Conclusions

Host-microbiota interactions are crucial in human and animal health and disease development, yet microbiota function and dynamics during disease states are only partially understood. There is growing evidence supporting that immunoregula- tory and anti-inflammatory effects of gut and tumor microbiota are essential in the battle of cancer. However, most studies were performed in preclinical models, which have many pitfalls in regard of spontaneous cancer research urging the need for clinical studies benefiting both species.

Acknowledgements

This manuscript received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.