Neoplastic Disease

Neoplasms of the CNS in goats are rarely found in large- scale surveys of neoplastic disease of livestock. For example, there was one caprine neoplasm, a spongioma, in a report on 400 tumors of the nervous system of domestic animals (Luginbuhl 1963).

A goat with cerebral gliomatosis was identified in a survey of small ruminant field cases with clinical presentations of neu­rologic disease carried out in support of Swiss scrapie surveil­lance activities. The goat also had hair lice and the combination

Figure 5.8 A 2- day- old kid with hydrocephalus. The kid was dull and depressed at birth and could only stand when assisted. It preferred the curled, recumbent position, as shown in (a).

of pruritus from the lice and neurokigic signs from the tumor effectively mimicked clinical scrapie (Maurer et al. 2005). Another case report of cerebral gliomatosis from Switzc rPrenatal transmission of scrapie in sheep and goats: a case study for veterinary public health. Open Vet. J. 6 (3): 194-214. https://doi.org/10.4314/ ovj.v6i3.8.

Addis, M.F., Cubeddu, T., Pilicchi, Y. et al. (2019). Chronic intramammary infection by Listeria monocytogenes in a clinically healthy goat - a case report. BMC Vet. Res. 15: 229. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-1989-3.

Afonso, S.M.S., Neves, L., Pondja, A. et al. (2014). Efficacy of albendazole against Taenia multiceps larvae in experimentally infected goats. Vet. Parasitol. 206: 304-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.09.020.

Agrimi, U., Ru, G., Cardone, F. et al. (1999). Epidemic of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in sheep and goats in Italy. Lancet 353: 560-561.

Aguzzi, A. (2006). Prion diseases of humans and farm animals: epidemiology, genetics, and pathogenesis. J. Neurochem. 97 (6): 1726-1739.

Aguzzi, A. and Heikenwalder, M. (2006). Pathogenesis of prion diseases: current status and future outlook. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4 (10): 765-775.

Ahamed, S. and Ali, M.I. (1972). Incidence of Coenurus cerebralis in goat in Bangladesh. Indian Vet. J. 49: 1157-1158.

Ahmed, J.U. and Haque, M.A. (1975). Surgical treatment of coenurosis in goats. Bangladesh Vet. J. 9: 31-34.

Albayrak, H. and Ozan, E. (2013). Seroepidemiological study of West Nile virus and Rift Valley fever virus in some of mammalian species (herbivores) in northern Turkey. J. Arthropod-Borne Dis. 7 (1): 90-93.

Albretsen, J.C., Khan, S.A., and Richardson, J.A. (1998). Cycad palm toxicosis in dogs: 60 cases (1987-1997).

Alexander, K., Drost, W.T., Mattoon, J.S., and Anderson, D.E. (2005). ^99mTC-ciprofloxacin in imaging of clinical infections in camelids and a goat. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 46 (4): 340-347.

Ali, B.H. (1987). The toxicity of Azadirachta indica leaves in goats and guinea pigs. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 29: 16-19.

Ali, B.H., Hassan, T., Wasfi, I.A., and Mustafa, A.I. (1984). Toxicity of furazolidone to Nubian goats. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 26: 197-200.

Allen, A.L., Goupil, B.A., and Valentine, B.A. (2012). A retrospective study of spinal cord lesions in goats submitted to 3 veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Can. Vet. J. 53 (6): 639-647.

Alpay, G., Oner, E.B., and Yesilbag, K. (2018). Seroepidemiology and molecular investigation of pestiviruses among sheep and goats in Northwest Anatolia. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 42 (3): 205-210. https://doi. org/10.3906/vet-1711-83.

Amat, S., McKinnon, J.J., Olkowski, A.A. et al. (2013). Understanding the role of sulfur-thiamine interaction in the pathogenesis of sulfur-induced polioencephalomalacia in beef cattle. Res. Vet. Sci. 95: 1081-1087. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.07.024.

Amegee, Y. (1983). Le tournis a Byrsocarpus des petits ruminants au sud du Togo. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop. 36: 27-31.

Amer, A.A. and Misk, N.A. (1980). Rompun in goats with special reference to its effect on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Vet. Med. Rev. 2: 168-174.

Aminlari, M. and Mehran, M.M. (1988). Biochemical properties of cerebrospinal fluid of sheep and goat. Comparison with blood. J. Vet. Med. A 35: 315-319.

Anderson, R.C. and Strelive, U.R. (1969). The effect of Pneumostrongylus tenuis (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) on kids. Can. J. Comp. Med. 33: 280-286.

Anderson, R.C. and Strelive, U.R. (1972). Experimental cerebrospinal nematodiasis in kids. J. Parasitol. 58: 816.

Anderson, R.M., Donnelly, C.A., Ferguson, N.M. et al. (1996). Transmission dynamics and epidemiology of BSE in British cattle.

Andreoletti, O., Morel, N., Lacroux, C. et al. (2006). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in spleen from an ARR/ ARR orally exposed sheep. J. Gen. Virol. 87 (4): 1043-1046.

Andresdottir, V., Torsteinsdottir, S., and Georgsson, G. (2005). Neurological disease produced by maedi-visna and caprine arthritis-encephalitis viruses, lentiviruses of sheep and goats. In: The Neurology of AIDS (ed.

H.E.,.G.,.I.,.E.,.I.P. Gendelman et al.), 279-287. New York: Oxford University Press.

Anne, S. (2012). Vaccination contre la maladie des frontieres (Border disease) chez le mouton: premiers essais d'efficacite du vaccin inactive Bovilis-BVD. Thesis, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse - ENVT.

Anniballi, F., Fiore, A., Lofstrom, C. et al. (2013).

Management of animal botulism outbreaks: from clinical suspicion to practical countermeasures to prevent or minimize outbreaks. Biosecur Bioterror 11 (Suppl.1): https://doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2012.0089.

Antognini, J.F., Wang, X.W., and Carstens, E. (2000). Isoflurane anaesthetic depth in goats monitored using the bispectral index of the electroencephalogram. Vet. Res. Commun. 24 (6): 361-370.

APHA (2019a). Sample requirements for TSE testing and confirmation - guidelines. Version 2, September 2013, Reviewed January 2019. Addlestone: Animal and Plant Health Agency, Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. https://science.vla.gov.uk/tseglobalnet/ documents/Sample%20requirements-guidelines_Rev_ Jan2019.pdf (accessed December 16, 2021).

APHA (2019b). TSE surveillance statistics: exotic species and domestic cats. September 2019. Addlestone: Animal and Plant Health Agency, Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. https://assets.publishing.service. gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_ data/file/840096/pub-tse-stats-exotic.pdf (accessed December 16, 2021).

Arencibia, A., Vazquez, J.M., Ramirez, J.A. et al. (1997). Anatomy of the cranioencephalic structures of the goat (Capra hircus L.) by imaging techniques: a computerized tomographic study.

Arnal, M.C., Fernandez-de-Luco, D., Riba, L. et al. (2004). A novel pestivirus associated with deaths in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica). J. Gen. Virol. 85 (12): 3653-3657.

Artursson, K., Schelin, J., Lambertz, S.T. et al. (2018). Foodborne pathogens in unpasteurized milk in Sweden. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 284: 120-127. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.05.015.

Asahi, O., Hosoda, T., Akiyama, Y., and Ebi, Y. (1954). Studies on listeriosis in domestic animals. I. Listeriosis in goats found in Aomori prefecture. Gov. Exp. Stn. Anim. Hyg. Expt. Rep. 27: 289-300.

Atarashi, R., Wilham, J.M., Christensen, L. et al. (2008). Simplified ultrasensitive prion detection by recombinant PrP conversion with shaking. Nat. Methods 5 (3): 211-212. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth0308-211.

Athar, H., Mujeeb ur Rehman, F., Mir, A.Q. et al. (2018). Ultrasonography: an affordable diagnostic tool for precisely locating coenurosis cyst in sheep and goats. Sm. Rum. Res. 169: 19-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. smallrumres.2018.10.002.

Bahmani, M.K., Nowrouzian, I., Nakaya, T. et al. (1996). Varied prevalence of Borna disease virus infection in Arabic, thoroughbred and their crossbred horses in Iran. Virus Res. 45 (1): 1-13.

Baker, J.C., Ciszewski, D., Lowrie, C., and Mullaney,

T. (1989). Spastic paresis in pygmy goats. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 3: 113.

Baker, J.C., Esser, M.B., and Larson, V.L. (1982). Pseudorabies in a goat. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 181: 607.

Balbin, M.M., Lertanantawong, B., Suraruengchai, W., and Mingala, C.N. (2017). Colorimetric detection of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) through loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with gold nanoprobes. Sm. Rum. Res. 147: 48-55. https://doi.org/10.1016Zj. smallrumres.2016.11.021.

de Balogh, K.K.I.M., Dimande, A.P., van der Lugt, J.J. et al. (1999). A lysosomal storage disease induced by Ipomoea carnea in goats in Mozambique. J. Vet.

Balseiro, A., Royo, L.J., Martinez, C.P. et al. (2012). Louping ill in goats, Spain, 2011. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18 (6): 976-978. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.120220.

Banton, M., Lozano-Alarcon, F., Nicholson, S.S. et al. (1990). Enzootic ataxia in Louisiana goat kids. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 2: 70-73.

Barlow, R.M., Rennie, J.C., Keir, W.A. et al. (1975). Experiments in border disease. VII. The disease in goats. J. Comp. Pathol. 85: 291-297.

Barlow, R.M., Robertson, J.M., Owen, E.C., and Proudfoot,

R. (1962). A condition in the goat resembling swayback in lambs. Vet. Rec. 74: 737-739.

Barnard, B.J.H. (1979). Symptoms of rabies in pets and domestic animals in South Africa and south West Africa. J. So. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 50: 109-111.

Bastian, F.O., Boudreaux, C.M., Hagius, S. et al. (2011). Spiroplasma found in the eyes of scrapie affected sheep. Vet. Ophthalmol. 14 (1): 10-17. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00833.x.

Bastian, F.O., Sanders, D.E., Forbes, W.A. et al. (2007). Spiroplasma spp. from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy brains or ticks induce spongiform encephalopathy in ruminants. J. Med. Microbiol. 56: 1235-1242. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47159-0.

Batalla, D., Mendez, J.J., and Garcia, F. (1982). Safety and antigenicity of the rabies vaccine strain acatlan v-319 in goats and sheep. In: Proceedings, 3rd International Conference on Goat Production and Disease, 297. Scottsdale, AZ: Dairy Goat Journal Publishing.

Batcher, J.D. and Potkay, S. (1976). Radial paralysis in a goat: treatment by tendon transplantation. Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin. 71: 1031-1034.

Baxendell, S.A. (1980). Caprine nervous diseases. In: Proceedings, Refresher Course for Veterinarians, vol. 52, 333-342. Sydney: University of Sydney Post-Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science.

Baxendell, S.A. (1988). The Diagnosis of the Diseases of Goats. Sydney: University of Sydney Post-Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science.

Baylis, M. and Goldmann, W. (2004). The genetics of scrapie in sheep and goats. Curr. Mol. Med. 4: 385-396.

Bazargani, T., Eslami, A., Gholami, G. et al. (2008). Cerebrospinal nematodiasis of cattle, sheep and goats in Iran. Iran. J. Parasitol. 3 (1): 16-20.

Becher, P., Orlich, M., Shannon, A.D. et al. (1997). Phylogenetic analysis of pestiviruses from domestic and wild ruminants. J. Gen. Virol. 78: 1357-1366.

Becher, P., Ramirez, R.A., Orlich, M. et al. (2003). Genetic and antigenic characterization of novel pestivirus genotypes: implications for classification. Virology 311: 96-104.

Bedotti, D.O. and Sanchez Rodriguez, M. (2002). Observations on animal health problems of goats in the west of the province of La Pampa (Argentina). Vet. Argent. 19 (182): 100-112.

Bell, F.R. and Itabisashi, T. (1973). The electroencephalogram of sheep and goats with special reference to rumination. Physiol. Behav. 11: 503-514.

Bellworthy, S.J., Dexter, G., Stack, M. et al. (2005a). Natural transmission of BSE between sheep within an experimental flock. Vet. Rec. 157 (7): 206.

Bellworthy, S.J., Hawkins, S.A.C., Green, R.B. et al. (2005b). Tissue distribution of bovine spongiform encephalopathy infectivity in Romney sheep up to the onset of clinical disease after oral challenge. Vet. Rec. 156: 197-202.

Benestad, S.L., Sarradin, P., Thu, B. et al. (2003). Cases of scrapie with unusual features in Norway and designation of a new type, Nor98. Vet. Rec. 153: 202-208.

Bergamasco, L., Macchi, E., Facello, C. et al. (2005). Effects of brief maternal separation in kids on neurohormonal and electroencephalographic parameters. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 93 (1/2): 39-52.

Bergamasco, L., Macchi, E., Facello, C. et al. (2006). Electroencephalographic power spectral analysis of growing goat kids (Capra hircus). Small Rumin. Res. 66: 265-272.

Bernkopf, H., Levine, S., and Nerson, R. (1953). Isolation of West Nile virus in Israel. J. Infect. Dis. 93: 207-218.

von Bestetti, G., Fatzer, R., Frese, K., and Fankhauser,

R. (1980). Histologische und ultrastrukturelle Untersuchungen zur melanosis thalami beim Tier. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. 122: 637-652.

von Beust, B.R., Vandevelde, M., Tontis, A., and Spichtig, M. (1983). Enzootische Ataxie beim Zicklein in der Schweiz. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. 125: 345-351.

Bhatia, I. and Choudhri, G.N. (1996). Lead poisoning of milk - the basic need for the foundation of human civilization. Indian J. Public Health 40 (1): 24-26.

Biacabe, A.G., Laplanche, J.L., Ryder, S., and Baron, T. (2004). Distinct molecular phenotypes in bovine prion diseases. EMBO Rep. 5: 110-114.

Billinis, C., Panagiotidis, C.H., Psychas, V. et al. (2002). Prion protein gene polymorphisms in natural goat scrapie. J. Gen. Virol. 83 (3): 713-721.

Black, H. (1979). Copper deficiency in Northland. Surveillance N. Z. 6: 2-5.

Blanton, J.D., Krebs, J.W., Hanlon, C.A., and Rupprecht, C.E. (2006). Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2005. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 229 (12): 1897-1911.

Blenden, D.C., Kampelmacher, E.H., and Torres-Anjel,

M.J. (1987). Listeriosis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 191: 1546-1551.

Borku, M.K., Ural, K., Gazyagci, S. et al. (2006). Serological detection of listeriosis at a farm. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 30 (2): 279-282.

Bose, D., Gagnon, J., and Chebloune, Y. (2015). Comparative analysis of tat-dependent and tat-deficient natural lentiviruses. Vet. Sci. 2: 293-348. https://doi.org/10.3390/ vetsci2040293.

Boulos, B.M. and Davis, L.E. (1969). Hazard of simultaneous administration of phenothiazine and piperazine. New Engl. J. Med. 280: 1245-1246.

Bourke, C.A. (1997). Cerebellar degeneration in goats grazing Solanum cinereum (Narrawa burr). Aust. Vet. J. 75 (5): 363-365.

Bowman, A. (2014). Tick paralysis. American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists, June 20. https://www.aavp.org/ wiki/arthropods/arachnids/metastigmata/ixodidae/ tick-paralysis (accessed December 16, 2021).

