PATHOLOGY
Often there are no gross findings at necropsy. If present, lesions include pulmonary congestion and oedema, myocardial haemorrhage, splenomegaly, gastric ulceration, lymphadenomegaly and malacia of the brain (Ladds 2009).
Histologically, multiple foci of necrosis with lymphoid infiltrates may be found in the CNS, lung, myocardium, skeletal muscle, lymphoid tissue, adrenal glands, pancreas and liver (Canfield et al. 1990; Reddacliff et al. 1993a; Bettiol et al. 2000a; Ladds 2009). Multifocal lymphocytic, plasmacytic and histiocytic choroiditis was reported from zoo-housed red kangaroos with toxoplasmosis (Carossino et al. 2021). Periodic acid-Schiff-positive tissue cysts are most commonly found in the brain, muscle and adrenal glands (Canfield et al. 1990). In marine mammals, necrosis, non-suppurative meningoencephalitis and myocarditis are the predominant histopathological lesions (Bowater et al. 2003; Donahoe et al. 2014; Cooper et al. 2016).6.
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