Contents
Contents Guide xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction xix
Chapter 1
The Craniata and Vertebrata
Phylogeny and Classification 1
Vertebrate Relatives 4
Craniates and Vertebrates 7
Early Stages in the Evolution
of Vertebrates 8
Vertebrata 8
Chapter 2
The Lamprey
Introduction 19
Section I—Skeleton 19
Section II—External Anatomy 20
Section III—Pleuroperitoneal Cavity
and Viscera 21
Section IV—Sagittal Section 22
Key Terms: Lamprey 26
Chapter 3
The Shark
Introduction 27
Section I—Skeleton 27
Chondrocranium 28
Splanchnocranium 28
Vertebrae and Fins 31
Key Terms: Skeleton 33
Section II—External Anatomy 35
Key Terms: External Anatomy 37
Section III—Muscular System 39
Trunk and Appendicular Muscles 39
Muscles of the Head and
Branchial Region 40
Branchiomeric Musculature 40
Hypobranchial Musculature 43
Key Terms: Muscular System 45
Section IV—Digestive and
Respiratory Systems 45
Key Terms: Digestive and
Respiratory Systems 50
Section V—Cardiovascular System 51
Heart and Arterial Circulation 51
Heart 51
Arteries of the Branchial Region 51
Branches of the Dorsal Aorta 52
Venous Circulation 55
Hepatic Portal System 55
Renal Portal System 58
Systemic Veins 58
Key Terms: Cardiovascular System 59
Section VI—Urogenital System 59
Male Urogenital System 62
Key Terms: Male Urogenital System 62
Female Reproductive System 62
Key Terms: Female Reproductive System 63
Section VII—Sensory Organs 63
Ampullae of Lorenzini 63
Lateral Line System 63
Nose 63
Eye 63
Ear 67
Key Terms: Sensory Organs 68
Section VIII—Brain and Cranial Nerves 70
Brain 71
Cranial Nerves (CNN 0, I-X, and
Lateral Line Nerves) 73
Ventral View of the Brain 75
Sagittal Section of the Brain 76
Key Terms: Brain and Cranial Nerves 76
Chapter 4 The Perch
Introduction 77
Section I—Skeleton 77
Skull 77
Key Terms: Skull 79
Postcranial Skeleton 80
Key Terms: Postcranial Skeleton 80
Section II—External Anatomy 81
Key Terms: External Anatomy 82
Section III—Mouth, Oral Cavity,
and Pharynx 82
Key Terms: Mouth, Oral Cavity,
and Pharynx 83
Section IV—Pleuroperitoneal Cavity
and Viscera 83
Key Terms: Pleuroperitoneal Cavity
and Viscera 87
Chapter 5
The Mudpuppy
Introduction 89
Section I—Skeleton 89
Cranial Skeleton 89
Skull 89
Mandible 90
Hyoid Apparatus 91
Key Terms: Cranial Skeleton 91
Postcranial Skeleton 92
Axial Skeleton 92
Appendicular Skeleton 92
Key Terms: Postcranial Skeleton 92
Section II—External Anatomy 94
Key Terms: External Anatomy 95
Section III—Mouth, Oral Cavity, and Pharynx 95
Key Terms: Mouth, Oral Cavity, and Pharynx 96
Section IV—Pleuroperitoneal Cavity and Viscera 96
Key Terms: Pleuroperitoneal Cavity and Viscera 98
Section V—Urogenital System 98
Male Urogenital System 102
Female Urogenital System 102
Key Terms: Urogenital System 102
Section VI—Cardiovascular System 102
Heart 102
Venous System 102
Arterial System 105
Key Terms: Cardiovascular System 107
Chapter 6
The Frog
Introduction 113
Section I—Skeleton 113
Skull, Mandible, and Hyoid Apparatus 113
Key Terms: Skull, Mandible, and
Hyoid Apparatus 116
Postcranial Skeleton 117
Key Terms: Postcranial Skeleton 118
Section II—External Anatomy 118
Key Terms: External Anatomy 120
Section III—Mouth, Oral Cavity, and Pharynx 120
Key Terms: Mouth, Oral Cavity, and Pharynx 120
Section IV—Pleuroperitoneal Cavity, Viscera, and Urogenital System 120
Key Terms: Pleuroperitoneal Cavity,
Viscera, and Urogenital System 125
Section V—Cardiovascular System 125
Key Terms: Cardiovascular System 130
Chapter 7
The Cat
Introduction 131
Section I—Skeleton 132
Cranial Skeleton 132
Skull 132
Mandible 138
Hyoid Apparatus 139
Key Terms: Cranial Skeleton 139
Postcranial Skeleton 140
Vertebral Column 140
Cervical Vertebrae 140
Thoracic Vertebrae 141
Lumbar Vertebrae 142
Sacral Vertebrae 142
Caudal Vertebrae 143
Ribs 144
Sternum 144
Forelimb 144
Scapula 144
Clavicle 145
Humerus 145
Ulna 146
Radius 146
Manus 147
Hind Limb 147
Pelvis 147
Femur 147
Patella 148
Tibia 148
Fibula 149
Pes 149
Key Terms: Postcranial Skeleton 150
Section II—External Anatomy 151
Key Terms: External Anatomy 152
Section III—Muscular System 153
Muscle Terminology 153
Connective Tissue and Fiber Direction 153
Key Terms: Muscular System 153
Subdivision of the Musculature 153
Skinning the Cat 153
Appendicular Musculature 158
Muscles of the Forelimb 158
Superficial Forelimb Muscles: Lateral View 158
Superficial Forelimb Muscles: Ventral View 160
Deep Forelimb Muscles: Lateral View 160
Deep Forelimb Muscles: Lateral View
with Forelimb Abducted 163
Key Terms: Muscles of the Forelimb 165
Muscles of the Hind Limb 165
Superficial Hind Limb Muscles: Lateral View 165
Superficial Hind Limb Muscles: Medial View 166
Deep Hind Limb Muscles: Lateral View 168
Deep Hind Limb Muscles: Medial View 171
Key Terms: Muscles of the Hind Limb 173
Muscles of the Head and Trunk 174
Muscles of the Trunk 174
Muscles of the Back and Neck 174
Muscles of the Throat and Jaw 178
Key Terms: Muscles of the Head and Trunk 180
Section IV—Digestive and
Respiratory Systems 180
Salivary Glands 180
Oral Cavity and Pharynx 180
Pericardial Cavity 186
Abdominopelvic Cavity 186
Key Terms: Digestive and Respiratory Systems 194
Section V—Cardiovascular System 194
Heart 194
Vessels 195
Main Vessels Associated with the Heart 195
Vessels Anterior to the Diaphragm 195
Vessels Posterior to the Diaphragm 201
Vessels Associated with the Viscera 205
Key Terms: Cardiovascular System 207
Section VI—Urogenital System 212
Excretory System 212
Key Terms: Excretory System 214
Male Reproductive System 214
Opening the Pelvic Canal 216
Male Reproductive System, Continued 216
Key Terms: Male Reproductive System 216
Female Reproductive System 216
Key Terms: Female Reproductive System 217
Section VII—Brain and Cranial Nerves 218
Meninges 218
Telencephalon 218
Diencephalon 220
Mesencephalon 222
Metencephalon 222
Myelencephalon 222
Sagittal Section of the Brain 222
Cranial Nerves 224
Key Terms: Brain and Cranial Nerves 224
Chapter 8 The Pigeon
Introduction 227
Section I—Skeleton 227
Skull, Mandible, and Hyoid Apparatus 227
Postcranial Skeleton 229
Vertebrae 229
Ribs 230
Sternum 231
Pectoral Girdle and Forelimb 231
Pelvic Girdle and Hind Limb 233
Key Terms: Skeleton 233
Section II—External Anatomy 234
Key Terms: External Anatomy 234
Section III—Musculature 236
Key Terms: Musculature 241
Section IV—Body Cavity, Viscera,
and Vessels 241
Key Terms: Body Cavity, Viscera, and Vessels 250
Selected References 251
Index 253
Contents Guide
Chapter 1 THE CRANIATA AND VERTEBRATA 1
Chapter 2 THE LAMPREY 19
Chapter 3 THE SHARK 27
Chapter 4 THE PERCH 77
Chapter 5 THE MUDPUPPY 89
Chapter B THE FROG 113
Chapter 7 THE CAT 131
Chapter 8 THE PIGEON 227