Boyer, PJ., Jones, M.Z., Rathke, E.J.S. et al. (1990). Regional central nervous system oligosaccharide storage in caprine beta-mannosidosis. J. Neurochem. 55 (2): 660-664.

Braun, U., Stehle, C., and Ehrensperger, F. (2002). Clinical findings and treatment of listeriosis in 67 sheep and goats. Vet. Rec. 150 (2): 38-42.

Braun, U., Hilbe, M., and Ehrensperger, F. (2005). Clinical and pathological findings in a goat with cerebral gliomatosis. Vet. J. 170 (3): 381-383.

Breuer, R., Merkatoris, P., Tepley, S. et al. (2019). Treatment of cerebrospinal nematodiasis in a Boer Buck. Vet. Rec. Case Rep. 7 (1): e000706. https://doi.org/10.1136/ vetreccr-2018-000706.

Brewer, B.D. (1983). Neurologic disease of sheep and goats. Vet. Clin. N. Am., Large Anim. Pract. 5: 677-700.

Brewer, N.R. (1987). Comparative metabolism of copper.

J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 190: 654-658.

Brightling, P. (1983). Enzootic ataxia in lambs and kids in Saskatchewan. Can. Vet. J. 24: 164-165.

Brooks, D.L., Tillman, P.C., and Niemi, S.M. (1984). Ungulates as laboratory animals. In: Laboratory Animal Medicine (ed. J.G. Fox, B.J. Cohen and F.M. Loew), 273-295. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

Brotherston, J.G., Renwick, C.C., Stamp, J.T. et al. (1968). Spread of scrapie by contact to goats and sheep. J. Comp. Pathol. 78: 9-17.

Brown, C.M., Slavinski, S., Ettestad, P. et al. (2016). Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2016. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 248 (5): 505-517.

Brown, P., McShane, L.M., Zanusso, G., and Detwiler,

L. (2006). On the question of sporadic or atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12 (12): 1816-1821.

Bruce, M.E., Will, R.G., Ironside, J.W. et al. (1997). Transmissions to mice indicate that ‘new variant' CJD is caused by the BSE agent. Nature 389 (6650): 498-501. https://doi.org/10.1038/39057.

Brun, A., Lacoste, F., Reynaud, G. et al. (1993). Evaluation of the potency of an inactivated vaccine against border disease pestivirus infection in sheep. In: Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Pestiviruses, 1-3 October 1992 (ed. S. Edwards), 257-259. Annecy: Fondation Marcel Merieux.

Buronfosse, F. (2000). Intoxication by sodium chloride in a herd of goats. Summa 17 (1): 75-76.

Buxton, D., Linklater, K.A., and Dyson, D.A. (1978). Pulpy kidney disease and its diagnosis by histological examination. Vet. Rec. 102 (11): 241.

Callan, R.J. and Van Metre, D.C. (2004). Viral diseases of the ruminant nervous system. Vet. Clin. No. Amer. Food Anim. Pract. 20: 327-362.

Camp, B.J. and Lyman, C.M. (1957). The toxic agent isolated from Acacia berlandieri, N-methyl beta-phenylethylamine, Southwest. Veterinary 10: 133-134.

Cantile, C., Del Piero, F., Di Guardo, G., and Arispici,

M. (2001). Pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in naturally occurring West Nile virus infection in horses. Vet. Pathol. 38: 414-421.

Caplazi, P., Melzer, K., and Goetzmann, R. (1999). Die “Bornasche Krankheit” in der Schweiz und im Furstentum Liechtenstein. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. 141: 521-527.

Capobianco, R., Casalone, C., Silvia Suardi, S. et al. (2007). Conversion of the BASE prion strain into the BSE strain: the origin of BSE? PLoS Pathog. 3 (3): e31. doi: 10.1371/ journal.ppat.0030031.

Capucchio, M.T., Guarda, F., Isaia, M.C. et al. (1998). Natural occurrence of scrapie in goats in Italy. Vet. Rec. 143 (16): 452-453.

Caramelli, M., Ru, G., Casalone, C. et al. (2001). Evidence for the transmission of scrapie to sheep and goats from a vaccine against Mycoplasma agalactiae. Vet. Rec. 148: 531-536.

Casalone, C., Zanusso, G., Acutis, P. et al. (2004). Identification of a second bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy: molecular similarities with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.

U. S. A. 101: 3065-3070.

Cavanagh, K., Dunstan, R.W., and Jones, M.Z. (1982). Plasma alpha- and beta-mannosidase activities in caprine beta- mannosidosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43 (6): 1058-1059.

Cavanagh, K., Dunstan, R.W., and Jones, M.Z. (1983). Measurement of caprine plasma beta-mannosidase with a p-nitrophenyl substrate. Am. J. Vet. Res. 44: 681-684.

Cebra, C.K. and Cebra, M.L. (2004). Altered mentation caused by polioencephalomalacia, hypernatremia, and lead poisoning. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract. 20 (2): 287-302.

Cebra, C.K., Garry, F.B., and Cebra, M.L. (1996). Tick paralysis in eight new world camelids. Vet. Med. 91 (7): 673-676.

Celedon, M., Sandoval, A., Droguett, J. et al. (2001). Survey for antibodies to pestivirus and herpesvirus in sheep, goats, alpacas (Lama pacos), llamas (Lama glama), guanacos (Lama guanicoe) and vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) from Chile. Arch. Med. Vet. 33 (2): 165-172.

del Cerro, A., Balseiro, A., Casais, R. et al. (2018). A one-step TaqMan real-time qRT-PCR assay for the specific detection and quantitation of the Spanish goat encephalitis virus (SGEV). J. Virol. Methods 255: 98-100. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.017.

Chalmers, R.M., Thomas, D.R., and Salmon, R.L. (2005). Borna disease virus and the evidence for human pathogenicity: a systematic review. Q. J. Med. 98 (4): 255-274.

Chandna, I.S., Bhargava, A.K., and Tyagi, R.P.S. (1978). Rupture of dorsal longitudinal ligament in the thoracic region of a goat. Haryana Vet. 17: 109-111.

Chandna, I.E., Bhargava, A.K., and Tyagi, R.P.S. (1983). Myelographic studies in caprine spinal surgery. Philip. J. Vet. Med. 22: 100-109.

Charlton, K.M., Claborn, L.D., and Pierce, K.R. (1971). A neuropathy in goats caused by experimental coyotillo (Karwinskia humboldtiana) poisoning: clinical and neurophysiologic studies. Am. J. Vet. Res. 32: 1381-1389.

Charlton, K.M. and Pierce, K.R. (1970). A neuropathy in goats caused by experimental coyotillo (Karwinskia humboldtiana) poisoning. III. Distribution of lesions in peripheral nerves. Pathol. Vet. 7: 408-419.

Charlton, K.M., Pierce, K.M., Storts, R.W., and Bridges, C.H. (1970). A neuropathy in goats caused by experimental coyotillo (Karwinskia humboldtiana) poisoning. V. Lesions in the central nervous system. Pathol. Vet. 7: 435-447.

Chattopadhyay, S.K., Harbola, P.C., and Bhagwan,

P.S.K. (1985). Infectious encephalitis in sheep and goats in a farm at arid zone in India. Indian J. Comp. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. Dis. 6: 127-132.

Chelle, P.L. (1942). A case of scrapie in the goat. Bull. Acad. Vet. Fr. 95: 294-295.

Cho, T.H., Cho, J.H., Whang, D.W., and Lee, M.H. (1976). Studies on organochlorine pesticide residues in livestock products. Organochlorine pesticide residues in milk and tissues of goats fed different pesticide levels. Res. Rep. Off. Rural Develop. Korea 18 (12): 63-76.

Cinar, M.U., Schneider, D.A., Waldron, D.F. et al. (2018). Goats singly heterozygous for PRNP S146 or K222 orally inoculated with classical scrapie at birth show no disease at ages well beyond 6 years. Vet. J. 233: 19-24. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.019.

Cissik, J.H., Hankins, G.D., Snyder, R.R. et al. (1987). Reference standards and the physiologic significance of the pregnant goat (Capra hircus) as a human model in obstetrical research. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 88: 533-537.

Clements, J.E. and Zink, M.C. (1996). Molecular biology and pathogenesis of animal lentivirus infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9 (1): 100-117.

Collinge, J., Sidle, K.C., Meads, J. et al. (1996). Molecular analysis of prion strain variation and the aetiology of ‘new variant' CJD. Nature 383 (6602): 685-690. https://doi. org/10.1038/383685a0.

Colodel, E.M., Driemeier, D., Loretti, A.P. et al. (2002). Clinical and pathological aspects of Sida carpinifolia poisoning in goats in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 22 (2): 51-57.

Colodel, E.M., Driemeier, D., Schmitz, M. et al. (2003). Caprine enterotoxaemia in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 23 (4): 173-178.

Colussi, S., Vaccari, G., Maurella, C. et al. (2008). Histidine at codon 154 of the prion protein gene is a risk factor for Nor98 scrapie in goats. J. Gen. Virol. 89: 3173-3176.

Constable, P.D. (2004). Clinical examination of the ruminant nervous system. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. 20: 185-214.

Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H., and Grunberg, W. (2017). Veterinary Medicine. A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horse, Sheep, Pigs and Goats, 11e. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Cook, R.W., Bingham, J., Besier, A.S. et al. (2016). Atypical scrapie in Australia. Aust. Vet. J. 94 (12): 452-455. https:// doi.org/10.1111/avj.12529.

Coppock, R.W., Wagner, W.C., Reynolds, J.D. et al. (1991). Evaluation of edetate and thiamine for treatment of experimentally induced environmental lead poisoning in cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res. 52 (11): 1860-1865.

Corbellini, L.G., Colodel, E.M., and Driemeier, D. (2001). Granulomatous encephalitis in a neurologically impaired goat kid associated with degeneration of Neospora caninum tissue cysts. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 13: 416-419.

Cordy, D.R. (1984). Pathomorphology and pathogenesis of bacterial meningoventriculitus of neonatal ungulates. Vet. Pathol. 21: 587-591.

Cordy, D.R., East, N.E., and Lowenstine, L.J. (1984). Caprine encephalomyelomalacia. Vet. Pathol. 21: 269-273.

Cordy, D.R. and Knight, H.D. (1978). California goats with a disease resembling enzootic ataxia or swayback. Vet. Pathol. 15: 179-185.

Cork, L.C., Hadlow, W.J., Crawford, T.B. et al. (1974). Infectious leukoencephalomyelitis of young goats. J. Infect. Dis. 129: 134-141.

Craig, D.R., Roth, L., and Smith, M.C. (1986). Lymphosarcoma in goats. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 8: S190-S197.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease International Surveillance Network (2019). CJD Surveillance Data 1993-2018 - vCJD cases worldwide. https://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/data_ tables (accessed January 1, 2022).

Crick, J. (1981). Rabies. In: Virus Diseases of Food Animals, vol. II (ed. E.P.J. Gibbs), 469-515. London: Academic Press.

Custer, D.M. (1990). Shortcut to disaster. UCN 13 (10): 6-9.

Dahme, E., Stavrou, D., Deutschlander, N. et al. (1973). Clinical and pathological findings in a transmissible granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (gMEM) in domestic goats. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 23: 59-76.

Dantas, A.F.M., Riet-Correa, F., Gardner, D.R. et al. (2007). Swainsonine-induced lysosomal storage disease in goats caused by ingestion of Turbina cordata in northeastern Brazil. Toxicon 49: 111-116.

Daubney, R. (1967). Viral encephalitis of equines and domestic ruminants in the near East. Res. Vet. Sci. 8: 419-439.

Dauphin, G., Legay, V., Pitel, P.H., and Zientara, S. (2002). Borna disease: current knowledge and virus detection in France. Vet. Res. 33: 127-138.

Davidson, R.K., Mork, T., Holmgren, K.E., and Oksanen, A. (2020). Infection with brainworm (Elaphostrongylus rangiferi) in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus ssp.) in Fennoscandia. Acta Vet. Scand. 62: 24. https://doi. org∕10.1186∕s13028-020-00524-4.

Davis, J.W., Libke, K.G., Watson, D.F., and Bibb, T.L. (1976). Experimentally induced lead poisoning in goats: clinical observations and pathologic changes. Cornell Vet. 66: 489-496.

De Ley, C. and De Moor, A. (1980). Bovine spastic paralysis: results of selective gamma-efferent suppression with dilute procaine. Vet. Sci. Commun. 3 (4): 289-298.

De Mia, G.M., Greiser-Wilke, I., Feliziani, F. et al. (2005). Genetic characterization of a caprine Pestivirus as the first member of a putative novel pestivirus subgroup.

J. Veterinary Med. Ser. B 52: 206-210.

deLahunta, A. (1977). Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.

Delhalle, L., Ellouze, M., Yde, M. et al. (2012). Retrospective analysis of a Listeria monocytogenes contamination episode in raw milk goat cheese using quantitative microbial risk assessment tools. J. Food Prot. 75 (12): 2122-2135. https:// doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-074.

Deligaris, N., Xenos, G., and Doucas, G. (1975). Frequence de serotypes de Listeria monocytogenes isoles des chevres. Proc. Int. Vet. Cong. 2: 1530-1532.

Dellmann, H.D. and McClure, R.G. (1975). Central nervous system. In: Sisson and Grossman’s the Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, 5e, vol. 1 (ed. R. Getty), 1065-1080. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.

Dew, T.L., Bowman, D.D., and Grieve, R.B. (1992). Parasite-specific immunoglobulin in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of white- tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and goats (Capra hircus) with experimentally induced parelaphostrongylosis. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 23 (3): 281-287.

Dewan, M.L., Henson, J.B., Dollahite, J.W., and Bridges, C.H. (1965). Toxic myodegeneration in goats produced by feeding mature fruits from the coyotillo plant (Karwinskia humboldtiana). Am. J. Pathol. 46: 215-226.

Dijkstra, R.G. (1984a). Procedure to isolate Listeria monocytogenes out of contaminated organic materials (hay, silage, food). In: Les Maladies de la Chevre, Les Colloques de l’INRA, No. 28 (ed. P. Yvore and G. Perrin), 183-185. Paris: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique.

Dijkstra, R.G. (1984b). Survival of Listeria bacteria in suspensions of brain tissue, silage and faeces and in milk. In: Les Maladies de la Chevre, Les Colloques de l’INRA, No. 28 (ed. P. Yvore and G. Perrin), 181-182. Paris: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique.

Dijkstra, R.G. (1984c). Aetiological aspects of listeriosis in goats. In: Les Maladies de la Chevre, Les Colloques de l’INRA, No. 28 (ed. P. Yvore and G. Perrin), 187-188. Paris: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique.

Dobey, C.L., Grunenwald, C., Newman, S.J. et al. (2014). Retrospective study of central nervous system lesions and association with Parelaphostrongylus species by histology and specific nested polymerase chain reaction in domestic camelids and wild ungulates. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 26 (6): 748-754. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638714553427.

Dollahite, J.W., Rowe, L.D., and Reagor, J.C. (1975). Experimental lead poisoning in horses and Spanish goats. Southwest. Vet. 28: 40-45.

Dorland, L., Duran, M., Hoefnagels, F.E. et al. (1988). Beta-mannosidosis in two brothers with hearing loss.

J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 11 (Suppl. 2): 255-258.

Du Toit, I.F. (1977). An outbreak of caprine listeriosis in the Western cape. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 48: 39-40.

