musculoskeletal disorders, 412-414
neonatal disorders, 424 neurologic disorders, 414-417 nursing care, 387-389 nutritional disorders, 405-406, 408, 415
nutritional support, 389 ophthalmic disorders, 417-419 pancreatic disorders, 407-408 renal disorders, 421-422 reproductive disorders, 422-423 respiratory tract disorders, 394-396
sexing, 387, 388f
skin disorders, 389-394 systemic disorders, 410-412 Sneezing
in ferrets, 9
in iguanas, 352-353
in marmosets, 168
in parrots and related species, 283, 295, 298
in small rodents, 133, 139-140, 139f
Sodium, as prognostic indicator, in rabbits, 42, 431
Sodium calcium edetate
for parrots and related species, 292, 313
for songbirds and softbills, 326, 332
for tortoises and turtles, 456 Sodium hypochlorite, for rabbits, 74
Sodium iodide, for tortoises and turtles, 467
Songbirds and softbills, 322-342 cardiovascular and hematologic disorders, 329-330
endocrine disorders, 340 gastrointestinal tract disorders, 334-337
hepatic disorders, 337-338 key facts, 322t
neurological disorders, 331-332 nutritional disorders, 340-342 phenobarbital, 332-334 renal disorders, 339-340 reproductive disorders, 340 respiratory tract disorders, 326-329
skin disorders, 323-325
systemic disorders, 326
Sour crop, in parrots and related species, 289, 291 Space-occupying lesions, in parrots and related species, 315
Sparganosis, in snakes, 390-391, 412-414
Spathebothriidea, 568 Sphaeromyxa spp., 571
Spilopsyllus cuniculi, in rabbits, 47 Spinal column, abscessation of, snakes, 414f
Spinal curvature
of goldfish and koi, 507, 521
of tropical freshwater fish, 549, 551
of tropical marine fish, 575-576 Spinal lesions
in ferrets, 28
in hedgehogs, 221
in sugar gliders, 249
Spinal neoplasia, in snakes, 412
Spinal swelling
in amphibians, 491
in lizards, 372-373
Spinal trauma
in parrots and related species, 307
in small rodents, 150
Spindle cell sarcoma, in lizards, 362
Spindle cell tumor, in hedgehogs,
228
Spineoxys spp., 444
Spiramycin, in hystricomorph,
104
Spirocamallanus, 568 Spirocamallanus rebecae, 544 Spirochetes, in tortoises and
turtles, 454
Spirochid flukes, in tortoises and turtles, 431-432, 434, 452
Spirometra, 390-391, 412-414 Spironucleus, 539, 543
in parrots and related species, 294, 297
Spironucleus muris, 143 Spirurids, in lizards, 356, 358f Spiruroids, in parrots and related species, 294
Spiruruids, in tortoises and turtles, 432
Splayed leg
in amphibians, 479, 489
in parrots and related species,
299
in rabbits, 75
Splenectomy
in marmosets, 178
in sugar gliders, 245
Splenic disorders
of ferrets, 17-18
of hedgehogs, 213
of marmosets, 178
of parrots and related species, 303
of sugar gliders, 245 Splenic erythroid hyperplasia, in sugar gliders, 245 Splenic hemangioma, in hystricomorph, 112 Splenic hematoma, in hystricomorph, 112 Splenic rupture, in sugar gliders,
245
Splenic torsion, in sugar gliders,
245
Splenitis
in marmosets, 184
in sugar gliders, 245 Splenomegaly
in ferrets, 17, 20, 24, 32
in hedgehogs, 215
in marmosets, 178, 181
in small rodents, 148
in sugar gliders, 245-246 Spondylitis
in lizards, 372, 375
in rabbits, 65, 77
in snakes, 412, 414 Spondylosis
in lizards, 372, 375
in rabbits, 65
in snakes, 412, 414 Spontaneous rupture of skin, in snakes, 391, 393
Sprauga spp., 562
Spring viremia of carp, in goldfish and koi, 504-505
Squamous cell carcinoma
in ferrets, 6
in goldfish and koi, 506, 506f
in hedgehogs, 202, 205, 207-208
in lizards, 349
in parrots and related species, 268, 270, 286, 288
in rabbits, 50
in small rodents, 135
in snakes, 391
Squamous metaplasia, in parrots and related species, 283, 298
Staff s disease, in goldfish and koi,
504
Staphylococcal dermatitis, in small rodents, 138
Staphylococcus
in parrots and related species, 267, 269, 277
