Subject Index

α₁-PI see α₁-proteinase inhibitor α₁-proteinase inhibitor ⅛-PI)

53f., 209

-, fecal 50

α2-adrenergic 159

—, receptor 159

α2-antagonists 160

A

Abdomen

—, distended cranial 300

Abdominal concentration

—, repetitive 115

Abdominal effusion 13

Abdominal mass 271

Abdominal pain 8, 195, 288, 291, 301

Abdominal palpation 128 Abdominal radiography 116, 124

—, chronic diarrhea 132

Abdominoanal pull-through procedures

—, large intestinal tumor 238

Abortion 169

Abscess

—, pancreatic 45, 301f.

—, ultrasonography 301

Absorption

—, cobalamin 51, 156

—, folate 52

—, intestinal 181

—, sodium 219

—, water 219

Acetaminophen 110 Acetylcholine 159f.

—, receptors (ACh) 156

ACh see Acetylcholine receptors Achalasia

—, cricoesophageal 110

—, cricopharyngeal 20f., 140f.

—, esophageal 146

—, gastroesophageal 110

Achlorhydria 162

Acholic feces 7

Acid

—, see Amino acids

—, see Bile acid

—, chenodeoxycholic 60

—, cholic 60

—, see ¹³C-octanoic acid

—, deoxycholic 60

—, see Fatty acids

—, folic 204

—, see Gastric acid

—, guaiaconic 168

—, hydrochloric 156

—, lactic 170

—, lithocholic 60

—, para-aminobenzoic (PABA) 296

—, rubeanic 100

—, secondary bile 60

—, selenious 293

—, serum bile (SBA) 59—61

—, urinary bile 61

Acid-base abnormalities 287

Acidosis

—, lactic 170

—, metabolic 117, 170

Aciduria

—, paradoxial 176—178

Acinar cells 284

—, pancreatic 295, 298

—, lack of 294

ACTH

—, excess secretion 255

—, stimulation test 116, 119, 125, 128

Active suppression through antigenญspecific suppressor cells 315

Acute signs of gastrointestinal disease 115—120

Addison’s disease

—, atypical 125

Adenocarcinoma 31, 45, 85, 133, 211, 213

—, esophageal glands 151

—, gastric 167f., 176

— —, dog 177f

—, intestinal

-----, feline 211

—, pancreatic 102, 299f.

Adenoma

—, hepatocellular

—, diagnosis 271

—, management 271

—, pathogenesis 270

—, symptoms 270

—, pancreatic 299f., 302

Adenosquamous carcinoma 151

Adenovirus-1

—, canine (CAV1) 256, 258

Adipositas

—, cat 272

Adverse food reactions 129

Aerobes 186

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 58 —, serum activity 58f.

Albumin 292

—, synthesis 208

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 59,

262

—, serum activity 59

—, steroid-induced 262

Alkalosis 252f.

—, hypochloremic metabolic 177 “Alligator jaws” forceps 86 Alloxan 343

Alopecia 309

—, paraneoplastic 300

—, perianal 309

ALP see Alkaline phosphatase

ALT see Alanine aminotransferase Amino acids 272, 275, 284 —, aromatic 254

—, release 158

Aminopyrine 62 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA)

322

Ammonia 252f., 263

—, intracellular concentration 253

—, non-ionized 253

—, plasma concentration 275 —, increased 267

—, tolerance test 259, 267 Ammonium biurate crystalluria

275

Ammonium biurate crystals 57 —, Dalmatian 57

Ammonium sulfate 61

Ammonium urate crystals 265 Amphimerus pseudofelineus 287, 302 Amyloid deposit 263

Amyloidosis 263

—, diagnosis 263

—, management 263

—, pathogenesis 263 —, symptoms 263 Anaerobiospirillum 192

Analgesia 291

Anal pruritus 7f.

Anal pull-out

—, large intestinal tumor 238 Anaphylactic reaction 199 Ancylostoma

—, braziliense 195

—, ceylanicum 195

—, egg 194

Anemia 128, 168, 178, 221f,, 269, 300, 332

—, hemolytic 56, 247

—, non-regenerative 273

—, regenerative 346

Anergy of antigen-specific T-cells 315

Anesthesia

—, causes gastroesophageal reflux 142

Anorexia 143, 145, 187, 189, 212, 223, 237, 256, 268, 271f., 288, 299, 301, 335, 344, 346, 349

Anthelminthic agent 166 Anthelminthics 222

Antibacterial factors 284 Antibiotic 292

Antibody therapy

—, monoclonal

—, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 323

Antiemetic 159, 188f., 291f Antigen-processing cells 220

Antigens 221 Anti-inflammatory agents 293 Antimicrobials 191

—, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 321f.

Antimicrobial substances 203

Antioxidants 293

Antiperistalsis 218 Antispasmodic agents 227 Antrum 74, 82

Anus 217

Aorta

—, coarctation 148

AP see Alkaline phosphatase

Apathy 246, 256, 259f,, 265, 268

Aprotinin 292

aPTT 62

Aquired immune response 315

Arginase 59

Arginine 272

Arrhythmia

—, cardiac 171

Arterioles

—, tortuous 265

Artery

—, bronchoesophageal 139

—, dorsal intercostal 139

—, left gastric 139

—, mesenteric 218

—, thyroid 139

5-ASA see 5-aminosalicylic acid

Ascarids 195

Ascites 153, 246f,, 250, 253, 261,

264, 267—269, 274, 316, 332 —, hemorrhagic 268, 271 Ascites fluid 57

Aspiration pneumonia 141, 144, 148, 153

Atrophy

—, hepatocellular 265

—, pancreatic 286

-----, acinar (PAA) 295

Autointoxication 263 Azathioprine 323

Azotemia 170, 300, 326

B

Bacteria 261

—, aerobic 202

—, anaerobic 202, 206

—, facultative 186 —, obligate 186 —, colonic 220

—, commensal 314

—, concentration in large intestine

220

—, increased biomass 186 —, intestinal see Large intestine, bacterial overgrowth and Small intestine, bacterial overgrowth

Bacterial culture

-, quatitative 204

Bacterial flora

—, small intestine 314

Bacterial metabolites 203

Bacterial overgrowth 162

—, large intestine 220

—, small intestinal (SIBO) see

Small intestine, bacterial overgrowth

Bacteriology 106

Bacteroides spp. 204, 220

Baermann concentration 124

Balantidium toli 102

Balloon catheter 87

Balloon dilation 87, 144f.

Ballooning 262

Barium 109

Barium contrast studies 16

Barium enema 217

Barium granules 172 Barium-impregnated polyethylene sphere (BIPS) 49, 109

Barium meal 109

Barium sulfate

—, creams 22

—, suspensions 20, 22 Barrier function 141, 143 —, intestinal 181, 314 Basenji enteropathy 69, 325 —, clinical signs 325 —, treatment 325 B-cells 220

Beagle

—, selective cobalamin

malabsorption 69

—, small intestinal bacterial

overgrowth (SIBO) 69 Bedlington Terrier —, hepatic copper toxicosis 70 Beef 308

Besnoitia spp.

Beta cells

—, insulin secretion 338

—, tumor 337

Bicarbonate 158, 169, 295

—, luminal 220

—, secretion 219

Bifidobacter spp. 186, 206, 220 Bile 242, 250, 259 —, unpigmented concentrated

mucoid 251

Bile acid 142, 183

—, metabolism 245

—, serum concentration 59—61,

275

—, increased 246, 267

—, postprandial 59

—, preprandial 59

Bile canalicular plugs 270

Bile culture 248

Bile duct 242

—, carcinoma 99, 278

—, diagnosis 272

—, management 272

—, pathogenesis 272

—, symptoms 272

—, obstruction see also Extrahepatic bile duct obstruction (EBDO) 43, 242

—, rupture 250f., 269

—, diagnosis 269

—, pathogenesis 269

—, symptoms 269

—, therapy 269

Bile ductale multiplication 270

Bile flow 242

Bile pigment 100f.

Biliary calculi 269

Biliary mucocele 41,269

Biliary tract

—, diagnostic imaging 38—43

—, diseases see also Cholecystitis 269f.

—, cystic liver disease 269f.

—, gall bladder ruptur see Bile duct rupture

—, non-obstructive disease 41

—, obstructive disease 43

Bilirubin 58, 250f.

—, conjugated 251

—, metabolism 250

—, serum concentration 58

Bilirubinemia 300

Bilirubinuria 57, 251

Biopsy 76—79

—, colonic 78, 324

—, endoscopic 104

—, full-thickness 104f.

—, mucosal 78

—, gastric 164, 166

—, gastrointestinal 209

—, ileum 78

—, intestinal 89, 94f,, 212, 316

—, large intestinal tumor 237

—, liver see also Biopsy, techniques 43, 89, 91—93, 248—250, 261, 272, 277

—, mucosal 161

—, needle 105

—, pancreatic 89, 93f., 290

—, partial-thickness 105

—, small intestinal tumor 212

—, techniques

—, gall bladder aspiration 250

—, needles

--------, deep needle biopsy 249

--------, fine-needle aspiration

249

--------, Menghini aspiration needle

249

--------, percutaneous needle biopsy 249f.

--------, true-cut needle 248f.

--------, (with) biopsy gun 249 —, surgical 249f.

—, ultrasound-guided biopsy 248—250

--------, wedge 248f.

Biopsy forceps 76—78

—, flexible 75

—, rigid colonic 75

BIPS see Barium-impregnated polyethylene sphere 49

Bisacodyl 75

Bladder stones 265 Bleeding —, rectal 237 —, spontaneous 251 Blood 57

—, glucose concentration 266,

275, 341 —, fasting 340 —, portal —, shunting past the liver 251 Blood ammonia 61f.

Blood flow

—, hepatofugal 268 —, portal 264, 267 Blood loss 176 —, abdominal 263 —, chronic intestinal 223 —, occult 269 Blood transfusion 188 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 61 Blue quinone 168 B-lymphocytes 220, 314 Body condition 10 —, poor 140

Body temperature 12 Borborygmus 7, 296 Border Collie —, selective cobalamin

malabsorption 69 Bougienage 87, 144 Bowel perforation 33 Bowel wall infiltration 35f. Boxer

—, histiocytic ulcerative colitis

(HUC) 69, 223 Bradycardia 170 Breed predispositions —, cat

—, confirmed 5 —, suspected 5 —, dog 4 Broad-spectrum antibiotic 189,

205

Broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents 188

Bromosulphthalein 62 Bronchoconstriction 350 Brucellosis 261

Budesonide 322 Bulldog —, histiocytic ulcerative colitis

(HUC) 69 BUN see Blood urea nitrogen

C

Cachexia 133

—, cancer 135

—, cardiac 135

Cairn Terrier

—, hepatic microvascular dysplasia (MVD) 70

—, portovascular anomalies 70 Calcium infusion test 341 Calcium serum concentration —, ionized 208 Calcium soaps 287

Cammylooactcf

—, jejuni 190

—, spp. 119, 132, 189f., 202, 204f,, 223, 327

—, upsaliensis 190

Canals of Hering 242, 244

Cancer cachexia 135

Canine adenovirus-1 (CAV1) 256, 258

Canine distemper virus (CDV) 188

—, spreading 188

—, vaccination 188

Canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index (CIBDAI) 321

Canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis 187f.

—, clinical signs 187

—, CPV-1 infection 187

—, CPV-2 infection 187

— —, CPV-2a infection 187

— —, CPV-2b infection 187

—, CPV-2 vaccines

—, inactivated 188

—, lymphoid system (spreading by) 187

—, oronasal lymphoid tissue (entering through) 187

—, treatment

—, blood transfusion 188

—, drugs 188

----, fluid therapy 188

—, potassium supplementation

188

—, restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance 188

—, vaccination 188

Carbohydrates 220

Carbonic anhydrase 157

Carcinoid 211, 236

—, gastric 349

—, gastrointestinal 349f.

Carcinoma see also Adenocarcinoma and Bile duct carcinoma 211, 236

—, adenosquamous 151

—, esophageal 24

—, gastric see also Stomach, tumor 29, 103, 176—178

—, types 176

—, hepatocellular 98f., 278

—, diagnosis 271

—, management 271

—, pathogenesis 270

—, symptoms 270

—, intestinal 33, 330

—, liver 98

—, neuroendocrine 151

—, pancreatic 102

—, (in) pyloric antrum 176

—, scirrhous 82

—, squamous cell carcinoma 151f.