Duarte, M.D., Bezerra, P.S. Jr., dos Anjos Bomjardim, H. et al. (2019). Outbreak of salt poisoning in goats in the state of Para, Brazil. Semin. Cienc. Agrar. 40 (2): 687-700. https:// doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n2p687.

Dubarry, J.R., Ganuza, R.O., and Buse, L.G. (1986). Paresia y paralisis enzootica de los cabritos del oeste pampeano. Presuntas causas ecologicas que lo provocan. Vet. Argent. 3 (26): 560-565.

Dunstan, R.W., Cavanagh, K., and Jones, M.Z. (1983). Caprine alpha-and beta-mannosidase activities: effects of age, sex and reproductive status and potential use in heterozygote detection of beta-mannosidosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 44: 685-689.

Durrwald, R., Kolodziejek, J., Herzog, S., and Nowotny, N. (2007). Meta-analysis of putative human bornavirus sequences fails to provide evidence implicating Borna disease virus in mental illness. Rev. Med. Virol. 17: 181-203.

Durrwald, R., Kolodziejek, J., Muluneh, A. et al. (2006). Epidemiological pattern of classical Borna disease and regional genetic clustering of Borna disease viruses point towards the existence of to-date unknown enzootic reservoir host populations. Microbes Infect. 8 (3): 917-929.

East, N.E., DaMassa, A.J., Logan, L.L. et al. (1983). Milkborne outbreak of mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides infection in a commercial goat dairy. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 182: 1338-1341.

EFSA (2004). Statement of the EFSA Scientific Expert Working Group on BSE/TSE of the Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards on the health risks of the consumption of milk and milk derived products from goats, 61. Brussels: European Food Safety Authority. https://mobil.bfr.bund. de/cm/343/EFSA%20statement%20on%20the%20 health%20risks%20of%20milk%20and%20products%20 from%20goats.pdf (accessed December 16, 2021).

EFSA (2005). Statement on the assessment of safety with respect to the consumption of goat meat and goat meat products in relation to BSE/TSE. EFSA J. 3 (12): 494, 62. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2005.494.

EFSA (2010). Scientific opinion on risk of transmission of TSEs via semen and embryo transfer in small ruminants (sheep and goats). EFSA J. 8, 35 (1): 1429. https://doi. org/10.1005/j.efsa.2010.1429.

EFSA (2014). Scientific opinion on the scrapie situation in the EU after 10 years of monitoring and control in sheep and goats. EFSA J. 12, 39 (7): 3781. https://doi. org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3781.

EFSA (2015). Scientific opinion on a request for a review of a scientific publication concerning the zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions. EFSA panel on biological hazards. EFSA J. 13, 30 (8): 4197. https://doi.org/10.2903/j. efsa.2015.4197.

EFSA (2019). The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2018. EFSA J. 17, 34 (12): 5925. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5925.

Ehrensperger, F., Hilbe, M., Sydler, T. et al. (2001). Cerebral listeriosis in sheep and goats: a histopathological and immunohistological study. Wien. Tierarztl. Monatsschr. 88 (8): 219-225.

El-Azazy, O.M.E. and Ahmed, Y.F. (1999). Patent infection with Setaria digitata in goats in Saudi Arabia. Vet. Parasitol. 82 (2): 161-166.

Elazhary, M.A.S.Y., Silim, A., and Dea, S. (1984). Prevalence of antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine virus diarrhea virus, bovine herpesvirus-1, and bovine parainfluenza-3 virus in sheep and goats in Quebec. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45: 1660-1662.

Elezebeth, G., Malik, S.V.S., Chaudhari, S.P., and Barbuddhe,

S.B. (2007). The occurrence of Listeria species and antibodies against listeriolysin-O in naturally infected goats. Small Rumin. Res. 67: 173-178.

El Galiou, O., Said, Z., Bakkali, M. et al. (2015). Chemical and microbiological characteristics of traditional homemade fresh goat cheeses from northern Morocco. Small Rum. Res. 129: 108-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. smallrumres.2015.06.005.

Ellis, T.M., Wilcox, G.E., and Robinson, W.F. (1987). Antigenic variation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus during persistent infection of goats. J. Gen. Virol. 68: 3145-3152.

Eloit, M., Adjou, K., Coulpier, M. et al. (2005). BSE agent signatures in a goat. Vet. Rec. 156 (16): 523-524.

Espenes, A., Press, C.M., Landsverk, T. et al. (2006).

Detection of PrP(Sc) in rectal biopsy and necropsy samples from sheep with experimental scrapie. J. Comp. Pathol. 134 (2-3): 115-125.

European Commission (1998). Opinion on the risk of infection of sheep and goats with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent. Meeting of 24-25 September, 59. Brussels: Scientific Steering Committee, Directorate General, Health and Consumer Protection. https:// ec.europa.eu/food/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_ssc_ out24_en.pdf (accessed January 1, 2022).

European Commission (2001). Regulation (EC) No. 999/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 laying down rules for the prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Off. J. E. Union L147:1-40, 58. https:// eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri= CELEX%3A32001R0999 (accessed December 16, 2021).

European Commission (2003). Report on the monitoring and testing of ruminants for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in the EU in 2002, 58. Brussels: European Commission, Directorate General, Health and Consumer Protection. https://op.europa.eu/s/ vgAM (accessed December 16, 2021).

European Commission (2004). Report on the monitoring and testing of ruminants for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in the EU in 2003, including the results of the survey of prion protein genotypes in sheep breeds, 58. Brussels: European Commission, Directorate General, Health and Consumer Protection. https://ec.europa.eu/food/system/ files/2016-10/biosafety_food-borne-disease_tse_ms- annual-report_2003.pdf (accessed January 1, 2022).

European Commission (2005). Report on the monitoring and testing of ruminants for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in the EU in 2004, 58. Brussels: European Commission, Directorate General, Health and Consumer Protection. https://op.europa.eu/s/ vgAU (accessed December 16, 2021).

European Commission (2006a). Report on the monitoring and testing of ruminants for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in the EU in 2005, 58. Brussels: European Commission, Directorate General, Health and Consumer Protection. https://op.europa.eu/s/ vgAL (accessed December 16, 2021).

European Commission (2006b). TSE in Small Ruminants. Brussels: Directorate General, Health and Consumer Protections.

Eurosurveillance (2005). Possible case of BSE agent in a UK goat that died in 1990. Euro Surveill. 10 (6): pii=2641. https://doi.org/10.2807/esw.10.06.02641-en.

Fan, P.C., Lin, C.Y., Huang, P., and Yen, C.W. (1998). First confirmed case of cerebrospinal setariosis in goat in Taiwan. J. Chin. Soc. Vet. Sci. 24 (2): 68-72.

Fankhauser, R., Vandevelde, M., and Zwahlen, R. (1982). Scrapie in Switzerland? Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. 124 (5): 227-232.

FAO (1989). Animal Health Yearbook 1988 (ed. L. Velloso). Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.

von Fatzer, R. (1974). Diffuse Toxoplasmose-encephalitis in der rechten Grosshirnhalfte einer Ziege. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. 116: 219-224.

Fjoelstad, M. (1973). The effects of clostridium botulinum toxin type C_beta given orally to goats. Acta Vet. Scand. 14: 69-80.

Fletcher, W.S., Rogers, A.L., and Donaldson, S.S. (1964). The use of the goat as an experimental animal. Lab. Anim. Care 14: 65-90.

Flores, E.F., Weiblen, R., Vogel, F.S.F. et al. (2005). Bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in Brazil: history, current situation and perspectives. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 25 (3): 125-134.

Foster, J., McKelvey, W., Fraser, H. et al. (1999). Experimentally induced bovine spongiform encephalopathy did not transmit via goat embryos. J. Gen. Virol. 80 (2): 517-524.

Foster, J.D., Goldmann, W., and Hunter, N. (2013). Evidence in sheep for pre-natal transmission of scrapie to lambs from infected mothers. PLoS One 8 (11): e79433. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079433.

Foster, J.D., Hope, J., and Fraser, H. (1993). Transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to sheep and goats. Vet. Rec. 133: 339-341.

Foster, J.D., Parnham, D., Chong, A. et al. (2001). Clinical signs, histopathology and genetics of experimental transmission of BSE and natural scrapie to sheep and goats. Vet. Rec. 148: 165-171.

Fourie, L.J., Horak, I.G., and Marais, L. (1988). An undescribed Rhipicephalus species associated with field paralysis of angora goats. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 59: 47-49.

Fourie, L.J., Horak, I.G., and van Zy, J.M. (1991). Sites of attachment and intraspecific infestation densities of the brown paralysis tick (Rhipicephalus punctatus) on angora goats. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 12 (3/4): 243-249.

Fraser, G.C., Littlejohns, I.R., and Moyle, A. (1981). The isolation of a probable pestivirus from a goat. Aust. Vet. J. 57: 197-198.

Frier, H.I., Gorgacz, E.J., Hall, R.C. et al. (1974). Formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in adult goats with hypo- and hypervitaminosis a. Am. J. Vet. Res. 35: 45-55.

Fulton, R.W., Downing, M.M., and Hagstad, H.V. (1982). Prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea, parainfluenza-3, bovine adenoviruses-3 and -7, and goat respiratory syncytial viral antibodies in goats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43: 1454-1457.

Gao, G.F., Hussain, M.H., Reid, H.W., and Gould, E.A. (1993). Classification of a new member of the TBE flavivirus subgroup by its immunological, pathogenetic and molecular characteristics: identification of subgroup­specific pentapeptides. Virus Res. 30: 129-144.

Gao, G.F., Zanotto, P.M., Holmes, E.C. et al. (1997). Molecular variation, evolution and geographical distribution of louping-ill virus. Acta Virol. 41 (5): 259-268.

Gaya, P., Saralegui, C., Medina, M., and Nunez, M. (1996). Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. in raw caprine milk. J. Dairy Sci. 79 (11): 1936-1941.

Gazioglu, A., Simsek, S., Kizil, O. et al. (2017). Clinical, pathological and molecular evaluations and CT scan screening of coenurosis (Coenurus cerebralis) in sheep and calves. Braz- J. Vet. Parasitol. 26 (1): 3-9. https://doi. org/10.1590/S1984-29612016090.

Georgiadou, S., Ortiz-Pelaez, A., Simmons, M.M. et al. (2017). Goats with aspartic acid or serine at codon 146 of the PRNP gene remain scrapie-negative after lifetime exposure in affected herds in Cyprus. Epidemiol. Infect. 145: 326-328. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268816002272.

Ghazaei, C. (2007). Evaluation therapeutic effects of antihelminthic agents albendazole, fenbendazole and praziquantel against coenurosis in sheep. Small Rum. Res. 71: 48-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/].

smallrumres.2006.04.010.

Ghosal, N.G. (1975). Spinal nerves. In: Sisson and Grossman’s the Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, 5e, vol. 1 (ed.

R. Getty), 1124-1151. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.

Giangaspero, M. (2011). Genetic variation of border disease virus species strains. Vet. Ital. 47 (4): 415-435.

Giannati-Stefanou, A., Tsakos, P., Bourtzi-Hatzopoulou, E., and Anatoliotis, K. (2006). Study of microbiological aspects of meningoencephalitis due to Listeria spp. in ruminants. J. Hellenic Vet. Med. Soc. 57 (4): 275-288.

Gibbs, H.C., McLaughlin, R.W., and Cameron, H.J. (1981). Meningoencephalitis caused by Streptococcus Zooepidemicus in a goat. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 178: 735.

Go, T. (1990). Seroepidemiological studies of flavivirus infection among domestic animals in and around Karachi, state of Sind, Pakistan, Japan. J. Vet. Res. 38 (2): 50.

Godhinho, H.P. and Getty, R. (1975). Caprine cranial nerves. In: Sisson and Grossman’s the Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, 5e, vol. 1 (ed. R. Getty), -1108, 1124. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.

Goldmann, W., Marier, E., Stewart, P. et al. (2016). Prion protein genotype survey confirms low frequency of scrapie-resistant K222 allele in British goat herds. Vet. Rec. 178: 168. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.103521.

Goldmann, W., Martin, T., Foster, J. et al. (1996). Novel polymorphisms in the caprine PrP gene: a codon 142 mutation associated with scrapie incubation period. J. Gen. Virol. 77 (11): 2885-2891.

Goldmann, W., Perucchini, M., Smith, A., and Hunter,

N. (2004). Genetic variability of the PrP gene in a goat herd in the UK. Vet. Rec. 155 (6): 177-178.

Gomes, A.A.d.B., Bernardi, F., Oliveira, A.D.F. et al. (2005). Experimental rabies in ovine and caprine inoculated with a Brazilian fox (Dusicyon vetulus) isolate virus sample. Sci. Vet. Trop. 8 (1/3): 29-34.

Gordon, W.S. (1946). Advances in veterinary research. Louping ill, tick-borne fever and scrapie. Vet. Rec. 58: 516-525.

Gouda, I.M., Abdel Aziz, S.A., Ahmed, A.A. et al. (1985). Changes in some liver functions in experimentally lead-poisoned goats. Arch. Exp. Vet. Med., Leipzig 39: 257-267.

Gough, K.C., Baker, C.A., Hawkins, S. et al. (2019). Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal. Vet. Rec. 184 (3): 97. https://doi. org/10.1136/vr.105054.

Gough, K.C., Baker, C.A., and Maddison, B.C. (2017). An in vitro model for assessing effective scrapie decontamination. Vet. Microbiol. 207: 138-142. https://doi. org∕10.1016∕j.vetmic.2017.05.018.

Gould, D.H. (1998). Polioencephalomalacia. J. Anim. Sci. 76: 309-314.

Gould, D.H. (2000). Update on sulfur-related polioencephalomalacia. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract. 16 (3): 481-496.

Gould, D.H., Cummings, B.A., and Hamar, D.W. (1997).

in vivo indicators of pathologic ruminal sulfide production in steers with diet-induced polioencephalomalacia. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 9 (1): 72-76.

Gould, E.A., de Lamballerie, X., Zanotto, P.M., and Holmes, E.C. (2003). Origins, evolution, and vector/host coadaptations within the genus Flavivirus. In: The Flaviviruses: Current Molecular Aspects of Evolution, Biology and Disease Prevention (ed. T.J. Chambers and

T.M. Monath), 277-314. London: Academic Press.

Gouws, P.A. and Liedemann, I. (2005). Evaluation of diagnostic PCR for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food products. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 43: 201-205.

Government of Finland (2002). Scrapie found in Finnish goat. MMM Press Release, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Helsinki, November 2.

Government of the United Kingdom (2021). Single case of classical BSE confirmed on a farm in Somerset. News story, September 17. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ single-case-of-classical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in- somerset (accessed January 1, 2022).

Gray, D., Webster, K., and Berry, J.E. (1988). Evidence of louping-ill and tick-borne fever in goats. Vet. Rec. 122: 66.

Greenlee, J.J. (2019). Review: update on classical and atypical scrapie in sheep and goats. Vet. Pathol. 56 (1): 6-16. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0300985818794247.

Greenlee, J.J. and Greenlee, M.H.W. (2015). The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies of livestock. ILAR J. 56 (1): 7-25. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilv008.

Griem, W. and Weinhold, E. (1975). Pathology of visna disease in goats. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 82: 396-400.

Gr0nst0l, H. (1984). Listeriosis in goats. In: Les Maladies de la Chevre, Les Colloques de l’INRA, No. 28 (ed. P. Yvore and G. Perrin), 189-192, 195-196. Paris: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique.

