Appendix: Abbreviations

A........................................................... Angstrom, 10^-10 meter

Acetyl.................................................... Combining form of acetic acid

Acetyl CoA...........................................

ACh...................................................... Acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter)

AChE.................................................... Acetylcholinesterase (enzyme that destroys acetylcholine)

ACTH................................................... Adrenocorticotropic hormone

ADH..................................................... Antidiuretic hormone

ADP...................................................... Adenosine diphosphate

AI.......................................................... Artificial insemination

AIDS..................................................... Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

AMP...................................................... Adenosine monophosphate

ANS...................................................... Autonomic nervous system

ATP....................................................... Adenosine triphosphate

ATPase.................................................. Adenosine triphosphatase

A-V....................................................... Atrioventricular

AVT...................................................... Arginine vasotocin

B₁........................................................... Vitamin B₁(thiamine)

B₂........................................................... Vitamin B₂(riboflavin)

B₆........................................................... Vitamin B₆(pyridoxine)

B₁₂........................................................ Vitamin B₁₂(cyanocobalamin)

bid.........................................................

B-lymphocytes..................................... Bursa-equivalent lymphocytes

bST........................................................ Bovine somatotropin

BUN...................................................... Blood urea nitrogen

C.......................................................... Celsius; centigrade

Ca.......................................................... Calcium

Ca²⁺.............................................................................................. Calcium ion

Cal......................................................... Calorie

cAMP.................................................... Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CCK...................................................... Cholecystokinin

CFU....................................................... Colony-forming unit

CHO...................................................... Carbohydrate

Cl........................................................... Chlorine

Cl-.......................................................... Chloride ion

cm......................................................... Centimeter

CNS....................................................... Central nervous system

CO......................................................... Carbon monoxide; Cardiac output

CO₂....................................................... Carbon dioxide

CoA...................................................... Coenzyme A (acyl activation)

CP.......................................................... Creatine phosphate

CRH...................................................... Corticotropin-releasing hormone

CSF........................................................ Cerebrospinal fluid; colony-stimulating factor

Cu.......................................................... Copper

D............................................................ Vitamin D (antirachitic vitamin)

dB..........................................................

DNA...................................................... Deoxyribonucleic acid

DOPA.................................................... Dihydroxyphenylalanine

DPG....................................................... Diphosphoglyceride

ECF........................................................ Extracellular fluid

eCG...................................................... Equine chorionic gonadotropin (see PMSG)

ECG....................................................... Electrocardiogram

EDTA.................................................... Ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid

EPP........................................................ End-plate potential

EPSP...................................................... Excitatory postsynaptic potential

ER.......................................................... Endoplasmic reticulum

F............................................................ Fahrenheit

FAD....................................................... Oxidized adenine dinucleotide

FADh..................................................... Reduced adenine dinucleotide

Fe........................................................... Iron

Fe²⁺............................................................................................... Ferrous iron (low valence)

Fe³⁺............................................................................................... Ferric iron (high valence)

FFa...................................................... Free fatty acids

FSH....................................................... Follicle-stimulating hormone

g............................................................ Gram

GABA.................................................... γ-Aminobutyric acid

GALT.................................................... Gut-associated lymphatic tissue

GFR....................................................... Glomerular filtration rate

GH.........................................................

GHRH................................................... Growth hormone-releasing hormone

GHIH.................................................... Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)

GI.......................................................... Gastrointestinal

GIP........................................................ Gastric inhibitory peptide

GnRH.................................................... Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

H⁺.......................................................... Hydrogen ion

H & E.................................................... Hematoxylin and eosin stain

Hb........................................................ Hemoglobin

HbO₂.................................................... Oxyhemoglobin

hCG....................................................... Human chorionic gonadotropin

HCl........................................................ Hydrochloric acid

HCO-..................................................... Bicarbonate ion

H₂CO₃................................................... Carbonic acid

HDL...................................................... High-density lipoprotein

Hg........................................................ Mercury

H₂O...................................................... Water (HOH)

H₂O₂...................................................... Hydrogen peroxide

HPO=......................................................................................... Monobasic phosphate ion

H₃PO₄.................................................... Phosphoric acid

I............................................................. Iodine

ICSH...................................................... Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (LH)

IDL........................................................ Intermediate-density lipoprotein

Ig...........................................................