Cardia cachexia 135

Caroli’s disease 269

Catabolism 241

Catecholamines 254

Catheter

—, large-bore 170

Caudal vena cava compression 153 CAV1 see Canine adenovirus-1 ¹³C-bile acid absorption test 205 CCK see Cholecystokinin

CDV see Canine distemper virus

Cecum 217

—, epithelium 222

—, intussuscepted 85

Celiac disease 69

Cell swelling 272

Central nervous system (CNS) 183

Cerebellar damage 189

Cestodes 195

Chalasia

—, cricopharyngeal 19f.

Cheilitis 349

Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ) 115, 120, 159

Chemotherapy

—, gastrinoma 347

—, gastrointestinal lymphoma

-----, feline 334

—, insulinoma 343

—, large intestinal tumor 238

—, malignant lymphoma 271

—, small intestinal tumor 213

Chlamydia spp. 205, 327

Chlorambucil 323

Chloride ions 220

Cholangiocytes 242 Cholangiohepatitis 39, 124, 277

Cholangitis 250, 255, 275 -, lymphocytic 270, 274, 276f. —, diagnosis 276 —, management 276f.

—, pathogenesis 276

—, symptoms 276

—, ultrasonography 277

—, neutrophilic 276

—, diagnosis 276

—, management 276

—, pathogenesis 276

—, symptoms 276

Cholecystitis 124, 269

—, diagnosis 269

—, management 269

—, pathogenesis 269

—, symptoms 269 Cholecystocentesis 43, 89f., 95 Cholecystography 95 Cholecystojejunostomy 270 Cholecystokinin (CCK) 60, 158, 184, 219

Cholelithiasis 270

Cholestasis 43, 60, 251,272

—, extrahepatic 269

—, intrahepatic 257, 271f.

Cholesterol serum concentration

62

Chylothorax 207

Chymotrypsin 284, 296

CIBDAI see Canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index

Cimetidine 169

Cirrhosis see Hepatic cirrhosis Cisapride 174

CK see Creatinine kinase

Clinical history 3—9

Clostriidum

—, difficile 132, 191, 202, 224

—, hiranonis 203

—, perfringens 132, 189, 191, 202, 223—225

-------, enterotoxicosis 223—225, 227

-------, clinical signs 224

-------, diagnosis 224

-------, prognosis 225

-------, treatment 224f.

—, pathophysiology 224

—, Type A enterotoxin 223

—, scindens 203

—, spp. 190f., 205, 220, 269

—, enterotoxigenic 204

—, enterotoxins 119

CNS see Central nervous system Coagulation 266

—, abnormalities 62

—, disseminated intravascular (DIC) 254—256, 287

—, factors 62, 292

—, inhibitors 254

—, profile 248

—, proteins 254

—, status 248f.

Coagulopathy 254f.

—, subclinical 254

Cobalamin

—, absorption 51, 156

—, concentration 50—53, 317

—, deficiency 51,297, 317

—, malabsorption 321

—, selective 69

-------, Beagle 69

-------, Border Collie 69

-------, Giant Schnauzer 69

-------, Shar Pei 69

—, serum concentration 204

—, supplementation 206, 297

—, uptake 204

“Cobblestone” appearance 318

¹³C-OBT see ¹³C-octanoic acid breath test

Coccidia 198

—, diagnostic test 198

—, spp. 198

—, treatment 198

¹³C-octanoic acid 109f., 173

—, breath test (¹³C-OBT) 49, 173

¹³CO2 increased fraction 173

Cold extremities 170

Colectomy

—, feline megacolon 233, 235

—, large intestinal tumor 238 Colipase 284

Colitis see also Lymphoplasmacytic colitis (LPC) 37, 185, 223—226

—, acute 223

—, chronic 223

—, colonoscopy 223

—, eosinophilic 102

—, histiocytic ulcerative (HUC) 69, 84, 312, 318, 327

—, Boxer 69, 223

—, Bulldog 69

—, progressive 223

—, treatment 322

Collecting ducts see Canals of

Hering

Colloids 170

Colon 217f., 224f.

—, biopsy 78, 324

—, endoscopy 75, 84

—, motility disorders 108

Colonic impaction 231

Colonic inflammation see Colitis

Colonic microflora 220

Colonic smooth muscle

—, contraction 219 Colonoileoscopy 72, 75f.

—, flexible 75

Colonoscopy

—, colitis 223

—, fiber-responsive large bowel diarrhea (FRLBD) 228

—, flexible 75

—, large intestinal tumor 238

Colorectal masses

—, identifying 237

Colostomy

—, large intestinal tumor 238 Colostral antibodies 189 Colostrum 195

Coma 251,255

Condition loss 162

Congenital portosystemic shunt (CPSS) 244, 275

—, diagnosis 275

—, symptoms 275

—, treatment 275

Congenital portosystemic vascular anomalies or shunts (PSS) 263—267

—, diagnosis 265

—, management 265f.

—, pathogenesis 263—265

—, symptoms 265

Constipation 8, 108, 299 —, cat 230—233 —, clinical history 231 —, differential diagnosis 231 —, management 233 —, treatment 232f.

--------, pharmaceutical agents

233

Contractility

—, cardiac 170

Contraction

—, (of) colonic and rectal smooth muscle 219

—, (of) external anal sphincter

219

—, giant migrating 218

—, muscular 218

—, retrograde peristaltic 218 Contrast agent 20 Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography 17

Contrast esophagram 146, 151

Contrast radiography 109

—, esophagus 145

—, gastric motitily disorders 171

Contrast videofluoroscopy

—, esophagus 140, 142, 144f., 147 Copper 100

—, excess 259

—, hepatotoxicity 260

—, metabolic pathways 260

—, metabolism 259

Copper-binding chelating drug

260

Copper-chelating agent 260 Copper storage disease 258 —, inherited 260

Copper toxicosis

—, hepatic 70

—, Bedlington Terrier 70

—, Dalmatian 70

—, Doberman Pinscher 70

—, Labrador Retriever 70

-----, Skye Terrier 70

-----, West Highland White Terrier

70

Coprophagia 8 Corticosteroid-responsive diarrhea 132

Corticosteroids 144, 166f., 169, 256, 259

—, exogenous 262

Coughing 140 cPLI 65, 289 CPSS see Congenital portosystemic shunt

CPV see Canine parvovirus ⁵¹Cr-albumin clearance 209

C-reactive protein 49

Creatinine kinase (CK) 257 Cr-EDTA 53

CRTZ see Chemoreceptor trigger zone

Cryosurgery

—, large intestinal tumor 238 Crypt

—, abscessation 313, 324

—, depth 183

—, (of Lieberkuhn 218 —, mucosal 183

Cryptococcus neoformans 102

Cr]^p^trsy^osiidi^^

—, parvum 119

—, spp. 195, 197f.

Crystalloids 170 ¹³C-sodium acetate 173

—, blood test 172

—, breath test 172f.

CT 17

cTLI 128

C-urea breath test 48

Cushing’s disease 262

¹³C-xylose absorption test 205 Cyclophosphamide 323 Cyclosporine 323 Cystic liver disease 269f.

Cysts

—, liver 269

Cytokines 323

Cytology 97—104

—, hepatic lipidosis 273 —, intestine 102f

-, liver 97-101

—, pancreas 101f.

-, stomach 102f.

Cytoprotective effects 169 Cytotoxic agents 160, 323 —, cat 323

D

Dalmatian

—, ammonium biurate crystals 57 —, hepatic copper toxicosis 70 D2-dopaminergic 159

Death 255

Debilitation 223

Defecation 218

—, increased frequency 217, 223 —, reflex 219

—, urgency 226

Deglutition 140

Dehydration 187, 189, 223, 232,

256, 259, 288, 291, 301 Dehydrogenase —, glutamate 59 —, lactate 59 —, sorbitol 59 Deletion of antigen-specific T-cells

315

Depression 189, 199, 268, 301, 335, 349

Dermatitis

—, atopic 308

—, flea-allergy 308

—, pruritic 308

—, see Superficial necrolytic

dermatitis (SND)

Desmoplasia 176 Detoxification 241

Dextran administration 210 Diabetes mellitus 287, 349 Diagnostic imaging —, biliary tract 38—43

—, diarrhea, chronic 132

—, esophagus 22—25

—, inflammatory bowel disease

(IBD) 319

—, large intestine 36—38

—, liver 38—43

—, oropharynx 17—21

—, pancreas 44f., 288f.

—, small intestine 28—36 —, stomach 25—28, 176f. Diarrhea 6f., 115, 183, 195, 197f.,

212, 224f., 231, 237, 246, 274, 288, 295, 299, 301, 308, 315f., 324f., 335, 344, 346

—, acute

-----, etiology 118 —, hemorrhagic 224 —, bloody 187, 189, 199 —, chronic 127—133, 162, 198, 261 —, abdominal palpation 127 —, diagnostic approach 129 —, diagnostic imaging 132 —, dietary treatment trial 129 —, empirical treatment 127, history 127 —, laboratory evaluation 127 —, physical examination 127 —, rectal examination 127 —, continuous 228 —, corticosteroid-responsive 132 —, exudative 117

—, large bowel see also Fiber- responsive large bowel disease (FRLBD) 223

-----, acute 221, chronic 221,223—226, idiopathic 227f.

—, large intestinal-type 316

—, mild 189

—, osmotic 117

—, persistent 132

—, secretory 117

—, tylosin-responsive (TRD) 132,

202

—, watery 349

Diary products 308 Diazepam toxicity 273 Diazoxide 343

DIC see Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Dietary fiber 228 Dietary history 8

Dietary hypersensivity 159 Dietary indiscretion 159, 286 Dietary manipulation —, inflammatory bowel disease

(IBD) 320, 323 Dietary trail 310f. —, concept 310 —, duration 311 —, elimination diet 310f. Diff Quick stain 249f. Digestion 181 Dipylidium canis 194 Dissiminated intravascular coaguญ

lation (DIC) 254—256, 287 Distension —, abdominal 170 Diverticulum 145 —, diagnostic 145 —, pulsion 145 —, traction 145 Doberman Pinscher —, hepatic copper toxicosis 70 Dolasetron 174 Dopamine 293 Dopaminergic agonists 173 Doppler ultrasound 36 Double aortic arch 148 Doxycycline 144 Ductus arteriosus —, anomalous right patent 148 Ductus choledochus 242 Ductus pancreaticus 283 —, accessorius 283 Duodenal mucosa 79 Duodenal papilla 80 Duodenectomy —, insulinoma 342 Duodenum 182 —, endoscopy 74, 84 —, perforation 87

Dysautonomia 108, 146

—, feline 22, 200

Dyschezia 7f., 237

Dysphagia 3—5, 17, 144, 147f. —, cricopharyngeal 20f., 140f.

—, esophageal 4

—, oral 3

—, pharyngeal 4

Dyspnea 146—148, 170, 208

—, postprandial 145

E

EBDO see Extrahepatic bile duct obstruction

Echinococcus 194

Echoendoscopy 16f.

—, esophagus 22

—, pancreas 44

—, stomach 28

ECL cells see Enterochromaffin-like cells

Edema 12, 316

EE see Eosinophilic enteritis

EEC see Eosinophilic enterocolitis

Effusion

—, abdominal 13

—, pericardial 266

—, peritoneal 300

—, pleural 208, 274

EGE see Eosinophilic gastroenteritis

EGEC see Eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis

EGF see Epidermal growth factor

Eicosanoids 167

Elastase 284, 287

Electrocautery 88

Electrolyte abnormalities 291

Electron microscopy 106

—, Helicobacter spp. 162

ELISA

—, fecal 187

Emaciation 133, 316, 325

Emetic pathways 159

Emptying 109f.

—, disorders 108, 125

—, gastric 171

—, assessment

--------, methods 173

--------, scintigraphic 173

—, time 49

Encephalopathy

—, hepatic (HE) 61,246, 251—255, 258f., 261, 265, 267f., 272, 277

—, chronic 251f.