Gudding, R., Gr0nst0l, H., and Larsen, H.J. (1985). Vaccination against listeriosis in sheep. Vet. Rec. 117: 89-90.

Gudmunsdottir, K.B., Sigurdarson, S., Kristinsson, J. et al. (2006). Iron and iron/manganese ratio in forage from Icelandic sheep farms: relation to scrapie. Acta Vet. Scand. 48 (1): 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-48-16.

Guerrault, P., Perrin, G., and Fensterbank, R. (1988).

Vaccination trial in goats against listeriosis. Bull. Mens. Soc. Vet. Prat. France 72: 223-229.

Gummow, B., Bastienello, S.S., Labuschagne, L., and Erasmus, G.L. (1992). Experimental Albizia versicolor poisoning in sheep and its successful treatment with pyridoxine hydrochloride. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 59 (2): 111-118.

Gupta, B.L., Sharma, S.N., and Tanwani, S.K. (1980). Studies on experimental infection of sheep, goats, rabbits, and mice, and serological response with Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 50: 739-743.

Guss, S.B. (1977). Management and Diseases of Dairy Goats. Scottsdale, AZ: Dairy Goat Journal Publishing.

Guthery, F.S., Beasom, S.L., and Jones, L. (1979). Cerebrospinal nematodiasis caused by Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in angora goats in Texas. J. Wildl. Dis. 15: 37-42.

Gygi, M., Kathmann, I., Konar, M. et al. (2004). Paraparese ber einer Zwergziege: Abklarung mittels Magnetresonanztomographie. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. 146 (11): 523-528.

Hadani, A., Tsafrir, N., and Shimshony, A. (1971). Tick paralysis in goats in Israel. Refuah Vet. 28: 165-171.

Hadlow, W.J. (1961). The pathology of experimental scrapie in the dairy goat. Res. Vet. Sci. 2: 289-314.

Hadlow, W.J., Eklund, C.M., Kennedy, R.C. et al. (1974). Course of experimental scrapie virus infection in the goat. J. Infect. Dis. 129: 559-567.

Hadlow, W.J., Kennedy, R.C., Race, R.E., and Eklund,

C.M. (1980). Virologic and neurohistologic findings in dairy goats affected with natural scrapie. Vet. Pathol. 17: 187-199.

Hall, W.T.K. (1964). Plant toxicoses of tropical Australia. Aust. Vet. J. 40: 176-182.

Hall-Mendelin, S., Craig, S.B., Hall, R.A. et al. (2011). Tick paralysis in Australia caused by Ixodes holocyclus Neumann. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 105 (2): 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1179/136485911X12899838413628.

Hamblin, C. and Hedger, R.S. (1979). The prevalence of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease virus in African wildlife. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2: 295-303.

Handeland, K. and Skorping, A. (1992a). The early migration of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi in goats. J. Veterinary Med. Ser. B 39: 263-272.

Handeland, K. and Skorping, A. (1992b). Experimental cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis (Elaphostrongylus rangiferi) in goats. II. Pathological findings. J. Veterinary Med. Ser. B 39: 713-722.

Handeland, K. and Skorping, A. (1993). Experimental cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis (Elaphostrongylus rangiferi) in goats. I. Clinical observations. J. Veterinary Med. Ser. B 40: 141-147.

Handeland, K. and Slettbakk, T. (1995). Epidemiological aspects of cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis in small ruminants in northern Norway. J. Vet. Med. Series B 42 (2): 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1111Zj.1439-0450.1995. tb00689.x.

Handeland, K. and Sparboe, O. (1991). Cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis in dairy goats in northern Norway. J. Veterinary Med. Ser. B 38: 755-763.

Harcourt, R.A. and Anderson, M.A. (1974). Naturally- occurring scrapie in goats. Vet. Rec. 94: 504.

Hartley, W.J. and Blakemore, W.F. (1973). Neurovisceral storage and dysmyelinogenesis in neonatal goats. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 25: 325-333.

Harwood, D. (2004). Diseases of dairy goats. In Pract. 26 (5): 248-259.

Harwood, D.G. (1986). Metacestode disease in goats. Goat Vet. Soc. J. 7: 35-37.

Harwood, D.G., McPherson, G.C., and Woodger, N.G.A. (2010). Possible horse chestnut poisoning in a cashmere goat. Vet. Rec. 167 (12): 461-462.

Healy, PJ. and McCleary, B.V. (1982). Alternative substrates for use in the detection of goats heterozygous for beta- mannosidosis. Res. Vet. Sci. 33: 73-75.

Hedger, R.S., Howard, D.A., and Burdin, M.L. (1964). The occurrence in goats and sheep in Kenya of a disease closely similar to sway-back. Vet. Rec. 76: 493-497.

Heggebo, R., Press, C.M., Gunnes, G. et al. (2000). Distribution of prion protein in the ileal Peyer's patch of scrapie-free lambs and lambs naturally and experimentally exposed to the scrapie agent. J. Gen. Virol. 81: 2327-2337.

Herweijer, C.H. and De Jonge, W.K. (1977). De ziekte van aujeszky bij de geit. Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd. 102: 425-428.

Hilbe, M., Herrsche, R., Kolodziejek, J. et al. (2006). Shrews as reservoir hosts of Borna disease virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12 (4): 675-677.

Hoard, H.M., Leipprandt, J.R., Cavanagh, K.T. et al. (1998). Determination of genotypic frequency of caprine mucopolysaccharidosis IIID. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 10 (2): 181-183.

Holmala, K. and Kauhala, K. (2006). Ecology of wildlife rabies in Europe. Mammal Rev. 36 (1): 17-36.

Hosseinion, M., Bazargani, T.T., Nahani, J. et al. (1972). Selenium poisoning in a mixed flock of sheep and goats in Iran. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 4: 173-174.

Hourrigan, J.L., Klingsporn, A.L., McDaniel, H.A., and Riemenschneider, M.N. (1969). Natural scrapie in a goat. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 154: 538-539.

Huck, R.A. (1973). Transmission of border disease in goats. Vet. Rec. 92: 151.

Hughes, E.C., Kibona, T.K., de Glanville, W.A. et al. (2019). Taenia multiceps coenurosis in Tanzania: a major and under-recognised livestock disease problem in pastoral communities. Vet. Rec. 184 (6): 191. https://doi. org/10.1136/vr.105186.

ICTV (2017). Genus: Lyssavirus. In: Virus Taxonomy: The Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses: The Online (10th) Report of the ICTV. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv- reports/ictv_online_report/negative-sense-rna-viruses/ mononegavirales/w/rhabdoviridae/795/genus-lyssavirus (accessed December 16, 2021).

Ihlenburg, H. (1962). Susceptibility of goats to experimental infection with Borna disease virus. Mh. Vet. Med. 17: 337-341.

Inglis, D.M., Gilmour, D.M., and Murray, I.S. (1986). A farm investigation into swayback in a herd of goats and the results of administration of copper needles. Vet. Rec. 118: 657-660.

Innes, J.R.M., Shoho, C., and Pillai, C.P. (1952). Epizootic cerebrospinal nematodiasis or setariasis. Br. Vet.

J. 108: 71-88.

Islam, S., Dutta, T.C., Sarma, B.K., and Sarma, N.K. (2016). Subcutaneous coenurosis in goats: a clinical study. Vet. Pract. 17 (1): 116-118.

Islam, S., Kalita, D., Bhuyan, D. et al. (2006). Ocular coenurosis in goat. J. Vet. Parasitol. 20 (1): 53-55.

Itabisashi, T. (1977). Urea-ammonia poisoning and the electroencephalogram in goats. Natl. Inst. Anim. Health

Q. 17: 115-123.

Jacobson, E.R., Ginn, P.E., Troutman, J.M. et al. (2005). West Nile virus infection in farmed American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in Florida. J. Wildl. Dis. 41 (1): 96-106.

Jaramillo-Rangel, G., Chavez-Briones, M.D.L., Niderhauser- Garcia, A., and Ortega-Martinez, M. (2020). Toxicity and Anticancer Potential of Karwinskia: A Review. Molecules. 25(23): 5590. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235590.

Jamison, J.M. and Prescott, J.F. (1988). Bacterial meningitis in large animals—part II. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 10: 225-231.

Jayamanne, V.S. and Samarajeewa, U. (2001). Incidence and detection of Listeria monocytogenes in milk and milk products of Sri Lanka. Trop. Agric. Res. 13: 42-50.

Jayarao, B.M., Tilve, G.H., Khot, J.B. et al. (1985). A study of the incidence of rabies in man and animals recorded in King Edward memorial hospital and Bai Sakarbai Dinshaw petit hospital for animals, Bombay. Indian Vet. Med. J. 9: 141-146.

Jayasinghe, D.R. and Wijesundera, W.S.S. (2003). Differentiation of Setaria digitata and Setaria Iabiatopapillosa using molecular markers. Vet. J. 165 (2): 136-142.

Jeffrey, M., Martin, S., Gonzalez, L. et al. (2006). Immunohistochemical features of PrP^d accumulation in natural and experimental goat transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. J. Comp. Pathol. 134: 171-181. https:// doi.org/10.1016/jjcpa.2005.10.003.

Jeffrey, M., Ryder, S., Martin, S. et al. (2001). Oral inoculation of sheep with the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). 1. Onset and distribution of disease-specific PrP accumulation in brain and viscera.

J. Comp. Pathol. 124: 280-289.

Johnson, G.C., Maddox, C.W., Fales, W.H. et al. (1996). Epidemiologic evaluation of encephalitic listeriosis in goats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 208 (10): 1695-1699.

Jolly, R.D., Dittmer, K.E., Garrick, D.J. et al. (2019). Beta- mannosidosis in German shepherd dogs. Vet. Pathol. 56 (5): 743-748. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985819839239.

Jones, M.Z., Alroy, J., Boyer, PJ. et al. (1998). Caprine mucopolysaccharidosis-IIID: clinical, biochemical, morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 57 (2): 148-157.

Jones, M.Z., Cunningham, J.G., Dade, A.W. et al. (1983). Caprine beta-mannosidosis: clinical and pathological features. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 42: 268-285.

Jones, M.Z. and Laine, R.A. (1981). Caprine oligosaccharide storage disorder: accumulation of beta-mannosyl(1-4) beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl(1-4) N-acetylglucosamine in brain. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 5181-5184.

Kaneko, J.J. (1980). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 3e. New York: Academic Press.

Kellerman, T.S., Rabie, C.J., van der Westhuizen, G.C. et al. (1985). Induction of diplodiosis, a neuromycotoxicosis, in domestic ruminants with cultures of indigenous and exotic isolates of Diplodia maydis. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 52: 35-42.

Kemp, G.E., Causey, O.R., Moore, D.L. et al. (1972). Mokola virus. Further studies on IbAn 27377, a new rabies-related etiologic agent of zoonosis in Nigeria. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 21: 356-359.

Kheirandish, R., Sami, M., Azizi, S., and Mirzaei, M. (2012). Prevalence, predilection sites and pathological findings of Taenia multiceps coenuri in slaughtered goats from south-East Iran. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 79 (1): 436. https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v79i1.436.

Kim, I.-J., Hyun, B.-H., Shin, J.-H. et al. (2006). Identification of a bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in Korean native goat (Capra hircus). Virus Res. 121: 103-106.

King, N.B. (1980). Clostridial diseases. In: Proceedings, Refresher Coursefor Veterinarians 52:217-220. Sydney: University of Sydney, Post-Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science.

Kingsbury, J.M. (1964). Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Kittelberger, R., Chaplin, M.J., Simmons, M.M. et al. (2011). Atypical scrapie/Nor98 in a sheep from New Zealand [published correction appears]. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 23 (1): 178. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 22(6):863-875, 2010. https:// doi.org/10.1177/104063871002200604.

Kleiboeker, S.B., Loiacono, C.M., Rottinghaus, A. et al. (2004). Diagnosis of West Nile virus infection in horses. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 16 (1): 2-10.

Klopfleisch, R., Beier, D., and Teifke, J.P. (2006). Choroid plexus carcinoma in a goat. J. Comp. Pathol. 135: 12-16.

Knight, A.P. (1987). Larkspur poisoning. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 9: F60-F61.

Knight, H.D. and Costner, G.C. (1977). Bromide intoxication of horses, goats, and cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 171: 446-448.

Kocan, A.A. (1985). The use of ivermectin in the treatment and prevention of infection with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Dis. 21: 454-455.

Konold, T., Bone, G.E., Phelan, L.J. et al. (2010). Monitoring of clinical signs in goats with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. BMC Vet. Res. 6: 13. https://doi.org/1

0. 1186/1746-6148-6-13.

Konold, T., Bone, G., Simmons, M.M. et al. (2007). Scrapie in goats. Vet. Rec. 161 (11): 365. https://doi.org/10.1136/ vr.161.11.395-d.

Konold, T., Moore, S.J., Bellworthy, S.J. et al. (2013). Evidence of effective scrapie transmission via colostrum and milk in sheep. BMC Vet. Res. 9 (1): 99. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746 -6148-9-99.

Konold, T., Moore, S.J., Bellworthy, S.J., and Simmons, H.A. (2008). Evidence of scrapie transmission via milk. BMC Vet. Res. 4: 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746 -6148-4-14.

Konold, T. and Phelan, L. (2014). Clinical examination protocol to detect atypical and classical scrapie in sheep. J. Vis. Exp. 83: e51101. https://doi.org/10.3791/51101.

Konold, T., Spiropoulos, J., Thorne, J. et al. (2020). The scrapie prevalence in a goat herd is underestimated by using a rapid diagnostic test. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 8: 164. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00164.

Konold, T., Thorne, L., Simmons, H.A. et al. (2016). Evidence of scrapie transmission to sheep via goat milk. BMC Vet. Res. 12: 208. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0807-4.

Konold, T. and Vallino-Costassa, E. (2018). Scrapie, In: Infectious Diseases of Livestock, eds. J.A.W. Coetzer, G.R. Thomson, N.J. Maclachlan, and M.-L. Penrith. Anipedia, www.anipedia.org

Kopcha, M., Marteniuk, J.V., Sills, R. et al. (1989). Cerebrospinal nematodiasis in a goat herd. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 194: 1439-1442.

Koptopoulos, G. and Papadopoulos, O. (1980). A serological survey for tick-borne encephalitis and West Nile viruses in Greece. In: Arboviruses in the Mediterranean Countries (ed. J. Vesenjak-Hirjan, J.S. Porterfield and E. Arslanagic), 185-188. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.

Kornegay, J.N., Oliver, J.E., and Gorgacz, E.J. (1983). Clinicopathologic features of brain herniation in animals. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 182: 1111-1116.

Kral, E. and Hlousek, A. (1973). Spasticka parezapanevnichkoncetinukozla. Veterinarstvi 23: 425-426.

Krametter-Frotscher, R., Kohler, H., Benetka, V. et al. (2007). Influence of communal alpine pasturing on the spread of pestiviruses among sheep and goats in Austria: first identification of border disease virus in Austria. Zoonoses Public Health 54 (5): 209-213.

Kumar, K., Jones, M.Z., Cunningham, J.G. et al. (1986). Caprine beta mannosidosis: phenotypic features. Vet. Rec. 118: 325-327.

Kummeneje, K. (1975). Listeria monocytogenes. Isolation from sheep and goats in northern Norway. Serogrouping and some biochemical reactions. Nord. Vet. Med. 27: 140-143.

