Abstract
Respiration is one of the body’s vital functions that facilitate gas exchange, thereby ensuring oxygen supply and removing carbon dioxide from the body. Different domestic animals have evolved different features while undertaking various facets of respiration; for example, in birds, the mechanics of respiration is dominated by air sacs instead of the lungs of mammals.
The diffusion of gases at the alveoli level is followed by their transport via blood. The transport of blood gases is dependent upon the type of gas. The dominant system for oxygen is via binding to haemoglobin; in the case of carbon dioxide, it is transported through plasma that predominates through a considerable extent of the gas that is also transported by haemoglobin. Various integrated physiological processes mediate the regulation of respiration. In the CNS, the centre controlling respiration is present in the pons and medulla. The sensory inputs for respiratory centre are relayed through central and peripheral chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. The respiratory system can develop various anomalies, which may be congenital or acquired, that can severely hamper the respiration process. This chapter focuses on all the basic physiological features of mammalian respiration, including the features in foetal and neonatal stages, with updated advances in avian species.S. Jana
Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of
Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
P. Manjari
Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science
(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University), Proddatur, India
I. Hyder (X)
Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary
Science (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University), Garividi, Andhra
Pradesh, India
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 171
P.
K. Das et al. (eds.), Textbook of Veterinary Physiology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9410-4_7Graphical Abstract
Description of the graphic: (a) The process of respiration occurs in the lungs, where the functions of gaseous exchanges occur in the zone of respiration; (b) respiratory zone: terminal bronchioles, alveolar sac and alveoli; (c) the lung function is evaluated by measuring the pulmonary volumes and capacities through spirometry; and (d) tissue supply of oxygen is determined by oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve
Keywords
Respiration ∙ Ventilation ∙ Lung volumes ∙ Pulmonary circulation ∙ Reflexes released to the surroundings. Animals have specialised systems that help them do this successfully and efficiently. The process of respiration involves many independent but well-coordinated and regulated events.
Learning Objectives
• Respiratory system—anatomical structure and functional components
• Transport of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) through blood during respiration
• The control or regulation of respiration by the respiratory centres, reflexes and chemical changes in blood
• Avian respiratory system—structural design, its salient features and control mechanism
• Fundamentals of respiratory dysfunctions
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