PREVENTION
Preventative measures centre around optimising managed care with a species-specific approach. Even within species, optimal conditions may vary (e.g. hand-reared or habituated animals versus those not conditioned to human proximity).
Diets for animals in managed care should be forage-based to promote appropriate mastication, including grass or grass-based hay/pellets, and regular provision of browse (see Chapter 14). The proximate risk factors outlined above (see section 2.2) should be systematically considered and addressed.Vaccination using various single-agent vaccines was investigated in the 1980s with unconvincing results (Burton, 1981; Smith et al. 1986; Blanden et al. 1987; Gul- land et al. 1987). Antiabong et al. (2014) discuss the challenges of vaccinating for polymicrobial diseases; however, if the keystone pathogens that trigger changes favouring pathogenic species can be identified, they may be effective targets for future vaccines.
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