Lacroux, C. (2008). Prions in milk from ewes incubating natural scrapie. PLoS Pathog. 4 (12): e1000238. https://doi. org∕10.1371∕journal.ppat.1000238.

Lamontagne, L. and Roy, R. (1984). Presence of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus (border disease) in sheep and goat flocks in Quebec. Can. J. Comp. Med. 48: 225-227.

Lancaster, M.J., Gill, I.J., and Hooper, P.T. (1987). Progressive paresis in angora goats. Aust. Vet. J. 64: 123-124.

Langeveld, J.P.M., Pirisinu, L., Jacobs, J.G. et al. (2019). Four types of scrapie in goats differentiated from each other and bovine spongiform encephalopathy by biochemical methods. Vet. Res. 50, 97: https://doi.org/10.1186/ s13567-019-0718-z.

Lankester, M.W. and Fong, D. (1998). Protostrongylid nematodes in caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) and moose (Alces alces) of Newfoundland. Rangifer. Special Issue 10 73-83.

Leipprandt, J.R., Kraemer, S.A., Haithcock, B.E. et al. (1996). Caprine β-mannosidase: sequencing and characterization of the cDNA and identification of the molecular effect of caprine β-mannosidosis. Genomics 37: 51-56.

Leroux, C., Cruz, J.C.M., and Mornex, J.F. (2010). SRLVs: a genetic continuum of lentiviral species in sheep and goats with cumulative evidence of cross species transmission. Curr. HIVRes. 8: 94-100. https://doi. org/10.2174/157016210790416415.

Levine, G.J., Bissett, W.T., Cole, R.C. et al. (2006). Imaging diagnosis—bacterial diskospondylitis in a goat. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 47 (6): 585-588.

Lezmi, S., Martin, S., Simon, S. et al. (2004). Comparative molecular analysis of the abnormal prion protein in field scrapie cases and experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy in sheep by use of western blotting and immunohistochemical methods. J. Virol. 78 (7): 3654-3662.

Li, W., Mao, L., Zhao, Y. et al. (2013). Detection of border disease virus (BDV) in goat herds suffering diarrhea in eastern China. Virol. J. 10: 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743 -422X-10-80.

Liberski, P.P. (2004). Prion protein as a target for therapeutic interventions. Pure Appl. Chem. 76 (5): 915-920.

Liggett, A.D., Jain, A.V., and Blue, J.L. (1985). Pseudohyperchloremia associated with bromide intoxication in a goat herd. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 187: 72-74.

Ligios, C., Sigurdson, C.J., Santucciu, C. et al. (2005). PrP^Sc in mammary glands of sheep affected by scrapie and mastitis. Nat. Med. 11 (11): 1137-1138.

Lincicome, D.R. (1982). Goat disease: prevalence in the United States and Canada as reflected in autopsy reports for 1977-1979. In: Proceedings of the third International Conference on Goat Production and Disease, 602. Scottsdale, AZ: Dairy Goat Journal Publishing.

Linnenbrink, T. and McMichael, M. (2006). Tetanus: pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and update on new treatment modalities. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 16 (3): 199-207.

Liu, Y.-H., He, B., Li, K.-R. et al. (2019). First report of border disease virus in Melophagus ovinus (sheep ked) collected in Xinjiang, China. PLoS One 14 (8): e0221435. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221435.

Lobato, F.C.F., Salvarani, F.M., Silva, R.O.S. et al. (2008). Botulismo em ruminantes causado pela ingestao de Cama-de-frango (botulism in ruminants being fed with poultry litter). Cienc. Rural 38 (4): 1176-1178. https://doi. org/10.1590/S0103-84782008000400046.

Loeb, E. (2004). Encephalitic listeriosis in ruminants: immunohistochemistry as a diagnostic tool. J. Vet. Med. Ser. A 51 (9/10): 453-455.

Lofstedt, J., Jakowski, R., and Sharko, P. (1988). Ataxia, arthritis, and encephalitis in a goat herd. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 193 (10): 1295-1298.

Loken, T. (1989). Pestivirus infection in goats. In: Abstracts, 2nd International Colloquium in Niort, Goat Diseases and Production, June 26-29, Niort, France, 49. Paris, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique.

Loken, T., Aspoy, E., and Gronstol, H. (1982b). Listeria monocytogenes excretion and humoral immunity in goats in a herd with outbreaks of listeriosis and in a healthy herd. Acta Vet. Scand. 23: 392-399.

Loken, T. and Bjerkas, I. (1991). Experimental pestivirus infections in pregnant goats. J. Comp. Pathol. 105: 123-140.

L0ken, T., Bjerkas, I., and Hyllseth, B. (1982a). Border disease in goats in Norway. Res. Vet. Sci. 33: 130-131.

L0ken, T. and Gr0nst0l, H. (1982). Clinical investigations in a goat herd with outbreaks of listeriosis. Acta Vet. Scand. 23: 380-391.

L0ken, T., Krogsrud, J., and Bjerkas, I. (1991). Outbreaks of border disease in goats induced by a pestivirus- contaminated orf vaccine with virus transmission to sheep and cattle. J. Comp. Pathol. 104: 195-209.

Lomas, S.T. and Hazell, S.L. (1983). The isolation of mycoplasma arginini from a pituitary abscess in a goat. Aust. Vet. J. 60: 281-282.

Lovell, K.L. and Jones, M.Z. (1983). Distribution of central nervous system lesions in beta-mannosidosis. Acta Neuropathol. 62: 121-126.

Lovell, K.L., Sprecher, D.J., Ames, N.K., and Jones, M.Z. (1995). Development and efficacy of ultrasound- guided fetal fluid aspiration techniques for prenatal diagnosis of caprine β-mannosidosis. Theriogenology 44: 517-527.

Low, J.C. and Donachie, W. (1997). A review of Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis. Vet. J. 153 (1): 9-29.

Ludwig, H. and Bode, L. (2000). Borna disease virus: new aspects on infection, disease, diagnosis and epidemiology. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz- 19 (1): 259-288.

Luginbuhl, H. (1963). Comparative aspects of tumors of the nervous system. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 108: 702-721.

van der Lugt, J.J. et al. (1995). Two outbreaks of type C and type D botulisum in sheep and goats in South Africa. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 66 (2): 77-82.

Lundgren, A.L. and Ludwig, H. (1993). Clinically diseased cats with non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis have Borna disease virus-specific antibodies. Acta Vet. Scand. 34

(1) : 101-103.

Lutnicki, K., Madej, E., Riha, T., and Kurek, h. (2014). Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants caused by excessive amount of sulphur - a review. Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy 58: 321-326. https://doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2014-0050.

Ma, X., Monroe, B.P., Cleaton, J.M. et al. (2020). Public veterinary medicine: public health: rabies surveillance in the United States during 2018. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 256

(2) : 195-208.

Macaldowie, C., Patterson, I.A.P., Nettleton, P.F. et al. (2005). Louping-ill in llamas (Lama glama) in the Hebrides. Vet. Rec. 156: 420-421.

MacKay, J.M.K. and Smith, W. (1961). A case of scrapie in an uninoculated goat—a natural occurrence or a contact infection. Vet. Rec. 73: 394-396.

MacLachlan, N.J., Gribble, D.H., and East, N.E. (1982). Polyradiculoneuritis in a goat. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 180: 166-167.

Mahmoud, O.M., Haroun, E.M., and Omer, O.H. (2004). An outbreak of neurofilariosis in young goats. Vet. Parasitol. 120 (1/2): 151-156.

Malachowski, J.A. and Jones, M.Z. (1983). Beta- mannosidosis: lesions of the distal peripheral nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 61: 95-100.

Malkinson, M., Weisman, Y., Ashash, E. et al. (1993). Borna disease in ostriches. Vet. Rec. 133 (12): 304.

Mall, M.P., Ashok, K., and Malik, S.V.S. (1995). Sero-positivity of domestic animals against Japanese encephalitis in Bareilly area, U. P. J. Commun. Dis. 27 (4): 242-246.

Mansfield, K.L., Morales, A.B., Johnson, N. et al. (2015). Identification and characterization of a novel tick-borne flavivirus subtype in goats (Capra hircus) in Spain. J. Gen. Virol. 96: 1676-1681. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.000096.

Manunta, M.L., Evangelisti, M.A., Varcasia, A. et al. (2012). What is your neurologic diagnosis? J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 240 (5): 525-527. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.240.5.525.

Markotter, W., Randles, J., Rupprecht, C.E. et al. (2006).

Lagos bat virus, South Africa. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 104-2 (3): 504-506.

Marriott, L., Willoughby, K., Chianini, F. et al. (2006). Detection of louping-ill virus in clinical specimens from mammals and birds using TaqMan RT-PCR. J. Virol. Methods 137: 21-28.

Marshall, C.L., Weinstock, D., Kramer, R.W., and Bagley,

R.S. (1995). Glioma in a goat. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 206 (10): 1572-1574.

Mason, P.C., Kiddey, N.R., Sutherland, RJ. et al. (1976). Elaphostrongylus cervi in red deer. N. Z. Vet. J. 24(1/2): 22—2 23.

Mason, R.W. (1986). Observations on the effects of management stress on beta-mannosidase activity in goats. Aust. Vet. J. 63: 339-340.

Mathews, F.P. (1932). Locoism in domestic animals. Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 456.

Mathews, F.P. (1940). The toxicity of red-stemmed peavine (Astragalus emoryanus) for cattle, sheep and goats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 97: 125-134.

Mathews, F.P. (1944). The toxicity of Kallstroemia hirsutissima (carpet weed) for cattle, sheep, and goats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 105: 152-155.

Matsurra, Y., Miyazawa, K., Imamura, M. et al. (2019). First case of atypical scrapie in a goat in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 81 (7): 986-989. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.18-0710.

Matsuura, F., Jones, M.Z., and Frazier, S.E. (1983). Structural analysis of the major caprine beta-mannosidosis urinary oligosaccharides. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 759: 67-73.

Maurer, E., Botteron, C., Ehrensperger, F. et al. (2005). Swiss scrapie surveillance. I. Clinical aspects of neurological diseases in sheep and goats. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. 147 (10): 425-433.

Mayhew, I.G., de Lahunta, A., Georgi, J.R., and Aspros, D.G. (1976). Naturally occurring cerebrospinal Parelaphostrongylosis. Cornell Vet. 66: 56-72.

McAllister, M.M., Gould, D.H., Raisbeck, M.F. et al. (1997). Evaluation of ruminal sulfide concentrations and seasonal outbreaks of polioencephalomalacia in beef cattle in a feedlot. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 211 (10): 1275-1279.

McGuire, K., Holmes, E.C., Gao, G.F. et al. (1998). Tracing the origins of louping-ill virus by molecular phylogenetic analysis. J. Gen. Virol. 79 (5): 981-988.

McLean, R.G., Ubico, S.R., Bourne, D., and Komar, N. (2002). West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 267: 271-308.

McSporran, K.D. (1988). Polioencephalomalacia in goats. Surveillance N. Z. 15: 24.

Meldrum, J.B. and Ko, K.W. (2003). Effects of calcium disodium EDTA and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid on tissue concentrations of lead for use in treatment of calves with experimentally induced lead toxicosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 64 (6): 672-676.

Memon, F., Abbasi, A.R., Kunbhar, K.P., and Narejo, N.T. (2014). Blood and offal tissue lead levels of goats, sheep and chickens farmed near battery recycling smelters of Hyderabad Pakistan. Sindh Univ. Res. J. (Science Series) 46 (4): 407-412.

Mendonqa, F.S., Albuquerque, R.F., Evencio-Neto, J. et al. (2012). Alpha-mannosidosis in goats caused by the swainsonine-containing plant Ipomoea verbascoidea. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 24 (1): 90-95. https://doi. org/10.1177/1040638711425948.

Miller, D.L., Mauel, M.J., Baldwin, C. et al. (2003). West Nile virus in farmed alligators. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9: 794-799.

Minardi da Cruz, J.C., Singh, D.K., Lamara, A., and Chebloune, Y. (2013). Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) break the species barrier to acquire new host range. Viruses 5 (7): 1867-1884. https://doi.org/10.3390/v5071867.

Mitchell, K.J., Peters-Kennedy, J., Stokol, T. et al. (2011). Diagnosis of Parelaphostrongylus spp. infection as a cause of meningomyelitis in calves. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 23 (6): 1097-1103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638711426322.

Mittelman, N.S., Divers, T.J., Engiles, J.B. et al. (2017). Parelaphostrongylus tenuis cerebrospinal nematodiasis in a horse with cervical scoliosis and meningomyelitis. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 31: 890-893. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14691.

Mogi, K., Yonezawa, T., Chen, D.-S. et al. (2003). Correlation between spontaneous feeding behavior and neuropeptide Y profile in the third ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of goats. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 25: 175-182.

Mohamed, O.S.A. and Adam, S.E.I. (1990). Toxicity of sumicidin (fenvalerate) to Nubian goats. J. Comp. Pathol. 102: 1-6.

Mohamed, O.S.A., Adam, S.E.I., and El Dirdiri, N.I. (1990). The combined effect of dursban and reldan on Nubian goats. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 32: 47-48.

Mohamed, O.S.A., El Dirdiri, N.I., and Adam, S.E.I. (1989). Toxicity of reldan (chlorpyrifos-methyl) in Nubian goats. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 31: 60-63.

Molaee, V., Bazzucchi, M., De Mia, G.M. et al. (2020).

Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in Germany and Iran suggests their expansion with domestic sheep. Nat. Res. Sci. Rep. 10: 2243. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41598-020-58990-9.

Monleon, E., Garza, M.C., Sarasa, R. et al. (2011). An assessment of the efficiency of PrPsc detection in rectal mucosa and third-eyelid biopsies from animals infected with scrapie. Vet. Microbiol. 147: 237-243. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.028.

Monleon, E., Monzon, M., Hortells, P. et al. (2005).

Approaches to scrapie diagnosis by applying immunohistochemistry and rapid tests on central nervous and lymphoreticular systems. J. Virol. Methods 125: 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.

jviromet.2005.01.013.

Moore, S.J., Simmons, M.M., Chaplin, M.J., and Spiropoulos, J. (2008). Neuroanatomical distribution of abnormal prion protein in naturally occurring atypical scrapie cases in Great Britain. Acta Neuropathol. 116 (5): 547-559. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00401-008-0433-8.

Moreira, I.L., de Sousa, D.E.R., Ferreira-Junior, J.A. et al. (2018). Paralytic rabies in a goat. BMC Vet. Res. 14: 338. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1681-z.

Morin, D.E. (2004). Brainstem and cranial nerve abnormalities: listeriosis, otitis media/interna, and pituitary abscess syndrome. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract. 20 (2): 243-273.

Morishima, O.H., Pedersen, H., Finster, M. et al. (1981).

Toxicity of lidocaine in adult, newborn and fetal sheep. Anesthesiology 55: 57-61.

Morris, W.E., Uzal, F.A., and Cipolla, A.L. (2005).

Pyogranulomatous meningoencephalitis in a goat due to Corynebacterium ulcerans. Vet. Rec. 156: 317-318.

Mount, M.E. (1984). Diagnostic value of urinary dialkyl phosphate measurement in goats exposed to diazinon. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45: 817-824.

Mravak, S., Bienzle, U., Feldmeier, H. et al. (1987).

Pseudorabies in man. Lancet 1 (8531): 501-502.

Msengi, L.M.K.T., Mosha, R.D., Matovelo, J.A., and Hansen, N.G. (1987). The toxicity of Burttia prunoides in rats and goats. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 29: 398-400.