—, clinical symptoms 252

—, management 254

—, neurological symptoms

252

Endocrine compounds with effect on gastrointestinal tract 184

Endocrine regulation 181 Endocrinopathy 22 Endoparasites 128f.

Endoscope 72

—, rigid 85

Endoscopic ultrasound see

Echoendoscopy

Endoscopy 72—89, 117, 124

—, colon 75, 84

—, diarrhea 132, chronic 132

—, duodenum 74, 84

—, esophagitis 141

—, esophagus 80f., 142, 145

—, ileum 76

—, intestine 86

—, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) 73

—, stomach 73, 81—84, 86 Endospores 190

Endotoxemia 170

Endurance —, poor 259f.

Enema 75f. ENKμ-enkephalinergic 159

Enrofloxacin 223

Entamoeba histolytica 102, 119

Enteric flora modulation 321

Enteric toxin 199

Enteritis

—, acute 198

—, see Eosinophilic enteritis (EE) —, granulomatous 312, 326f.

—, see Lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE)

—, proliferative 327

Enterobacteriaceae spp. 192, 205, 220

Enterochromaffin cells 160 Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells 156

Enterococcus spp. 276 Enterocolitis see Eosinophilic enterocolitis (EEC)

Enterocytes 181—183, 315

—, brush border 184

—, loss 184

—, functions

—, absorptive 182 —, secretory 182 Enterohepatic circulation 245, 251

Enteropathy 309 —, see Basenji enteritis —, gluten-sensitive (GSE) 69 —, Irish Setter 69

—, see Protein-losing enteritis (PLE) Enterotoxicosis

—, treatment 224

Enterotoxin

—, identifying 224 —, production 224 Enucleation

—, insulinoma 342 Enzymes

—, digestive 183, 284 —, zymogens of 284 —, hepatic 265

—, serum activities 247, 255 —, pancreatic 287f., 294, 296 —, digestive 294 —, pre-enzymes 284 —, pre-pro-enzymes 284 Enzyme synthesis —, digestive 181

Eosinophilic enteritis (EE) 326

—, clinical signs 326

—, diagnosis 326

-, dog 318

—, pathogenesis 326

—, treatment 326

Eosinophilic enterocolitis (EEC)

326

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) 312, 326

—, dog 318

Eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis

(EGEC) 326

Eosinophilic infiltration 162, 326 Eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate

35

Eosinophilic mucosal infiltrates 326 EPEC see Escherichia coli, canine enteropathogenic

EPI see Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

158

Epidermis

—, superficial

—, destruction 347

Epinephrine stimulation test 341 Epithelial cells 243

Epithelium

—, biliary 272

Equine nasogastric tube 170 Erosion 83, 142, 166

—, gastric 83 Erythema 309, 347

—, necrolytic migratory (NME)

347

Erythematous mucosa 143 Erythromycin 174

Escherichia coli 189, 205, 261,269, 276

—, enteropathogenic

-----, canine (EPEC) 192

—, enterotoxigenic 204

—, enterotoxin-producing (ETEC)

192

—, intestinal 276

—, pathogenic 192

—, shiga-toxin-producing (STEC) 192

Esophageal inflammation 141 Esophageal phase 140

Esophagitis 81, 141, 145

—, endoscopy 141

—, histopathology 141

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

72—76

Esophagoscopy 144, 152 Esophagus 139—153 —, anatomy 139 —, carcinoma 24

—, contrast esophagram 146, 151 —, contrast radiography 145 —, contrast videofluoroscopy 140,

142, 144f., 147

—, diagnostic imaging 22—25

—, dilation 25, 69

—, diseases 140—153

—, airway-esophageal fistula 146

--------, acquired 145

--------, congenital 146

--------, diagnosis 146

--------, contrast esophagram 146

--------, treatment 146

—, cricopharyngeal achalasia 20f., 140f.

—, diverticula see Diverticulum

—, esophagitis 141, 145

—, foreign body see Esophagus, foreign body

—, gastroesophageal intussusception 148

—, gastroesophageal reflux see Reflux, gastroesophageal

—, hiatal hernia see Hernia, hiatal

—, see Megaesophagus

—, neoplastic conditions see

Esophagus, tumor

—, strictures see Esophagus, stricture

—, vascular ring anomalies 148

—, echoendoscopy 22

—, endoscopy 80f., 142, 145

—, feline 139

—, fluoroscopy 140, 152

—, foreign body 23, 85f., 142f.,

145

—, clinical signs 142

—, diagnosis 142

—, lodging 142

—, removal 142

--------, fluoroscope-guided 143

--------, surgical 143

—, laboratory tests

—, molecular genetics-based 69

—, layers

—, muscular 139

—, submucosal 139

—, lesions 141

—, loss of distensibility 141

—, lymphatics 139

—, motility

—, decreased 142

—, normal 80

—, obstruction 148

—, perforation 85, 142

—, peristalsis 146

—, physiology 140

—, polyps 81

—, stricture 81, 87f., 140, 144f.

—, benign 144

—, causes 144

--------, damage of submucosal layers

144

--------, damage of muscular layers

144

—, clinical signs 144

—, diagnosis 144

--------, dilation 87f., 144f.

—, removal

--------, surgical 144

—, treatment 144

--------, corticosteroids 144

--------, doxycycline administration 144

—, tumor 80, 151f. —, clinical signs 151 —, diagnosis 151f. —, histopathology 151 —, intraluminal 152 —, metastatic 153, primary 151, 153 —, treatment 152f., reconstruction 152 —, vessels —, lymphatic 139 —, volvulus 69 —, wall dilation 145 ETEC see Escherichia coli, enterotoxin-producing Euglycemia 342 Eurytrema procyonis 302 Excoriations 309 Exercise intolerance 270 Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) 65f., 128, 203f., 294—299 —, clinical presentation 295f. —, diagnosis 296f.

—, etiology 295

—, fecal elastase 66

—, pathogenesis 295 —, prognosis 298 —, serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) 66

—, serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) 65f., 128

—, therapy 297f., antacid 298

—, digestive enzyme replacement

297f.

—, vitamin supplementation

297

Exsudate 57

Extrahepatic bile duct obstruction (EBDO) 248f., 254, 270, 278

—, clinical features 270

—, diagnosis 270

—, treatment 270

Extrahepatic shunt 263, 265, 275 Extraluminal compression 270 Extrinsic parasymphathetic activity

219

F

Factor VIII 254

False transmitters —, formation 254 Famotidine 169

Fat cells 99

Fatigue

—, rapid 265 Fatty acids 262, 284 —, luminal 220

—, short-chain 186 Fatty vacuoles 99 Febantel 222

Fecal α∙-proteinase inhibitor 50

Fecal culture 132

—, specific 117, 119

Fecal elastase 66

Fecal examination 317

Fecal flotation 195, 198, 222, 317 —, medium 166

Fecal incontinence 8

Fecal occult blood test 168

Fecal pancreatic elastase concentration 297

Fecal proteolytic activity (FPA) 65, 296

—, testing 296

Fecal sample 197

Fecal smear 119, 226, 317

Fecal test for undigested starch and muscle fibers 296

Feces

—, acholic 57, 251, 270

—, impacted

------, removal 233f.

------, enema solutions 234

-------, manual extraction 234, rectal suppositories 233 —, reduced volume 223

—, steatorrhea 57

FeCoV see Feline coronavirus

Feeding tube placement 96

Feline coronavirus (FeCoV) infection 189

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) 189

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) 189, 274

Feline interferon omega 188

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) 189, 329

Feline megacolon 230—236

—, clinical history 231

—, clinical presentation 231

—, diagnosis 231f.

—, colonoscopy 232

—, digital rectal examination

231

—, dilated 230

—, hypertrophic 230, 233

—, idiopathic 230

— —, dilated 231, 235

—, management 233

—, pathophysiology 230f.

—, prognosis 235

—, treatment 232—236

—, laxative therapy see Laxatives —, prokinetic agents 235 —, removal of impacted feces see

Feces, impacted

—, surgery 235

-------, colectomy 233, 235, osteotomy 233, 235

Feline non-lymphoid cancer 236 Feline panleukopenia 189

—, clinical signs 189

—, diagnosis 189

—, treatment 189

------, drugs 189

------, fluid therapy 189

Feline parvovirus (FPV) 189 FeLV see Feline leukemia virus

Fenbendazole 222

Fermentation

—, microbial 203

Fever 12, 189, 256, 269, 276, 288, 301

Fiber-responsive large bowel diarrhea (FRLBD) 227-229

—, clinical signs 228

—, diagnosis 228

—, colonoscopy 228

—, pathophysiology 227

—, prognosis 229

—, treatment 228f.

—, dietary fiber supplementation

228

—, drugs 228f.

Fibrillation

—, atrial 266

Fibrin degradation products 62

Fibrinogen concentrations 62

Fibrosarcoma 211

Fibrosis 99, 255, 257f.

—, bridging 276

—, hepatic 39

—, pancreatic 286, 289

—, pericellular 261

—, periportal 257, 270

—, portal 267, 276

Filling defect 177

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) 97, 249, 273

—, gastric tumor 177

—, liver 43

FIP see Feline infectious peritonitis

Fish 308

Fistula

—, arteriovenous 268

—, diagnosis 268

—, management 268

—, pathogenesis 268

—, symptoms 268

—, intrahepatic 268

FIV see Feline immunodeficiency virus

Fixation 105

Flatulence 7

Flea-allergy dermatitis 308

Flexispira rappini 162

Fluid accumulation

—, peripancreatic 289

Fluke

—, hepatic 277f,, 287, 302

—, pancreatic 294, 302

Fluoroscopy 80

—, esophagus 140, 152

Flushing 349f.

FNA see Fine-needle aspiration

Folate

—, absorption 52

—, carriers 52

—, concentration 50—53, 204

—, deconjugase 52

—, malabsorption 321

—, monoglutamate 52

—, polyglutamate 52

—, serum concentration 317

—, uptake 204

Folds

—, longitudinal 139

—, transverse 139

Food allergens 308f.

Food allergy

—, adverse reactions 307—312

—, allergenicity 308

—, cat 308

—, dog 308

—, etiopathogenesis 307f.

Food intolerance 307—312 Food(-related) reactions —, adverse 307, 309f.

—, prognosis 311

—, treatment see also Dietary trail

310f.

—, allergic see Food allergy —, hypersensitivity 307f.

—, immunological 307

—, non-immunological 307

Food trapping 145

Foreign body

—, esophageal see Esophagus, foreign body

—, fishhook 85

—, gastric 27, 171

—, linear 87

—, obstruction 141

—, removal 72, 85—87

—, retrieval devices 86

—, small intestinal 30, 32—34, 198f.

Formalin

—, buffered 105

Foul-smelling 187

Four-wire basket 86

FPA see Fecal proteolytic activity fPLI 65, 125, 289f.

FPV see Feline parvovirus

FRLBD see Fiber-responsive large bowel diarrhea

Fructo-oligosaccharides 186, 206 Full thickness damage 142

Fungal infection 33

G

GABA/BZ receptor system 254 Gagging 5, 140f.

Gag reflex 13

Gall bladder 38

—, apiration 250

—, mucoceles 124

—, rupture see Bile duct, rupture

—, wall edema 41

Gallstones 269

GALT see Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Gammopathy 325 Ganglioneuroma —, rectal 236

Gas insufflator 90

Gastrectomy

—, gastric dilation-volvulus (GDV)

171

—, gastric tumor 177

Gastric acid 142, 158

—, auto-digestion 158

—, decreased secretion 349

—, hypersecretion 344

—, inhibition 166, 169

—, neutralization 166

—, reduction 168

—, suppression 141

Gastric dilation-volvulus (GDV) 169—171

—, acute 169

—, clinical signs 170

—, diagnosis 170

—, radiography 170

—, treatment 170f.

------, fluid therapy 170

—, gastrectomy 171

—, gastric decompression 170f.

—, gastropexy 171

—, laparoscopy 171

—, orogastric intubation 170

—, pyloroplasty 171

—, spenectomy 171

Gastric inflammation 163, 176

Gastric juice

—, secretion 156

—, systemic administration 161

Gastric motility disorders 160, 171—174

—, accelerated gastric emptying

171

—, causes 171

—, delayed gastric emptying 171

—, diagnosis 171—173

—, contrast radiography 171

—, mechanical obstruction 171

—, retrograde transit 171

—, treatment 173f.