in rabbits, 47, 49, 61, 68, 78, 84
Staphylococcus aureus, 93, 135, 158
dermatitis, in small rodents,
133
in parrots and related species, 310
in rabbits, 53, 74, 82
Staphylococcus epidermidis, 93
Staphylococcus intermedius, 37
Staphylococcus simulans, 201 “Star gazing,” in snakes, 415, 416/ Starvation
in marmosets, 174
in songbirds and softbills, 341
in tropical freshwater fish, 551 Steatitis, in snakes, 405, 412 Steatohepatitis, in marmosets, 176, 178
Stenosis
in lizards, 378
in snakes, 417
Sterility
in small rodents, 160
in tropical freshwater fish, 557-558
Sternostoma tracheacolum, 282
Sternostomosis, in songbirds and softbills, 328
Steroid hepatopathy, in parrots and related species, 302 Steroids
for ferrets, 25, 31
for hedgehogs, 224
for marmosets, 185, 191
for parrots and related species, 274, 286, 311, 319
for small rodents, 154 Stillbirths, for hystricomorph, 107, 127
Stomatitis
in lizards, 355
in snakes, 396-399, 419
in tortoises and turtles, 435, 437, 442-443
Storage mites
in hystricomorph, 92
in small rodents, 135, 137 Stranguria
in ferrets, 34
in hedgehogs, 226
in sugar gliders, 252
Stratum corneum
in lizards, 348
in snakes, 389
Stratum germinativum
in lizards, 348
in snakes, 389
Stratum intermedium, in snakes,
389
Streptobacillosis, in small rodents,
150
Streptobacillus moniliformis, 96-97, 114, 135, 149
Streptococcus, 135, 188
in rabbits, 53, 84
Streptococcus equi, 118 Streptococcus equi equisimilis,
114-115, 125
Streptococcus equi Zooepidemicus,
96, 112, 114, 120-121
Streptococcus iniae, 552, 554 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 8, 96,
98, 112-113, 118, 139, 147, 168, 237
Streptococcus pyogenes, 96, 98, 112-113, 123
Streptococcus viridans, 68 Streptococcus Zooepidemicus, 8, 183, 185
Streptomycin
for gerbils, 152
for hystricomorph, 104
for parrots and related species, 285
for songbirds and softbills,
332
Stress
in goldfish and koi, 511, 520
in marmosets, 194
Stress diarrhea, in sugar gliders, 256-257
Stress lines, in parrots and related species, 267, 267f Striped snakehead skin ulcerative disease, 530, 537
Strongyloides spp., 356, 358f, 400, 421, 483-484
Strongyloides stercoralis, 168, 171, 174
Stump pyometra, in ferrets, 39 Stunting
in small rodents, 144, 149
in tropical freshwater fish, 544 Subepidermal mites, in tortoises and turtles, 432 Submandibular lymph nodes, swollen, in hystricomorph,
97, 115
Subspectacular abscess
in amphibians, 494
in lizards, 378-379
in snakes, 398, 417-419 Subspectacular space distension, in lizards, 379
Sucralfate, in ferrets, 15 Sudden death
in ferrets, 20
in goldfish and koi, 507
in hedgehogs, 205, 209, 215,
218
in hystricomorph, 115
in lizards, 353, 383
in marmosets, 168, 181
in parrots and related species, 295, 311
in rabbits, 62, 73
in small rodents, 148-149
in snakes, 395
in songbirds and softbills, 323
in sugar gliders, 246
in tropical freshwater fish, 535
Sugar gliders, 231-257
analgesia, 232, 233t
anesthesia, 233, 233f behavioral disorders, 234 blood sampling, 232 cardiovascular and hematologic disorders, 245-246
consultation and handling, 231-232
endocrine disorders, 252 gastrointestinal tract disorders, 239-242
differential diagnoses, 239-240
oral cavity, 239
hepatic disorders, 243-244 key facts, 231t
musculoskeletal disorders, 248-249
neonatal disorders, 256-257 neurologic disorders, 249-250 nursing care, 232-233 nutritional disorders, 242-243, 242b
nutritional support, 232 ophthalmic disorders, 251-252 pancreatic disorders, 245-247 permanent dental formula, 239b reproductive disorders, 253-256 respiratory tract disorders, 237-238
skin disorders, 234-237
splenic disorders, 245 systemic disorders, 247-248 urinary disorders, 252-253
Sulcascaris, 438, 444