Nagy, D.W. (2004). Parelaphostrongylus tenuis and other parasitic diseases of the ruminant nervous system. Vet. Clin. No. Amer. Food Anim. Pract. 20 (2): 393-412.

Nentwig, A., Oevermann, A., Heim, D. et al. (2007). Diversity in neuroanatomical distribution of abnormal prion protein in atypical scrapie. PLoS Pathog. 3 (6): e82. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0030082.

Newsholme, S.J. and O'Neill, T.P. (1985). An outbreak of cerebrocortical necrosis (polioencephalomalacia) in goats.

J. So. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 56: 37-38.

Nicolas, J.A., Pestre-Alexandre, M., Fargeot, C. et al. (1974). Enquete epidemiologique de la listeriose des ovins et des caprins. Revue Med. Vet. 125: 1369-1378.

Nightingale, K.K., Fortes, E.D., Ho, A. et al. (2005). Evaluation of farm management practices as risk factors for clinical listeriosis and fecal shedding of Listeria monocytogenes in ruminants. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 227 (11): 1808-1814.

Nightingale, K.K., Schukken, Y.H., Nightingale, C.R. et al. (2004). Ecology and transmission of Listeria monocytogenes infecting ruminants and in the farm environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (8): 4458-4467.

Niles, G.A. (2017). Toxicoses of the ruminant nervous system. Vet. Clin. No. Amer. Food Anim. Pract. 33 (1): 111-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2016.09.009.

Niles, G.A., Morgan, S.E., and Edwards, W.C. (2002). Relationship between sulfur, thiamine and polioencephalomalacia—a review. Bovine Pract. 36 (2): 93-99.

Niller, H.H., Angstwurm, K., Rubbenstroth, D. et al. (2020). Zoonotic spillover infections with Borna disease virus 1 leading to fatal human encephalitis, 1999-2019: an epidemiological investigation. Lancet Infect. Dis. 20: 467-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30546-8.

Norman, S. and Smith, M.C. (1983). Caprine arthritis­encephalitis: review of the neurologic form in 30 cases.

J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 182: 1342-1345.

Nottidge, H.O., Omobowale, T.O., and Oladiran, O.O. (2007). Mokola virus antibodies in humans, dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, and goats in Nigeria. Int. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 5 (3): 105-106.

National Research Council (2005). Mineral Tolerance of

Animals, 2nd Rev. Ed. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Nurse, G.H. and Lenghaus, C. (1986). An outbreak of toxoplasma gondii abortion, mummification, and perinatal death in goats. Aust. Vet. J. 63: 27-28.

O'Brien, T.D., O'Leary, T.P., Leininger, J.R., and Sherman, D.M. (1986). Cerebrospinal parelaphostrongylosis in Minnesota. Minn. Vet. 26: 18-22.

Odriozola, E., Odeon, A., Canton, G., Clemente, G., and Escande, A. (2005). Diplodia maydis: a cause of death of cattle in Argentina. N. Z. Vet. J. 53(2): 160-161.

OIE (2018a). Border disease. In: Manualof Diagnostic Testsand Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, 8e, ch. 3.7.1. Paris: World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). https://www.oie. int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.07.01_ BORDER_DIS.pdf (accessed December 17, 2021).

OIE (2018b). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. In: Manual of Diagnostic, 8e, c2Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, ch. 3.4.5. Paris: World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/ Health_standards/tahm/3.04.05_BSE.pdf (accessed December 17, 2021).

OIE (2018c). Caprine arthritis-encephalitis & maedi-visna. In: Manual of Diagnostic Techniques and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, 8e, ch. 3.7.2. Paris: World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/ Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.07.02_CAE_MV.pdf (accessed December 17, 2021).

OIE (2018d). Rabies. In: Manual of Diagnostic Techniques and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, 8e, ch. 3.1.17. Paris: World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). https://www.oie. int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.01.17_ RABIES.pdf (accessed December 17, 2021).

OIE (2018e). Scrapie. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, 8e, ch. 3.7.11. Paris: World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). https://www.oie. int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.07.11_ SCRAPIE.pdf (accessed December 17, 2021).

OIE (2018f). Listeria monocytogenes. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, 8e, ch. 3.9.6. Paris: World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_ standards/tahm/3.09.06_LISTERIA_MONO.pdf (accessed December 17, 2021).

OIE (2020). List of member countries with a BSE risk status. Paris: World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). https://www.oie.int/en/disease/bovine-spongiform- encephalopathy/#ui-id-2 (accessed January 1, 2022).

OIE (2021a). Collecting and processing of in vivo derived embryos from livestock and equids. In: Terrestrial Animal Health Code, 29e, ch. 4.8. Paris: World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). https://www.oie.int/index.php7id= 169&L=0&htmfile=chapitre_coll_embryo_equid.htm# chapitre_coll_embryo_equid (accessed December 17, 2021).

OIE (2021b). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. In: Terrestrial Animal Health Code, 29e, ch. 11.4. Paris: World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). https://www.oie. int/index.php?id=169&L=0&htmfile=chapitre_bse.htm (accessed December 17, 2021).

Okoh, A.E.J. (1981). Rabies in farm livestock in Nigeria. Int.

J. Zoonoses 8: 51-56.

Okwumabua, O., O'Connor, M., Shull, E. et al. (2005). Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from food animal clinical cases: PFGE pattern similarity to strains from human listeriosis cases. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 249 (2): 275-281.

Olaleye, O.D., Omilabu, S.A., Ilomechina, E.N., and Fagbami, A.H. (1990). A survey for haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to West Nile virus in human and animal sera in Nigeria. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13 (1): 35-39.

Olcott, B.M., Strain, G.M., and Kreeger, J.M. (1987). Diagnosis of partial epilepsy in a goat. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 191: 837-840.

Oliviera, D.M., Pimentel, L.A., Pessoa, A.F. et al. (2010). Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia in a goat. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 22: 793-796. https://doi. org/10.1177/104063871002200527.

Omer, O.H. and Awad Elkarim, A.H. (1981). The combined effects of aldrin and sevin insecticides on Nubian goats. Sudan J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 22: 12-18.

O'Rourke, K.I., Baszler, T.V., Besser, T.E. et al. (2000). Preclinical diagnosis of scrapie by immunohistochemistry of third eyelid lymphoid tissue. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 (9): 3254-3259.

O'Rourke, K.I., Zhuang, D., Truscott, T.C. et al. (2011). Sparse PrP^sc accumulation in the placentas of goats with naturally acquired scrapie. BMC Vet. Res. 7: 7. https://doi.org/10.118 6/1746-6148-7-7.

Orr, M. (1988). Causes of goat abortion: an Otago-Southland study. Surveillance N. Z. 15: 19-20.

Orr, M., Montgomery, H., Gill, J., and Smith, R. (1987). Abortion in goats: a field study. Surveillance N. Z. 14: 5-6.

Orr, M.B. and Barlow, R.M. (1978). Experiments in border disease. X. the postnatal skin lesion in sheep and goats.

J. Comp. Pathol. 88: 295-302.

Ortega, J., Verdes, J.M., Morrell, E.L. et al. (2019). Intramural vascular edema in the brain of goats with Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia. Vet. Pathol. 56 (3): 452-459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985818817071.

Oryan, A., Moazeni, M., Amrabadi, O. et al. (2015). Comparison of distribution pattern, pathogenesis and molecular characteristics of larval stages of Taenia multiceps in sheep and goats. Sm. Rum. Res. 132: 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1016Zj.smallrumres.2015.10.008.

O'Sullivan, B.M. (1977). Enzootic ataxia in goat kids. Aust. Vet. J. 53: 455-456.

Osweiler, G.D., Carson, T.L., Buck, W.B., and Van Gelder, G.A. (1984). Clinical and Diagnostic Veterinary Toxicology, 3e. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt.

O'Toole, D., Raisbeck, M., Case, J.C., and Whitson,

T.D. (1996). Selenium-induced “blind staggers” and related myths. A commentary on the extent of historical livestock losses attributed to selenosis on western US rangelands. Vet. Pathol. 33: 104-116.

Owen, E.C., Proudfoot, R., Robertson, J.M. et al. (1965). Pathological and biochemical studies of an outbreak of swayback in goats. J. Comp. Pathol. 75: 241-251.

Papa, A., Pavlidou, V., and Antoniadis, A. (2008). Greek goat encephalitis virus strain isolated from Ixodes ricinus, Greece. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14 (2): 330-332.

Papasavva-Stylianou, P. (2017). Effect of polymorphisms at codon 146 of the goat PRNP gene on susceptibility to challenge with classical scrapie by different routes. J. Virol. 91: e01142-e01117. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01142-17.

Pappenheimer, J.R., Heisy, S.R., Jordan, E.F. et al. (1962). Perfusion of the cerebral ventricular system in unanesthetized goats. Am. J. Phys. 203: 763-774.

Patnaik, B. (1966). Lumbar paralysis in Beetal goats and their graded progeny in Orissa. 1. A study of the incidence and symptoms of the disease. Indian J. Anim. Health 5: 1-9.

Pattison, I.H. (1957). Myopathy in sheep. Lancet 272: 104-105.

Pattison, I.H., Gordon, W.S., and Millson, G.C. (1959). Experimental production of scrapie in goats. J. Comp. Pathol. 69: 300-312.

Pattison, I.H., Hoare, M.N., Jebbett, J.N., and Watson, W.A. (1972). Spread of scrapie to sheep and goats by oral dosing with foetal membranes from scrapie-affected sheep. Vet. Rec. 90: 465-468.

Payne, M.A., Baynes, R.E., Sundlof, S.E. et al. (1999). Drugs prohibited from extralabel use in food animals. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 215: 28-32.

Pedersen, K., Bevins, S.N., Baroch, J.A. et al. (2013). Pseudorabies in Feral Swine in the United States, 2009-2012. USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publication 1561. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ icwdm_usdanwrc/1561 (accessed December 17, 2021).

Pedrizet, J.A. and Dinsmore, P. (1986). Pituitary abscess syndrome. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 8: S311-S318.

Pepin, M., Vitu, C., Russo, P. et al. (1998). Maedi-visna virus infection in sheep: a review. Vet. Res. 29: 341-367.

Perea-Remujo, A., Garcia, A.M., Vizcaino, L.L. et al. (1984). Sero-epidemiological survey of listeriosis in cattle, sheep and goats in Cordoba province. Arch. Zootec. 33: 265-284.

Perez, L.J. and de Arce, H.D. (2009). Development of a polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of pseudorabies virus in clinical samples. Braz J. Microbiol. 40: 433-438.

Perler, L. (2004). Swollen knees eradicated on Swiss goats. Annual Report 2003. Swiss Federal Veterinary Office. SVFO Magazine 2:16-17.

Petersen, L.R. and Marfin, A.A. (2002). West Nile virus: a primer for the clinician. Ann. Intern. Med. 137 (3): 173-179.

Phadke, S.P., Bhagwat, S.V., Kapshikar, R.N., and Ghevari,

S. (1979). Listeriosis in sheep and goats in Maharashtra. Indian Vet. J. 56: 634-637.

Pienaar, J.G., Basson, P.A., du Plessis, J.L. et al. (1999). Experimental studies with Strongyloides papillosus in goats. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 66: 191-235.

Pienaar, R., Neitz, A.W.H., and Mans, B.J. (2018). Tick paralysis: solving an enigma. Vet. Sci. 5: 53. https://doi. org/10.3390/vetsci5020053.

Pisoni, G., Quasso, A., and Moroni, P. (2005). Phylogenetic analysis of small-ruminant lentivirus subtype B1 in mixed flocks: evidence for natural transmission from goats to sheep. Virology 339: 147-152.

Polizopoulou, S.Z., Giadinis, D.N., Papahristou, A., and Papaioannou, N. (2016). Neurological diseases of small ruminants in Greece: a retrospective study in 114 flocks. Acta Vet. (Beograd) 66 (2): 160-171. https://doi. org/10.1515/acve-2016-0014.

Porter, M.B., MacKay, R.J., Uhl, E. et al. (2003). Neurologic disease putatively associated with ingestion of Solanum viarum in goats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 223 (4): 501-504.

Prasad, T., Arora, S.P., and Behra, G.D. (1982). Note on the dietary investigation of suspected “swayback” in kids. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 52: 837-840.

Pratelli, A., Bollo, E., Martella, V. et al. (1999). Pestivirus infection in small ruminants: virological and histopathological findings. Microbiologica 22: 351-335.

Pratelli, A., Martella, V., Cirone, F. et al. (2001). Genomic characterization of pestiviruses isolated from lambs and kids in southern Italy. J. Virol. Methods 94: 81-85.

Properzi, F. and Pocchiari, M. (2013). Identification of misfolded proteins in body fluids for the diagnosis of prion diseases. Int. J. Cell Biol. 2013: 839329. https://doi. org/10.1155/2013/839329.

Prusiner, S.B. (1998). Prions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95 (23): 13363-13383.

Pusterla, N., Caplazi, P., and Braun, U. (1997). Cerebrospinal nematodiasis in seven goats. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. 139 (6): 282-287.

Pusterla, N., Caplazi, P., Hertzberg, H. et al. (2001). Elaphostrongylus cervi infection in a Swiss goat. Vet. Rec. 148 (12): 382-383.

Pusterla, N., Caplazi, P., Lutz, H., and Braun, U. (1999).

Treatment of cerebrospinal nematodiasis in goats. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 106 (1): 22-24.

Querat, G., Barban, V., Sauze, N. et al. (1984). Highly lytic and persistent lentiviruses naturally present in sheep with progressive pneumonia are genetically distinct. J. Virol. 52 (2): 672-679.

Radi, Z.A., Thomsen, B.V., and Summers, B.A. (2005). Renal (uremic) encephalopathy in a goat. J. Vet. Med. A 52: 397-400.

Raksa, H.C., Miara, L.C., Maia, D. et al. (2016). Rectal biopsy in sheep and goats for monitoring and antemortem diagnosis of scrapie: number of lymphoid follicles in two consecutive collections. Cienc. Anim. Bras. Goidnia 17 (3): 376-385. https://doi.org/10.159 0/1089-6891v17i325415.

Ramirez, G.A., Herraez, P., Rodriguez, F. et al. (2007). Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (malignant schwannoma) in the diaphragm of a goat. J. Comp. Pathol. 137: 137-141.

Rammell, C.G. and Hill, J.H. (1988). Blood thiamine levels in clinically normal goats and goats with suspected polioencephalomalacia. N. Z. Vet. J. 36: 99-100.

Rankins, D.L., Ruffin, D.C., and Pugh, D.G. (2002). Feeding and nutrition. In: Sheep and Goat Medicine (ed.

D.G. Pugh), 19-60. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.

Reid, H.W., Buxton, D., Pow, I., and Finlayson, J. (1984). Transmission of louping-ill virus in goat milk. Vet. Rec. 114: 163-165.

Rekha, V.B., Malik, S.V.S., Chaudhari, S.P., and Barbuddhe, S.B. (2006). Listeriolysin O-based diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes infection in experimentally and naturally infected goats. Small Rumin. Res. 66 (1/3): 70-75.

Render, J.A., Lovell, K.L., Jones, M.Z., and Wheeler, C.A. (1989). Ocular pathology of caprine beta- mannosidosis. Vet. Pathol. 26 (5): 444-446.