------, drugs 173f.

—, prokinetic therapy 173

—, pyloroplasty 174

Gastric mucosal barrier 158

Gastric outflow obstruction 176

Gastric perforation 178

“Gastric secretin” see Gastrin

Gastric secretion see Stomach, secretion

Gastric secretory axis 164

Gastric wall thickening 177

Gastrin 48, 126, 184, 344

—, serum concentration 346

Gastrinoma 48, 126, 167, 344—347

—, chemotherapy 347

—, diagnosis 346f.

—, immunohistochemistry (IHC) 345

—, metastatic lesions 347

—, pancreatectomy 347

—, prognosis 347

—, treatment 347

—, ultrasonography 346

Gastritis 81, 159—169

—, acute 159—161

—, treatment 159—161

—, atrophic 161f.

—, chronic

—, hypertrophic 171

—, idiopathic 161

—, pathogenesis 161

—, treatment 166

------, dietary management 166

------, drug therapy 166

—, classification 159

—, Sydney classification system

159

—, eosinophilic 161f.

— —, dog 318

—, hypertrophic 161f.

—, chronic 162

—, lymphoplasmacytic 161f., 325

—, nonspecific 160

—, treatment

—, antiemetic 159

—, ulceration see also Ulcer

166—199, 344

—, causes 167

—, clinical signs 168

—, definition 166

—, gastroscopy 168

—, laparotomy 168

—, treatment 168f.

--------, antacids 168

--------, intravenous fluids 168 Gastrocentesis

—, aseptic right- or left-sided 170 Gastroduodenoscopy 72f., 346 —, intraoperative 75

—, modified 74

—, typical 73f. Gastroduodenostomy —, gastric tumor 177 Gastroenteritis

—, eosinophilic (EGE) 312, 316 —, hemorrhagic (HGE) 199 Gastroenterocolitis

—, see Eosionophilic gastroenterocolitis (EGEC)

Gastrointestinal motility

—, abnormal 117

—, accelerated transit 108

—, delayed transit 108 —, disorders 108—113 Gastrointestinal tract —, neuroendocrine tumors

337—351

Gastrojejunostomy

—, side-to-side

—, gastric tumor 177

Gastromucosal protectant 169 Gastropathy

—, chronic hypertrophic 27

—, pyloric 171 Gastropexy —, gastric dilation-volvulus (GDV) —, belt-loop 171 —, incisional 171 —, prophylactic 171 Gastroscopy 48

—, gastric tumor 177

—, gastric ulceration 168

—, ulcer 167f.

Gastrostomy tube 291

G-cells

—, hypertrophy 162

G-CSF see Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor

GDV see Gastric dilation-volvulus Genomic markers 67

GER see Reflux, gastroesophageal

German Shepherd dog

—, pancreatic acinar atrophy (PAA) 70

—, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) 69

GES see Sphincter, gastroesophageal

GHLO see Helieobacter-Hke organism, gastric

Ghrelin 156, 185

GhRH see Growth-hormone- releasing hormone

Giant Schnauzer

—, selective cobalamin malabsorption 69

Giardia spp. 119, 128

—, cysts 196

—, duodenalis 196

-, spp. 195-197, 204, 222

—, trophozoite 196

Giardiasis

—, diagnostic tests 196

—, treatment 197

-------, drugs 197

—, vaccination 197

Glands

—, esophageal

—, adenocarcinoma 151

—, gastric 155f.

—, cardiac glands 155

-------, mucus-secreting cells 155

—, fundic glands 156

-------, chief cells 156

-------, mucous neck cells 156

-------, parietal cells 156

—, pyloric glands 156

-------, gastrin-producing endocrine cells 156

-------, mucus-secreting cells 156

—, secretory cells 156

—, mucus 139

—, submucosal 139

Glomerular damage 263

Glossitis 349

Glucagonoma 347—349

—, clinical presentation 347, 349

—, diagnosis 349

—, treatment 349

Glucagon tolerance test 341

Glucocorticoids 210, 293, 322 Glucose

—, blood concentration 266, 275, 341

—, intracellular concentration 337 —, plasma concentration 245, 274 —, serum concentration 62 Glucose tolerance test

—, IV 341

—, oral 341

Glutamate 252f.

—, dehydrogenase 59

Glutaminase 253

Glutamine 253

—, accumulation 252

—, synthetase 252

2.5% glutaraldehyde 106

Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE) see Enteropathy, gluten-sensitive

Glycogen 100,245

—, accumulation 262 —, synthesis 255 Glyconeogenesis 255 Glycoproteins 308 Granulocyte-colony stimulating

factor (G-CSF) 188 Granulocytes —, eosinophilic 99 —, neutrophil 99 Granuloma —, hepatic 274 —, ileal 327

Greater curvature 82 Growth-hormone-releasing

hormone (GhRH) 185 GSE see Enteropathy, glutenญ

sensitive

Guaiac-based test 168 Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

(GALT) 183, 185f., 220, 314f

H

Hair coat

—, poor 296 Hammondia spp. 198 HE see Encephalopathy, hepatic H & E see Hematoxylin and eosin Head

—, extension 142

Heart disease

—, congestive 266

Heartworm disease 125 Heartworm prophylaxis 222 Helicobacter

—, bilis 162

—, bizzozeronii 162

—, colonization —, aquired 163 —, felis 162 —, electron microscopy 162 —, heilmannii 162

—, -like organisms 103 — —, gastric (GHLO) 162f, culture 164, diagnostic tests 164f., prevalence 163 —, pametensis 162

—, pylori 159, 162, 205

—, salomonis 162

—, spp. 48, 126, 161—165 —, electron microscopy 162 —, transmission 163

Helminthic infection 195

—, treatment 195 Helminths 194f. Hemangiosarcoma 211,271 —, diagnosis 271 —, symptoms 271

—, therapy 271

Hematemesis 148, 167, 199, 224,

316

Hematochezia 7, 12, 195, 217, 221, 223, 227f., 231, 237, 316

Hematopoiesis

—, extracellular 99 —, extramedullary 99

Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E)

106

Heme 250 Hemoconcentration 170 —, extreme 199 Hemolysis 247, 263 Hemophilus spp. 205 Hemorrhage —, fatal 142 —, submucosal 83 Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) 199

Hemosiderin 100 Hemostasis 254 Hepatic... see also Liver Hepatic aspirate —, cytological examination 263 Hepatic changes due to hyperthyroidism 274 Hepatic cirrhosis 257—261 —, diagnosis 259 —, etiology 258 —, macronodular 258 —, management 259 —, micronodular 258 —, pathogenesis 258f —, prognosis 259 —, symptoms 259 Hepatic congestion 266 —, diagnosis 266 —, management 266 —, pathogenesis 266 —, symptoms 266 Hepatic copper toxicosis see Copper toxicosis, hepatic

Hepatic damage 261 Hepatic diseases see Liver, diseases Hepatic disorders see Liver, diseases Hepatic failure 124, 128, 251 Hepatic fibrosis 39 Hepatic fluke infection 277f. Hepatic growth —, incomplete 266 Hepatic lipidosis see also Lipidosis

39

—, cat 39, 272—274

Hepatic microvascular dysplasia

(MVD) 70

—, Cairn Terrier 70 —, Maltese Terrier 70 —, Yorkshire Terrier 70 Hepatic parenchyma —, infiltration —, lymphcytes 257 —, plasma cells 257 Hepatic parenchymal disease

38—41

Hepatic steatosis in diabetes mellitus

262

—, diagnosis 262 —, management 262 —, pathogenesis 262 —, symptoms 262 Hepatic veins —, central veins see Terminal hepatic veins (THV)

—, intrahepatic portal 242

—, portal vein 242

—, terminal hepatic veins (THV)

241, 243 Hepatitis 246 —, active 269 —, acute 255f. —, diagnosis 256 —, etiology 255 —, follow-up 256 —, pathogenesis 255f. —, symptoms 256 —, treatment 256, drugs 256, IV fluid administration 256 —, cat 275

—, chronic 250f,, 256—260

—, active 258

—, (due to) copper storage 259f., diagnosis 260, etiology 259f.

--------, management 260, pathogenesis 260, symptoms 260 —, diagnosis 259 —, etiology 258 —, management 259 —, pathogenesis 258f. —, persistent 260 —, prognosis 259 —, symptoms 259 —, copper-associated 246 —, diagnosis 255 —, diffuse 261 —, dog 255—262 —, fulminant 256 —, lobular dissecting 261 —, diagnosis 261 —, etiology 261 —, pathogenesis 261 —, symptoms 261 —, nonspecific reactive 257, 261f. —, diagnosis 262 —, pathogenesis 261 —, symptoms 262 —, therapy 262 —, reactive 261f.

—, secondary reactive 262 —, suppurative 99, 101 Hepatobiliary disease see also Liver,

diseases 124f,, 246—248 Hepatobiliary dysfunction —, estimation 248 Hepatocellular damage 274 Hepatocellular dysfunction 255 Hepatocellular inflammation 255 Hepatocutaneous syndrome 91 Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)

244, 265

Hepatocytes 242f. —, functions 244 Hepatoma 98 Hepatomegaly 247f,, 271—273, 278 Hepatopathy

—, acute toxic 274 —, diagnosis 274 —, pathogenesis 274 —, treatment 274

-, (due to) infectious peritonitis —, diagnosis 274

—, management 274

—, pathogenesis 274

-, steroid 99-101,262, 322 —, diagnosis 262

—, management 262

--------, steroid administration 262 —, pathogenesis 262

—, symptoms 262

Hepatotoxicity 322

-, acute 274

Hepatotoxins 274

Hernia

-, hiatal 22, 81, 142, 145, 147f —, paraesophageal 147

—, sliding

-------- , axial 147

--------, congenital form 147

Herpes canis 261 “Herringbone” pattern 139 Hestarch administration 210

Heterobilharzia americana 223

HGE see Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

HGF see Hepatocyte growth factor Higher centers 159

Hindlimb edema 153 Hirschsprung’s disease 110 Histamine 159

Histamine1- and histamine2- histaminergic 159

Histamine2-receptor antagonists

168

Histiocytic ulcerative colitis (HUC)

69, 84, 312, 318, 327

-, Boxer 69, 223 -, Bulldog 69 Histopathological lesions

-, cat 285

-, dog 285 Histopathology 104-108

-, esophageal tumor 151 -, esophagitis 141

-, hepatic lipidosis 272

-, small intestinal mucosa 204

Histoplasma capsulatum 102, 193 Histoplasmosis 33, 193, 223 History

-, clinical 3-9

-, dietary 8

-, (of) specific signs 3-8 Homeostasis

-, nutritional 174

Hookworm 195

Hormones

-, counterregulatory 338 -, gastrointestinal 184f.

-, growth-hormone-releasing

(GhRH) 185

-, inhibitory 185

Hosts

-, definite 165

-, intermediate 165

5-HT4-receptor

-, non-benzamide agonist 174

5-HT₃-serotonergic 159

HUC see Histiocytic ulcerative colitis

Hydrogen 110

-, breath test 205

-, ions 253

5-hydroxytryptamine 159, 219 Hyperadrenocorticism 262, 287

-, iatrogenic 322

Hyperammonemia 61,252f., 268 Hyperbilirubinemia 58, 251 Hypercalcemia 232

Hypercoagulability 170, 267 Hypergammaglobulinemia 274

Hypergastrinemia 162, 325 Hyperglobulinemia 61, 208

Hyperglycemia 272, 300, 343

Hyperimmune serum 188 Hyperinsulinism 337

Hyperkalemia 12, 125 Hyperlipidemia 286

Hypermetric gait 189

Hyperpigmentation 309 Hyperplasia

-, arteriolar 267

-, biliary epithelial 270

-, liver 99

-, mucosal 325

-, nodules of 258

-, pancreatic nodular 299, 302

Hypersensivity -, dietary 159

Hypertension

-, intrahepatic portal venous

250

-, portal 247, 251, 267f,, 271 Hyperthyroidism 124, 274 Hypertriglyceridemia 286 Hypertrophy

-, (of antral G-cells 162

-, (of) antral mucosa 82f., 162

-, gastric mucosa 344

-, mucosal 162, 327

-, pyloric

—, treatment 174 Hypoadrenocorticism 119, 125, 128, 146

Hypoalbuminemia 61,208f., 265, 267, 275, 325f., 332

Hypoallergenic diet 166 Hypoaminoacidemia 349

Hypocalcemia 208

Hypocholesterolemia 61, 208, 317, 326

Hypoglobulinemia 208

Hypoglycemia 61f., 212, 255, 270, 338, 340, 342f.