IGF........................................................ Insulin-like growth factor

IM.......................................................... Intramuscular

IP........................................................... Intraperitoneal

IPSP....................................................... Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

IU.......................................................... International unit

IV........................................................... Intravenous

K........................................................... Potassium

Kcal...................................................... Kilocalorie

L............................................................ liter

LDH...................................................... Lactate dehydrogenase

LDL....................................................... Low-density lipoprotein

LH........................................................ Luteinizing hormone

M........................................................... Molar concentration

MAO..................................................... Monoamine oxidase

mEq....................................................... Milliequivalent

mg........................................................ Milligram (10^-3 gram)

μm......................................................... Micrometer (10^-6 meter)

mL......................................................... Milliliter (10^-3 of a liter)

mm........................................................ Millimeter (10^-3 meter)

mM........................................................ Millimole

mOsm................................................... Milliosmole

mRNA.................................................. Messenger ribonucleic acid

msec...................................................... Millisecond (10^-3 second)

MSH......................................................

mv........................................................ Millivolt (10^-3 volt)

MW...................................................... Molecular weight

N.......................................................... Nitrogen

Na.......................................................... Sodium

NaCl...................................................... Sodium chloride, table salt

NAD...................................................... Oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH.................................................. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NaHCO₃................................................ Sodium bicarbonate

NaOH.................................................... Sodium hydroxide

Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase..................................... Sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase

NE........................................................ Norepinephrine

NF........................................................ National Formulary

ng.......................................................... Nanogram (10^-9 gram)

NH-....................................................... Amino group

NH₃...................................................... Ammonia

NH4...................................................... Ammonium ion

NH₄Cl.................................................... Ammonium chloride

NH₄OH.................................................. Ammonium hydroxide

NK......................................................... Natural killer cell (T cell)

nm.......................................................... Nanometer (10-9 meter)

NRC....................................................... National Research Council

O₂........................................................... Oxygen

OH-........................................................ Hydroxyl ion

P............................................................. Phosphorus

PCO₂..................................................... Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

PCR....................................................... Polymerase chain reaction

PG......................................................... Prostaglandin

PGE₂....................................................... Prostaglandin E₂

PGF_2α.......................................................................................... Prostaglandin F_2α

pH......................................................... A measure of acidity or alkalinity

PMSG..................................................... Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (see eCG)

PN₂......................................................... Partial pressure of nitrogen

PNS....................................................... Peripheral nervous system

PO₂......................................................... Partial pressure of oxygen

PO4-.............................................................................................. Phosphate ion

ppm....................................................... Parts per million

PSS......................................................... Physiologic saline solution

PTH........................................................ Parathyroid hormone

RBC....................................................... Red blood cell (erythrocyte)

RER....................................................... Rough endoplasmic reticulum

RNA....................................................... Ribonucleic acid

S............................................................. Sulfur

SA.......................................................... Sinoatrial (node)

SEM........................................................ Scanning electron microscope

SER........................................................ Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

sp............................................................ Species

SR........................................................... Sarcoplasmic reticulum

S-S.......................................................... Disulfide bond

STH....................................................... Somatotropin (growth hormone)

T₃............................................................ Triiodothyronine

T₄............................................................ Thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine)

TEM....................................................... Transmission electron microscope

TH.......................................................... Thyroid hormone

T lymphocyte......................................... Thymus-derived lymphocyte

TRH....................................................... Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TSH....................................................... Thyroid-stimulating hormone

T tubules............................................... Transverse tubules

USP....................................................... United States Pharmacopeia

VFA....................................................... Volatile fatty acid

VIP......................................................... Vasoactive intestinal peptide

VLDL..................................................... Very low-density lipoprotein

WBC...................................................... White blood cell (leukocyte)

X-ray..................................................... Ray with wavelength of 0.05-100 A; roentgen ray

Z line...................................................... Boundary of a sarcomere