Ricci, A., Allende, A., Bolton, D. et al. (2017). Genetic resistance to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in goats. EFSA J. 15 (8): e04962. https://doi. org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4962.

Rickard, L.G. (1994). Parasites. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract. 10 (2): 238-247.

Riet-Correa, F., Medeiros, R.M.T., Tokarnia, C.H. et al. (2012). Botulism by Clostridium botulinum type C in goats associated with osteophagia. Small Rumin. Res. 106: 201-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.03.010.

Rings, D.M. (2004). Clostridial disease associated with neurologic signs: tetanus, botulism and enterotoxemia. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract. 20 (2): 379-391.

Rissi, D.R., Rech, R.R., Barros, R.R. et al. (2006). Meningoencephalitis caused by Listeria sp. in goats. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 26 (1): 14-20.

Robinson, W.F., Chapman, H.M., Grandage, J., and Bolton, J.R. (1982). Atlanto-axial malarticulation in angora goats. Aust. Vet. J. 58 (3): 105-107.

Rodriguez Armesto, R., Repetto, A.E., Ortega, H.H. et al. (2004). Intoxication in goats due to ingestion of Ipomoea hieronymi in Catamarca, Argentina. Vet. Argent. 21 (205): 332-341.

Roeder, P.L. (1980). Enzootic ataxia of lambs and kids in the Ethiopian rift valley. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 12: 229-233.

Rott, R., Herzog, S., Bechter, K., and Frese, K. (1991). Borna disease, a possible hazard for man? Arch. Virol. 118 (3-4): 143-149.

Rott, R., Herzog, S., and Richt, J.A. (2004). Borna disease. In: Infectious Diseases of Livestock, 2e, vol. 2 (ed.

J.A.W. Coetzer, G.R. Thomson and R.C. Tustin), 1368­1372. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Rowe, C.L. (1979). Hemivertebra in a goat. Vet. Med. Sm. Anim. Clin. 74: 211-214.

Rowe, L.D., Dollahite, J.W., Kim, H.L., and Camp, B.J. (1973). Hymenoxys odorata (bitterweed) poisoning in sheep. Southwest. Vet. 26: 287-293.

Roy, R.N. (1988). A study of the lipolytic properties of extracellular enzymes from Listeria monocytogenes isolated from bulked raw cow milk and pasteurized goat milk. J. Dairy Sci. 71 (Suppl. 1): 85.

Rubenstein, R., Bulgin, M.S., Chang, B. et al. (2012). PrPSc detection and infectivity in semen from scrapie-infected sheep. J. Gen. Virol. 93: 1375-1383. https://doi.org/10.1099/ vir.0.038802-0.

Rupprecht, C.E., Hanlon, C.A., and Hemachudha, T. (2002). Rabies re-examined. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2: 327-343.

Saborio, G.P., Permanne, B., and Soto, C. (2001). Sensitive detection of pathological prion protein by cyclic amplification of protein misfolding. Nature 411 (6839): 810-813. https://doi.org/10.1038/35081095.

Saikia, J., Pathak, S.C., and Barman, A.K. (1987). Coenurosis in goats. Indian Vet. Med. J. 11: 135-141.

Sakhaee, E. and Derakhshanfar, A. (2010). Polioencephalomalacia associated with closantel overdosage in a goat. J. So. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 81 (2): 116-117.

Salinas, L.M. (2017). Vaccination against Louping ill virus protects goats from experimental challenge with Spanish goat encephalitis virus. J. Comp. Pathol. 156: 409-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/jjcpa.2017.03.004.

Salzano, G., Giachin, G., and Legname, G. (2019). Structural consequences of copper binding to the prion protein. Cell 8: 770. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8080770.

Sanford, J.P. (1995). Tetanus—forgotten but not gone. N. Engl. J. Med. 332 (12): 812-813.

Sanford, S.E. (1989). Meningoencephalitis caused by thermal disbudding in goat kids. Can. Vet. J. 30: 832.

Santa Rosa, J., Berne, M.E.A., Johnson, E.H., and Olander, H.J. (1987). Diseases of goats diagnosed in Sobral, Brazil. In: Proceedings, IVInternational Conference on Goats, 1360-1361. Brasilia: EMBRAPA-DDT.

Santagada, G., Latorre, L., Ianuzziello, V., and Petrella, A. (2004). Outbreak of abortion in sheep due to Listeria ivanovii: epidemiological considerations. Large Anim. Rev. 10 (4): 31-35.

Santos, L.B., Mineo, J.R., Silva, D.A. et al. (1993). Botulismo experimental em caprinos pela toxina tipo C. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 13 (314): 73-76.

Sauders, B.D., Fortes, E.D., Morse, D.L. et al. (2003). Molecular subtyping to detect human listeriosis clusters. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9 (6): 672-680.

Scandrett, W.B. and Gajadhar, A.A. (2002). Assessment of domestic goats as a patent host of Elaphostrongylus cervi. J. Parasitol. 88 (1): 93-96.

Schenk, H.C., Ganter, M., Seehusen, F. et al. (2007). Magnetic resonance imaging findings in metabolic and toxic disorders of 3 small ruminants. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 21: 865-871.

Schmidt, H. (1941). Vitamin A deficiencies in ruminants. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2: 373-389.

Schofield, L.N. and Saunders, J.R. (1992). An incidental case of tick paralysis in a Holstein calf exposed to Dermacentor andersoni. Can. Vet. J. 33: 190-191.

Schreuder, B.E.C. and Somerville, R.A. (2003). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in sheep? Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz- 22 (1): 103-120.

Schreuder, B.E.C., van Keulen, L.J., Vromans, M.E. et al. (1998). Tonsillar biopsy and PrP^Sc detection in the preclinical diagnosis of scrapie. Vet. Rec. 142: 564-568.

Schuler, L.A., Khaitsa, M.L., Dyer, N.W., and Stoltenow, C.L. (2004). Evaluation of an outbreak of West Nile virus infection in horses: 569 cases (2002). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 225 (7): 1084-1089.

Schumaher-Henrique, B., Gorniak, S.L., Dagli, M.L.Z., and Spinosa, H.S. (2003). The clinical, biochemical, haematological and pathological effects of long-term administration of Ipomoea carnea to growing goats. Vet. Res. Commun. 27 (4): 311-319.

Scott, P.R. (2012). Diagnosis and treatment of coenurosis in sheep. Vet. Parasitol. 189: 75-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/]. vetpar.2012.03.034.

Scroggs, P. (1989). Diary of a tragedy. Dairy Goat J. 67: 793-795, 799, 817.

Seaman, J.T. and Hartley, W.J. (1981). Congenital copper deficiency in goats. Aust. Vet. J. 57: 355-356.

Serra Freire, N.M. (1983). Tick paralysis in Brazil. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 15: 124-126.

Sewell, C.A. and Healy, PJ. (1985). The use of plasma beta-mannosidase activity for the detection of goats heterozygous for beta-mannosidosis. Aust. Vet. J. 62: 286-288.

Shah, C., Boeni, J., Huder, J.B. et al. (2004a). Phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of caprine and ovine lentiviruses based on 104 new isolates: evidence for regular sheep-to-goat transmission and worldwide propagation through livestock trade. Virology 319: 12-26.

Shah, C., Huder, J.B., Boni, J. et al. (2004b). Direct evidence for natural transmission of small-ruminant lentiviruses of subtype A4 from goats to sheep and vice versa. J. Virol. 78 (14): 7518-7522.

Shapiro, J.L., Rostkowski, C., Little, P.B. et al. (1985). Caprine beta-mannosidosis in kids from an Ontario herd. Can. Vet. J. 26: 155-158.

Sharma, D.K. and Chauhan, P.P.S. (2006). Coenurosis status in afro-Asian region: a review. Small Rumin. Res. 64 (3): 197-202.

Sharma, H.N., Bhargava, A.K., and Tyagi, R.P.S. (1974). Cerebral angiography for locating the space-occupying lesions in goats. Indian Vet. J. 51: 718-721.

Sharma, H.N. and Tyagi, R.P.S. (1975). Diagnosis and surgical treatment of coenurosis in goat. Indian Vet. J. 52: 482-488.

Sharma, N., Kumar, A., Chaturvedi, V. et al. (2017). Retnobulbar cyst of Coenurusgaigeri in Barbarigoats. J. Pmisi.t. Dis. 41(12): 367-370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-016-0807-0.

Sherman, D.M. (1987). Causes of kid morbidity and mortality: an overview. In: Proceedings IV International Conference on Goats, 335-354. Brasilia: EMBRAPA-DDT.

Shimizu, T., Yasuda, N., Kono, I. et al. (1986). Hepatic and spinal lesions in goats chronically intoxicated with cycasin. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 48: 1291-1295.

Shoho, C. (1952). Further observations on epizootic cerebrospinal nematodiasis: I. chemotherapeutic control of the disease by 1-diethylcarbamyl-4-methyl-piperazine citrate: preliminary field trial. Br. Vet. J. 108: 134-141.

Shoho, C. (1954). Prophylaxis and therapy in epizootic cerebrospinal nematodiasis of animals by 1-diethylcarbamyl-4-methyl-piperazine dihydrogen citrate: report of a second field trial. Vet. Med. 49: 459-462.

Shoji, Y., Kobayashi, Y., Sato, G. et al. (2006). Genetic and phylogenetic characterization of rabies virus isolates from wildlife and livestock in Paraiba, Brazil. Acta Virol. 50: 33-38.

Sigurdsson, B. (1954). Maedi, a slow progressive pneumonia of sheep: an epizoological and a pathological study. Br. Vet. J. 110: 255-270.

Sigurdsson, B., Grimsson, H., and Palsson, P.A. (1952). Maedi, a chronic progressive infection of sheep lungs.

J. Infect. Dis. 90: 233-241.

Sigurdsson, B. and Palsson, P.A. (1958). Visna of sheep. A slow, demyelinating infection. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 39: 519-528.

Sigurdsson, B., Palsson, P.A., and Grimsson, H. (1957). Visna, a demyelinating transmissible disease of sheep.

J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 16: 389-403.

Sigurdsson, B., Palsson, P.A., and Van Bogaert, L. (1962).

Pathology of visna. Transmissible demyelinating disease in sheep in Iceland. Acta Neuropathol. 1: 343-362.

Sigurdsson, B., Thormar, H., and Palsson, P.A. (1960). Cultivation of Visna virus in tissue culture. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch. 10: 368-381.

Silva, A.E.D.F. and Silva, M.U.D. (1987). Doencas mais frequentes observadas nos caprinos do nordeste. Brasilia: Departamento de Difusao de Technologia.

Silva, M.L.C.R., Riet-Correa, F., Galiza, G.J.N. et al. (2010). Distribution of rabies virus in the central nervous system in naturally infected ruminants. [in Portuguese]. Pesq. Vet. Brasil. 30 (11): 940-944. https://doi.org/10.1590/ S0100-736X2010001100007.

Silva, T., Aguiar, G., Carvalho, F. et al. (2014). Outbreaks of copper deficiency in ruminants in the semiarid region of Paraiba, Brazil. Semin. Cienc. Agrar. 35 (4): 1955-1960. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2014v35n4p1955.

Simmons, M., Ru, G., Casalone, C. et al. (2018). DISCONTOOLS: identifying gaps in controlling bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 65 (s1): 9-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12671.

Simmons, M.M., Thorne, L., Ortiz-Pelaez, A. et al. (2020). Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in goats: is PrP rapid test sensitivity affected by genotype? J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 32 (1): 87-93. https://doi.

org/10.1177/1040638719896327.

Simoens, P., De Vos, N.R., Lauwers, H., and Nicaise,

M. (1983). Numerical vertebral variations and transitional vertebrae in the goat. Zbl. Vet. Med. C. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 12: 97-103.

Singh, K.K., Jha, G.J., Chauhan, V.S., and Singh, P.N. (1985). Pathology of chronic aldrin intoxication in goats. Zbl. Vet. Med. A 32: 437-444.

Sinha, R.P. and Thakur, D.K. (1978). An interesting case of tetanus in a buck. Livestock Adviser, Bangalore. 3: 41-43.

Sinnott, D.M., Woolard, K.D., Heller, M., and Affolter,

V.K. (2020). Congenital intradural melanoma surrounding the spinal cord of a nine-day-old Saanen goat. Vet. Rec. Case Rep. 8 (2): e001117. https://doi.org/10.1136/ vetreccr-2020-001117.

Sisk, D.B., Colvin, B.M., and Bridges, C.R. (1988). Acute, fatal illness in cattle exposed to boron fertilizer. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 193: 943-945.

Sisk, D.B., Colvin, B.M., Merrill, A. et al. (1990).

Experimental acute inorganic boron toxicosis in the goat: effects on serum chemistry and CSF biogenic amines. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 32 (3): 205-211.

Smith, D.B., Meyers, G., Bukh, J. et al. (2017). Proposed revision to the taxonomy of the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae. J. Gen. Virol. 98: 2106-2112. https://doi. org/10.1099/jgv.0.000873.

Smith, M.C. (1979). Polioencephalomalacia in goats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 174: 1328-1332.

Smith, M.C. (1982). The diagnostic value of caprine cerebrospinal fluid analysis. In: Proceedings, 3rd International Conference on Goat Production and Disease, 294. Scottsdale, AZ: Dairy Goat Journal Publishing.

Sockett, D.C., Knight, A.P., and Johnson, L.W. (1984).

Malignant melanoma in a goat. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 185: 907-908.

Soldan, A.W., van Inzen, C., and Edelsten, R.M. (1996). Albizia versicolor poisoning of sheep and goats. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 67 (4): 217-221.

Sousa, R.F.A., Almeida, V.M., Neto, J.E. et al. (2017).

Laryngeal neuropathy in adult goats with copper deficiency. Vet. Pathol. 54 (4): 676-682. https://doi. org/10.1177/0300985816681410.

Sperry, O.E., Ryerson, D.E. and Pearson, H.A. (1962). Distribution and chemical control of coyotillo, a range shrub poisonous to livestock. Miscellaneous Publication MP594. College Station, TX: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.

Spiropoulos, J., Hawkins, S.A.C., Simmons, M.M., and Bellworthy, S.J. (2014). Evidence of in utero transmission of classical scrapie in sheep. J. Virol. 88 (8): 4591-4594. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03264-13.

Spiropoulos, J., Lockey, R., Sallis, R.E. et al. (2011). Isolation of prion with BSE properties from farmed goat. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17: 12. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1712.110333.

Staeheli, S., Sauder, C., Hausmann, J. et al. (2000). Epidemiology of Borna disease virus. J. Gen. Virol. 81: 2123-2135.

Stampa, S. (1959). Tick paralysis in the Karoo areas of South Africa. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 28: 169-227.

Stavrou, D., Deutschlander, N., and Dahme, E. (1969). Granulomatous encephalomyelitis in goats. J. Comp. Pathol. 79: 393-398.

Steiner, S., Chvala, S., Krametter-Frotscher, R., and Henninger, W. (2006). Caprine Arthritis-Enzephalitis (CAE) ein Fallbericht: Abklarung mittels Magnetresonanztomographie. Wien. Tierdrztl. Mschr 93: 183-188.

Stemshorn, B.W. (1975). Un cas de tremblante naturelle chez une chevre. Can. Vet. J. 16: 84-86.

Strain, G.M., Claxton, M.S., Olcott, B.M., and Turnquist, S.E. (1990). Visual-evoked brainstem potentials and electroretinograms in ruminants with thiamine-responsive polioencephalomalacia or suspected listeriosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 51 (10): 1513-1517.