-, paraneoplastic 178, 212

Hypokalemia 61f., 117, 170, 232, 253, 300

Hypomagnesemia 208 Hypomotility

-, esophageal 108

-, intestinal 199

Hyponatremia 125 Hypoperfusion

-, liver 243

-, pancreatic 287, 293

Hypoplasia

-, congenital portal vein 261

-, primary portal vein 266f.

—, diagnosis 267

—, management 267

—, pathogenesis 266f.

—, symptoms 267

Hypoproteinemia 128, 176, 207f., 222, 316

Hypotension 287, 293, 350

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression 322

Hypothermia 170

Hypothyroidism 22, 146, 232,

287

Hypovolemia 178

-, management 170

Hypoxia 243

Hypoxic liver damage 263

-, diagnosis 263

-, management 263

-, pathogenesis 263

-, symptoms 263

I

IBD see Inflammatory bowel disease IBS see Irritable bowel syndrome Icterus 247, 251, 256-260, 269, 271f., 276, 299, 335

Idiosyncratic bone marrow toxicity 323

IEL see Intraepithelial lymphocytes

IgA 185

-, secretory 69

—, deficiency 185

IgG 185, 308

-, -mediated allergic disease 185

IHC see Immunohistochemistry

IL see Lymphangiectasia, intestinal 207

Ileocolic junction 217

Ileocolic valve 75f., 199

Ileoscopy 75

Ileum 182, 199

-, biopsy 78

-, endoscopy 76

Ileus 28

-, complicated 33-35

-, detecting with ultrasound 33

-, functional 32f.

Illness 256, 269, 276

Immune dysregulation 324

Immune memory 221

Immune system regulation 185

Immunity

-, cell-mediated 221

-, humoral 221

Immunoglobulin 185 Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

-, gastrinoma 345

-, gastrointestinal lymphoma 331

-, large intestinal tumor 237

-, lymphoma 331f.

-, small intestinal tumor 213

Immunological tolerance 221 Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID) 325

Immunoreactivity

-, pancreatic lipase (PLI) 65-67, 117, 296

—, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) 66

—, pancreatitis 65

-, trypsin-like (TLI) 64-66, 128, 204, 289, 296

Immunoregulation 221 Immunosuppression -, inflammatory bowel disease

(IBD) 322f

Inappetence 141, 144, 161, 166, 246, 259f.

Indium 109

Indocyanine green 62

Infectious agents 141

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

69, 133, 161, 185, 207, 223, 312-329, 331

-, canine activity index (CIBDAI)

321

-, clinical presentation 315f. -, diagnosis 316-320 —, histopathological 319 —, imaging 319 —, intestinal biopsy 316, 319f. —, laboratory testing 317f. --------, cobalamin concentration

317

--------, fecal examination 317

--------, heamtology 317

--------, serum biochemistry profile

317

--------, serum folate concentration

317

-, etiology 313-324

-, histopathological classification

313

-, idiopathic 312-329

-, pathogenesis 313-324

-, small bowel inflammation

—, chronic

--------, causes 313

-, treatment 320-323

—, 5-aminosalicylic derivatives (5-ASA) 322

—, antibacterial therapy 321f.

- -, diet 320

—, dietary management 209

—, dietary supplements 320 —, immunsuppressive drugs 322f., azathioprine 323, cytotoxic agents 323, glucocorticoids 322 —, novel therapies 323 —, prebiotic 321 —, probiotic 321

—, vitamin supplementation

321

Inflammatory mediators 261

-, modulation 294

Ingestion of corrosive or caustic substances 141

Inherited diseases 67

-, dog 68

Insufflation 90

Insulin 186

—, secretion from beta cells 338

—, serum concentration 341

Insulin-like growth factor 270

Insulinoma 337—344

—, clinical signs 340

—, diagnosis 340f.

-, dog 45, 341

—, breed distribution 340

—, identification 342

—, metastases 341

—, natural behavior 338—340

—, pathogenesis 337f.

—, pathology 338—340

—, prognosis 344

—, signalement 340

—, staging 341

—, treatment

—, chemotherapy 343

—, emergency treatment 342

—, pancreatic surgery 342f.

-------, postoperative complication

343

—, radiation therapy 343

—, symptomatic therapy 343f.

-------, antihormonal 343

-------, antihypoglycemic 343 Intention tremor 189

Intestinal absorptive capacity 50 Intestinal disorders

—, diagnostic imaging —, large intestine 36—38 —, small intestine 28—36 —, laboratory tests 50—55 —, molecular genetics-based 69 Intestinal fluid accumulation 224 Intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL)

207

—, dietary management 209 Intestinal motility 50, 181, 218f. Intestinal reabsorptive capacity 208 IntestineZIntestinal tract see also

Large intestine and Small intestine 181—215

—, anatomy 181f.

-------, layers 181

-------, mucosa 181

-------, muscularis 181

-------, serosa 181

-------, submucosa 181

—, microscopic 182

—, muscular tube 181

—, biopsy 89, 94f,, 212, 316

—, cytology 102f.

—, endoscopy 86

—, functions 171

—, absorption 181

—, antigen processing 181

—, barrier function 181

—, digestion 181

—, digestive enzyme synthesis

181

—, endocrine regulation 181

—, immune function 181

-------, motility 181

—, secretion 181

—, hypomotility 199

—, lymphoma 103

—, mucosa

—, barrier function 314

—, physiology 183—187

—, thickened 316

—, transit 109

—, tumor 135

Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) 220

Intrahepatic shunt 263, 265

Intraluminal obstructive lesions

270

Intranuclear inclusions 256

Intrinsic factor 50, 156, 284, 295

Intrinsic nervous system 219 Intussusception 330 —, gastroesophageal 148 —, intestinal 34f., 198f.

Iodine 22

IPSID see Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease

Irish Setter

—, gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE) 69

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 132, 226f.

—, clinical signs 226

—, diagnosis 227

—, pathophysiology 226

—, prognosis 227

—, treatment 227

Ischemia 170

Islet cells 337

Islets of Langerhans 283 Isopentane 106

Issopcoa

—, canis 198

—, felis 198

—, ohioensis 198

—, rivolta 198

Isotope mass spectrometry 173

J

Jaundice 250f,, 255, 269, 271,300 Jejunostomy

—, gastric tumor 177

Jejunostomy tube 291

Jejunum 182

K

KCS see Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)

322

Kidney

—, enlarged 265

Kidney stones 265

Kinins 287

Klebsiella pneumoniae 287

Kupffer cells 100

L

Laboratory tests

—, assessment of gastric disease 48f.

—, intestinal disorders 50—55

—, liver disease 56—63

—, molecular genetics-based 67—71 —, esophagus disease 69

—, intestinal diseases 69

—, liver disease 70

—, pancreatic disease 70

—, stomach disease 69

—, pancreatic disorders 64—67 Labrador Retriever

—, hepatic copper toxicosis 70

Lactate 49

—, dehydrogenase 59

Lacteals

—, dilated 84

Lactobacillus 186

—, spp. 206, 220

Lactogenic route 195

Lactulose 54

LactuloseZrhamnose (LZR) ratio 54f.

Laparoscope

—, liver biopsy 249

Laparoscopy 89—97

—, gastric dilation-volvulus (GDV) 171

Laparotomy

—, gastric tumor 177

—, gastric ulceration 168

Large bowel function 218

Large intestine 217—240

—, anatomy 217f.

—, bacterial overgrowth 220

—, diagnostic imaging 36—38

—, diseases 221—239

—, clinical signs 217

-------, see Colitis

—, see Feline megacolon

—, see Fiber-responsive large bowel diarrhea (FRLBD)

—, see Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

—, neoplastic see Large intestine, tumor

—, see Whipworms

—, functions

—, defecation 218

—, water extraction 218

—, neoplasia see Large intestine, tumor

—, physiology 218—221

—, colonic microflora 220

—, electrolyte transport 219f.

—, immune function 220f.

-------, motility 218f.

—, mucus secretion 220

—, water transport 219f.

—, torsion 37

—, tumor 38, 236—239

—, clinical signs 237

—, diagnosis 237

-------, biopsy 237

-------, immunohistochemistry 237

—, follow-up 239

-------, malignant transformation

239

—, metastasis 238

—, prognosis 239

—, staging 238

-------, colonoscopy 238

-------, proctoscopy 238

—, treatment 238, abdominoanal pull-through procedures 238

--------, anal pull-out 238, chemotherapy 238, colectomy 238, colostomy 238, cryosurgery 238, local resection 238 Larvae 165

Laryngopharynx 140 Lavage solution 75 —, gastric 166 Laxatives 233—235 —, bulk-forming 234 —, emollient 234 —, hyperosmotic 234 —, lubricant 234 —, stimulant 234f.

Laxsonia intracellularis 327 “Leather bottle stomach” 177 Legionella spp. 205 Leiomyoma 33, 82f., 151, 211f., 236

—, gastric 177

—, (in) pyloric antrum 176 —, submucosal —, dog 80

Leiomyosarcoma 33, 211f., 236 —, gastric 177f.

—, (in) pyloric antrum 176 Leishmania 10

LpCuηCia

—, excretion 257

—, spp. 256f. Leptospirosis —, diagnosis 257 —, dog 256f.

—, management 257 —, prognosis 257 —, symptoms 257 LES see Lower esophageal sphincter Lethargy 141, 288, 299, 344 Leukocytosis 146, 269 Leukopenia

—, severe 189 Lexipafant 294 Lichenification 309

Ligament —, phrenicoesophageal —, abnormal 147 —, stretched 147 Light source —, high-intensity 90 —, xenon 90 Limbic system 120 “Linitis plastica” 177 Lipase 287 —, gastric 156 —, pancreatic 284, 298 —, serum activity 296 Lipase activities —, pancreatitis 64 Lipidosis 124, 262 —, hepatic 39, 91, 99, 101, 249 —, cytology 273 —, diagnosis 273

—, histopathology 272

—, idiopathic 272

—, management 273f.

—, pathogenesis 272

—, symptoms 272

Lipodystrophy

-, systemic 288

Lipofuscin 100

Lipolysis 262

Lipoprotein metabolism 272

Liver see also Hepatic... 241—281

-, acini 243

-, anatomy 241-244

—, biliary system 241-243

—, blood supply 242f

—, microanatomy 243f

-, biopsy see also Biopsy, techniques 43, 89, 91-93, 248-250, 261, 272, 277

-, carcinoma 98

—, undifferent 99

-, cell apoptosis

—, periportal 257

-, cell types 244

-, circulatory units 243

-, cirrhosis see Hepatic cirrhosis

-, cytology 97-101

-, degeneration 263

-, diagnostic imaging 38-43

-, diseases see also Hepatitis

—, biliary tract

--------, cat 275-277

--------, dog 268-270

—, chronic 253

—, clinical signs 246

—, complications see also Coagulopathy 250-255

--------, ascites 250

--------, hepatic encephalopathy (HE) see Encephalopathy, hepatic

--------, jaundice 250f

--------, polydipsia (PD) 255

--------, polyuria (PU) 255

—, cystic 269

—, diagnosis 245-250

--------, physical examination 247, tests 247f.

—, neoplasia see Liver, tumor

—, parenchymal changes during systemic disease

--------, dog 262f.

—, parenchymal diseases

--------, cat 272-275

--------, dog 255-262

—, vascular diseases

--------, cat 275

--------, dog 263-268

-, dysfunction 271

-, fat accumulation 272

-, fibrotic 248

-, fine-needle aspiration 43

-, functional hemodynamic units 243

-, functions

—, catabolism 241

—, detoxification 241

—, metabolic 245

-, hyperplasia 99

-, hypoperfusion 243

-, hypoxia 263

-, inflammation 99

-, laboratory tests 56-63

—, molecular genetics-based 70

-, necrosis 100

-, neoplasia see Liver, tumor

-, passive congestion 153

-, perfusion 259

-, physiology 244f.

-, portal blood supply 244

-, puncture 249

-, regeneration 259

-, regenerative capacity 244

-, rupture 263

-, sarcoma 98f.

-, small 265

-, tumor 99, 248

—, see Bile duct carcinoma

—, cat 278

- -, dog 270f

—, epithelial hepatic 270

—, see Hemangiosarcoma

—, hepatocellular adenoma see Adenoma, hepatocellular

—, hepatocellular carcinoma see Carcinoma, hepatocellular

—, lymphoma see also Lymphoma, malignant 99, 101

—, mesenchymal 270

-, veins see Hepatic veins

Liver enzymes

-, elevated 176

-, increased 170

L-leucine test 341

Lobectomy

-, hepatic 268, 271

Locomotion

-, abnormalities 10f.

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

-, endoscopy 73

LPC see Lymphoplasmacytic colitis LPE see Lymphoplasmacytic enteritis L/R see LactuloseZrhamnose ratio

Lung

-, failure 287

-, lobectomy 146

Luxol blue stain 100

Lymphadenopathy 11,332

-, mesenteric 330

-, peripheral 349

Lymphangiectasia 35, 53, 69, 84, 134

-, intestinal (IL) 133, 207

—, dietary management 209

-, Norwegian Lundehund 69

-, Soft-coated Wheaten Terrier

69

-, Yorkshire Terrier 69

Lymphangitis

-, lipogranulomatous 207

Lymph node

-, mesenteric (MLN) 314

-, peripheral 11

Lymphocytes 314f.

-, (in) hepatic parenchyma 257

-, increased 324

-, intraepithelial (IEL) 220

-, mucosal infiltrate 324

Lymphocytic inflammation 276, 331

Lymphoid follicle 80

Lymphoma 278, 319

-, alimentary 84

-, gastric 161, 176f.

-, gastrointestinal 168, 207

—, canine 335

--------, gross pathological findings

335

--------, therapy 335

- -, feline 329-334

--------, clinical findings 332

--------, epidemiology 329

--------, gross pathological findings 329f.

--------, histopathology 331f.

--------, immunohistochemistry 331f.

--------, prognosis 334

--------, treatment 332-334

--------, chemotherapy 334

-, hepatic 99, 330

-, intestinal 36, 103, 330f.

-, liver 101

-, lymphocytic 329, 331

—, large granular 331

-, malignant 98

—, diagnosis 271

—, pathogenesis 271

—, symptoms 271

--------, therapy 271

-, pancreas 101

Lymphopenia 208

Lymphoplasmacytic colitis (LPC)

324

-, treatment 324

Lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE) 312, 318f., 324f.

-, clinical signs 324

-, diagnosis 324

-, pathogenesis 324

-, prognosis 324

-, treatment 324

Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration

161

Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation

99, 324

Lymphosarcoma 83, 133

M

Macrophages 315, 326

-, PAS-positive 327

Malabsorption 162, 176, 199, 204,

320

-, intestinal 317

Malaise 268, 271f

Malassimilation 135, 210

Maldigestion 204, 295, 384

MALT see Mucosal associated

lymphoid tissue

Maltese Terrier

-, hepatic microvascular dysplasia (MVD) 70

Manometry 110

Maropitant 161,292

Mast cell tumor 101, 167, 211, 213, 236

May-Grunwald-Giemsa stain 249

M-cells 220f

M1-cholinergic 159

MCT see Medium chain triglyceride Mediastinitis 142

Medium chain triglyceride (MCT)

210

Medulla oblongata 159

Megacolon 108

-, aganglionic 110

-, cat see Feline megacolon

-, idiopathic 108

Megaesophagus 19, 22f., 80, 146f.

-, clinical signs 146

-, idiopathic 22, 108

-, pathogenesis 146

-, prognosis 147

-, treatment 147

Melena 6f., 12, 128, 168, 316

Menghini aspiration needle 249

Mental status 10

6-mercatopurine (6MP) 323

Merthiolate/iodine/formaldehyde

(MIF) 196

Mesalazine 322

Metabolic disorder 161

Metal ions 245

Methionine 272

Methotrexate 323

Metoclopramide 160, 173

Metronidazole 206, 321

Michaelis-Menten kinetic curve

245

Microaerobes 186

Microbiological culture 250

Microcytosis 56

Microflora

-, intestinal 313

-, small intestinal see Small intestine, microflora

Microhepatica 275

Microorganisms

-, increased in small intestine

202

Microvillus 181f.

MIF see MerthiolateZiodine/ formaldehyde

Milbemycin oxime 222

Miniatur Schnauzer

-, pancreatitis 70

Misoprostol 169

MLN see Lymph node, mesenteric

Motilin 185

Motility see also Gastrointestinal motility

-, disorders see also Gastric motility disorders

-----, colonic 108

—, small intestinal 199

-, intestinal 50, 181, 218f.

-, modifying agents 227

6MP see 6-mercatopurine 323

M₁ receptors

—, muscarinic 160

MRI 17

—, functional 110

Mucocele

-, biliary 41,269

Mucosa

—, antral —, hypertrophy 162 —, colonic 218, 228 —, duodenal 331 —, esophageal —, ulceration 346 —, gastric 81, 165 —, hypertrophy 344 —, intestinal 331 —, barrier function 314 —, small intestinal —, histopathology 272 Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) 332

Mucosal barrier function 50

Mucosal bleeding time 93

Mucosal immune system 314f.

Mucosal inflammation 224, 315f.,

320

—, causes 315 Mucosal injury 159 Mucosal irritants 161 Mucosal tight junction 224 Mucosal tolerance 315

Mucous membranes 11,247

Mucus 7, 158, 169

—, cells 220

—, excess 217, 221

— —, fecal 223, 226, 228

—, secretion 220

Multiple organ failure 170 MVD see Hepatic microvascular dysplasia

Myasthenia gravis 19, 21f., 140, 146f.

Mycophenolate mofetil 323 Mycoplasma 205 Myectomy

—, cricopharyngeal 141 “Myocardial depressant factor” 170 Myocarditis 187

N

Na⁺∕K⁺ ATPase pump 219 Nausea 5, 121, 277 —, tumor-associated 176 Necrolytic migratory erythema

(NME) 347

Necrosectomy 294 Necrosis

—, cerebrocortical 266, 275 —, hepatocellular 255f., 258 —, hypoxic 251 —, ischemic 170 —, liver 100

—, pancreatic 287, 289, 294 —, peripancreatic fat necrosis

— —, dog 287

—, pressure necrosis 142

—, tumor 299

Needle

—, large-bore 170 Nematodes 165f., 195, 222, 317 Neoplasia

—, colonic see Large intestine, tumor

—, duodenal 171

—, esophageal see Esophagus, tumor —, gastric see also Stomach, tumor 27f.

—, systemic complications 177f. —, gastrointestinal 133 —, intestinal see Intestine, tumor —, large intestine see Large intestine, tumor

—, liver see Liver, tumor

—, pancreatic see Pankreas, tumor

—, pyloric 171

—, small intestinal see Small intestine, tumor

Nephropathy see Protein-losing nephropathy (PLN)

Nerve

—, glossopharyngeal 140 —, parasympathetic 159 —, sympathetic 139, 159 —, trigeminal 140 —, vagus 139f. Nervous system —, central (CNS) 183 —, enteric 183 —, intrinsic 219 Neurilemoma 211, 236 Neuroendocrine carcinoma 151 Neuroglycopenic signs 340, 342 Neurokinin1 (NK₄) 159 Neurological abnormalities 275 Neurotensin 219 Neurotransmitter system —, dysfunction 252 Neutropenia 288 Neutrophilia 288, 300f,, 346 Neutrophilic infiltration 313 Neutrophilic inflammatory reaction 276

Neutrophils 315

Nitazoxanide (NTZ) 198 Nitric oxide (NO) 158 NK1 see Neurokinin NME see Necrolytic migratory erythema

NO see Nitric oxide Non-islet cell tumor 178 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) 167, 293

Norepinephrine 159 Norwegian Lundehund —, lymphangiectasia 69 NSAID see Non-steroidal antiญ

inflammatory drug

NTZ see Nitazoxanide

Nuclear scintigraphy 17, 109f. Nucleus tractus solitarius 159 Nutrition

—, fed by mouth 141

—, via gastrostomy tube 141, 143,

152

O

Obstipation 108

—, cat 230—233

—, clinical history 231

—, management 233

Obstruction

—, bile duct see also Extrahepatic bile duct obstruction (EBDO) 43, 242

—, foreign body 141

—, intestinal 30, 32, 198f.

—, pancreatic duct by a tumor 294

—, pyloric 27

—, small intestine

—, tumor-related 212

Octreotide 347

Odynophagia 141f., 144f.

Oliguria

—, prerenal 170

Ollulanus tricuspis 48, 166, 194f.

Olsalazine 322

Omeprazole 169

Oocysts

—, sporulated 197

Oral sucralfate suspension 141

Orenkephalins 159

Orocecal transit 110, 112

Orogastric intubation 170

Oropharyngeal phase 140

Oropharynx

—, diagnostic imaging 17—21

—, functional disorders 19—21

—, structural abnormalities 18f.

—, swallowing studies 20

Osteopathy

—, hypertrophic 153

Osteosarcoma 151

—, extraskeletal 211

Osteotomy

—, pelvic

-----, feline megacolon 233, 235

Otitis externa 308

O-toluidine-based test 168 Overtube 86

Oxytetracycline 205

P

PAA see Pancreatic acinar atrophy PABA see Para-aminobenzoic acid

PAFANT see Platelet factor antagonist

Pale mucous membranes 168

Palpation

—, abdominal 13

Pancreas 283—306

—, abscess 45

—, adenocarcinoma 101

—, anatomy 283

—, biopsy 89, 93f,, 290

—, carcinoma 102

—, cytology 101f.

—, diseases 285—302

—, see Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)

—, neoplasia see Pancreas, tumor

—, see Pancreatitis

—, dog 283

—, echoendoscopy 44

—, exocrine 283—306

—, feedback regulation 183

—, histology 283

—, hypochoic 289

—, laboratory tests 64—67

—, molecular genetics-based 70

—, lymphoma 101

—, neoplasia see Pancreas, tumor

—, physiology 284f.

—, pseudocyst 45

—, secretory products 283 —, tumor 45, 102, 299f., clinical signs 299f., diagnosis 299f. —, etiology 299

—, glucagon-producing 347

—, pathogensis 299

—, prognosis 300

—, therapy 300 Pancreatectomy —, gastrinoma 347 —, insulinoma 342 —, partial 294, 300 Pancreatic acinar atrophy (PAA)

70, 295

—, German Shepherd dog 70 —, Rough-coated Collie 70 Pancreatic bladder 302

Pancreatic duct

—, accessory 283

—, main 283

—, obstruction by a tumor 294 Pancreatic inflammation see

Pancreatitis

Pancreatic islet cells 298

Pancreatic juice 183f., 203 Pancreatic lipase 65 —, immunoreactivity (PLI) 66, 296 Pancreatic pseudobladder 302 Pancreatic secretion 297

Pancreatic secretory trypsin

inhibitor (PSTI) 284

Pancreatic surgery 342f.

—, postoperative surgery 343 Pancreatic tissue

—, lobules 283

Pancreatitis 101, 125, 285—294 —, acute 286, 343

—, autoimmune 293

—, cat 44

—, chronic 45, 286, 293, 295

—, fibrosing 94

—, clinical presentation 288

—, diagnosis 288—290

-----, biopsy 290

—, diagnostic imaging 44f., 288f., ultrasonography 288 —, markers 289f.

—, routine clinical pathology 288 —, diagnostic imaging 44f.

—, etiology 286f.

—, fatal 288

—, hereditary 70

—, lipase activities 64

—, Miniature Schnauzer 70

—, prognosis 294

—, serum amylase 64

—, serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) 65

—, serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) 64f

-, therapy 290-294

—, analgesia 291

-------, antibiotic 292

—, antiemetic 291f

—, anti-inflammatory agents 293

—, antioxidants 293

—, complications

-------, identification 291

-------, management 291

—, dopamine 293

—, modulation of inflammatory mediators 294

—, nutritional considerations

291

—, plasma 292

—, proteinase inhibitors 292

—, surgical intervention 294

—, treatment of the cause 290

Pancreatolithiasis 302

Panhypoproteinemia 207, 326 Papilla

—, major duodenal 283

—, minor duodenal 283

Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)

296

Paralysis

—, laryngeal 140

Paraneoplastic syndrome 212, 237

Parasites 195

—, flagellated protozoal 225

—, intracellular 197

—, pancreatic 302

Parasitism 161

Parvovirus 183

PAS stain 100

Pasteurella spp. 205

P-CAB see Potassium-competitive acid blocker

PD see Polydipsia

PEG see Percutaneous gastrostomy Pelvic canal stenosis 108

Pentatrichomonas hominis 102, 119

Pepsin 142, 158

Pepsinogen 156

—, immunoreactive 49

Peptide 284

—, regulatory 337f.

—, functions 339

—, release 158

—, trefoil peptide (TFP) 158 Percutaneous gastrostomy (PEG) tube 87

Perfusion

—, pancreatic 293

Pericardial effusion 266

Peripancreatic fat necrosis

—, dog 287

Peripheral lymph nodes 11 Perisinusoidal space of Disse 244 Peristalsis

—, primary 140

Peritoneal effusion 300

Peritoneal lavage 294

Peritonitis 250

—, chemical 269

—, feline infectious (FIP) 189,

274 Persistent right aortic arch 148 Peyer's patch (PP) 185, 314 PGE1 see Prostaglandin E1 Pharyngeal contraction 140 Phenothiazines 160 Phospholipase 284 Photodynamic therapy —, gastric tumor 177 Phycomycosis 223 Physaloptera —, rara 48 —, spp. 165f. Physical examination 9—16 Pica 8 PIVKA see Protein, induced by

vitamin K antagonism Plantago ovata 228 Plasma cells 220f. —, (in) hepatic parenchyma 257 —, increased 324 —, mucosal infiltrate 324 Plasma cell tumor 151 Plasma colloidal osmotic pressure

208 Plasmacytoma 236 —, extramedullary 211 Plasma hepatic enzyme activities

246

Plasma lactate concentrations

170

Plasma transfusion 188 Plasma turbidity test 296 Platelet factor antagonist (PAFANT) 294

Platγnosomum

—, concinnum TJl

—, spp. 278

PLE see Protein-losing enteropathy Pleural effusion 208, 274 Pleuritis 142

PLI see Pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity

PLN see Protein-losing nephropathy Pneumocolonogram 116 Pneumonia 141, 144f., 148, 153 Pneumoperitoneum 178 Pneumothorax 86

Polydipsia (PD) 57, 212, 246, 255, 259f., 265, 267

Polymyositis 22 Polyneuritis 22 Polyneuropathy 146 Polypeptide —, pancreatic 349 Polypeptidoma —, pancreatic 349 Polypoid mass 85 Polyps

—, adenomatous 211,236 —, esophageal 81 —, gastric 83 —, intestinal 33

Polyuria (PU) 57, 212, 246, 255, 261, 274

Pores

—, paracellular 54

Portocaval shunt 264

Portography 95f.

Portosystemic collaterals 259,

268

—, aquired 261

Portosystemic shunt see also Congenital portosystemic shunt (CPSS) 39f., 60f., 124, 246, 251, 254, 263, 265

Portosystemic vascular anomalies or shunts see Congenital portosystemic vascular anomalies or shunts (PSS)

Portovascular anomalies 70

—, Cairn Terrier 70

—, Yorkshire Terrier 70

Posture

—, abnormalities 10

Potassium

—, -competitive acid blocker (P-CAB) 169

—, insufficient 253

—, intracellular 253

—, secretion 219

—, supplementation 188

PP see Peyer's patch

Prader-Willi syndrome 185 “Prayer” position 10

Praziquantel 222, 278

Prebiotic 206, 321

Prednisolone 259, 322f.

Prednisone 259

Pre-enzymes 284

Pregnancy 169

Pre-pro-enzymes 284

Primary gastrointestinal disorders 125f.

Probiotic 206, 321

Proctoscopy 76

—, large intestinal tumor 238

Prodromal signs 115

Prokinetic activity 169

Prokinetic agents 141, 199f.

—, colonic 233, 235

Prostaglandin 158, 167

—, E1 169

—, synthesis 169

Prostate 15

“Protective forces” 166

Protein

—, C-reactive 49

—, gastrointestinal loss 53f., 118

—, hydrolyzed 210, 320

—, induced by vitamin K antagonism (PIVKA) 62, 249

—, R-protein 51, 156

—, serum abnormalities 208

Proteinase inhibitor 209, 292

Protein loss 207

—, chronic intestinal 223

Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE)

35, 69, 128, 134, 207—210

—, causes 207

—, clinical abnormalities associated with PLE

-----, cat 209

—, dog 209

—, diagnosis 208f.

—, diseases associated with PLE

—, dog 208

—, marker 209

—, Soft-coated Wheaten Terrier 69, 325f.

—, clinical signs 326

—, diagnosis 326

—, etiology 325

—, pathogenesis 325

—, prognosis 326

—, treatment 326

—, treatment 209f.

—, dietary management 209

—, drugs 210

—, plasma transfusion 210

Protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) 54, 135

—, Soft coated Wheaten Terrier 325f.

—, clinical signs 326

—, diagnosis 326

—, etiology 325

—, pathogenesis 325

—, prognosis 326

—, treatment 326

Proteinuria 263, 326

Proton pump inhibitors 162, 168f.

Prototheca spp. 102, 223

Protozoal infections 195—198

Prucalopride 174

Pruritus 308

Prussian blue stain 100

Pseudocyst

—, pancreatic 45

—, ultrasonography 301

Pssiuiomonas

—, aeruginosa 287

—, spp. 276

PSS see Congenital portosystemic vascular anomalies or shunts

PSTI see Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor

Psychosis

—, acute 349

Psyllium 228

—, hydrophilic mucilloid 228

Ptyalism 140f,, 144, 147, 275

PU see Polyuria

Pulmonary infiltrates 151

Pulse 12

Pyloroplasty

—, gastric dilation-volvulus 171

—, pyloric hypertrophy 174

Pylorus 74

—, compression

-----, external 171

Pyogranulomatous transmural inflammation 327

Pyrantel pamoate 222

Pythiosis 83, 193, 223

Pythium insidiosum 193

Q

Quarternary-ammonium-based disinfectants 197

R

Radiation therapy —, insulinoma 343 —, small intestinal tumor 213 Radiographic film clearance test

65

Radiography see also Contrast radiography

-, abdominal 116, 124, 132

—, diarrhea

------, chronic 132

—, gastric dilation-volvulus (GDV) 170

—, thoracic 145 Radioscintigraphy 28 Rashes 349

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

293

Rectal examination 15, 231,

237

Rectal lesion 79

Rectal scraping 102, 119, 136

Rectal smooth muscle —, contraction 219 Rectum 75f,, 217 Reflux 140 —, gastroesophageal (GER) 110, 115, 141f.

—, causes 142, anesthesia 142 —, clinical signs 142 —, therapy 142 —, nasopharyngeal 140 Regurgitation 3—5, 17, 108, 115,

122, 140—148

Remote organ failure 316

Renal damage 257

Renal failure 125, 128, 170, 287

Renal lesions 263 Repolarization —, cardiac 174 Respiratory rate 12f.

Restlessness

—, progressive 170 Retching 5f., 121 —, unproductive 170 Rhamnose 54

ROS see Reactive oxygen species Rough-coated Collie —, pancreatic acinar atrophy (PAA) 70

R-protein 51, 156

S

SAF see Sodium acetate/acetic acid/ formaldehyde

Salivation 170

Salmonella

—, enterica ssp. enterica 192

—, serotypes 192

—, spp. 119, 132, 186, 189, 192, 202, 204f., 223

Sarcocystis spp. 198

Sarcoma

—, canine esophageal 151

—, hepatic 98f.

—, pancreatic 299

SBA see Serum bile acids

Schistosomiasis 223

Scintigraphy

—, gastric emptying evaluation

49

—, portoazygos shunt 264

—, somostation receptor (SRS)

—, insulinoma 342

—, splenic

—, cat 275

—, dog 264

Sclera 247

Secondary gastrointestinal disease 124f.

Secretin 158, 184, 337

Secretion

—, bicarbonate 219

—, gastric 156—158, 170

—, intestinal 181

—, mucus 220

—, pancreatic 297

—, potassium 219

Segments C1—L2 139

Segments C2—C6 139

Segments T1—T3 139

Segments T2—T4 139

Segments T8—T12 139

Selective breeding 67

Selective cobalamin malabsorption see Cobalamin, selective malabsorption

Semicircular canals 120

Seroconversion 164

Serum amylase

—, pancreatitis 64

Serum chemistry profile 288

Serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) 204

—, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) 65f., 128

—, pancreatitis 64f

Serum unconjugated cholic acid concentration (SUCA) 205

“Sharks tooth”

Shar Pei

—, selective cobalamin malabsorption 69

Shock 170, 263

—, cardiogenic 170

—, hypovolemic 170

“Shock organ” 167

Short bowel syndrome 199

SIBO see Small intestinal, bacterial overgrowth

Signalement 3

Single nucleotide polymorphismus (SNP) 68

Skin 11f.

—, lesions 347

—, crusting 349

—, scaling 349

Skye Terrier

—, hepatic copper toxicosis 70

Sleeping

—, excessive 265

Slow wave activity 219

Small intestine

—, absorptive capacity 183

—, anatomical divisions 182

—, duodenum 182

-------, ileum 182

—, jejunum 182

—, anatomical features 181f.

—, spatial variation in structure

182

—, anatomical structures 181f.

—, increasing the surface area 182, microvilli 181f.

-------, rugal folds 182

-------, villi 181

—, bacterial colonization

—, regulation 203

—, bacterial flora 314

—, bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) see also Small intestine, microflora, alterations 69, 202—207

—, Beagle 69

—, clinical signs 203

—, diagnosis 204f.

—, German Shepherd dog 69

-------, idiopathic 203

—, pathophysiology 203f.

—, primary 203

—, prognosis 206

-------, secondary 203, 205

—, tests 205

—, treatment 205f.

-------, dietary management 206

-------, drugs 205f.

-------, enzyme replacement therapy 205

—, carcinoma 33

—, diagnostic imaging 28—36

—, diseases 187—214

—, dietary indiscretion 198

—, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) 199

—, immunoproliferative disease (IPSID) 325

—, infectious causes 187—198, bacterial infections 189—192, fungal and algae infections 193f.

-------, parasitic diseases 195—198, viral infections 187—189

—, malabsorptive disorders 199

—, motility disorders 199

—, neoplastic see Small intestine, tumor

—, protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) see Enteropathy, proteinญlosing

—, short bowel syndrome 199

—, foreign body 30, 32f., 198f.

-------, linear 33f.

—, ileus see Ileus

—, intussusception 34f., 198f.

—, lymphoma 36

—, microflora

—, abnormal

-------, clinical signs 204

—, alterations see also Small intestine, bacterial overgrowth 202—207

—, resident 203

—, mucosa

—, histopathology 204

—, neoplasia see Small intestine, tumor

—, obstruction 32, 198f.

—, complete 32

—, partial 30

—, tumor-related 212

—, regulation 183

—, torsion see also Volvulus 198f.

—, transit disorders 108

—, tumor 31, 198, 211—214

-------, biopsy 212

—, clinical signs 212

—, diagnosis 212

-------, feline 211

—, incidence 211f.

—, malignant epithelial 211

—, non-lymphoid 211

—, primary 211

—, prognosis 213

-------, non-malignant lesions 213

—, -related obstruction 212

—, staging 213

-------, metastasis 213

—, treatment 213

-------, chemotherapy 213

-------, immunohistochemistry

(IHC) 213

-------, radiation therapy 213

SNAP cPL 290

SNAP Giardia Test Kit 196

Snare 86

SND see Superficial necrolytic dermatitis

SNP see Single nucleotide polymorphismus

Sodium absorption 219

Sodium acetate/acetic acid/ formaldehyde (SAF) 196

Sodium cromoglycate 210

Soft-coated Wheaten Terrier

—, lymphangiectasia 69

—, protein-losing enteropathy (PLE)

69, 325f.

—, clinical signs 325

—, diagnosis 325

—, etiology 325

—, pathogenesis 325

—, prognosis 326

—, treatment 326

—, protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) 325f.

—, clinical signs 326

—, diagnosis 326

—, etiology 325

—, pathogenesis 325

—, prognosis 326

—, treatment 326

Somatostatin 219, 344

—, receptor scintigraphy (SRS)

—, insulinoma 342

Sorbitol dehydrogenase 59

Spec cPLฎ 65, 125 Specific signs —, history 3—8

Sphincter

—, external anal

—, contraction 219

—, gastroesophageal (GES) 139 —, relaxation 140

-, (of) Oddi 283 —, pharyngoesophageal, failure 140

—, upper esophageal 139f. SPINK gene 286

Spirocerca lupi 80, 151 Splenectomy —, gastric dilation-volvulus (GDV)

171

Splenomegaly 247, 271 Splenoportography 95f. Sporulation 224

Squamous cell carcinoma 151f. SRS see Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy

Stanozolol 273

Staphylococcus spp. 205, 269

Steatorrhea 7

Steatosis 272

—, hepatic 262

—, macrovesicular 262

STEC see Escherichia coli, shiga-toxin- producing

Stemm cell division 183

Stenosis

—, hypertrophic pyloric 27 —, pyloric 171

Stercobilin 251

Steroid-sparing drug 323 Steroid-sparing effect 322 Stomach 155—179

—, anatomy 155, body 155 —, cardia 155

—, double sphincter 155

—, fundus 155 —, layers, circular 155, longitudinal 155, oblique 155 —, mucosa 155 —, pyloric antrum 155 —, pyloric canal —, biopsy 164, 166 —, cytology 102f. —, delayed emptying 28 —, diagnostic imaging 25—28 —, dilation 25—27, 69 —, diseases 159—178

—, see Gastric dilation-volvulus (GDV)

—, see Gastritis

—, inflammatory see Gastritis —, motility disorders see Gastric motility disorders

—, neoplastic conditions see Stomach, tumor

—, echoendoscopy 28

—, endoscopy 73, 81—84, 86 —, feedback regulation 183 —, foreign body 27, 171 —, laboratory tests

—, molecular genetics-based 69 —, “leather bottle stomach” 177 —, lesser curvature 176 —, “linitis plastica” 177

—, mucosa 158, 161

—, mucosal barrier 158 —, neoplasia see Stomach, tumor —, obstruction

—, mechanical see also Gastric

motility disorders 171 —, physiology 155—158 —, glands see Glands, gastric —, secretion 156—158 —, (by) parietal cells 157 —, phases 156

—, tumor see also Carcinoma, gastric 27f., 82, 167f., 176—178

—, associations, absent motility 177, decreased motility 177, loss of normal wall layering

177

--------, mural thickening 177 —, biopsy techniques 177 —, clinical pathology 176 —, clinical signs 176 —, diagnostic imaging 176f. —, histology 176

—, invasion 178

—, metastasis 178

—, systemic complications 177f.

—, treatment 177

--------, gastrectomy 177, gastroduodenostomy 177, jejunostomy 177, photodynamic therapy

177

--------, side-to-side gastrojejunostomy 177

—, ulcers 27f.

—, volvulus 25—27, 69

—, wall

—, loss of wall layering 28 —, thickening 27

Stomach worms 166

Stomatitis 349

Stool

—, decreased quantity 217 —, loose 296

—, soft 300

Streptococcus spp. 205, 220, 269 Streptomyces achromogenes 343 Streptozotocin 343

Stress leukogram 125, 128 Stricture

—, esophageal see Esophagus, stricture

Strongyloitks

—, felts 195

—, planiceps 195

—, spp. 195

—, stercoralis 195

—, tumefaciens 195

Submucosa

—, cream-colored masses 335

Substance P 219

SUCA see Serum unconjugated cholic acid concentration

Sucralfate 141, 169, 347

Sucrose octasulfate 169

Sucrose permeability testing 48

Sudam-III stain 100

Sulfalazine 110, 223, 322

Sulfapyridine 110

Sulfonamides 198

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis (SND) 347—349

—, ear 348

—, concave pinna ulceration

348

—, foot pad 348

—, interdigital ulceration 348

—, skin 348

—, pressure point ulceration 348

Suppositories 233

Suppressor cells

—, antigen-specific

—, active suppression 315

Suppressor T-cells 220

Survey radiography 109

Swallowing 140

—, difficulties 140

—, multiple attempts 142

—, repeated motions 141

Sydney classification system of gastritis 159

T

TAP see Trypsinogen activation peptide

Tapeworms 222

Taurine 60

T-cells 185, 220

—, antigen-specific 315

—, infiltrative disease 331

Technetium 109

Tegaserod 174

Telescope 90

Tenesmus 7, 212, 217, 223, 226, 228, 237, 335

Terminal hepatic veins (THV) 241, 243

Tetanus 22

Tetracycline 273

Tetramethylbenzidine 168

TFF see Trefoil factors

TGF see Transforming growth factor

Thermal burns 141

Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) 323

Thoracic radiography 145

Thoracoscopy 148

Three-wire grasper 86

Thrombocytopenia 288

Thromboembolism 208, 316, 349

Thrombosis

—, acute 268

—, portal vein 267f.

—, diagnosis 268

—, management 268

—, pathogenesis 267

—, symptoms 268

THV see Terminal hepatic veins

Thymectomy

—, prenatal 161

Thymoma 22, 146

Tight junction 54

Tissue handling 105f.

TLI see Trypsin-like

immunoreactivity

T-lymphocytes 220, 314

Tolbutamide tolerance test 341

Torsion 37

—, colonic 37

—, intestinal 198f.

—, splenic 170f.

Total T4 116, 124

Toxascaris leonina 195

—, egg 194

Toxins

—, circulating 261

Toxocara

—, canis 195, 261

—, egg 194

—, leonina 195

—, mystax 195

Toxoplasma gondii 198, 287

Toxoplasmosis 261

TPF see Trefoil peptide

TPMT see Thiopurine methyltransferase 323

Tracer studies 110

Tracheal invasion 153

Transcription factors 323 Transforming growth factor-

(TGF-)α 158

Transmural thickening 329 Transudate

—, modified 57

—, pure 57

Trauma 269

—, pancreatic 287, 301

TRD see Tylosin-responsive diarrhea

Trefoil factors (TFF) 1 and 2 156

Trefoil peptide (TFP) 158 “Triaditis” 316

Trichuris vulpis 221f.

Triglyceride

—, medium chain (MCT) 210

Tritrichomonas foetus 119, 195, 225

—, infection 225f.

—, diagnosis 226

—, treatment 226

Trocar cannula 90f.

Trophozoites 119

Trypsin 64, 142, 284, 296

Trypsin inhibitor 284

—, pancreatic secretory (PSTI) 284 Trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI)

64—66, 128, 204, 289, 296

Trypsinogen 64

—, activation peptide (TAP) 65

—, pancreatic 284

Tuberculosis 261

Tumor

—, beta cell tumor 337

—, biliary 270

—, esophageal see Esophagus, tumor

—, gastric see Stomach, tumor

—, gastrointestinal

—, neuroendocrine tumors 337-351

—, hepatic see Liver, tumor

—, large intestine see Large intestine, tumor

—, malignant 340

—, mast cell tumor 101, 167, 211, 213,236

—, metastatic 101

—, neuroendocrine 45

—, non-islet cell tumor 178

—, pancreatic see Pancreas, tumor

—, plasma cell tumor 151

—, scirrhous 83

—, small intestinal see Small intestine, tumor

—, stromal 236

Tylosin 132, 205

Tylosin-responsive diarrhea (TRD) 132, 202

Tympany

—, gastric 170

U

Ulcer 77, 83

—, definition 166

—, duodenal perforated 345

—, gastric 27

—, neoplastic 82

—, non-neoplastic 83

—, peptic 159, 167f., 346

—, causes 167

—, clinical signs 168

—, gastroscopy 167

Ulceration 142, 178, 223, 313

—, (on the) concave pinna 348

—, duodenal 344

—, esophageal 346

—, gastric see Gastritis, ulceration

—, interdigital 348

—, mucosal 329

—, oral 189

—, peptic 349

—, (of) pressure point 348

Ultrasonography 16, 109, 124 —, chronic diarrhea 132

—, contrast-enhanced 17

—, endoscopic

—, gastrinoma 346

—, intraoperative

—, insulinoma 342

—, lymphocytic cholangitis 277

—, pancreatic 44, 288

—, abscess 301

—, pseudocyst 301

Uncinaria spp. 195

Upper abdominal pain 269

Upper gastrointestinal barium series 117

Urea blood test 164

Urea breath test 164f.

Urease test

—, rapid 164

Uremia 257

Urethral stones 265

Urgency 7

Urinalysis 188, 288

Urinary indican test 205

Urobilinogen 57, 250f.

Ursodiol 277

Urticaria 162

V

Vacuolization 262

Vein see also Hepatic veins

—, azygos 263

—, portal

—, hypoplasia 266f.

Vena cava 263

Veress needle 90

Vestibular apparatus 120, 159

Villus 181f.

—, atrophy 324, 326

—, duodenal 182

—, functions 183f.

—, absorptive 183

—, secretory 183

—, fusion 324

—, (of the) jejunum 182

—, length 182

Virology 106

Viscous gel of glycoprotein and water 167

Viscus

—, ruptured 171

Vitamin 245

Vitamin B12 50, 156

—, deficiency 206

Vitamin K-dependent factors

Vitamin K-responsive coagulopathy

270

Vitamin supplementation

—, inflammatory bowel disease

(IDB) 321

Volvulus 198

—, gastric 22, 25—27, 69

Vomiting 5—7, 17, 115, 147, 162,

187, 189, 193, 198f., 212, 223,

246, 256, 259—261, 263, 267—269,

271, 274, 288, 299, 301, 308, 316, 325, 335, 344

—, acute 195

—, center 115, 159

—, chronic 120—126, 168, 270, 315,

324, 346, 350

—, causes 121

—, diagnostic approach 123f.

-----, evaluation 121—123

—, fecal examination 124

-----, history 122

—, persistent 161

—, physical examination 122

—, signalement 122

—, etiology 115f.

—, intermittent 161, 166

—, postprandial 173

—, persistent 141

—, reflex 115

—, travel-sickness induced 161 von Willebrand’s factor (vWF) 254 vWF see von Willebrand’s factor

W

Wall layering

—, intestinal 25

—, loss of 28

Wall thickness

—, duodenal 35

—, jejunal 35

Water absorption 219

Weakness 270, 288

Weight loss 7, 140f,, 144, 162, 166,

212, 223, 237, 246, 261, 274, 295f., 299, 316, 324, 335, 344, 346, 349

—, acute 134

—, chronic 133—136

—, appetite 134

—, diagnosis 135

—, dietary history 135

—, etiology 134f.

—, pathopysiology 134

—, travel history 136 West Highland White Terrier —, hepatic copper toxicosis 70 Wheat 308

Whipple’s triad 340 Whipworms 221f.

—, clinical signs 221

—, diagnosis 222

—, egg identifying 222

—, feeding 222

—, pathophysiology 221f.

—, prognosis 222

—, treatment 222

White mucous membranes 170

Willebrand’s disease 248

W-type coin forceps 86

Y

Yersinia spp. 119, 132, 189

Yorkshire Terrier

—, hepatic microvascular dysplasia (MVD) 70

—, lymphangiectasia 69

—, portovascular anomalies 70

Z

Zinc 260

Zinc sulfate

—, centrifugation (ZSFC) 196

—, flotation 222

Zoonotic threat 195

ZSFC see Zinc sulfate centriญfugation

Zymogens 284