Sulfadimethoxine
for ferrets, 14
for lizards, 360
for snakes, 403
for tortoises and turtles, 448 Sulfamethazine
for rabbits, 64
for small rodents, 145 Sulfonamides
for amphibians, 487
for hedgehogs, 210
for hystricomorph, 106
Sulfonamides (Continued)
for lizards, 370
for marmosets, 170
for rabbits, 62
for small rodents, 145
for sugar gliders, 241
for tortoises and turtles, 437 Sunburn, in goldfish and koi, 504, 508
Sunken eye sinusitis, in parrots and related species, 282 Sunken eyes
in goldfish and koi, 515
in songbirds and softbills, 333 Superovulation, in parrots and related species, 320 Swelling
in ferrets, 27
in hedgehogs, 220
in hystricomorph, 93-94
in marmosets, 188
in rabbits, 49-50
in small rodents, 136
in snakes, 391
in sugar gliders, 248 Swimbladder disease
in goldfish and koi, 523/-524/, 524-525
in tropical freshwater fish,
553
Swimbladder dysfunction, in goldfish and koi, 522 Swimbladder torsion
in goldfish and koi, 525
in tropical freshwater fish, 553
in tropical marine fish, 577 Swimming disorders
of goldfish and koi, 522-525 of tropical freshwater fish, 552-553
of tropical marine fish, 576-578
Swollen coelom, in lizards, 371 Swollen lymph nodes, in marmosets, 172, 184
Swollen uterus, in ferrets, 37 Symmetrical alopecia
in ferrets, 5/, 31
in small rodents, 159
Synechiae
in ferrets, 30
in hedgehogs, 223
in marmosets, 190
Syngamus spp., 282, 286, 329
Syngamus trachea, 327 Syphacia
Syphacia muris, 143
Syphacia obveolata, 143
Syphilis, in rabbits, 49, 52, 84,
86-87
Syringophilus, 324
Systemic disorders
of amphibians, 488-491
of ferrets, 23-27
of goldfish and koi, 518-520
of hedgehogs, 217-219
of hystricomorph, 114-117
of lizards, 368-370
of marmosets, 183-185
of parrots and related species, 310-311
of rabbits, 72-74
of small rodents, 149-150
of snakes, 410-412
of songbirds and softbills, 326 of sugar gliders, 247-248 of tortoises and turtles, 454-456, 473-474
of tropical freshwater fish, 548-550
of tropical marine fish,
573-575
T
Tabanids, in songbirds and softbills, 330
Tachycardia, in hystricomorph, 112
Tachygonetria spp., 444
Tachypnea
in ferrets, 9, 37-38
in hystricomorph, 97, 115
in lizards, 353
in parrots and related species,
283
in rabbits, 54, 73
in small rodents, 140
in songbirds and softbills, 327 Tadpole edema disease, 488, 496 Tail, kinked, in mice, 151 Tail alopecia, in marmosets, 166, 186
Tail base, alopecia at, in ferrets, 5,
37
Tail degloving, in chinchillas, 94,
96
Tail fracture/withering, in lizards, 373
Tail pumping
in parrots and related species, 283
in songbirds and softbills, 327 Tail shrinkage, in geckos, 357 Tang fingerprint disease virus, 564 Tangled umbilical cords, in ferrets, 40-41
Tapeworms
in ferrets, 12, 15
in goldfish and koi, 515
in hedgehogs, 208, 210
in snakes, 400, 403
in tropical freshwater fish, 544 in tropical marine fish, 568-569
Tarsorrhaphy
for parrots and related species, 316
for small rodents, 154
Tartar, buildup, in marmosets,
170
Taurine, for rabbits, 72
T-cell lymphoma, in ferrets, 28
Teeth grinding, in ferrets, 13
Telmisartan, in marmosets, 193 Temporomandibular rigidity, in parrots and related species, 289
Teratoma, in parrots and related species, 282
Terbinafine
for parrots and related species, 286
for snakes, 392
Tesselated file fish, 562/
Testicular enlargement, in small rodents, 144, 160
Testicular neoplasia
in ferrets, 37, 39
in goldfish and koi, 528
in marmosets, 193, 195
in rabbits, 84, 87
in small rodents, 159
in sugar gliders, 255
Tetanus, in marmosets, 187, 189 Tetracyclines
for parrots and related species, 316
for rabbits, 52
for songbirds and softbills, 334
Tetrahymena, 535, 538
Tetrameres, in parrots and related species, 294, 297
Tetraphyllidea, 568
Tetraplegia, in hedgehogs, 225
Thaparia spp., 444
Thelazia, 294, 296
Thelohanellus
Thelohanellus hovorkai, 504-505
Thelohanellus nikolski, 505
Thermal shock, in amphibians, 488, 490
Thermoregulation
for hystricomorph, 90
for parrots and related species,
260
for rabbits, 43
for sugar gliders, 232
Thiabendazole, for amphibians, 480
Thiacetarsemide, for ferrets, 22
Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, in hedgehogs, 211, 221
Thoracic percussion, lack of, 215 in ferrets, 20 in marmosets, 181
in rabbits, 69
in sugar gliders, 246 Thorny-headed worms, in tropical freshwater fish, 544 Thromboembolism, in snakes, 408, 410
Thymic hyperplasia, in tortoises and turtles, 466-467
Thymoma
in amphibians, 488, 495
in parrots and related species, 282
in rabbits, 54-55, 68, 78 Thyroid adenocarcinoma, in tropical marine fish, 579 Thyroid adenoma, in tropical marine fish, 579-580 Thyroid hyperplasia, in hystricomorph, 122 Thyroid neoplasia
in small rodents, 154, 156
in snakes, 419-420, 420/ in tropical marine fish, 578 Thyroid-stimulating hormone, in marmosets, 191
Thyroxine
for lizards, 351
for marmosets, 191 L-thyroxine, for parrots and related species, 317 Ticks
in ferrets, 6
in hedgehogs, 201, 204
in lizards, 349, 351
in parrots and related species, 266, 273
in snakes, 391, 393
in songbirds and softbills, 323, 325
in sugar gliders, 237
in tortoises and turtles, 432, 434-435
Tiger puffer virus, in tropical marine fish, 561, 564 Tinidazole, for marmosets, 173 Toadfly, in amphibians, 478, 481 Tobacco smoke, in amphibians, 477
Toe injuries, in sugar gliders, 248-249
Toltrazuril
for amphibians, 490
for hedgehogs, 210
for marmosets, 185
for parrots and related species, 319
for rabbits, 68
for snakes, 403
for songbirds and softbills, 332 for sugar gliders, 241, 250, 253 for tortoises and turtles, 437 for tropical freshwater fish, 539, 546
for tropical marine fish, 564 Tongue disorders, for lizards, 356 Tongue laceration, in parrots and related species, 288-289, 291
Tooth root abscess
in hedgehogs, 207
in marmosets, 170
in rabbits, 57/
in small rodents, 141 Toremifene, for small rodents, 156 Torpor
in hedgehogs, 218, 221-222
in sugar gliders, 232 Torticollis
in parrots and related species, 312
in rabbits, 75
in small rodents, 140, 152
in songbirds and softbills, 331 Tortoises and turtles, 425-474
analgesia for, 429 anesthesia for, 429 barium sulfate suspension for, 446t
blood sampling for, 427 captive care for, 426 cardiovascular anatomy of, 451 cardiovascular and hematologic disorders of, 451-454 differential diagnosis for, 451-452
common parasites on, 445/ consultation and handling of, 426-427
ear disorders of, 440-442 endocrine disorders of, 466-467 epidermis of, 430
fecal parasites in, 446t
fluid therapy for, 428, 428b, 429/ gastrointestinal tract disorders of, 442-449
differential diagnosis of, 443-445
in oral cavit, 442 hepatic disorders of, 450-451 hibernation-associated disorders of, 467-469 husbandry-related disorders of, 474
importance of lighting for, 426 internal anatomy of, 426/ intravenous urography for, 465b key facts of, 425t
measuring for a stomach tube, 429/
microchipping of, 427 musculoskeletal disorders of, 456-458 neurologic disorders of, 459-460 normal ECG value red-eared slider, 4531
nursing care for, 428-429 nutritional disorders of, 449-450
nutritional support for, 428 ophthalmic disorders of, 460-463
pancreatic disorders of, 451 pediatric and neonatal disorders of, 472-474
pneumocystography for, 464b reproductive disorders of, 469-472
respiratory anatomy of, 437 respiratory tract disorders of, 435-437
lower, 437-440
sexing of, 427, 427/ skin disorders of, 430-435 differential diagnosis for, 430-433
systemic disorders of, 454-456 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, in red-eared sliders, 457t urinary disorders of, 463-466 water-soluble iodine-based contrast media as Gastrografin, 4471 weight/height as indicator of health, 427b
Torulopsis pintolopesii, 103, 106 Toxascaris, 12
Toxin injection, for songbirds and softbills, 323
Toxins
in amphibians, 478, 488, 490, 493
in ferrets, 28
in hedgehogs, 221
in lizards, 376-377
in parrots and related species,
288
in rabbits, 62, 78
in sugar gliders, 249
Toxocara, 12
Toxoplasma, in lizards, 376-377 Toxoplasma gondii, 168, 180, 183, 188
in ferrets, 20
in rabbits, 75, 77 Toxoplasmosis
in ferrets, 28-31
in hystricomorph, 115, 127 in marmosets, 168, 185, 190, 194
in songbirds and softbills, 323 in sugar gliders, 249-250 Tracheal chondroma, in snakes, 394
Tracheal foreign body, in parrots and related species, 283 Tracheal mites, in parrots and related species, 282 Tracheal obstruction, in tortoises
and turtles, 437
Tracheitis, in canaries, 326 Tramadol, for ferrets, 3t Transcutaneous anesthetic techniques, in amphibians,
477b
Transitional cell carcinoma, 34,
36
in sugar gliders, 240 Trauma
in amphibians, 477-478, 491 fracture from, in rabbits, 75 in goldfish and koi, 504, 521 in hedgehogs, 221, 223 in hystricomorph, 97, 99 in lizards, 378
in marmosets, 189-190
in parrots and related species,
315, 318
in small rodents, 152
in snakes, 415, 417
in sugar gliders, 237 in tortoises and turtles, 431,
456, 460
Traumatic fractures
in ferrets, 27-28
in green iguana, 374/
in hedgehogs, 220-221
in hystricomorph, 118 in lizards, 372
in marmosets, 187-188
in snakes, 412
in sugar gliders, 248-249 Traumatic tracheitis, in rabbits, 54 Trematodes
in amphibians, 478, 481, 483, 490-491
in hystricomorph, 106
in lizards, 356, 361
in rabbits, 61, 64
in snakes, 398-399
in tortoises and turtles, 438,
440, 442-443
Trembling, in hystricomorph, 107 Tremors
in parrots and related species, 313, 318
in songbirds and softbills, 339 Treponema cuniculi, in rabbits, 49,
52, 78, 84, 86
Trichobezoars
in ferrets, 12, 15
in guinea pigs, 105-106 in rabbits, 62, 64
Trichodina, 504-505, 507, 509, 511,
514, 538
Trichodonella, 505, 507, 509, 511,
514
Trichoepithelioma
in rabbits, 50
in small rodents, 135
Trichofolliculoma, hystricomorph, 93-94
Trichomonas spp., 103, 327, 349, 356, 378, 400, 444 in parrots and related species, 291-292
in sugar gliders, 239, 241
Trichomonas muris, 143
Trichomoniasis
in parrots and related species, 288
in songbirds and softbills, 328, 334, 336
Trichophyton spp., 133, 323, 325,
349
in rabbits, 47
Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 93, 390
in rabbits, 48
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei, 200-201
Trichosomoides crassicauda, 143, 157
Trichospirura, in marmosets, 166
Trichospirura leptostoma, 178, 180, 183, 186
Trichosporon asahii, 269, 274
Trichostrongylus, in rabbits, 61 Trichuris muris, 143
Trientine, ferrets, 17
Trilostane
for ferrets, 33
for hedgehogs, 225
for rabbits, 82
for small rodents, 156
Trimenopon hispidum, 92 Trimethoprim-sulfa, for lizards, 360
Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine
for lizards, 377
for parrots and related species,
286
for snakes, 416
for songbirds and softbills, 329 Triparciella, 505, 507, 509, 511, 514 Tritrichomonas, Tritrichomonas muris, 143
Tritrichomonas caviae, 103
Trixacarus caviae, 92, 92/, 118
Trombiculids, in amphibians, 477-478, 481
Tropical freshwater fish, 530-558, 531/, 531t
cardiovascular and hematologic disorders, 547-548 gastrointestinal disorders, 543-546 hepatic disorders, 546-547 key facts, 532t-533t musculoskeletal disorders, 550-551
neurological disorders, 552-553 nutritional disorders, 544, 546, 549, 551, 554
ophthalmic disorders, 553-555 renal disorders, 556-557 reproductive disorders, 557-558 respiratory tract disorders, 540-543
skin disorders, 530-540 swimming disorders, 552-553 systemic disorders, 548-550 Tropical marine fish, 559-581
blood thyroid level, 580t cardiovascular and hematologic disorders, 572-573 endocrine disorders, 579-580 gastrointestinal tract disorders, 568-569
hepatic disorders, 571 key facts, 560t musculoskeletal disorders, 575-576
neurological disorders, 576-578 nursing care, 560
nutritional disorders, 570-571 ophthalmic disorders, 578-579 pancreatic disorders, 572 parasitic disorders, 565, 568, 575 recommended water quality parameters, 559t
reproductive disorders, 581 respiratory tract disorders, 565-567
skin disorders, 560-565 swimming disorders, 576-578 systemic disorders, 573-575 urinary disorders, 580-581 Trypanoplasma
Trypanoplasma borreli, 517, 519, 527
Trypanoplasma carassii, 517
Trypanoplasma danilewskyi, 517 Trypanorhyncha, 568 Trypanosoma spp., 214
Trypanosoma cruzi, 180, 182
in rabbits, 68
Trypanosoma mukasai, 547
Trypanosomes, in amphibians, 486-487
Tryptophan deficiency, in goldfish and koi, 521
Tuberculosis, in marmosets, 168, 170
Tubular necrosis, in hedgehogs, 225
Tubulointerstitial nephritis, in marmosets, 186, 192
Tubulonephropathyz in tortoises and turtles, 464
Turbellaria, 567
Turbinate atrophy, in rabbits, 54 Turtle. see Tortoises and turtles Twisting of the body, in rabbits, 75 Twitching, in hedgehogs, 218 Tylosin
for parrots and related species, 316
for songbirds and softbills, 334 for tortoises and turtles, 437 Tympany, in hystricomorph, 106 Tyzzer disease, 103, 106-107, 142, 145, 147
in rabbits, 61
U
Ulceration
in parrots and related species, 266, 314
in rabbits, 78-79 Ulcers, on oral mucosa, marmosets, 171
Ultralente insulin
for ferrets, 19
for marmosets, 180 Underfeeding, of tropical marine fish, 570
Undifferentiated carcinoma, in ferrets, 37
Undifferentiated sarcoma, in hedgehogs, 207, 207/
Upper respiratory infections, in hedgehogs, 218
Upper respiratory tract disorders in parrots and related species, 280-282
in rabbits, 53
Urate deposits, in aorta, in parrots and related species, 304 Ureaplasma, 168
in marmosets, 192-193 Urethral obstruction
in ferrets, 34, 36
in hedgehogs, 227
in hystricomorph, 123
Uric acid deposition, in tortoises and turtles, 459
Urinary bladder prolapse, in amphibians, 496-497
Urinary calculi. see Urolithiasis Urinary disorders
of ferrets, 34-36
of goldfish and koi, 527-528
of hedgehogs, 225-227
of hystricomorph, 123-125
of marmosets, 192-193
of rabbits, 82-84
of small rodents, 157-158
of sugar gliders, 252-253
of tortoises and turtles, 463-466
of tropical marine fish, 580-581 Urinary tenesmus
in hystricomorph, 123
in rabbits, 82
in tortoises and turtles, 464 Urination, painful, in hedgehogs, 226
Urine, pink-stained, in hedgehogs, 215, 226
Urine dribbling
in ferrets, 34
in hedgehogs, 226
in marmosets, 192
Urolithiasis
in ferrets, 34, 36-37, 39
in hedgehogs, 225
in marmosets, 192
in rabbits, 82-84
in small rodents, 157
in sugar gliders, 252-253
in tortoises and turtles, 466, 472-474, 472/
Uronema, 561, 565, 567
Uterine adenocarcinoma, in rabbits, 61, 67, 82, 84, 85/, 87
Uterine adenoma, in ferrets, 37 Uterine carcinoma, in marmosets, 193, 195
Uterine inertia, in hystricomorph, 127
Uterine neoplasia, in small rodents, 159, 159/
Uterine polyps, in rabbits, 85
Uterine prolapse, in small rodents, 159-160
Uterine torsion, in rabbits, 85 UVC exposure, in tortoises and turtles, 463
Uveitis
in amphibians, 494-495
in ferrets, 30-31
in hedgehogs, 223-224
in hystricomorph, 121
in lizards, 379
in marmosets, 190-191
in parrots and related species,
316
in rabbits, 78
in small rodents, 153
in snakes, 418
in sugar gliders, 251-252
in tortoises and turtles, 462
in tropical marine fish, 578
V
Vaccination
for ferrets, 25
for marmosets, 185
Vaccine reactions, in rabbits, 49
Vaginal discharge, 37 hemorrhagic, in hedgehogs,
228
in hystricomorph, 97, 115, 123,
125
in rabbits, 85
in small rodents, 159
Vaginal prolapse
in ferrets, 37 in rabbits, 85, 87
Valvular cysts, in rabbits, 68 Valvular endocarditis, in parrots
and related species, 304 Valvular heart disease, 217 in ferrets, 20, 23
in marmosets, 180, 182 in sugar gliders, 246-247 Vancomycin, for hystricomorph,
106
Vascular accidents, in parrots and related species, 315
Vegetative endocarditis in goldfish and koi, 518 in lizards, 365 in snakes, 408
Velvet disease (Oodinium)
in goldfish and koi, 504-505,
511, 513-514
in tropical freshwater fish,
534
Venom gland infection, 398-399 Ventral dermal necrosis, in snakes, 390, 392
Ventral tongue, white growths on, in rabbits, 62
Ventricular dilatation
in parrots and related species,
304
in rabbits, 68 Ventricular hypertrophy
in parrots and related species,
304
in rabbits, 68
Ventricular septal defects, in
rabbits, 68
Ventriculitis, in parrots and
related species, 294 Verapamil
for hystricomorph, 114
for rabbits, 72
Verminous pneumonia, in lizards,
352
Vertebral fracture, in rabbits, 75,
77
Vertebral heart score, 21
Vesicular dermatitis, in snakes,
390
Vestibular syndrome, in tortoises and turtles, 459-460
Vibrio cholerae, 519
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 568-569
Vibrio spp., 444
Vincristine
for ferrets, 26t
for hystricomorph, 113 Vincristine sulfate, for parrots and related species, 307
Viperidae, 403
Viral disorders
of amphibians, 488, 496
of ferrets, 8, 12, 19, 23, 27-28, 30, 34, 40
of goldfish and koi, 510, 518, 522, 525
of hedgehogs, 208, 211, 217, 221
of hystricomorph, 96, 103, 111, 114, 118, 127
of lizards, 352, 356, 362, 364, 368, 376
of marmosets, 168, 171, 176, 187-188, 190
of parrots and related species, 280, 282, 285, 293, 302-303, 307, 309-310, 312, 314, 317
of rabbits, 53, 60, 66, 68, 72, 74, 78, 84
of small rodents, 138, 142, 147, 149-153, 157
of snakes, 394-396, 400, 406-407, 414
of songbirds and softbills, 326, 329, 331-333, 337-338
of tortoises and turtles, 435, 438, 442, 444, 450-451, 454, 459-460
of tropical freshwater fish, 548,
550, 552-553
of tropical marine fish,
572-573, 576
Viral hemorrhagic disease (VHD), in rabbits, 53, 55, 60, 63, 66, 72, 74
Virus X, in tortoises and turtles, 435, 438
Visceral gout
in parrots and related species, 298
in tortoises and turtles, 452 Vitamin A
for hystricomorph, 122
for lizards, 351
for snakes, 392
for songbirds and softbills, 342 for tortoises and turtles, 439 for tropical marine fish, 563 Vitamin B complex, for ferrets,
38
Vitamin B supplementation, for small rodents, 145
Vitamin Bv for snakes, 416
Vitamin B1 deficiency
in snakes, 416
in sugar gliders, 249
Vitamin B2 deficiency, in parrots and related species, 299
Vitamin B12, for small rodents, 148
Vitamin B12 deficiency
in parrots and related species, 300
in snakes, 405
Vitamin C
for ferrets, 26
for goldfish and koi, 513
for hystricomorph, 98, 125
for marmosets, 175
for snakes, 393
for songbirds and softbills, 342 Vitamin C deficiency, in ophthalmic disorders, 544 Vitamin D3
for amphibians, 492
for ferrets, 16
for lizards, 375
for marmosets, 175
for parrots and related species, 301, 320
production in reptiles, 426 for songbirds and softbills, 342
for tortoises and turtles, 458 Vitamin D3 excess, in tortoises and turtles, 452
Vitamin D3 protein deficiency, in lizards, 372
Vitamin E
for parrots and related species, 302
for rabbits, 66
for small rodents, 161
for snakes, 414
Vitamin E deficiency
in goldfish and koi, 519
in lizards, 361
in tropical freshwater fish,
544
Vitiligo, in marmosets, 166-167 Vocalization, in hystricomorph, 123
Voice
change in, in parrots and related species, 283
loss of, in songbirds and softbills, 328
Vomiting
defined, 287b
differential diagnosis for, in parrots and related species, 287-289
in ferrets, 13-14
in hedgehogs, 209
in lizards, 357, 362
in marmosets, 172, 178
in snakes, 401
in songbirds and softbills, 326
in sugar gliders, 240 Voriconazole, for parrots and related species, 286 Vulva, hyperemic or blackened, in hystricomorph, 125 Vulval hyperplasia, 37-38 Vulval swelling, in ferrets, 32 Vulvar hemorrhage, in hystricomorph, 127
W
Wasting
in amphibians, 479
in ferrets, 24
in goldfish and koi, 504, 516, 519, 523
in hedgehogs, 218
in lizards, 357
in marmosets, 184
in parrots and related species,
304
in snakes, 401
in tropical marine fish, 561 Wasting syndrome, in marmosets, 163, 186-187
Water hardness conversion factors, 532t
Water quality parameters, for goldfish and koi, 518, 520-521, 523, 527-528
Water quality problems
in amphibians, 477, 493 in tortoises and turtles, 460, 463, 474
Watery diarrhea, in marmosets, 172
Weakness
in amphibians, 491
in ferrets, 27-28, 37
in hedgehogs, 213, 220-221
in hystricomorph, 115
in lizards, 361, 377
in marmosets, 187, 189
in parrots and related species, 308, 318
in small rodents, 152, 155
in songbirds and softbills, 341 in tortoises and turtles, 452, 454, 457, 459
in tropical freshwater fish,
551
in tropical marine fish, 573 Weight loss
in amphibians, 479, 483, 489, 496
in ferrets, 13, 20, 23-24, 34
in goldfish and koi, 515, 522 in hedgehogs, 202, 213-215, 218, 225-226
in hystricomorph, 97, 99, 105, 107-110, 112, 115, 123
in lizards, 357, 380-381
in marmosets, 176, 178, 181, 184, 192
in parrots and related species, 289, 294-295, 311-313, 318
in rabbits, 54, 56, 62, 69, 72, 81
in small rodents, 136, 140-141, 144, 146, 149, 155
in snakes, 401, 411, 421
in songbirds and softbills, 329, 331, 335, 339-340
in sugar gliders, 246, 252
in tortoises and turtles, 450, 452, 454, 464
in tropical freshwater fish, 544-545
West Nile virus, in parrots and related species, 312, 314 Wet-tail, in hamsters, 142, 144-145
White muscle disease, in lizards, 361
White spot disease
in goldfish and koi, 504
in tropical freshwater fish, 534 White uric acid tophi, in songbirds and softbills, 339
Wobbly hedgehog syndrome, 221-222
X
Xanthomas, in parrots and related species, 274
Xenopsylla spp., 135-136 Xiphophorus, 535
Y
Yeast infection
in lizards, 356
in tortoises and turtles, 440-441 Yellow ears, in chinchillas, 93 Yellow feces, in songbirds and softbills, 338
Yellow fever, in marmosets, 176-177
Yellow fungus disease, in bearded dragons, 349, 351
Yellow urates
in lizards, 363
in parrots and related species, 283, 300
in tortoises and turtles, 464 Yellowing of skin, in bearded dragons, 349
Yersinia, 145, 295, 297
Yersinia enterocolitica, 171, 173
Yersinia pestis, 136
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, 103, 114, 142, 176, 183, 185, 239, 294, 302, 327-328, 334
Yersiniosis
in hystricomorph, 115-116
in songbirds and softbills, 328, 338
Yolk serositis, in parrots and related species, 283
Z
Zinc deficiency, in marmosets, 166-167, 174
Zinc poisoning
in amphibians, 488, 493
in tortoises and turtles, 454 Zinc toxicity, in parrots and related species, 276b, 288, 292, 312, 318 Zolazepam, in rabbits, 82 Zoonosis
in amphibians, 486, 490
in ferrets, 10, 14, 25, 31
in hedgehogs, 203, 209-210, 219, 222
in hystricomorph, 117
in lizards, 360, 364, 370, 377
in marmosets, 167, 170, 172, 177, 182
in parrots and related species, 274, 285
in small rodents, 137
in snakes, 403, 412, 416
in songbirds and softbills, 329, 332, 336
in tortoises and turtles, 455
in tropical freshwater fish,
550-551
Zygomycete, 410