Strain, G.M., Seger, C.L., and Flory, W. (1982). Toxic Bermuda grass tremor in the goat: an electroencephalographic study. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43: 158-162.

Sudarshan, M.K., Madhusudana, S.N., Mahendra, B.J. et al. (2007). Assessing the burden of human rabies in India: results of a national multi-center epidemiological survey. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 11: 29-35.

Sugawara, H. (1971). Studies on the electroencephalogram in ruminants. I. EEG in goats. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 33: 25-37.

Sugawara, H., Katayama, M., and Kimura, T. (1989). Effects of prolonged lighting on the plasma concentration of prolactin and electroencephalogram in goats. Jpn.

J. Zootech. Sci. 60 (6): 567-577.

Summers, B.A., Appel, M.J., Greisen, H.A. et al. (1980). Studies on viral leukoencephalomyelitis and swayback in goats. Cornell Vet. 70: 372-390.

Sundquist, B. (1981). Goat visna virus: isolation of a retrovirus related to visna virus of sheep. Arch. Virol. 68: 115-127.

Sundquist, B., Jonsson, L., Jacobson, S.O., and Hammarberg,

K.E. (1981). Visna virus meningoencephalomyelitis in goats. Acta Vet. Scand. 22: 315-333.

Swart, F.W.J. (1975). Vergiftiging van geiten door hondspeterselie. Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd. 100: 989-990.

Swarup, D., Maiti, S.K., and Dwivedi, S.K. (1990). Diagnostic use of blood porphyrin and radiographic changes in lead exposure in goats. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 32 (6): 549-551.

Swarup, D., Patra, R.C., Naresh, R. et al. (2006). Lowered blood copper and cobalt contents in goats reared around lead-zinc smelter. Small Rumin. Res. 63 (3): 309-313.

Tabosa, I.M., Souza, J.C., Graςa, D.L. et al. (2000). Neuronal vacuolation of the trigeminal nuclei in goats caused by ingestion of Prosopis juliflora pods (mesquite beans). Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 42 (3): 155-158.

Taniyama, H., Okamato, M., Hirayama, K. et al. (2001). Equine Borna disease in Japan. Vet. Rec. 148 (15): 480-482.

Tanwar, R.K. (1987). Polioencephalomalacia, an emerging disease of goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 57: 1-4.

Taylor, W.P., Okeke, A.N.C., and Shidali, N.N. (1977). Prevalence of bovine virus diarrhoea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis antibodies in Nigerian sheep and goats. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 9: 171-175.

Tham, W. (1988). Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in cheese made of unpasteurized goat milk. Acta Vet. Scand. 29: 165-172.

Theodoridis, A.K., Papageorgiou, D.K., Abrahim, A., and Karaioannoglou, P.G. (2006). Fate of Listeria monocytogenes during the manufacture and storage of Chevre Metsovo and Pichtogalo Chanion cheeses. Ital. J. Food Sci. 18 (1): 51-61.

Thiongane, Y., Leforban, Y., and Doutre, M.P. (1984). Botulism type D in Senegal. A new water-borne outbreak with high mortality. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays. Trop. 37: 152-154.

Thomas, K.W., Turner, D.L., and Spicer, E.M. (1987). Thiamine, thiaminase and transketolase levels in goats with and without polioencephalomalacia. Aust. Vet. J. 64: 126-127.

Thompson, J.N., Jones, M.Z., Dawson, G., and Huffman, P.S. (1992). N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulphatase deficiency in a Nubian goat: a model of Sanfilippo syndrome type D (mucopolysaccharidosis IIID). J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 15 (5): 760-768.

Thompson, K.G. (1985). Nervous diseases of goats. In: Goat Husbandry and Medicine, Publication 106, 152-161. Palmerston North: Massey University.

Thompson, K.G., Bateman, R.S., and Morris, PJ. (2005). Cerebral infarction and meningoencephalitis following hot-iron disbudding of goat kids. N. Z. Vet. J. 53 (5): 368-370.

Thompson, L.J. (2016). Overview of salt toxicity. In: Merck Veterinary Manual, 11e. Kenilworth, NJ: Merck https:// www.msdvetmanual.com/toxicology/salt-toxicity/ overview-of-salt-toxicity (accessed December 17, 2021).

Thompson, L.J., Frazier, K., Stiver, S., and Styer, E. (2002). Multiple animal intoxications associated with Carolina jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) ingestions vet. Hum. Toxicol. 44 (5): 272-273.

Thuring, C.M., Erkens, J.H.F., Jacobs, J.G. et al. (2004). Discrimination between scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in sheep by molecular size, immunoreactivity and glycoprofile of prion protein. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 (3): 972-980.

van Tonder, E.M. (1975). Notes on some disease problems in angora goats in South Africa. Vet. Med. Rev. 1 (2): 109-138.

Toofanian, F., Aliakabari, S., and Ivoghli, B. (1979). Acute diesel fuel poisoning in goats. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 11: 98-101.

Topciu, V., Rosiu, N., Arcan, P., and Fufezan, V. (1971). Serological survey for group B arbovirus infections among animals in the Banat province of Rumania. Arch. Roum. Pathol. Exp. Microbiol. 30 (2): 231-236.

Toumazos, P. and Alley, M.R. (1989). Scrapie in goats in Cyprus. N. Z. Vet. J. 37: 160-162.

Trifonov, T. (1975). The Ixodes fauna along the southern Black Sea littoral. Veterinarnomed. Nauki 12: 70-79.

Tu, P.A., Shiu, J.-S., Lee, S.-H. et al. (2017). Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LFD) for the field diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection. J. Virol. Methods 243: 98-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/]. jviromet.2017.01.023.

Tuo, W., Zhuang, D., Knowles, D.P. et al. (2001). Prp-c and Prp-Sc at the fetal-maternal interface. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (21): 18229-18234.

Tyler, J.W., Turnquist, S.E., David, A.T. et al. (2003). West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in a sheep. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 17: 242-244.

UC Davis (2020). Goat scrapie susceptibility. Davis, CA: University of California at Davis, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. https://vgl.ucdavis.edu/test/goat-scrapie- susceptibility (accessed December 16, 2021).

UK Food Standards Agency (2008). Draft report from the ad hoc group on botulism in cattle, sheep and goats. Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food, ACM/910. https://acmsf.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/ mnt/drupal_data/sources/files/multimedia/pdfs/ committee/acm910sheep.pdf (accessed December 17, 2021).

Umoh, J.U. (1977). Post-exposure immunization of ruminants against rabies. PhD thesis, Graduate School, University of Missouri-Columbia.

Umoh, J.U. and Blenden, D.C. (1981). Post-exposure immunoprophylaxis of goats against rabies. Int. J. Zoonoses 8: 127-134.

Umoh, J.U. and Blenden, D.C. (1982). The dissemination of rabies virus into cranial nerves and other tissues of experimentally infected goats and dogs and naturally infected skunks. Int. J. Zoonoses 9: 1-11.

Underwood, E.J. (1981). The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock, 2e. Slough: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.

USDA (2004). SOSS: Phase II: Scrapie: Ovine Slaughter Surveillance Study, 2002-2003. Riverdale, MD: USDA, APHIS, VS. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/ nahms/sheep/downloads/soss/SOSS_dr_phase2.pdf (accessed January 1, 2022).

USDA (2007a). Scrapie: Nor98-like Wyoming. Quarterly Report. USDA, APHIS, VS, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture.

USDA (2007b). Scrapie Program. FY 2007 Report. Riverdale, MD: USDA, APHIS, VS, National Center for Animal Health Programs. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_ health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/yearly_report. pps (accessed December 17, 2021).

USDA (2007c). Appendix 1—Specimen Collection and Submission. Voluntary Scrapie Flock Certification Program Standards, 28-39. Riverdale, MD: USDA, APHIS, VS, National Center for Animal Health Programs. http://www. aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/ downloads/sfcp.pdf (accessed December 17, 2021).

USDA (2019). National Scrapie Surveillance Plan.

Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Veterinary Services. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/ animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/national_scrapie_ surv_plan.pdf (accessed December 17, 2021).

USDA (2020). Scrapie. In: National Veterinary Accreditation Program Reference Guide. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ ourfocus/animalhealth/nvap/NVAP-Reference-Guide/ Control-and-Eradication/Scrapie (accessed December 17, 2021).

Uzal, F.A., Glastonbury, J.R.W., Kelly, W.R., and Thomas, R. (1997). Caprine enterotoxaemia associated with cerebral microangiopathy. Vet. Rec. 141 (9): 224-226.

Uzal, F.A. and Kelly, W.R. (1997). Effects of the intravenous administration of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin on young goats and lambs. J. Comp. Pathol. 116

(1) : 63-71.

Uzal, F.A. and Kelly, W.R. (1998). Experimental Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia in goats. Vet. Pathol. 35

(2) : 132-140.

Vaccari, G., Di Bari, M.A., Morelli, L. et al. (2006). Identification of an allelic variant of the goat PrP gene associated with resistance to scrapie. J. Gen. Virol. 87 (5): 1395-1402.

Verster, A. and Tustin, R.C. (1990). Treatment of cerebral coenuriosis in sheep with praziquantel. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 61 (1): 24-26.

Wang, M.Z., Ye, K.X., and Hu, L.S. (1985). Study on etiology of “lumbar paralysis” in horses, sheep, and goats. In: Proceedings, 4th International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology & Economics, Singapore,s November 18-22, 283-284.

Weinhold, E. and Triemer, B. (1978). Visna in the goat. Zbl. Vet. Med. B 25: 525-538.

Weissmann, C. and Aguzzi, A. (2005). Approaches to therapy of prion diseases. Annu. Rev. Med. 56: 321-344.

Welchman, D.d.B. and Bekh-Ochir, G. (2006). Spinal coenurosis causing posterior paralysis in a goat in Mongolia. Vet. Rec. 158 (7): 238-239.

Wells, G.A., Scott, A.C., Johnson, C.T. et al. (1987). A novel progressive spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. Vet. Rec. 121 (18): 419-420. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.121.18.419.

WHA (2019). Australian Bat Lyssaviiruis Fact Sheet. Mosman: Wildlife Health Australia. https://wildlifehealthaustralia.com. au/Portals/0/Documents/FactSheets/mammals/Australian_ Bat_Lyssavirus.pdf (accessed December 17, 2021).

White, S., Herrmann-Hoesing, L., O'rourke, K. et al. (2008). Prion gene (PRNP) haplotype variation in United States goat breeds. Genet. Sel. Evol. 40: 553-561. https://doi. org/10.1051/gse:2008021.

WHO (2020a). Rabies. Geneva: World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/rabies#tab=tab_1 (accessed December 17, 2021).

WHO (2020b). Database queries. Rabies Bulletin Europe. Rabies Information System of the WHO Collaboration Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research. Geneva: World Health Organization. https://www.who-rabies- bulletin.org/site-page/queries

Wiedmann, M., Mobini, S., Cole, J.R. Jr. et al. (1999). Molecular investigation of a listeriosis outbreak in goats caused by an unusual strain of Listeria monocytogenes. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 215 (3): 369-371.

Wilesmith, J.W., Ryan, J.B.M., Hueston, W.D., and Hoinville,

L. J. (1992). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: epidemiological features 1985 to 1990. Vet. Rec. 130 (5): 90-94.

Wille, H., Michelitsch, M.D., Guenebaut, V. et al. (2002). Structural studies of the scrapie prion protein by electron crystallography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99 (6): 3563-3568.

Willis, C., Jorgensen, F., Aird, H. et al. (2017). An assessment of the microbiological quality and safety of raw drinking milk on retail sale in England. J. Appl. Microbiol. 124: 535-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13660.

Wilson, J. and Brewer, B.D. (1984). Vestibular disease in a goat. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 6: S179-S182.

Wilson, PJ., Oertli, E.H., Hunt, P.R., and Sidwa, T.J. (2010). Evaluation of a postexposure rabies prophylaxis protocol for domestic animals in Texas: 2000-2009. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 237 (12): 1395-1401.

Wilson, R.D., Witzel, D.A., and Verlander, J.M. (1982). Somatosensory-evoked response of ataxic angora goats in suspected haloxon-delayed neurotoxicity. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43: 2224-2226.

Winter, P., Hochsteiner, W., and Chizzola, R. (2004). Use of copper oxide wire particles (CopinoxReg.) for the prevention of congenital copper deficiency in a herd of German improved fawn breed of goat, [in German]. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 111 (10): 395-397.

Winter, P., Hochsteiner, W., and Hogler, S. (2002). Congenital copper deficiency in neonatal German improved fawn breed of goats. Tierarztl. Prax. 30 (6): 378-384.

Wong, G., Lu, J., Zhang, W., and Gao, G.F. (2019). Pseudorabies virus: a neglected zoonotic pathogen in humans? Emerg. Microbes Infect. 8: 150-154. https://doi. org/10.1080/22221751.2018.1563459.

Wood, J.L.N., Mcgill, I.S., Done, S.H., and Bradley, R. (1997). Neuropathology of scrapie: a study of the distribution patterns of brain lesions in 222 cases of natural scrapie in sheep, 1982-1991. Vet. Rec. 140: 167-174.

Wood, J.N.L., Done, S.H., Pritchard, G.C., and Wooldridge,

M.J.A. (1992). Natural scrapie in goats: case histories and clinical signs. Vet. Rec. 131: 66-68.

Wood, J.S. (1972). Encephalitic listeriosis in a herd of goats. Can. Vet. J. 13: 80-82.

Wouda, W., Borst, G.H.A., and Gruys, E. (1986). Delayed swayback in goat kids, a study of 23 cases. Vet. Q. 8: 45-56.

Wright, H.J., Adams, D.S., and Trigo, F.J. (1983). Meningoencephalitis after hot-iron disbudding of goat kids. Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin. 78: 599-601.

Wulf, M.-A., Senatore, A., and Aguzzi, A. (2017). The biological function of the cellular prion protein: an update. BMC Biol. 15: 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12915-017-0375-5.

Xu, G., Weber, P., Hu, Q. et al. (2007). A simple sandwich ELISA (WELYSSA) for the detection of lyssavirus nucleocapsid in rabies suspected specimens using mouse monoclonal antibodies. Biologicals 35: 297-302.

Yoshikawa, T. (1968). Atlas of the Brains of Domestic

Animals. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Zabel, M.D. and Reid, C. (2015). A brief history of prions. FEMS Pathogens Dis. 73: ftv087. https://doi.org/10.1093/ femspd/ftv087.

Zanoni, R.G. (1998). Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant Ientiviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 79: 1951-1961.

Zaragoza, N.E., Orellana, C.A., Moonen, G.A. et al. (2019). Vaccine production to protect animals against pathogenic Clostridia. Toxins 11: 525. doi: 10.3390/ toxins11090525.

Zhang, L., Li, N., Fan, B. et al. (2004). PRNP polymorphisms in Chinese ovine, caprine and bovine breeds. Anim. Genet. 35: 457-461.

Zhao, L.B., Xie, P., Mu, J. et al. (2006). Detection of Borna disease virus P24 gene in goats in Chongqing. Vet Sci China 36 (6): 460-463.

Zundel, E., Gallois, E., Constanty, P. et al. (2003). Virulence of Listeria monocytogenes as a biofilm: consequences for dairy farming. In: 10emes Rencontres autour des Recherches sur les Ruminants, Paris, France, 3-4 Decembre 2003, 211-214. Paris, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique.