Index
A
Abiotic, 16, 17, 725
Abomasum, 346, 354, 357, 365, 589
Abortion, 542, 545, 560, 589, 599, 609, 610, 699, 719
Absolute refractory period, 41, 43, 123
Absorption, 13, 65-67, 81,148, 155, 158,197, 199-201,210, 215, 222, 224,228, 276,292, 309, 316-318, 320, 322, 325, 327, 331, 334346, 349-351, 361, 363, 364, 483, 595, 620, 654, 663, 685, 731, 735, 736, 745, 754, 755, 759, 763
Accessory sex glands, 482, 487, 490, 493, 495, 507, 572
Acclimatization, 187, 726, 733, 738, 741, 743, 745, 746 Accommodation, 277, 283, 297
A (X-like) cell, 422
Acetic acid, 208, 360, 361, 528
Acetylation, 580, 631
Acetylcholine, 125, 126, 139, 142-145, 148, 154, 155, 158, 245-248, 274, 291, 292, 321, 322, 329, 330, 333, 338, 743
Acetylcholinesterase (AchE), 246, 274
Acetyl-CoA, 255, 360, 361, 654, 655, 673, 760
A chain, 302, 702
Achlorhydria, 331
Acid base balance, 200, 203-206, 208-210, 595, 757, 758
Acid base disturbance, 185
Acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD), 79
Acid phosphatase, 30, 59, 490, 664
Acini, 289, 323, 331
Acquired antibodies, 76
Acquired immunity, 101, 110
Acquired thrombocytopathies, 82
Acromegaly, 82
Acrosin, 483, 578, 579
Acrosomal enzymes, 483, 578
Acrosomal protein, 581
Acrosomal reaction, 483, 574, 575, 577, 578, 581, 611, 626
Acrosomal vesicle, 481
Acrosome, 28, 481, 483-485, 490, 495, 574, 576-578, 618
Actin, 31, 52-54, 75, 120, 121, 138, 236, 241-245, 247-249, 252, 256, 257, 259-261, 263, 327, 561, 574, 578, 579, 630
Action potential, 38-43, 120-126, 128, 139, 140, 166, 167, 184, 200, 206, 240, 241, 245-247, 249, 250, 257-261, 263, 264, 266, 268, 270-274, 284, 286, 298, 299, 302, 304-306, 321
Activation function 2 (AF2), 377
Activatorprotein 1 (AP1), 518
Activin, 503, 515, 516, 522, 523, 527, 556, 566, 596, 599
Acute phase proteins (APPs), 51, 92, 94, 95, 99, 645, 651
Adaptation, 5, 17, 19, 136, 160, 189, 299, 300, 304,482, 562, 590, 591, 688, 726, 729, 741, 744-746, 748, 753, 762
Addison’s disease, 408, 494
Adducin, 54
Adenohypophysis, 379-381, 388, 426, 458
Adenosine, 55, 78, 79, 121, 145, 146, 151-156, 274, 574, 666
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), 462, 463, 518
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 10,40, 54, 55, 78, 79, 84, 122, 145, 151, 154, 182,191, 199,201,215, 221, 237,242,244, 247,248, 253256, 259, 261, 264, 274, 306, 360, 361, 481,483, 518, 521, 551, 574, 576, 654, 655, 657, 736, 744, 758
Adenylate cyclase (AC), 321, 376, 448, 518, 521, 744
Adenylyl cyclase (AC), 378, 379, 383-386, 393, 398, 402, 408, 422, 459, 558, 575, 576
Adipocytes, 51, 76, 517, 525, 527, 652, 659, 666, 682, 687 Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), 13
Adipose tissue, 147, 308, 365, 523, 525, 531, 599, 648, 651-654, 666, 682, 686, 760
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), 382
Adjuvants, 92
Adluminal compartment, 495
Adolescence, see Puberty
ADP, 40, 62, 73, 145, 191, 247, 253, 261, 744
Adrenal cortex, 145, 146, 199, 200, 222, 527, 742, 743
Adrenal gland, 288, 290, 517, 520, 540, 543, 597, 688, 742, 744, 757 Adrenal medulla, 140, 142-145, 165, 287-290, 671, 757
Adrenergic receptors, 142-144, 151, 291, 338, 743 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 142, 309, 524, 527, 603, 672, 682, 729, 742-744, 755, 757
Adrenomedullin, 330
Aerophagia, 716
Afferent arteriole, 165, 218, 220, 228
Ageing, 53, 102, 325, 545, 562
Agenesis, 509
Agonistic behaviour, 529
Agouti-related protein (ARP), 322, 703
Air sac, 84, 187-189, 192, 736, 756, 757
AKT serine/threonine kinase (AKT), 556, 557
Alanine, 84, 281, 344, 363, 491, 653, 657, 758
Alantois, 591
Albumin, 49-51,71, 78, 83, 84, 88, 92, 94, 95, 202, 208, 219, 334, 337, 338, 509, 517, 520, 563, 565, 574, 575, 661, 663, 758
Aldosterone, 145, 146, 163, 164, 167, 199, 200, 222, 223, 325, 372374, 403-405, 408, 413, 419, 426, 519, 521, 743
Aldosterone escape, 408, 419, 426
Aldosterone synthase, 403, 404, 413
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 59, 84, 337, 491, 653, 664, 760
Alkaline tide, 328
Alkali reserve, 49, 50
Alkalosis, 200, 206, 209
Alloantibodies, 76, 77, 79
Allogrooming, 712
Allometric growth, 648, 685, 686
All or none principle, 122
Allotypes, 105
α-cells, 398, 399, 413
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
2023P.
K. Das etal. (eds.), Textbook of Veterinary Physiology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9410-4Alpha globin locus, 68
α-granule, 62 α-lactalbumin, 655, 657-659, 661-663 α-lactalbumin composition, 661 α-lactalbumin gene, 16 α2-macroglobulin, 51, 76
α-MSH, 374 α2-plasmin inhibitor (α2-PI), 76 Alveolar dead space, 178
Alveolar duct, 10, 173, 178, 179, 666
Alveolar pressure, 174, 175
Alveoli, 10, 15, 71, 149, 156, 157, 173-181, 187, 189-191, 520, 640, 642, 643, 647-650, 665, 670-672, 728, 740
Amacrine cells, 299, 300
Ambient, 17, 174, 175, 187, 208, 256, 540, 619, 726-728, 731, 733, 737, 738, 747, 754, 756, 757, 761, 763
Ameliorate, 757
Amelioration, 726-729, 754
Amidation, 335
A1 milk, 662
A2 milk, 662, 672
Amine hormones, 373
Amino acid
activation, 333
transporters, 349, 594, 595, 656, 657 uptake, 595, 656, 682, 685
Aminopeptidase, 342, 343, 349
Ammonia buffer, 205
Ammonotelic, 215
Amino-terminal domain (NBD), 377
Amnion, 588, 589, 605, 606, 679, 680
Amphibians, 30, 300, 302, 503, 628
Amphimixis, see Karyogamy
Ampulla, 482, 490, 500, 504, 508, 509, 571, 575-577, 583, 611 Ampullary-isthmic junction, 509
Amygdala, 279, 280, 304, 519, 530, 698, 712, 720
Amylase, 13, 30, 333, 334, 337, 341, 348, 349, 360, 574, 754 Amyloplasts, 27
Anabolic steroids, 539, 682
Analgesia, 274, 708, 709
Anaphylactic reactions, 79, 107
Anatomical defenses, 644
Ancillary organs, 442, 457-458, 474
Androgen, 9, 308, 377, 384, 403, 404, 407-408, 425, 435, 438, 445447,449-451,454,456,458-460,462,466-471, 474, 483,494, 516, 517, 520-522, 525, 529, 542, 558, 559, 563, 564, 597, 684, 685, 687, 688, 698, 715
biosynthetic pathway, 466
Androgen binding protein (ABP), 108, 118, 119, 481 Androstenedione, 516-518, 521, 523, 554, 559
Anemia, 12, 49, 56, 64, 67, 78-82, 87, 181, 186, 207, 309, 610 Anestrous, 539, 705, 707
Angioedema, 15
Angiogenesis, 153, 522, 559, 584, 598, 599, 652
Angiotensin, 145, 146, 157, 161, 191, 220, 743 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), 146, 191, 220, 561, 573, 579 Angiotensin-II, 140, 142, 145, 146, 157, 165, 191, 197, 199, 215, 220222, 561, 574, 598
Animal behaviour, 5
Animal cloning, 627-631
Animal welfare, 13, 697, 720, 748
Ankyrin, 52-54, 82
Anoikis, 651
Anorexia, 99, 109, 604, 704
Anteriorpituitary, 489, 514-516, 523, 525, 527, 541, 554, 564, 566, 602, 742-744, 757
Antibiotic, 80, 82, 262, 359, 625, 626, 687
Antibody, 6, 11, 61, 62, 65, 76, 77, 80, 82, 84, 86, 91, 92, 96, 99-110, 436, 573, 595, 609, 627, 645, 646, 660
Anticoagulant, 12, 72, 73, 78, 80, 83
Anti-diuresis, 8, 141, 164, 197, 199, 222, 229, 370, 372, 373, 378, 385, 386, 426, 743
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 8,141,142,145, 164,165,197, 199, 200, 210, 222-225, 227, 229, 273, 743
Antidromic fibres, 143, 144
Antigens, 26, 30, 53, 57, 61, 64, 65, 76, 77, 86, 90-94, 96, 101-103, 105-110, 163, 190, 270, 308, 339, 343, 346,433,435-437,484, 578, 599, 620, 634, 645, 731
H-Y, 433, 435-437
Antigenpresenting cells (APCs), 99, 102, 106, 308, 311 Anti-inflammatory cytokines, 98, 591, 646, 731
Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs), 73, 92, 94, 109, 152, 191, 308, 339, 340, 557
Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), 433, 435, 527, 549
Antioxidants
enzymes, 387, 388, 463, 664
seminal, 574
Anti-sticking factor (ASF), 485
Antral, 319, 515, 522, 525, 542, 548-551, 553, 555, 556, 608, 729 Anuria, 228
Aorta, 116-120, 130, 131, 133-138, 150, 152, 154, 155, 159, 161, 162, 285, 643
Aortic stenosis, 133, 134
Apicalcells, 302, 331,333
Apical membrane, 221, 328, 333, 342, 346, 573, 642, 655, 656, 658 Apical vesicle, 656, 673
Aplastic anemia, 81
Apnea, 409
Apoptosis, 5, 27, 56, 57, 60, 64, 65, 102, 488, 519, 525, 548, 549, 552, 554-557, 560-562, 584, 586, 650, 651, 665, 666, 672, 691, 729, 730, 760
Aquaporins (AQPs), 55, 197, 223, 229, 332, 336, 586, 658
Aqueous humor, 201, 297
Arachidonic acid, 51, 60, 100, 145, 151, 560, 645, 662, 760
Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), 386, 387
Arcuate arteries, 218
Arcuate nucleus (ACN), 515, 516, 525, 532
Arcuate vein, 218
Areola, 592, 594, 599
Arginine vasotocin (AVT), 229, 753
Aromatase, 516-518, 521, 522, 525, 540, 554, 557, 597, 609, 729
Arterialpressure, 118, 130, 136, 137, 140-142, 146, 150, 153, 154, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163-165, 167, 178, 179, 215, 220
Arteriole, 115-118, 141-146, 149, 153-155, 157, 158, 178, 179, 218, 220, 228, 561, 595, 671
Artery, 11, 103, 104, 115-120, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136-138, 141-145, 149-159, 162, 164, 165, 173, 178, 179, 183, 186, 188, 204, 215, 218, 228, 289, 290, 334, 339, 561, 562, 573, 595, 600, 643, 671, 736, 740
Arthus reaction, 108
Artificial insemination (AI), 434, 437, 438, 505, 507, 508, 521, 537, 542, 571, 573, 611, 617-619, 623, 634, 690
Ascending loop of Henle, 411
Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), 280
Ascorbate, 70, 595
Aspiration, 621, 625, 626
Assisted reproduction, 437
Assistedreproductivetechnology (ART), 14, 521,555, 581,617, 625,631 Asva-Ayurveda, 5
Atmosphere, 16, 175, 179, 189, 726, 752
ATPase, 26, 40, 55, 62, 121, 122, 199, 205, 221, 222, 242, 244, 247, 255, 256, 259, 260, 298, 328, 346
ATP synthase, 27, 34
Atresia, 542, 548, 551, 552, 556, 557, 563, 564, 566, 691
Atria, 115, 119-121, 123-132, 139-141, 145, 150, 159, 167, 179, 188, 200, 289, 522
Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), 145, 199, 200, 210
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 7, 141, 165, 191, 222, 519
Atrial systole, 127, 129-132, 134
Atrio-ventricular (AV), 120, 121, 125-134, 139, 140, 150, 158, 289, 290
Atrio-ventricular (AV) node, 125, 126, 128, 139, 289, 290, 408
Atrio-ventricular (AV) valve, 119, 120, 130
Atrium, 116, 119, 120, 125, 130, 133, 134, 136, 140, 149, 150, 152, 153, 156, 158, 159, 161, 165, 178, 743
Atrophy, 263, 264, 488, 489, 608, 679
Autecology, 725
Autocrine, 97, 145, 518, 562, 649, 651, 659, 666
Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 7, 137, 139, 142, 143, 155, 239, 257, 259, 263, 275, 277-279, 282, 287-292, 318, 321, 322, 333, 338, 698, 735, 741
Avalanches, 716
Avian hematology, 83, 87
Avian renal physiology, 228-230
Axis
H-H-G, 465, 470-473
H-P-G, 463, 464, 474 (see also Axis, H-H-G)
Axon, 7, 31, 38, 39, 41, 144, 245-247, 259, 267-272, 274, 275, 278280, 282-284, 288, 289, 291, 292, 298, 299, 304, 305
Axoneme, 32, 34, 481, 483, 495
Axon hillock, 268, 272, 292
B
Balanopreputial fold, 458
Band 3, 52-55, 57, 82, 183
Band 4.1R, 53, 54
Band 4.5 protein, 53, 55
Barometric pressure, 174
Barr bodies, 58, 267
Bartholin’s glands, see Bulbourethral glands
Basal cells, 303, 305, 538, 545
Basal ganglia, 277, 279, 280
Basal membrane, 558, 658
Basal metabolic rate (BMR), 669, 740, 743, 758, 761
Basilar membrane, 302, 303, 310
Bathmotropic effect, 135
B chain, 398, 400
Behavior, 8, 14, 16, 185, 266, 267, 277-279, 304, 305, 525-530, 534, 536-538, 541-543, 546, 563, 564, 606, 608, 725, 726, 729, 733, 734, 739, 744, 745, 753, 756, 762
Behavioral plasticity, 699, 718
Behavior chaining, 717
Bellowing, 8, 536
β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs), 143, 148, 290, 291, 408, 671
β-cell, 42, 381, 396, 398, 400, 402, 407, 413, 465
β-endorphin, 608, 671, 743
β-lactoglobulin, 658, 661-663
β-lactoglobulin composition, 661
β-lactoglobulin gene, 657
β-oxidation of fatty acid, 400, 407, 409, 413
Bicarbonate buffer, 203, 204, 209, 490
Bile, 17, 29, 71, 196, 201, 223, 226, 332, 334-338, 340, 343, 344, 347350, 364, 663
Bilirubin, 49, 50, 58, 71, 88, 200, 215, 226, 309, 336-338, 595, 661 Bills, 732, 762
Binocular vision, 300
Biochemical, 57, 78, 79, 90, 161, 182, 202, 309, 316, 350, 484, 490, 495, 529,554, 556,558, 560,571, 574,602, 603,611, 620, 653655, 678, 683, 690, 726, 727, 730, 735, 739, 740, 745, 746, 758, 760
Biodiversity, 15, 725
Bioengineered lungs (BEL), 10
Biohydrogenation, 360, 364, 365
Biological clock, 744
Biological effects, 371, 372, 375, 376, 380-382, 384-387, 389, 394396, 398,401-402,404,405,408,410,412,413,419,420,422424
Biological rhythms, 38, 744
Biomarkers, 12, 16, 94, 490-492, 496, 581, 599, 730, 742, 748, 757, 760, 761
Biomedical, 7, 10, 18
Biomembrane, 25, 26, 33
Biosphere, 16
Biosteel, 634
Biotic environment, 16
Bipolar cell, 298-300, 303
Bipotent gonad, 432-434
Birth canal, see Vagina
Black globe temperature, 737
Blastocoele, 581-583, 679
Blastocyst, 526, 559, 581-588, 590, 611, 624-626, 628, 631, 635, 679, 680
expanded, 582-584, 624, 625 hatched, 582, 585, 624, 625
Blastocystic cavity, 679
Blastomere, 581, 583, 624, 627, 628, 630, 679, 680
Blastula, 581, 680
Blepharoplast, 32
Blood-brain barrier (BBB), 186, 201, 204, 281
Blood grouping, 76-78, 86
Blood-testis barrier (BTB), 480, 488
Bloom, 16, 509
Boar effect, 529, 541, 542
Body composition, 198, 683, 685
Body fluid, 77, 92, 104, 105, 126, 140, 186, 194-204, 208, 210, 215, 285, 308,493,516, 734,743
Body water, 196-199, 207, 210, 228
measurement, 197-198
Bohr effect, 181, 183
Bone marrow, 10, 52, 57, 60, 62-65, 67, 80-82, 84, 93, 98, 99, 102104, 147, 527, 598, 761
Bowman’s capsule, 215, 216, 219, 220
Bowman’s space, 217, 219, 220
Bradykinin, 72, 100, 145, 146, 155, 157, 161, 191, 220
Brain and muscle ARNT-Like 1 (Bmal1), 386
Brain or B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), 373, 418-420, 426 Brainstem, 185, 186, 303, 306, 322, 555
Broca’s area, 279
Bronchi, 173, 178, 187, 188
Bronchial compression, 12
Bronchiole, 10, 157, 172-174, 178, 179, 258, 291
Bronchodilation, 408
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), 734
Browsing, 703
Bruce effect, 530, 541, 542, 545, 699, 720
Bulbourethral glands, 434, 490, 493, 507, 572
Bulbovestibular gland, see Bulbourethral glands
Bulbus gland, 707
BursaofFabricius, 102, 103, 110
Butyric acid, 361, 362, 528, 661
C
Ca2+-ATPase, 121
Cage, 6, 710, 754
Calcitonin, 151, 152, 159, 201, 330
Calcitonin receptors (CTR), 412
Calcitriol (1, 25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol), 215, 309
Calcium, 12,24, 30,41-43,54, 55,57, 62,64,67,71,73,78, 80, 83, 84, 121-126, 138-140, 162, 176, 195, 198, 199, 201, 207, 210, 215, 221-223, 241, 243, 246, 247, 249, 257, 259, 260, 263, 299, 303, 306, 309, 321, 325, 330, 331, 333, 338, 346, 349, 364,484, 485, 491, 509, 531, 540, 560, 564, 565, 574-578, 580, 581, 585, 592, 595, 630, 631, 658, 660, 662, 663, 669, 671, 687, 730, 745, 747, 754, 760
Calcium activated magnesium dependent ATPase pump, 55 Calcium-binding protein (CaBP), 412
Calcium ion (Ca+2), 38,42,124-126, 139,176,201,221,243, 246,257, 259, 263, 328, 333, 346, 560, 574, 575, 580, 630, 658
Calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR), 411
Calmodulin, 55, 122, 257, 259, 260, 263, 331, 345, 576, 580, 671 Calorigenic, 727, 741
Calsequestrin, 121
Calyces, 215, 216 cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), 398
Candidate gene, 434
Canine puerpenal tetany, 162
Cannibalism, 710
Capacitation, 504, 537, 571-576, 611, 626 Capillary, 7, 11, 13, 17, 59, 100, 104, 115-118, 121, 143, 146-149, 151, 153, 155-158, 160, 164, 165, 174, 178-181, 183, 185, 186, 188-191, 197-199, 201, 207, 215, 216, 218-221, 225, 228-230, 255,256,270,271,276,281,309,339,340,365,538,561,586,590, 592, 599, 610, 642-644, 648, 652, 653, 666, 670, 728, 739, 756 Capillary circulation, 146, 147
Capillary pressure, 141, 147-149, 155, 156, 165, 178, 220
Capillary tuft, 218, 220
Caponization, 470
Cap phase, 481, 494
Carbaminohemoglobin, 71
Carbohydrate, 6, 10, 13, 25, 26, 53, 55, 59, 94, 96, 122, 196, 208, 210, 237, 261, 325, 334, 340-342, 346, 349, 350, 357-362, 364, 365, 578, 580, 617, 634, 653, 662, 669, 747, 758, 761
Carbon dioxide dissociation curve, 183
Carbonic anhydrase (CA), 53, 183, 186, 201, 203, 205, 279, 328, 331-333, 336, 666
Carboxyhemoglobin, 70
Carboxypeptidase, 335, 342, 343, 349 Carboxypeptidase A, 334, 342
Carboxypeptidase B, 334, 342, 343
Cardiac cycle, 117, 120, 126, 128-131, 133, 154, 162
Cardiac murmurs, 133-135
Cardiac muscle, 41, 43, 119-126, 137-139, 142-144, 147, 152-154, 166, 236-239, 257-264, 271, 291
Cardiac vector, 128
Cardiomyocytes, 382, 418, 420
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT 1), 400-402
Carnivore, 15, 66, 205, 298, 300, 317-321, 325, 348, 349, 507, 560, 572, 587, 589, 592, 593, 595, 710, 713, 717
Carotene, 67, 309, 539
Carotenoid, 27, 49, 345, 558, 565, 661 Caruncle, 505, 510, 586, 592, 597, 608
Casein, 331, 642, 650, 651, 657-664, 666, 667
Casein composition, 657
Casein gene, 657
Castration, 489, 703
Catabolic, 30, 84, 591, 687, 729, 753
Catalase, 29, 34, 56, 66, 86, 574, 664, 761
Cataract, 297, 665
Catecholamines, 82, 116, 135, 161, 165, 223, 274, 290, 338, 602, 653, 666, 671, 673, 727-729, 741, 743, 757
Cathepsin-L, 584
Cavernous, 173, 507, 735
Cavernous body, 453, 457
Cecum/caecum, 317, 320, 339, 347, 348, 350, 422
Cell, 5, 22, 38,49,90,115, 172,195, 218,236, 267,296, 317, 358, 370, 392,418, 433, 444,478, 503, 516, 550, 572, 618, 621, 640, 679, 703, 727, 754
Cell-based model, 74, 75
Cell body, 7, 139, 245, 246, 267-272, 275, 277, 280, 282-284, 288, 289, 292, 293, 321
Cell cycle, 64, 480, 556, 558, 628, 630, 760
Cell division, 31-33, 63,66, 88, 123,267, 308,478-480,488,494,495, 547, 548, 577, 581-583, 627, 679, 680, 691
Cell proliferation, 42, 98, 99, 362, 518, 522, 556, 648-650, 665, 680 Cell theory, 5, 23, 33
Cellular defense, 644
Cellular differentiation, 558, 601
Cellular proliferation, 412, 420, 421
Cellulose, 13, 24, 341, 348, 355, 357-360
Central nervous system (CNS), 7, 39, 93, 139, 141, 142, 147, 163, 186, 201, 202, 206, 248, 266-271, 274-278, 281-288, 291-293, 303, 321, 494, 519, 536, 654, 680, 698, 703, 734, 739-741, 743
Centriole, 31, 32, 34, 267, 481, 483, 579
Cephalic phase, 329, 333
Cerebellum, 185, 248, 275, 277, 278, 292, 303, 700, 713
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 97, 98, 186, 195, 200-202, 204, 210, 267, 271, 276, 292
Cerebrum, 275, 277-280
Ceruloplasmin, 51, 66, 95, 109, 110, 337
Cervical plug, 506, 572, 590, 604
Cervical ripening, 603, 607
Cervix, 14,434, 500-506, 508-510, 519, 522, 526, 527, 535, 538, 559, 562, 571-574, 590, 597, 598, 603-605, 607, 608, 610, 611, 618, 623, 625
C1-esterase inhibitor, 76 cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), 419, 484, 558
Chalazae, 509
Channelopathies, 42, 43
Chaperone, 346, 437, 727, 730, 760
Chemical buffer system, 203-204
Chemical messengers, 271, 273, 292, 645
Chemokines, 59, 61, 92, 94, 97, 98, 100, 108, 645, 646, 651
Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ), 320, 321
Chief cell, 326, 327, 331
Chloride shift, 183
Chlorofluorocarbon, 16
Cholangiocytes, 335, 336
Cholecystokinin (CCK), 155, 319, 322, 323, 325, 329-331, 333, 335, 337, 338, 703
Cholecystokinin 1 receptor (CCK1R), 422
Cholesterol-side chain cleavage enzyme (p450scc/CYP11A1), 516, 518, 554, 558, 559,584, 597
Cholinergic receptors, 142, 143, 246, 291
Chomping behaviour, 529
Chorioallantoic, 435, 590, 592-594, 708
Chorion, 588-595, 599, 600, 679
Chorionic girdle, 592, 598, 599
Chorionic gonadotropin, 433, 527, 558, 559, 583, 596, 598
Choroid plexus, 147, 201, 210, 267, 276, 277, 281, 292, 293, 598 Christiesomes, 656, 673
Chromaffin cells, 288, 290, 743
Chromatin, 30, 31, 34, 59, 60, 64, 84, 85, 109, 267, 480, 481,483, 484, 490, 555, 579, 580, 621, 630, 632
Chromophil, 380
Chromophobe, 380
Chromosome, 14, 28, 31, 34, 68, 69, 102, 342,433-438, 479, 480,489, 548, 551, 555, 556, 571, 579, 581, 600, 627, 628, 630-632, 657, 662, 679, 690, 691
Chronaxie, 41
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 13, 81, 165, 209
Chronotropic effect, 135, 140
Chylomicrons, 51, 345, 365
Chymotrypsin, 334, 342, 343, 349, 754
Ciliary body, 109, 147, 290, 297
Ciliary muscle, 283, 287, 289, 290, 297
Circadian rhythm, 38, 277, 287, 525, 603, 703, 719, 744
Circulatory overload, 80
Circum-Ventricularorgans, 151, 379
Citrate, 78-80, 205, 493, 594, 617, 653, 654, 660, 663, 673
Citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA-1), 79
Citric acid, 67, 79, 306, 490, 491, 495, 661, 689, 730
Citric acid cycle (TCA), 84, 255, 267, 760
Citrullinemia, 690
Classical conditioning, 700, 702, 711, 716, 720
Claudins, 339
Clear cells, 651
Cleavage, 74,96,220, 335, 360,504,516, 518,558,579,581-584,626, 628, 654, 658, 673, 679
Climate, 486, 645, 685, 725-727, 734, 738, 753, 756, 762
Climate change, 16, 17, 19, 725, 726, 745, 752, 762, 763
Clitoris, 500, 507-508, 510, 543
Cloaca, 102, 103, 228, 347, 348, 350, 508-510
Clock genes, 325
Clone, 106, 630
Cloning, 7, 15, 628-631
Clot retraction, 71, 73, 75, 76
Clotting factors, 12, 71, 72, 86
Clustered regularly interspaces short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), 7, 622, 634
Clusterin, 97, 600
Clusters of contractions, 319
Clutch, 487, 565, 567
Coagulating gland, 456
Coarse areolar subcutaneous tissue, 641
Cocaine and amphetamine-related transcript (CART), 703
Cochlea, 302, 303, 310
Cockerel, 687
Co-enzyme A, 246, 360, 400
Cold stress, 17, 237, 255, 258, 740, 741, 743, 752-754, 762, 763
Colloid, 50, 195, 207, 208, 210, 618
Colloid osmotic pressure, 195, 220, 225
Colony-forming unit-erythrocyte (CFU-E), 64
Colony stimulating factor (CSF), 98, 271, 276, 277, 292, 293, 603 Colostrum, 77, 95, 343, 595, 605, 609, 659-661, 663, 664, 669 Colostrum composition, 660, 661
Colostrum functions, 660
Colostrum secretion, 660
Colostrum synthesis, 660
Colostrum transition of into milk, 661, 669
Cooling, 159, 173, 187, 208, 326, 451, 619, 726, 727, 731, 734-736, 740, 741, 746, 753, 757, 762
Comb, 563, 732, 753, 755, 757
Commissure, 493, 507
Common pathway, 74
Compaction, 582, 583
Complement system, 92, 95-97, 105, 107, 109, 646
Complete tetanus, 251, 252
Comprehensive climate index (CCI), 737, 738
Computed tomography (CT), 7, 217
Concaveation, 708
Concentration gradient, 38-42, 123, 139, 147, 148, 181, 198, 200, 221, 222, 328, 342, 594, 595, 654
Concentric contraction, 248, 249, 253
Conception, 508, 534,541,552, 556,583, 584,611, 617,634, 653, 679, 729
Conditional knockout, 632
Conduction, 41, 120, 121, 125-128, 130, 132, 135, 140, 143, 144, 167, 215, 270, 284, 289, 290, 727, 731-733, 738, 745, 755, 757, 762
Conductivity, 122, 732
Cone cell, 285, 297, 298, 300
Congenital anomalies, 134, 531, 690
Connexin, 126, 594
Conservation, 5, 136, 141, 146, 201, 290, 292, 293, 617, 618, 622, 627, 634, 726, 734, 736, 740, 743, 753, 762
Contact activation pathway, 73
Contraceptive, 521, 562, 667
Contractility, 121-123, 139, 140, 143, 150, 154, 160-162, 165, 237, 238, 289, 494, 519, 520, 522, 571, 572, 586, 597, 603
Convection, 181, 727, 731-733, 735, 738, 745, 755, 757, 762 Coolidge effect, 705
Cooperative binding, 69
Copper deficiency, 81, 691
Copulation, 14, 510, 529, 534, 546, 571, 573, 700, 704, 706, 707, 714, 719
Copulatory organ, 506, 510
bird, 454
Core body temperature, 5, 17, 93, 187, 730-733, 736, 738, 739, 755-757
Corin, 419
Cornea, 109, 297-299
Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), 359
Corona radiate, 550, 551, 578
Corpus albican, 538, 549, 559, 566
Corpus callosum, 277
Corpus cavernosum, 643
Corpus haemorrhagicum, 558
Corpus luteum, 503, 505, 508, 515, 516, 520, 522, 523, 525, 526, 534-536, 538, 539, 542, 543, 547-549, 551, 554-559, 562, 563, 566, 583-585, 590, 598-600, 608, 609, 623
supplementary, 598, 599
Corpus luteum graviditatis, 559, 566
Corpus spongiosum, 457
Cortex, 26, 66, 102, 103, 139, 141, 143, 145, 184, 215, 217, 218, 224, 228, 277-280, 287, 292, 297, 298, 300, 303-305, 320, 321,434, 437, 503, 508, 509, 519, 549-551, 697, 698, 712, 720
Cortical nephrons, 217
Cortical reaction, 577, 579-580, 611
Corticosteroid, 79, 165, 201, 524, 607, 687, 753, 757
Corticosterone, 563, 744, 753, 755, 758, 761
Corticotropes, 379, 380, 383, 388
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 523, 527, 599, 742-744, 755, 757
Cortisol, 177, 494, 504, 521, 524, 599, 603-606, 608, 609, 649, 653, 671, 672, 688, 699, 729, 731, 742
Co-transport, 199, 221, 222, 594, 595
Cotyledon, 505, 510, 586, 592, 593, 597
Countercurrent exchange system, 155, 223, 225, 230
Countercurrent multiplier system, 223, 224
Courtship, 506, 526, 527, 530, 563, 705-707, 719
Courtship behaviour, 530
COVID-19, 9
Cowper’s gland, see Bulbourethral glands
C-peptide, 400
Creatine kinase, 202, 244, 253, 758, 760
Creatine phosphate, 253, 254, 261, 264
Cre-lox recombinase, 632
Cremaster muscles, 448, 450, 451
Crescent, 120
Cretinism, 691
CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), 7, 622, 634
Crop, 16, 347-349
Cross bridge, 247, 248, 264
Cross matching, 77, 79, 80, 86
Crude protein, 747
Crura, 278, 507
Cryopreservation, 617-619, 634
Cryptochrome circadian regulator 1&2 (Cry1&2), 386
Cryptorchidism, 435, 438, 489
unilateral, 450, 468
Crypt programming model, 67
Crystalloid fluids, 207, 208
C-type lectin like receptor-2 (CLEC-2), 73
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), 94, 109, 731
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), 556
Cultural evolution, 702
Cumulus oocyte complex (COC), 525, 552, 554, 555, 577, 578, 629 Cumulus-oophorus, 550, 551, 574, 575, 577
Cushing’s disease, 408, 539
Cushing’s syndrome, 523
Cutaneous, 143, 144, 154, 158, 159, 165, 283, 284, 507, 526, 566, 609, 732, 736, 739, 753
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), 73, 139, 145, 197, 222, 304, 306, 330, 336, 338, 340,484, 518, 519, 521, 522, 551, 555, 556, 558, 561, 574-576, 578, 700, 744
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP), 65, 73, 157, 298, 299, 551, 555, 557
Cyclin B, 580
CYP11A1 (p450scc/Cholesterol desmolase), 516, 518, 554, 597
CYP17A1 (17α-hydroxylase), 517
Cyst, 221, 523, 524, 539, 540, 555, 581, 600, 609
Cystic fibrosis transductance regulator (CFTR), 43, 328, 332, 333, 336, 338, 340, 586
Cytochrome P450 (P450), 161, 516-518, 521, 522, 554, 584, 597 Cytogenesis, 679
Cytokines, 60, 61, 81, 92-95, 97-100, 102, 108-110, 180, 186, 190, 310, 522, 524, 525, 548, 562, 572, 585, 587, 591, 596, 599, 603, 609, 645, 646, 731
Cytoplasm, 6, 15,23-26,29, 30, 32, 33, 53, 57,58,60-62, 64, 85, 93, 197, 199, 201, 239, 240, 257, 268, 270, 271, 342, 480-482, 516, 543, 544, 548, 557, 559, 560, 574, 579, 630, 642, 648, 657
Cytoplasmic bridges, 24, 479, 547, 548
Cytoplasmic droplet (CD), 482, 484, 618
Cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs), 656, 673
Cytoskeleton, 26, 31, 52-54, 82, 101, 121, 243, 630, 730 Cytotrophoblast, 583, 588, 598, 599, 602, 680
D
Daily spermatozoa production (DSP), 486
Dalmatian, 76
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), 94, 99-101
Dartos muscle, 443, 451
tunica dartos, 451, 738
D cell, 323, 327, 330, 402, 422
Dead space, 178, 187, 191, 591, 740
Deamination, 362, 363
Decarboxylation, 360, 361, 363
Decidua, 587, 592, 593, 601
Defecation, 287, 291, 320, 710
Deglutition, 318, 319, 325, 347, 355, 356
Dehydration, 49, 50, 82, 84, 163, 190, 196, 197, 200, 206-210, 223, 225, 227-229, 326, 361, 743, 756, 758
Dehydrocholesterol, 309, 411, 659
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 518, 521, 597, 603 Deiodinase, 744, 758
D1, 394
D2, 394, 396
D3, 394
Delta cells (6-cells/D cells), 327, 330, 398, 402
Dendrites, 6, 7, 267-269, 271, 272, 303
Dendritic cells (DCs), 92, 93, 101-103, 108, 109, 339, 591 Dendrocyte, 308
Dense bodies, 257
Dense granules, 60, 62, 85
Dense tubular system, 62
Deoxycorticosterone-11, 403, 405, 521 Deoxycortisol-11, 403
Deoxygenatedblood, 10, 11, 153, 180, 595, 600 Depolarisation, 200, 299, 305, 306
Dermis, 92, 93, 108, 158, 284, 307-309, 644, 647 Descent, 434, 480, 684, 688
Desmosome, 120, 121, 339
Desmotubule, 24
Detrusor muscle, 227, 289, 291
Diabetes mellitus (DM), 50, 165, 200, 206, 220, 227
Di-acyl glycerol (DAG), 73, 345, 516, 574, 578, 580, 655, 661, 671 Dialysis, 13, 228
Diaphragm, 10, 103, 147, 174, 188, 237, 284, 297, 319 Diencephalon, 277, 278, 283, 698
Diestrus, 534-538, 542-546, 560, 566, 648 Differentially expressed genes (DEG), 17
Diffusion, 9, 10, 13, 38, 42, 52, 88, 121, 123, 147, 151, 174, 180, 181, 183, 188, 189, 195, 198, 199, 201, 202, 221, 222, 225, 245, 274, 293, 328, 338, 339, 342, 346, 361, 516, 555, 594, 595, 597, 654, 728
Diffusion capacity, 180
Diffusion potential, 38-39
Digital radiography, 12
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 407, 454, 456, 460, 466-468, 470, 471, 474
Dihydrotestosterone-5α (5α-DHT), 433, 446, 454, 466 Dihydroxy cholecalciferol, 215
Dihydroxy-phenylalanine (DOPA), 408
Diiodotyrosine (DIT), 393, 394
Diplosome, 32
Disasters, 716
Discus proligerus, 550
Disease resistance, 15, 633, 667, 683, 689
Dissipation, 727, 728, 731, 732, 734, 736, 738, 739, 745, 747, 754-757, 761, 762
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT), 197, 200, 205, 217, 218
Distal tubules, 218, 221-225
Diuresis, 145, 146, 199, 200, 227, 228
Divergence (in sex differentiation), 552
DMRT1, 434, 436, 437
DNA binding domain (DBD)
DNA mutation, 691
Docking, 271
Dog erythrocyte antigens (DEA), 76
Don’t-eat-me’ signals, 57
Donor, 76-80, 87, 181, 622, 623, 625-630, 634, 635 Dopamine, 273, 274, 280, 321, 338, 494, 516, 527, 530, 536, 541, 607 Dopamine-prolactin inhibiting hormone), 373, 379, 527
Dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), 408, 409
Dorsal epical ligament, 457
Dorso-medial nucleus (DMN), 525
Dromotropic effect, 135
Drought, 16, 137, 610, 741, 747
Dry period, 650, 665, 670, 672
Duct system, 15, 331, 338, 642, 647, 648, 671
Ductus papillaris, 642-643
Duodenal control, 319
Dwarfism, 690
Dystocia, 607, 609-611, 710
Dystrophin, 243, 244
Dysuria, 228
E
Ear, 9, 283, 301-303, 310, 323, 610
Eat-me signal, 57
Eccentric contraction, 248, 249, 253
Ecology, 6, 18, 356, 697, 700, 725
Ecosystem, 16, 356, 361, 725, 752
Ectoderm, 15, 587, 588, 646, 647, 672, 679, 680 Ectopic pregnancy, 680
Ectotherms, 731, 735
Efferent arterioles, 218, 220
Efferent ducts, 442, 452, 473
Egg, 14, 83,485,504,508-510,563-565,567,576, 579-580,617, 619, 630, 679, 687, 689, 692, 712, 753-756, 763
defective, 565
deformities, 565
formation, 509, 563-565
Ejaculation, 289, 291, 483-485, 487, 490-496, 505, 572, 705-707, 720 artificial, 618
Ejaculatory duct, 453
Elaioplast, 27
Elastase, 59, 93, 190, 334, 342, 343, 349
Elasticity, 118, 149, 175, 176, 207, 237, 238, 244, 257, 307, 308, 555,
641
Electrical impulse, 6, 7, 121, 127, 195, 260, 267, 270, 298 Electro ejaculation, 618
Electrocardiogram, 12, 126-128 Electrofusion, 630
Electrolyte, 50, 83, 84, 194-210, 214, 215, 219, 221, 230, 323, 324,
327, 331, 333, 336-338, 340, 554, 658, 687, 743, 758 Electrolyte imbalance, 162, 208, 209 Electromagnetic, 296, 732, 755 Electron microscopy, 7, 30 Electroretinography, 298 Elementary particle, 27, 34 Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP), 55 Embryo, 14, 28, 63, 229, 425, 433, 456, 504, 519, 574, 622, 679, 699,
729, 754 cryopreservation, 15 sexing, 14, 15, 436, 627 splitting, 550, 581, 626 transfer, 15, 436, 438, 623, 627, 632, 634 Embryoblast, 583, 587, 679 Embryogenesis, 123, 349, 432, 581, 650 Embryology, 4, 690 Embryonic, 15, 63, 64, 68, 69, 84-86, 103, 236, 238, 240, 433,
436-438, 504, 526, 547, 548, 562, 566, 580, 582, 585, 587-589,
592, 598, 609, 610, 622-624, 626-628, 630, 631, 635, 646, 647, 672, 679, 680, 682, 687, 690, 699, 720, 730
disk, 587
period, 679, 680, 682
Embryo transfer technology (ETT), 15, 521, 583, 622-625 Emesis, 320, 321, 607
Emission, 493-495, 620, 738, 752
Emphysema, 15, 158, 190, 634
Emulsification, 334, 344, 349
Endocrine, 4,7, 8, 14, 18, 64, 81, 97, 139, 140,144-147,201, 238, 239, 257, 259, 263, 266, 277-279, 287, 290, 292, 321, 322, 327, 329-331, 334, 338, 350,433,435,479,487,489, 490, 516, 521, 523, 525-526, 530, 531, 533, 539, 546, 554, 556-559, 566, 576, 584, 588-590, 596, 602-604, 609, 611, 633, 649, 653, 660, 670, 682-686, 688-690, 698, 699, 718, 740, 741, 743, 744, 763 glands, 18, 201, 259, 263, 277, 287, 292, 516, 526, 558, 559, 566, 588, 590, 741
system, 4, 7, 18, 257, 266, 278, 523, 530, 531, 660, 682, 683, 685, 688, 689, 698, 718
Endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), 530, 531, 550 Endocrine disruptor (EDC), 9
Endoderm, 585, 587-589, 680
Endolymph, 302 Endometrium, 14, 505, 510, 519, 520, 522, 523, 525, 538, 546, 560-562, 573, 584, 586, 587, 590-593, 597, 599, 608
Endomysium, 239, 240, 263
Endopeptidase, 334, 342, 343
Endoplasmicreticulum (ER), 6, 25,26, 28, 29, 51, 58, 60, 62, 64,71, 85, 94, 106, 267, 306, 321, 345, 560, 580, 653, 656, 657
Endothelial cell, 58, 59, 63, 72, 76, 92-94, 96, 101, 109, 116, 117, 120, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151, 157, 164, 182, 189, 191, 216, 219, 267, 281, 282, 330, 527, 558, 587, 610
Endothelin, 73, 145, 191, 220, 309, 561, 595 Endothelin 1 (ET-1), 161, 561
Endotheliochorial, 591-595, 611 Endotherms, 732, 733, 735, 762
Engulfment signals, 57 Enkephalin, 274, 322, 323
Enteric nervous system (ENS), 275, 282, 287, 291, 292, 320-323, 329, 340
Enterochromaffin, 145, 155, 327, 329
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs), 322, 327, 339 Enteroglucagon, 422, 423
Enterohepatic circulation, 71, 338
Enurination, 706, 719 Environmental stress, 524, 725, 745
Enzootic ataxia, 691
Enzyme, 13,14,18,24,26,27,29-31, 33,53,55-59,61,62,64-66,68, 70,71,77, 84, 86,93,96,101,104,146,157,180,181,199,201, 209, 215, 218, 222, 237, 245, 246, 253, 256, 259, 263, 274, 281, 290, 299, 303, 304, 316, 317, 323, 325-327, 331-344, 347-350, 354, 355, 357, 360, 363, 436-438, 480-484, 490, 494, 495, 516-518, 520-523, 539, 548, 555, 556, 558, 559, 561, 564, 574, 576-578, 580, 588, 594, 597-600, 603, 607, 611, 632, 634, 653-655, 658, 663, 664, 666, 670, 673, 682, 687, 689-691, 727, 730, 744, 754, 755, 758-760
Epicardium, 127, 139, 153
Epidermis, 92, 93, 108, 158, 307, 308
Epididymis, 434, 482-484, 490, 493, 509, 618 functions, 490 migration (see Transit) morphology, 452 proteins, 482-484, 618 secretions, 483, 490, 493 transit, 483, 484
Epigenetics, 580, 631
Epigenomics, 17
Epimysium, 239, 240
Epinephrine, 83, 140, 142-144, 148, 154, 157, 191, 220, 274, 288, 290, 573, 739, 741
Epithalamus, 277
Epithelial cell, 15, 51, 76, 92, 93, 99, 101, 102, 108, 109,173, 190, 197, 201, 205, 210, 218, 219, 221-223, 276, 291, 297, 309, 323, 326, 327, 329, 330, 335, 336, 339, 343, 362,479, 504, 519, 535, 538, 543-545, 555, 556, 572, 573, 589, 590, 592, 593, 597, 599, 600, 628, 642, 644, 647-651, 653, 658, 660, 666, 670, 680, 754
Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) genes, 404
Epitheliochorial, 591-595, 611
Epitopes, 92, 106, 634 Equilenin, 517, 597
Equilin, 517, 597 Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), 126-128, 130, 131, 162, 527,
563, 583
Erectile tissue, 494, 507
Erection, 289, 291, 309, 528, 529, 705, 706
Ergothioneine, 574
Eructation, 355-357, 361 Erythroblasts, 64, 69, 85
Erythrocyte, 10, 25, 26, 49, 50, 52-57, 59, 63-71, 76, 77, 79-87, 99, 103, 181, 198, 209, 215, 591, 592, 600, 656
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), 49, 50 Erythrocytosis, 82
Erythropoietin (EPO), 7, 60, 64, 81, 82, 87, 88, 98, 165, 187, 215 Erythropoietin receptors (EPOR), 420
Esophageal echocardiography, 135, 136
Esophagus, 135, 354, 355
Essential amino acids, 662, 683, 687, 747 Esterases, 26, 53, 191, 344, 363, 364, 483, 664
Estetrol, 517 Estivation, 734
Estradiol, 516-519, 521, 522, 531, 538, 540, 541, 543, 551, 554-559, 566, 583, 584, 590, 597, 608, 626, 629, 667, 688, 698, 707 Estradiol-17β, 574, 659
Estriol, 516, 517, 521, 566, 597
Estrogen, 9, 82, 424, 434, 446, 479, 515, 542, 572, 648, 660, 684, 698
functions, 519, 520, 523
receptor (ERα), 517-519, 535, 540, 549, 558, 560, 698
sources, 523
Estrogen sulfotransferase (EST), 485
Estrone, 516-519, 521-523, 566
Estrous, 519, 522, 525, 531-547, 551-553, 560, 566, 617, 618, 626, 648, 703-707, 729
Estrous cycle, 519, 522, 525, 530-547, 551-553, 560, 566, 609, 626, 648, 706, 707, 729
buffalo, 534, 540, 552
cattle, 532, 540, 542, 553, 560
doe, 542, 552
ewe, 542
mare, 534, 543, 552, 560
rat, 534, 543
sow, 534, 560
Estrus, 425, 519, 572, 618, 648, 703, 729
behaviour, 538, 541, 543, 546
induction, 526, 529, 542, 574
postpartum, 534, 535, 537, 538, 540, 542, 543 silent, 529, 535, 542
split, 543, 545, 546
Ethology, 697, 717-720 Eukaryotes, 24, 27-29, 34, 223
Evaporation, 196, 309, 727, 728, 731, 733, 736, 739, 740, 746, 747, 753, 755-757
Evolution, 14, 17, 278, 700, 719, 725, 753
Excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP), 272, 273 Excretion, 12,13, 30,52,71, 86,141,146,158,197,199-201,206,210,
214, 215, 219, 221, 223, 225, 230, 306, 309, 310, 336, 363, 506, 521, 661, 743, 747, 755, 758
Excurrent tract, 442, 444, 452-454, 473
bird, 454
Exocrine gland, 15, 147, 308, 640, 672
Exocytosis, 28, 58, 246, 271, 272, 293, 299, 328, 332, 333, 578-580, 655, 656, 658
Exogenous, 91, 102, 106, 108-110, 226, 336, 342, 359, 489, 521, 539, 542, 562, 631, 649, 650, 659, 666, 667, 682, 685, 688, 689, 744
Exopeptidase, 334, 343
Expulsion, 40, 75, 237, 238, 320, 348, 357, 480, 493, 495, 506, 510, 555, 602, 604-606, 670, 758
Extensibility, 237, 238
External urethral sphincter, 227
Extracellular domain, 376
Extracellular matrix (ECM), 93, 98, 101, 243, 550, 555, 558, 559, 575, 579, 580, 587, 598, 604, 651, 652
Extrasystoles, 123
Extrinsic pathways, 74, 561
Eye, 7,108, 109,201, 229, 237-239, 245,253, 257-259, 269, 283, 287, 289, 290, 297, 298, 300, 634, 665, 691, 700, 738
F
Factor inhibiting HIF (FIH), 420
Fallopian tube, 14, 434, 501, 503-504, 509, 519, 520, 522, 548, 571-573, 577, 610
Farnesoid X-receptor (FXR), 336, 338
Fatigue, 99, 109, 144, 239, 248, 250, 252, 254-257, 259, 262, 730
Fatty acid de novo synthesis, 655
Fatty acids esterification, 334, 655
FZγ cells, 398
Fear, 142, 573, 673, 697, 700, 701, 704, 716, 717, 720
Feather ruffle, 756
Feed additives, 488, 669, 687, 688, 692, 746, 747
Feedback inhibitor of lactation (FIL), 666
Feedback mechanism, 566, 744
Feed conversion ratio, 682, 685, 754, 755
Feeding responses, 373
Female-determining genes, 433
Female reproductive tract-barrier, 573
Fenestrae, 147, 201
Fenestrated endothelial layer, 219
Ferguson’s reflex, 385, 603, 605
Fermentation, 155, 320, 326, 354, 355, 357-361, 364, 365, 653, 746
Fertility, 5, 434, 438,490, 528, 529, 531, 534, 540, 549, 560, 571, 581, 589, 617, 618, 620, 622, 634, 665, 667, 670, 704, 730, 743, 748
Fertility-associated anomalies, 610
Fertility-associated protein, 581
Fertilization, 14, 15, 432, 437, 481, 483, 484, 490, 491, 494, 495, 503-505, 508, 509, 519, 538, 546-548, 559, 566, 571-611, 617, 623, 625, 626, 635, 679, 690, 729, 730
cone, 579
failure, 581, 609
site, 503-505, 508, 509, 519, 571, 573, 577, 611
Fertilization promoting peptide (FPP), 574
Fertilized egg, 14
Fetal circulation, 159, 167, 682, 688
Fetal growth, 682-684, 688-690
Fetal hemoglobin, 68, 69
Fetal membranes, 237, 679, 684, 708
Fetal period, 680
Fetus, 104, 159, 161, 162, 167, 237, 623, 647, 650, 670, 680, 682-684, 688, 690, 699, 702, 708, 719
Fever, 99, 109, 131, 132, 184, 326, 734, 735
Fibres, 31, 33, 174, 176, 185, 186, 200, 218, 227, 298, 302, 303, 305, 306, 308, 319, 481,483, 493, 503, 562, 735, 739, 741, 746, 747
Fibrin, 51, 71-76, 86, 109, 181
Fibrinogen, 49-51, 72-74, 101, 202, 490, 519
Fibrinolysis, 75, 76, 97
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF15/19), 330, 336,435,480,527,548,558, 559, 584, 622, 748
Fick method, 136
Fight/flight response, 156, 280, 699
Filtration coefficient, 220
Fimbriae, 24, 501, 504, 509, 555, 577
Fine areolar subcutaneous tissue, 641 First messengers, 574
Flagella, 24, 32-34, 485 Flehmen response, 527, 529, 541, 705-707, 709 Flp/FRT system, 632
Fluid compartment, 196, 199, 209, 210 Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), 437, 490, 627 Foetal growth restriction (FGR), 601, 602
Foetus, 14, 173, 238,433, 435, 504-506, 510, 522, 526, 547, 560, 581, 587, 589-595, 597-607, 610, 611
Follicle
antrum, 549, 550
atretic, 549, 553, 626
Graafian, 534, 535, 549-551, 553, 566
primary, 103, 309, 548-553, 557, 623
primordial, 548-550, 552, 556, 623
secondary, 309, 548-551, 553, 556, 557, 623
subordinate, 552, 556
tertiary, 548-553
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 479, 481, 489, 494, 503, 515, 516, 518, 520-527, 531, 532, 534, 535, 537-543, 545, 546, 548-551, 553, 554, 556-558, 560, 563, 564, 566, 597, 623, 626, 629, 705, 743, 755
Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), 384 Follicular wave, 534, 538, 541-543, 551-553, 560, 562, 566, 626 Folliculogenesis, 522, 523, 532, 547-554, 556, 557, 562, 566 Follistatin, 515, 516, 522, 523, 527, 556, 566
Food security, 16
Forward motility protein (FMP), 484, 485
Fossa clitoridis, 507 Fossil fuels, 726
Free fatty acids (FFA), 51, 122, 344, 349, 358, 364, 525, 594, 598, 655, 661, 760
Freemartin, 434-436, 438, 539
Frenulum, 323
Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (FBP), 401, 406 Frugivorous, 347, 348
FSH-suppressing protein (FSP), 461 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 7
Furin, 598
Furstenberg’s rosette, 642, 643, 672 FYN Proto-Oncogene (Fyn), 382
G
Galactopoiesis, 665-673
glucocorticoids, 667
hormonal control, 673
insulin, 667
ovarian steroids, 667
photoperiod, 666, 670
prolactin, 666
somatotropin, 666
thyroid hormones, 666
Galactosaemia, 664
Gallbladder, 13, 321, 322, 334-338, 350 Gallop rhythm, 132, 133
Gamete, 14, 24, 33, 258, 478-480, 503, 504, 509, 519, 531, 547, 566, 571, 577, 579, 581, 618-619, 729
Gametogenesis, 19, 547 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 270, 273, 274, 281, 527, 575 Ganglia, 139, 275, 282-284, 288-291, 322, 743
Ganglion cell, 298-300
Gap junction, 120-122, 125, 126, 147, 257-260, 264, 271, 306, 321, 339, 520, 555, 557
protein, 462
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), 319, 322, 323
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR), 422
Gastric mucosa, 326, 327, 329-331, 343, 349
Gastric mucosal barrier, 328, 329
Gastric phase, 325, 329, 333
Gastrin, 319, 322, 323, 325-327, 329-331, 338, 358
Gastrin cell (G cell), 329
Gastrin/Cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R), 422
Gastrin release peptide (GRP), 322, 323, 327, 329, 584
Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), 422
Gastro-gastric reflex, 319
Gastrointestinal motility, 318, 319, 323, 348
Gastrointestinal tract (GIT), 13, 104, 145, 155, 215, 225, 237, 258, 275, 282, 290-292, 317, 318, 320, 322, 588, 660, 680, 703
Gastrula, 581, 585, 680
Gau-Ayurveda, 5
Gene knockdown, 632
Gene knockin, 632
Gene knockout, 632
Gene mutation, 690
Genetic development, 746
Genetic engineering, 7, 632, 666, 689
Genetic factors, 91, 255, 342, 487, 680, 682, 683, 689
Genetic manipulation, 564, 631, 689
Genetic variability, 683
Gene transfer technology, 689
Gene translocation, 690
Genistein, 574
Genital ridge, 433, 437, 479
Genital tubercle, 438
Genome, 17, 33, 479, 580, 631-633, 635, 689, 691
Genome editing, 622, 632, 634
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), 17
Genomics, 17, 520, 631-633, 738
Genotype, 589, 602, 683, 699, 738
Geophagia, 704
Germ cell, 63, 433, 478, 480, 485-489, 496, 522, 530, 547, 549, 551, 554, 557, 622, 730
pool, 549
Germ layers, 63, 86, 587, 588, 611, 680
Germinal vesicle, 548, 555, 577
Gestation, 14, 63, 64, 161, 177, 433-435, 519, 520, 525, 533, 538, 542, 546, 552, 562, 563, 571-611, 648, 670, 672, 688, 691
control, 611
length, 684
Gestation period, 14, 540, 559, 585, 589, 590, 602, 604, 606, 684, 710
GH releasing hormone, 682
Ghrelin, 322, 330, 524, 599, 703, 753
Gizzard, 347-350
Gland cisterns, 642, 647, 648, 672
Glans clitoridis, 507
Glans penis, 507, 705
Glanzmann thrombasthenia, 82
Glaucoma, 297
Glial cells, 7, 266-271, 292, 480, 622
Glioma, 7
Global warming, 16, 565, 726
Globulin, 50, 51, 83, 84, 92, 202, 517, 520, 661, 758
Glomerular filtration, 141, 165, 218-221, 226, 229, 230
Glomerular membrane, 219
Glomerulus, 215, 217-220, 222, 228, 229
Glomus, 158, 186
Glucagon, 140, 653
Glucagon-Iikepeptide-I (GLP-1), 319, 322, 323, 330
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), 422
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), 398, 422, 423
Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor (GLP-2R), 422
Glucagon receptor (GCGR), 398, 400
Glucocorticoid, 5, 6, 165, 309, 494, 520, 524, 539, 597, 599, 600, 602, 607, 649, 650, 659, 660, 667, 672, 682, 688, 689, 702, 727-729, 731, 741-744, 755, 761
Glucocorticoid receptors (GCR), 600, 659, 744
Glucocorticoid response element, 405
Gluconeogenesis, 215, 289, 362,653, 654,663, 666,742,744, 757-759 Glucoronide conjugation, 71, 521
Glucose, 50, 53, 55, 56, 83, 84, 96, 122, 147, 151, 186, 198, 200, 202, 207, 215, 221, 222, 226-228, 239, 254, 255, 267, 276, 281, 319, 336, 340-342, 346, 349, 359, 360, 362,491, 519, 523, 525, 551, 557, 562, 574, 584, 591, 594, 598, 601, 619, 653-655, 659, 663, 664, 666, 667, 673, 685, 688, 699, 703, 730, 741, 742, 744, 758-760
Glucose metabolism, 654, 688, 759
Glucose sparing action, 654, 672
Glucose transporter (GLUT), 53, 55, 341, 342, 600, 654, 759
Glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), 53, 55, 84, 594, 654
Glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2), 594, 654
Glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4), 594, 654
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), 322, 323 Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), 396, 398, 401, 406, 437, 654, 759 Glutamine, 205, 210, 274, 344, 747
Glutathione, 55, 56, 70, 329, 336, 343, 656, 663
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), 485, 747, 761
Glutathione peroxidase system, 56
Glycerol, 13, 223, 334, 339, 344, 345, 358, 364, 365, 591, 617, 619, 634, 653-655
Glycogen, 29, 58, 60, 121, 122, 239, 254, 255, 289, 334, 341, 551, 572, 602, 688, 729, 744, 758
Glycogenesis, 392, 398, 401, 407, 425
Glycogenolysis, 289, 564, 653, 654, 744, 758, 759
Glycolysis, 53, 55, 181, 254, 256, 264, 360, 550, 574, 760 Glycophorins, 52-54, 57, 96, 109, 110
Glycoprotein, 28, 29, 50, 65, 73, 74, 81, 93, 95-97, 100, 104, 202, 219, 302, 325, 339,485, 516, 522, 523, 526, 549, 554, 572, 578, 580, 586, 591, 594, 599, 655, 663, 666, 673
Glycoprotein hormones, 584, 596
Glycosylated haemoglobin, 69
Glycosylation, 30, 658
Goblet cell, 173, 187, 322, 339, 348, 350, 506
Goitr, 397, 691
Goldman equation, 38
Golgi apparatus, 28, 58, 64, 267, 642, 654, 658
Golgi complex, 6, 28, 34, 655, 657
Golgi phase, 481, 494, 495
Gonad, 432-435, 437, 509, 515, 522, 532
Gonadal hormones, 684, 685, 688, 689
Gonadal ridge, 433, 547
Gonadal steroids, 525, 682, 688
Gonadotropes, 379, 380, 388, 458
Gonadotropin, 488, 515, 516, 518, 521, 523-525, 530, 533, 534, 538, 541, 542, 551, 553, 554, 556, 563, 566, 590, 598, 600, 608, 682, 729, 743, 758
Gonadotropin hormone, 488, 515, 516, 518, 521, 523-525, 530, 533, 538, 541, 542, 551, 553, 554, 556, 566, 590, 608, 682, 729, 743, 758
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 273, 494, 515, 516, 523-525, 527, 531-533, 536, 538, 539, 541, 546, 554-556, 562-564, 566, 599, 609, 626, 729, 743, 755, 758
G-protein, 73, 139, 140, 259, 298, 304, 306
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), 304, 306, 521, 578, 671
Graffian follicles, 623
Grana, 27, 28
Granivorous, 347
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 98, 646 Granulosa cell, 516-518, 521-523, 525, 539, 540, 548-552, 554-559,
564, 628, 729
Gravity sensor, 303, 310, 311
Grazing, 81, 703, 704, 708, 720, 746
Greenhouse effect, 16, 726, 752
Groove, 277, 334, 354, 355, 503, 565, 587, 599, 620, 641
Growth, 8-10, 13-16, 19, 27, 62, 64, 84, 93, 97-99, 159, 161,173, 191,
202, 244, 310, 323, 325, 326, 330, 334, 342, 354, 357, 359-363,
505, 508, 510, 515, 516, 519, 520, 522-527, 531, 532, 535, 538,
540, 542, 546, 548-551, 553-557, 563, 564, 566, 581, 585, 586,
590, 594, 596-601, 608-610, 622, 626, 633, 646-650, 653, 660,
661, 670, 672, 673, 678-692, 700, 703, 709, 725, 727-730, 740,
742, 748, 753-755, 758, 763
Growth accelerating force, 681
Growth anomalies, 690-692
Growth curves, 681, 682, 685
Growth differentiation factor (GDF), 557
Growth enhancers, 692
Growth factor, 62, 106, 117, 153, 173, 276, 277, 325, 330, 337, 338,
342, 435,480, 522, 525, 527, 541, 557, 559, 566, 579, 585, 587,
590, 596, 598-601, 611, 622, 646, 649-650, 660, 662, 665, 672,
682, 683, 685, 687, 688, 692
Growth hormone (GH), 325, 523, 525, 527, 531, 533, 541, 557, 594, 596, 598-600, 633, 649, 653, 659, 660, 666, 667, 672, 673, 682,
683, 685, 687-689, 727, 743
Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH/Somatostatin), 379 Growth hormone receptor (GHR), 330, 682
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), 527, 596
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH/Somatocrinin), 372, 379
Growth manipulation, 687-690
Growth pattern, 679, 681, 685-687, 691
Growth promotors, 687-689
Growth retarding force, 681
Guanosine diphosphate (GDP), 518
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP), 304, 518
Guanylate cyclase (GC), 651
Guanylyl cyclase, 140, 555
Gustducin, 306
Gut-brain axis, 424
Gyri, 277
H
Habituation, 700-702, 717, 720, 746
Haematocrit, 198, 210, 758
Haemoglobin, 10-12,49, 67, 87, 88, 180-183, 187, 189, 191, 192, 200, 203-206, 209, 215, 309, 338, 592, 596, 599, 728, 758
foetal, 596
Haemoglobin A1, 69
Haemoglobin A2, 69
Haemoglobin buffer system, 204
Hair, 17, 107, 108, 308-311, 507, 519, 526, 566, 588, 633, 641, 647, 679, 709, 714, 726-728, 735, 736, 738, 739, 745, 748
Hair cell, 33, 302, 303, 310
Hair cycle, 310
Haldane effect, 183, 191
Halo cells, 452
Hamburger’s phenomenon, 183
Hand-made cloning (HMC), 628-630
Hapten, 91, 109
Haptocorrin, 325, 345
Haptoglobin, 51, 58, 71, 88, 95, 109, 337
Harelip, 691
Hasti-Ayurveda, 5
Hatching, 84, 85, 349, 350, 564, 582, 585, 687, 701
H+ ATPase, 404
Hemodynamic, 115-119, 133, 136, 161, 166, 735
Heart failure, 12, 132, 134, 148, 149, 156, 158, 162-164, 200
Heart rate, 5, 10, 12, 118, 119, 122, 125, 126, 128, 131-133, 135-144, 150, 154, 160, 161, 165, 167, 228, 279, 280, 285, 287-291, 716, 744
Heart sound, 130-133
Heat, 16,17,100,115,137,144,158, 187,237,238,255,286, 305, 308, 489, 519, 534, 536, 537, 539, 542, 543, 545, 546, 562, 601, 608, 609, 664, 669, 684, 685, 706, 726-741, 743-748, 753-763
Heat balance, 727, 728, 731, 732, 738
Heat detection, 537, 543
Heat load index (HLI), 737
Heat shock factor (HSF), 730, 760
Heat shock proteins (HSPs), 519, 727, 730, 731, 748, 760, 761, 763
Heat stress, 16-18, 84, 208, 237, 486, 495, 540, 541, 581, 669, 684, 727-731, 736-748, 753-763
Helicine arteries, 457
Hematin, 71
Hematocrit, 49, 56, 82, 83, 117
Hematopoiesis, 63-66, 84, 86, 87, 97, 102
Hemicellulose, 24, 25, 341
Hemin, 70
Hemochorial, 591-595, 600, 611
Hemolysis, 55, 57, 58, 71, 79, 80, 82, 83, 87, 95
Hemopexin, 51, 58, 71, 87
Hemophagous organ, 592
Hemophilia, 78
Hemorrhage, 74, 86, 118, 141, 145, 156-158, 161, 163-166, 276 Hemostasis, 62, 71-76, 78, 85
Hemotroph, 594
Heparin, 60, 72, 97, 107, 191, 308, 573, 576, 626
Hepatic steatosis, 407
Hepatobiliary secretion, 334
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), 336
Hepcidin, 66, 67, 87
Herbage, 728
Heredity, 23, 489, 683
Heritable diseases, 162
Hermaphroditic, 435
Hernia
scrotal, 450, 451
Heterodimer, 104, 106, 244, 338
Heterometricregulation, 138
Heterophil, 85, 87, 758, 760, 761
Heterotherms, 733, 735
Hexose monophosphate shunt, 56
Hexose transporters, 594
Hibernation, 137, 734, 753
High altitude, 85, 87, 88, 135, 157, 181, 186, 187, 488, 728, 745, 746, 762
High density lipoproteins (HDL), 51, 52, 519, 559
Hilum, 215, 218, 503, 509, 549
Hippocampus, 267, 278-280, 304, 305, 519, 697, 698, 700-702 Histamine, 60, 61, 97, 99, 100, 107, 145, 147, 157, 163, 164, 273, 274, 308, 309, 321-323, 327, 329-331, 349, 555, 586
Histocompatibility-Y antigen, 433, 435-437
Histogenesis, 679
Histone deacetylase (HDAC), 631
Histotroph, 505, 583, 586, 594
H+-K+ ATPase, 346
HMG-CoA reductase, 519
Homeometricregulation, 138, 139
Homeorhesis, 15
Homeostasis, 4, 5, 8, 12, 16, 18, 19, 48, 57, 71, 94, 101, 115, 140, 156, 196, 201, 203, 209, 210, 214, 215, 219, 223, 267, 273, 278, 279, 284, 285, 287, 292, 308, 334, 338, 519, 730, 733-735, 741-745, 753, 756-758, 760, 763
Homeostatic, 17, 56, 309, 597, 653, 734
Homeotherm, 733, 735, 740, 741, 756 Homeothermy, 728, 732, 740
Homology, 245, 437
Horizontal cell, 300
Hormonal priming, 708
Hormone
primary reproductive, 526
receptor complex (HRC), 371, 377, 404, 405, 468, 518, 520 reproductive, 514, 526, 537, 539, 557, 566 secondary reproductive, 526
tertiary reproductive, 526
Hormone-response element (HRE), 520
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), 382, 383, 400-402, 406, 407 Horn, 279, 282, 284, 289, 306, 493, 500-505, 508, 509, 565, 571, 584,
585, 604, 623, 644
Host defense peptide (HDP), 646
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), 526
Human genome project, 17, 19
Humidity, 16, 161, 534, 608, 725, 726, 728, 737, 744, 746 Humoral defense factors, 646
Hyaluronidase, 481, 483, 577, 578, 629
Hybrid, 435, 436, 489, 586, 689
Hydraulic conductivity, 220
Hydrophilic hormone, 373
Hydroxycholecalciferol (25-hydroxy Vit.D3), 411, 412 Hydroxylase-1α, 411
Hydroxylase-17α, 448
Hydroxylase-25α, 411
Hydroxypregnenolone-17, 405, 407
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 516
Hydroxytryptophan (5-HT), 274, 340, 651, 652 Hymen, 434, 500, 507, 508, 510
Hyperactivation, 92, 574-576, 611
Hypercalcaemia, 201
Hyperchloraemia, 200, 210
Hyperchlorhydria, 331
Hyperglycemia, 165
Hyperkalaemia, 200, 209, 210
Hypernatraemia, 200, 210
Hyperplasia, 119, 505, 523, 538, 585, 649, 679, 681 Hyperpolarisation, 200, 206, 299, 574
Hypersensitivity, 60, 61, 79, 95, 106-110, 208
Type I, 61, 106-107, 110
Type II, 106-108, 110
Type III, 106, 108, 109
Type IV, 106, 108, 110
Hypertension, 42, 118, 119, 131, 132, 134, 139, 145, 157, 158, 165, 180, 220, 282, 601, 743
Hyperthermia, 83, 84, 488, 601, 609, 734, 736, 740, 761 Hyperthyroidism, 82, 132, 133, 162, 165, 494 Hypertrichosis, 690
Hypertrophy, 119, 123, 128, 161, 162, 261-264, 505, 523, 538, 559, 649, 654, 679, 681, 743
Hyperventilation, 180, 186, 187, 189, 206, 209
Hypervitaminosis A, 691
Hypocalcaemia, 80, 201, 209, 210, 607, 610
Hypochloraemia, 200, 209, 210 Hypochlorhydria, 331
Hypodermis, 307, 308
Hypoglycemia, 42
Hypokalaemia, 200, 208-210, 346
Hypokalemia, 262
Hyponatraemia, 200, 209
Hypophyseal artery, 378
Hypospadias, 435, 438
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal (HHP), 378 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), 603, 729, 731, 741, 753, 757 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 564, 741, 742, 744, 755, 757, 761
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, 489, 516, 563, 564 Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, 514, 516, 523-526, 531, 538-541, 546, 563, 564, 566, 589, 597, 608-610
factors, 523-526
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT), 743
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, 564, 743, 744
Hypothalamus, 8, 38, 99, 141, 143, 145, 151, 184, 185, 189, 197, 199, 275, 277-280, 287, 292, 304-306, 322, 330, 514-516, 519, 520, 523-525, 527, 531-535, 539, 541, 563, 564, 566, 608, 670, 671, 682, 697-699, 703, 704, 720, 732, 734-736, 741, 743, 744, 753, 757
Hypothermia, 488, 733, 734, 736, 740, 741, 756
Hypothermic spiral, 734
Hypothyroidism, 81, 262, 331, 523, 545
Hypotrichosis, 690
Hypoventilation, 180, 209
Hypoxia, 56, 64, 67, 70, 82, 86-88, 122, 135, 140, 150, 151, 153, 154, 156-159, 162-165, 181, 186, 187, 488, 595, 601, 728
Hypoxia-response element (HRE), 520
Hypoxic inducible factor (HIF), 420
I
Idiopathic aggression, 714
Idiotypes, 105
I/L cells, 422
Immobilin, 485
Immune effector cells, 92-94, 102, 109
Immune mediated hemolytic anaemia, 80
Immune modulator, 593, 663, 682
Immune system, 5, 61, 82, 90-110, 519, 526, 583, 596, 609, 633, 689, 690, 731, 758
Immunity, 17, 50, 51, 59, 61, 62, 86, 90-93, 97, 100-106, 109, 148, 173, 190, 334, 339, 343, 598, 609, 644-646, 660, 667, 731, 747
Immunogen, 91, 109
Immunoglobulin, 50, 51, 61, 65, 84, 87, 98, 101, 104-106, 110, 308, 337, 343, 595, 600, 609, 651, 653, 658, 660, 661, 663, 731
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), 105, 325
Immunoglobulin E (IgE), 105
Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 104
Immunoglobulin M (IgM), 105
Immunoglobulin superfamily, 106
Immunological disorder, 106-110
Immunosuppression, 424
Implantation, 19, 483, 504, 506, 519, 520, 522, 525, 540, 559, 566, 569-593, 598, 599, 679, 680
Imprinting, 631, 700-702, 720
Incompetence, 134, 538
Incomplete tetanus, 251, 252
Indicator dilution technique, 136, 210
Indifferent phase, 433, 437
Indigenous, 15, 533, 564, 565, 662, 739
Inert, 226
Infertility, 482, 492, 531, 534, 549, 573, 609, 610, 622, 754
Inflammation, 43, 59, 60, 81, 93-95, 97, 100, 102, 105, 107-109, 145, 146, 151, 155, 180, 185, 190, 271, 309, 310, 326, 338, 547, 562, 609, 610, 644-646
Inflammatory airway disease, 12
Inflammatory serum proteins, see Acute phase proteins (APPs)
Influx, 30, 38,41,43, 54, 55, 57, 64, 123, 125, 139, 140, 162, 221, 246, 259, 271, 291, 299, 306, 321, 336, 339, 340,484,485, 575, 579, 646, 761
Infra-red thermography (IRT), 738
Infundibulum, 500, 501, 503, 504, 508-510, 525, 563, 567, 576 Ingestive behavior, 688
Inherited defects, 690, 691
Inhibin, 481, 503, 515, 516, 522, 523, 527, 551, 556, 558, 563, 564, 566, 599
Inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP), 272, 273
Innate immunity, 91-94, 101, 109, 634, 731
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), 92, 93
Inner cell mass (ICM), 581-583, 585, 587, 588, 624, 631, 679
Inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), 516, 521
Inner zona reticularis, 403
Inosine, 55, 78, 87
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase-1 (IP6K-1), 446
Inositol tri-phosphate (IP3), 73
Insemination, 534, 536-538, 542, 571, 572, 581, 589, 610, 611, 617, 618, 620, 623, 634
Insensible, 731, 732
Instinct behavior, 701
Insulative, 728
Insulin, 55, 140, 200, 323, 337, 338, 525, 527, 531, 541, 557, 598, 626, 649, 650, 653, 659, 666, 667, 673, 682, 685, 687, 688, 747
Insulin-like-3 (INSL3), 435, 598
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), 7, 522, 525, 527, 556, 562-564, 584, 587, 596, 599, 600, 609, 633, 649, 650, 653, 660, 666, 672, 673, 682, 685, 688, 748
Insulin-like peptide, 435, 598
Insulin receptor (IR), 401
Insulin receptor substrate 1-6 (IRS 1-6), 401
Insulin resistance, 598, 654
Integumentary system, 215, 306-310, 735
Intercalated cell (IC), 177
Intercalated discs, 120, 122, 238, 260, 261, 263
Interferon (IFN), 59, 98, 583, 584, 660
Interferon Tau (IFNT), 583, 594, 598, 600, 611
Interleukin, 97, 98, 108, 190, 309, 651, 748
Interleukin-1 (IL-1), 94, 97-100, 180, 190, 481, 516, 603, 646, 651
Interleukin-2 (IL-2), 97, 99, 108, 309
Interleukin-3 (IL-3), 99
Interleukin-5 (IL-5), 97, 99
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), 93, 94, 97-99, 180, 525, 646
Interleukin-8 (IL-8), 60, 94, 99, 180, 599, 603, 645, 646 Interleukin-10 (IL-10), 62, 93, 98, 99, 603, 646
Interlobar arteries, 218
Interlobar vein, 218
Interlobular, 218, 331, 334
Intermediary metabolism, 373, 392, 397-399, 401
Intermediate filament, 31, 257, 263, 321
Intermediate pituitary lobe (pars intermedia), 379
Intermuscular fat, 686, 687, 754
Internal urethral sphincter, 227
Interstitial cell, 517, 559
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), 321, 348
Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), see Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Intestine, 13,66,67,71, 81,104,145,148,155,197, 201,207,259, 316, 317, 319-323, 327, 333, 334, 336, 338-341, 343-348, 350, 354, 355, 358, 361, 362, 364, 365, 503, 589, 664, 666, 687, 738, 754
Intracellular domain, 376, 377, 401
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 15, 622
Intramuscular fat, 682, 686, 687
Intra-pleural pressure, 174, 175
Intrinsic factor, 65, 81, 310, 325, 327, 331, 345, 357
Intrinsic pathway, 74, 561
Intromission, 507, 705-707
Inulin, 197, 226, 689
In vitro culture, 622, 626, 630
In vitro embryo production (IVEP), 583, 625-626, 635
In vitro fertilisation (IVF), 622, 625, 635
In vitro maturation (IVM), 15, 555, 625, 626, 629, 630, 635
In vitro maturation, fertilisation and culture (IVMFC), 15
Iodide trapping, 393
Iodine deficiency, 609, 691
Iodopsin, 298
Ion channel, 38-43, 124, 245, 246, 267, 272, 273, 291, 299, 302, 335, 340, 520, 574, 586, 760
Ion channel modulators, 42
Ion concentration polarisation (ICP), 13
Iris, 109, 259, 283, 287, 289, 290, 297
Islets of Langerhans, 396-398, 400, 402
Isoleucine, 334, 344, 364
Isometric contraction, 129, 137, 248, 252, 253, 263, 264
Isometric growth, 648, 673, 685
Isotonic contraction, 248, 264
Isotypes, 105
Isovolumetric relaxation, 129, 130
Isthmus, 326, 500, 504, 508-510, 563, 573-576
J
Jacobson’s organ, 303, 310
Janus kinase (JAK), 98
Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), 420
Junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), 446, 447
Juxtaglomerular apparatus, 146, 218, 219, 743
Juxtamedullary nephron, 217, 218, 223
K
Kai, 76
Kallikrein
Kinin pathway, 158
Kallikrein-2 (KLK-2), 455
Karyogamy, 577, 579, 611
K cell, 323
Keratin, 31, 92, 307, 308, 310, 347, 633, 643, 644
Keratinocyte, 92, 95, 307, 309
Ketosis, 206, 208, 523, 525, 589
Kidney, 7, 8, 12, 13, 19, 29, 33, 58, 63, 64, 67, 82, 88, 93, 97, 108,
140-142, 145, 146, 159, 163, 165, 187, 197, 199-201, 203-207, 209, 210, 215-220, 222, 223, 225-230, 289, 309, 336, 338, 503, 521, 554, 654, 666, 684, 687, 734, 738, 743, 747
Kinetosome, 32
Kinocilia, 555, 577
Kisspeptin, 515, 516, 524, 525, 527, 532, 533, 566, 596, 602 Klinefelter’s syndrome, 435, 438
Knob-hole interaction, 74
Kupffer cell, 93, 334
L
Labia, 507, 508, 510 Labor, 161, 708-710 Labyrinthine, 593, 600 Lacis cell, 218
Lacrimal gland, 290, 298
Lactase, 341, 664
Lactate transporter, 446
Lactation, 4, 15, 162, 520, 526, 528, 538, 539, 541-543, 545, 552, 589, 596, 640-673, 689, 703, 728, 729, 732, 740, 741, 743
Lactation curve, 665, 672
Lactation cycle, 640
Lactic acid, 84, 92, 122, 146, 147, 183, 186, 254-256, 357, 358, 361, 528, 572, 595, 730
Lactoferrin, 59, 95, 190, 325, 633, 645, 646, 651, 660, 663 Lactogenesis, 15, 649, 652-659, 667, 672, 673, 688 Lactogenesis estrogen, 659
Lactogenesis glucocorticoid, 659
Lactogenesis growth hormone, 659
Lactogenesis hormonal regulation, 659
Lactogenesis insulin, 659
Lactogenesis progesterone, 659
Lactogenesis prolactin, 659
Lactogenesis prostaglandins, 659
Lactogenesis thyroid hormones, 659
Lactoperoxidase (LPO), 646, 663, 664
Lactose, 16, 341, 362, 619, 653-655, 659-661, 663, 664, 666-670, 729 Lactose biosynthesis, 653
Lactose intolerance, 664
Lactose precursor, 653
Lactose synthase, 383
Lactotrope, 379, 380, 388
Lacunate, 503, 508
Lamellae, 24, 25, 28, 457, 641
Lameness, 109, 262, 609
Laminapropria, 104, 173, 317, 327, 339
Langerhans cell, 93, 108, 308, 310
L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, 408, 409
Larynx, 10, 173, 187, 188, 283
Lateral suspensory ligament, 641, 642
L cell, 323, 330
Lectin pathway, 96
Lens, 259, 283, 290, 297-300, 310
Leptin, 7, 322, 519, 524, 525, 531, 533, 541, 596, 653, 703, 753
Leptin receptor (Lep-R), 422, 461
Lethal body temperature, 733
Leucine, 50, 331, 333, 334, 344, 364
Leydig cells
adult (ALCs), 446-448, 462, 463, 468
foetal (FLCs), 446, 447, 460, 462, 468, 470
function, 447, 462-463
Libido, 529, 706, 730
Ligament
broad, 503, 509
ovarian, 503
suspensory, 503
Ligand-binding domain (LBD), 377, 468
Limbic system, 139, 141, 184, 275, 278-280, 304-306, 697, 698, 720 Lipases, 62, 344, 364, 664
Lipid, 17,25-30, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 59, 61, 77, 79, 84, 91, 95,121, 186, 281, 284, 307, 308, 310, 325, 331, 334, 336, 338, 340, 343-345, 349, 350, 359, 363-365, 484, 491, 516, 519, 521, 574, 575, 653-656, 659, 660, 662, 666, 669, 730, 754, 755, 758, 760, 761 Lipogenesis, 519, 591, 654, 666, 760
Lipolysis, 17, 60, 365, 519, 591, 653-655, 666, 682, 689, 703, 760 Lipophilic hormones, 84
Lipoprotein, 51, 60, 100, 323, 365, 516, 519, 574, 594, 617, 634, 655 Litter, 162, 504, 543, 545, 605, 606, 648, 684, 685, 699, 710, 711, 715, 754, 756
Litter size, 504, 534, 540, 542, 543, 565, 589, 590, 598, 602, 607, 610, 618, 648, 684, 685, 709
Littoral cell, 334
Liver, 7, 13, 27, 29, 50, 51, 55,57,58,63-67,69,71,72, 76, 81, 84, 88, 93-96, 102, 107, 145-147, 155, 156, 159, 165, 167, 205, 207, 215, 228, 289-292, 309, 317, 334-336, 338, 339, 345, 348, 364,
517, 519, 521, 523, 526, 527, 595, 602, 649, 650, 652-654, 666, 682, 684, 688, 744, 758-760
Lobulo-alveolar development, 648, 650
Local factors, 561, 651, 666
Long-day breeder, 533, 534, 540, 706
Longitudinal growth, 382
Loop of the Henle, 205, 217, 218, 221-225, 228, 411
Low density lipoprotein (LDL), 51, 516, 519, 559
Lower critical temperature (LCT), 733, 736, 740, 754, 763 Lubrication, 202, 325, 347, 348, 601, 747
Luebering-Rapoport pathway, 55
Lung, 5, 6, 9, 10, 43, 52, 67, 71, 86, 93, 107, 108, 119, 120, 132, 136, 147-149, 156-159, 161, 166, 167, 172-180, 183-185, 187-191,
200, 201, 206, 220, 237, 288-290, 591, 601-603, 634, 684, 688, 728, 736, 745, 754
Lusitropy effect, 135
Luteal cell, 516, 518, 520, 521, 539, 557-559, 561, 562, 566 Luteinizing hormone (LH), 489, 503, 508, 515, 516, 518, 520-529,
531-535, 537-543, 545, 546, 548-551, 554-560, 562-564, 566,
577, 584, 597, 598, 600, 608, 609, 623, 626, 629, 705, 707, 729, 743, 755
pulse, 516, 524,531,532, 609
surge, 508, 520, 523, 524, 534, 535, 537, 539, 543, 545, 548, 554-557, 559, 564, 577, 597
Luteinising hormone receptor (LHR), 562
Luteolysis, 505, 523, 538, 539, 545, 560-562, 574, 604, 609 Luteotrophic factor, 382, 384
Lymph, 102, 147-149, 190,209, 308, 339, 340, 345, 641, 643,646, 672 Lymphatic system, 11, 50, 147, 148, 178, 340, 345, 643, 648
Lymph node, 91, 93, 102-104, 109, 147, 173, 340, 643
Lymphocyte, 11, 50, 57, 58, 61, 63, 65-66, 85-87, 91-93, 95, 98, 99, 101-103, 106, 108-110, 148, 173, 202, 270, 308, 348, 350,435, 438, 562, 572, 591, 628, 643-645, 673, 758, 760
Lymphoid organ, 65, 66, 102-103, 105, 110, 173, 348, 758 Lysosomal granule, 62
Lysosome, 25,26,28, 30,58,64,94,101, 256, 327, 341,481,483, 555, 556
Lysozyme, 59, 93, 95, 190, 222, 325, 339, 633, 634, 646, 660, 664
M
Macrocytic anemia, 81
Macrophage, 56-58, 61, 63-67, 71, 76, 86, 93, 95-99, 101-103, 108,
109, 190, 202, 330, 525, 527, 555, 561, 572, 573, 584, 591, 599, 644, 645, 651, 660
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), 98
Macrophage inhibitor factor (MIF), 485, 525, 527
Macula densa, 218, 220
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 7
Magnocellular neuron (MC), 378, 387, 388
Magnum, 508-510, 563, 601
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 92-94, 99, 102, 103, 106,
110, 530, 599, 631, 645
Male-determining gene, 433
Malnutrition, 50, 201, 225, 524, 540-542, 581, 602 Malondialdehyde, 758, 761
Maltase, 341, 349
Mammary bands, 646, 647
Mammary crest, 647
Mammary epithelial cell, 642, 644, 645, 649-654, 658, 659, 666, 670,
673
Mammary gland, 15, 19, 105, 162, 308, 517, 519, 596-598, 605, 606, 608, 631, 633, 634, 640-661, 664-667, 669-673, 680, 688, 728, 731
Mammary gland arterial supply, 643
Mammary gland immunity, 644-646
Mammary gland involution, 650-652
Mammary gland involution event, 650
Mammary gland involution irreversible phase, 650
Mammary gland involution reversible phase, 650
Mammary gland lymphatic system, 643
Mammary gland nerve supply, 644
Mammary gland post-natal development, 648-649
Mammary gland prenatal development, 646-647
Mammary gland venous drainage, 643
Mammary hillock, 647
Mammary line, 647
Mammary streak, 647
Mammillary bodies, 278, 292
Mammogenesis, 522, 597, 598, 646-652, 672, 688
Mammogenesis epidermal growth factor (EGF), 649, 650
Mammogenesis estrogen, 649
Mammogenesis glucocorticoids, 649
Mammogenesis growth hormone, 649
Mammogenesis insulin, 649
Mammogenesis insulin-like growth factors (IGF), 650
Mammogenesis placental lactogen, 650
Mammogenesis progesterone, 649
Mammogenesis prolactin, 649
Mammogenesis vitamin A, 650
Manganese deficiency, 691
Masculinization, 450, 462, 466, 470
Mast cell, 60-61, 93, 95, 97, 99, 105-107, 145, 157, 164, 308, 327, 731 Mastication, 283, 316, 318, 325, 350, 355, 356
Mastitis, 16, 94, 589, 609, 633, 642, 644-646, 664, 667, 668, 710, 731 Maternal behaviour, 526, 596-598, 604
Maternal genotype, 683
Maternal health, 682, 690
Maternal nutrition, 549, 589, 682, 684, 690
Maturity, 354, 355, 360, 545, 546, 577, 681, 682, 686, 692 Maximum ejection, 130
M cell, 103, 339, 343
Meal-induced thermogenesis, 424
Mean electrical axis, 128
Meckel’s diverticulum, 348, 350
Median eminence, 151, 281
Median suspensory ligaments, 641, 643, 673
Medullaoblongata, 139, 143, 184, 186, 189, 204, 275, 278-280, 282, 292, 320
Megakaryocytes, 62, 63, 65, 66, 86, 95
Megaloblastic anemia, 81
Meiosis, 24, 480, 485, 486, 520, 548, 553-556, 566, 579, 580, 611
Meiosis I, 547, 548, 551, 552, 571, 577
Meiosis II, 547, 548, 551, 577, 579
Meiotic arrest, 551, 557, 580
Meiotic division, 478-480, 494-496, 555
Meiotic resumption, 555
Meissner’s corpuscles, 284, 309
Melanin, 308-310, 603, 604
Melanin-concentrating hormone, 519
Melanocortin 2-receptor (MC2-R), 383
Melanocyte, 297, 308, 309
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), 309, 703
Melatonin, 38, 277, 289, 325, 524, 527, 533, 539, 540, 595, 596, 600, 646, 666, 670, 744, 753
Melatonin receptor-1 (MT1), 386
Melatonin receptors-2 (MT2), 386
Membrane potential, 38-43, 123-126, 206, 246, 247, 272, 285, 299, 321, 332, 333, 482, 579
Membrane voltage-dependent channels (Table), 574
Meninges, 275, 276, 292, 293
Menstruation cycle, 546, 547, 552, 566
Merkel cell, 308
Mesangial cell, 93, 218, 220
Mesangium, 220
Mesencephalon, 275, 278
Mesenchyme, 589, 592, 647
Mesoderm, 48, 63, 84, 433, 587-593, 646, 672, 680
Mesodermal cell, 63, 86
Mesometrium, 503, 587
Mesosalpinx, 503, 504
Mesovarium, 503, 504
Metabolic, 9, 26, 48, 101, 115, 182, 196, 214, 254, 322, 355, 372, 392, 424, 446, 483, 519, 580, 617, 653, 682, 703, 728, 753
Metabolic acidosis, 200, 206, 208-210
Metabolic adaptation, 591, 653, 673
Metabolic alkalosis, 56, 206, 210, 328, 758
Metabolic hormone, 541, 743
Metabolicpathway, 17, 18,29,71, 84, 87, 122,254, 360, 361,530, 688, 759
Metabolic waste, 10, 12, 19, 48, 50, 86, 116, 201, 202, 214, 215, 230, 594, 682
Metabolism, 8, 13, 16, 17, 26, 29, 30, 54-56, 66-71, 78, 84, 86, 115, 121, 122, 146, 147, 151, 153-155, 162, 181, 182, 191, 195, 196, 198, 205, 214, 215, 223, 225, 226, 228, 229, 253-255, 261, 267,
276, 278, 325, 334, 338, 358, 362-365, 485, 488,490, 519, 521,
524, 526, 531, 533, 560, 561, 572, 595-597, 600, 603, 650, 654,
659, 660, 666, 667, 685, 688, 727, 728, 730-732, 734, 735, 738,
740, 741, 743, 744, 747, 754, 755, 757-760
Metabolomics, 17, 18
Metamorphic transformation, 479, 480, 494
Metaphase
II, 548, 551, 571, 577, 630
Metaproteomics, 18
Metestrus, 534-538, 543-547, 566
Methemoglobin, 70, 87, 88
Metritis, 520, 589, 609, 610
MHS-5 antigen, 456
Micelle, 336, 338, 344, 345, 349, 364, 651, 658, 660, 662, 664
Microangiopathic hemolysis, 55, 57, 80
Microclimate, 725
Microcytic anemia, 81, 87
Microenvironment, 103, 277, 480, 622, 634, 725 Microfilament, 31, 32, 62, 73
Microfold (M) cell, 339, 343
Microhabitats, 725
Microinjection, 631
Microlipid droplets (MLDs), 656, 673
Micromanipulation, 15, 628, 630
Microscope, 6, 7, 23, 62, 261, 627, 630
Microtubule, 31, 32, 62, 66, 73, 85, 481, 483, 495, 642, 658
Microtubule organizing center (MTOC), 32
Microvesiculation, 57
Micturition, 8, 227, 230, 258, 287, 290, 536
Migrating motor complex (MMC), 319, 320, 348
Milk, 15, 81, 95, 162, 196, 318, 354,437, 505, 520, 589, 619, 640, 685, 727
Milk allergy, 664
Milk components intolerance, 664-665
Milk composition, 633, 666-670, 727
Milk ejection, 665, 671, 672
Milk ejection reflex, 644, 659, 665, 670-673
Milk ejection reflex central inhibition, 671
Milk ejection reflex endocrine (efferent) pathway, 670
Milk ejection reflex factor, 671
Milk ejection reflex neural (afferent) pathway, 670
Milk ejection reflex peripheral inhibition, 671
Milk enzyme, 664
Milk fat, 344, 362, 364, 651, 655-656, 661-662, 667, 669, 670, 673 Milk fat composition, 655
Milk fat precursor, 655
Milk fat secretion, 656
Milk fat synthesis, 362, 669
Milk fatty acids, 654, 661
Milking frequency, 665-666, 669
Milk lactose, 653-655
Milk mineral, 663
Milk mono-unsaturated fatty acid, 655
Milk poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), 655
Milk protein, 327, 656-659, 662-664, 666, 669, 670
Milk protein composition, 662
Milk protein gene, 651, 653, 659
Milk protein precursor, 656, 657
Milk protein secretion, 658
Milk protein synthesis, 649, 656-658, 669
Milk secretion, 15, 19, 520, 608, 642, 650, 652, 653, 659, 665-666, 671-673
Milk somatic cell, 628, 644, 645
Milk sugar, 653, 663
Milk synthesis, 652-659, 665, 666, 672
Milk vitamin, 658-659, 664
Milk yield factor, 640, 650, 667-670
Mineral, 13, 26, 27, 30, 53, 83, 201, 317, 346, 350, 364, 509, 539, 595, 626, 646, 654, 659, 660, 662, 663, 666, 669, 670, 679, 681, 684, 687, 690, 691, 745-747, 754
Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR), 404, 405 Mitochondria, 6, 10, 25-29, 34, 54, 55, 58, 60, 64, 68, 84, 85, 87, 101,
121, 123, 221, 240, 245, 254, 256, 267, 281, 298, 321, 327,481, 483, 516, 559, 579, 642, 656, 691, 734, 744
Mitochondrial mutation, 691 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), 330, 600 Mitosis, 24, 61, 81, 270, 556, 580, 679
Mitotic division, 479-480, 485, 487, 489, 494, 496, 547, 581 Mitral insufficiency, 134
Mitralvalve, 119, 131-134
Mixed gland, 371, 451 Molecular, 15, 17, 22-33, 40, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57, 67, 69, 70, 72, 91, 94,
104, 105, 109, 155, 180, 195, 202, 208, 222, 243-247, 254, 263,
273, 359, 436, 437,493, 522, 549, 556, 557, 561, 571, 576, 580,
611, 631, 663, 700, 725, 727, 728, 730, 739, 755, 760, 763 Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), 382 Monocarboxylate (MCT), 345, 594, 595 Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT 8), 394, 395 Monoclonal antibodies, 106, 578
Monocular vision, 300
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), 561 Monoiodotyrosine (MIT), 435
Monomorphic, 437
Mononuclear phagocytes system (MPS), 61, 92, 93 Monotocous, 555, 556, 579, 581, 602
Morphogenesis, 191, 522, 581, 584, 679, 684, 688 Morphogenetic protein, 549, 554, 557
Morphology, 58-61, 79, 133, 156, 215-220, 227, 266-274, 296,
307-308, 492, 496, 500, 508, 520, 593, 644, 762
Mortality, 589, 598, 601, 609, 610, 660, 681, 690, 691, 708, 734, 746,
753, 754, 758
Morula, 581-583, 585, 624, 625, 679
Motilin, 322, 323
Motilin receptor (MTLR), 422
Motility factor, 155
Motor end plate, 245, 246
Motor neuron, 7, 238, 239,245, 248, 250, 251, 269,284, 286, 291, 293, 321, 322, 493, 519, 697
Motor unit, 245, 246, 248-251, 255
Mountainous terrain, 728
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), 103, 317
Mucus discharge, 8
Mullerian duct, 433-435, 437, 438, 610
Mullerian inhibiting hormone, 450
Multi-oocyte follicles (MOFs), 548, 557
Multiple stress, 16
Multi-unit smooth muscle, 257, 258, 264
Muscle, 7, 29, 38, 54, 100, 115, 174, 195, 218, 236, 268, 317,493, 519, 572, 633, 641, 679, 698, 729, 753
Muscle contraction, 29, 42, 43, 73, 107, 117, 139, 150, 186, 201, 237, 240-243, 246-250, 253-255, 259-264, 297, 318, 321, 519, 583, 604, 698, 730, 736, 741
Muscle fatigue, 255, 263, 264, 730
Muscle fiber, 38-41, 119-123, 125, 127, 129, 130, 137-139, 147, 156, 236-243, 245-250, 252, 253, 255-260, 264, 290, 680, 686, 687 Muscle tone, 248, 259, 260, 278, 338
Muscle twitch, 249, 250, 252
Muscular dystrophy (MD), 243-245, 262, 690
Muscularis mucosa, 317
Mutation, 17, 42, 56, 81, 109, 243, 523, 557, 589, 690, 691, 700 Mydriasis, 409
Myelin sheath, 268, 270, 271, 284, 293
Myelocytomatosis, 462
Myelodysplasia, 81
Myelofibrosis, 81
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), 58, 66, 646
Myoblasts, 238, 240, 682, 686
Myocardium, 121, 122, 131, 137, 139, 148, 152-154, 164, 165, 734
Myoepithelial cell, 323, 324, 642, 650, 652, 670, 671, 673
Myofilament, 121, 123, 239, 242, 243, 253, 263
Myogenic response, 155, 156, 220, 230
Myoglobin, 66, 70, 86, 122, 239, 240, 255, 256
Myogram, 249, 250
Myometrium, 505, 559, 572, 573, 594, 597, 603, 604
Myosin, 75, 120, 121, 138, 236, 241-244, 247-249, 252, 255-257, 259-261, 263, 264, 671
Myosin-light chain kinase (MLCK), 259, 260, 671
Myosin-light chain phosphatase (MLCP), 385
N
Na+-Ca2+ antiporter, 411
Na+-Ca2+ pump, 412
N-acetyl serotonin (NAS), 386
N-acetyl serotonin methyl transferase (ASMT), 386, 387
Na+∕K+-ATPase, 139, 215, 346, 581
Na+-K+ ATPase pump, 55, 78, 123, 340
Na+-K+ pump, 39-41, 43, 595
Nanoscience, 13
Narrow cells, 452
Nasal cavity, 10, 172, 173, 187, 188, 303-305, 325, 347, 350, 680, 704,
755
Natriuresis, 145, 146, 521
Natural killer (NK) cell, 61, 92-94, 98-100, 120, 591, 731
Natural selection, 119, 697, 700, 739
Negative feedback, 123, 336, 523, 531, 532, 538, 539, 546, 566, 666, 670, 744, 760
Negative growth phase, 682
Nematodes, 691
Neocortex, 280, 697
Neonatal iso-erythrolysis, 77
Neonatal ricket, 691
Neoplasia, 7, 78, 81, 82, 282
Neoplastic cell, 7
Nephron, 67, 148, 215, 217, 218, 221-223, 225, 228-230
Nernst potential, 38, 39
Nerve, 6, 28, 38, 60, 97, 123, 173, 197, 215, 237, 298, 317, 493, 503, 550, 590, 641, 679, 739, 757
fiber, 38-41, 43, 126, 139, 150, 157, 159, 162, 267, 268, 270, 277-280, 282-284, 287, 288, 290
impulse, 7, 38, 39, 109, 139, 143,144, 185, 204, 245, 257, 268, 269, 271, 273, 286, 290, 292, 298, 302, 303, 310, 670
tissues, 6, 7, 60, 108, 155, 185, 257, 266-274, 282-285, 679 Nerve growth factor, 309
Nervous system, 7, 99, 123, 141, 146, 202, 218, 238, 239, 248, 250, 255, 262, 266-292, 296, 320, 321,493, 520, 522, 588, 679, 684, 686, 697-699, 701, 718, 719
Neuroactive hormones, 596
Neurobiology, 697, 698
Neurocrine, 322
Neuroendocrine, see Neurohormone
Neuroestradiol, 465
Neurogenesis, 521, 700
Neuroglia, 267, 269, 292
Neurohormone, 273, 495, 515, 526
Neurokinin B, 515, 524, 532
Neurology, 7
Neuromodulator, 273, 274
Neuromuscularjunction (NMJ), 162, 245-247, 257, 262, 263, 271, 273, 288, 291
Neuron, 7, 18, 31, 38, 39, 42, 139, 140, 142, 143, 151, 155, 158, 159, 165, 184-186, 189, 191, 195, 197, 200, 206, 209, 215, 245, 246, 250, 259, 263, 266-269, 271-274, 277, 279-282, 286-288, 290-293, 299, 304, 305, 321-323, 329, 330, 516, 524, 525, 536, 555, 603, 644, 671, 698, 700, 704, 743
Neuropeptide, 274, 322, 526, 566, 599, 600
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), 140, 143, 145, 151, 322, 340, 516, 519, 531, 533, 703, 744, 753
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor, 402
Neurophysin, 385
Neuroscience, 697
Neurotransmitter, 42, 142, 143, 151, 159, 185, 201, 215, 245, 246, 248, 259, 260, 263, 266, 268, 270-274, 276, 280, 281, 291-293, 299, 302, 306, 321, 327, 340, 494, 700, 703, 741, 743
Neurotrophin, 310
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 355, 356, 669, 747
Next-generation sequencing, 18
Nitric oxide (NO), 56,59,73, 88,93,100, 101, 108, 140, 145,146, 148, 151, 157, 182, 190, 274, 321, 322, 494, 561, 575, 586, 595, 602, 609
Nitrogen, 68, 69, 83, 101, 215, 226, 228, 229, 326, 348, 355, 358, 362, 363, 610, 617-619, 656, 662, 747
Nocturnal, 297, 299, 300, 603
Nodal cell, 121, 124, 125
Non-invasive, 15, 177, 198, 545, 587, 738
Non-pituitary hormones, 372
Non-protein nitrogen (NPN), 363
Non-seasonal breeders, 706
Non-shivering thermogenesis, 732, 733, 736, 740, 741, 744, 753, 762 Norepinephrine, 126, 139, 140, 142-145, 148, 151, 154, 158, 220, 259, 273, 274, 288, 290, 291, 324, 516, 527, 536
Normocytic anemia, 81
Nuclear cytoplasm, 61, 557
Nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR), 394
Nucleoside transporter, 55, 595
Nucleotide, 26, 33, 55, 201, 574
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) receptors (NLRs), 94, 731
Nucleus, 6, 7, 23-28, 30, 31, 33, 38, 54, 58, 60, 61, 64, 66, 85, 98, 120, 139, 144, 145, 184, 185, 189, 238, 239, 257, 263, 267, 268, 275, 278, 280, 288, 298, 303, 320, 322, 324, 330, 331, 335,436, 438, 480,481, 483, 489,493,494, 515, 516, 518-520, 525, 527, 532, 543, 544, 547, 548, 555, 557, 558, 560, 577, 579, 603, 627, 629, 631, 635, 642, 657, 671, 679, 680, 712, 730, 760
Nurse cell, 102
Nutraceutical, 15, 687
Nutrient, 6, 9, 10, 13-15, 48, 50, 83, 85, 86, 115, 116, 122, 142, 146-148, 155, 158, 167, 247, 267, 316, 317, 319, 325, 334, 338-341, 346, 349-351,480,481, 505, 541, 559, 563, 564, 567, 586, 587, 589-595, 598, 600, 601, 609, 611, 617, 633, 653, 654, 659, 665-667, 669, 670, 673, 682, 684, 685, 687-690, 709, 725, 735, 741, 745-747, 754-758, 763
partitioning, 653, 659, 665, 666, 670
restriction, 682, 684
Nutritional flushing, 541
Nutritional genomics, 17
Nutritional management, 746, 747
Nutritional stress, 741
Nymphomania, 705
O
Obligatory urine volume, 225
Occluding, 446
Oesophago-salivary reflex, 325
Offspring, 7, 14, 17, 437, 529, 533, 581, 595, 606, 622, 623, 626-628, 631, 633, 640, 660, 690, 698, 699, 702, 708, 711, 718
Oliguria, 163, 164, 228
Omasum, 354, 361, 365
Omics biology, 9, 17, 18
Ontogeny, 68-69, 87, 699
Oocyte, 15, 28, 437, 484, 503, 504, 516, 520, 522, 525, 527, 540, 547-557, 563, 566, 576-581, 589, 609, 611, 617, 622, 623, 625-631, 635, 729, 730
Oocytogenesis, 547, 548, 566
Oogenesis, 500, 547-567
Oogenesis proper, 547, 566
Oogonia, see Oogonium
Oogonium, 547, 548, 550, 551
Ootid, 548, 551,577
Ootidogenesis, 547, 548, 566
Open Canalicular System (OCS), 62
Operant conditioning, 701, 716, 720
Opportunistic breeder, 534
Orexin, 330
Organification, 393, 394
Organ of Corti, 302, 303, 310
Organogenesis, 581, 585, 587-589, 601, 611, 679, 690
Osmoregulation, 19, 30, 194, 195, 519, 564
Osmosis, 195, 198, 199, 201, 228, 229
Ossicle, 302
Osteoblasts, 382, 410, 411
Osteocytic osteolysis, 411
Osteopetrosis, 690
Os uteri, 504
Outer cell mass, 679
Outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), 521
Ova, 14, 503, 509, 522, 535, 537, 545, 547, 548, 563-565, 571, 576, 610
Ovarian cycle, 531, 545, 548, 549
Ovarian dynamics, 521, 547
Ovarian follicles, 517, 523, 547, 548, 566, 626
Ovarian nests, 547
Ovary, 14, 15, 432-434, 437, 500-504, 508, 509, 514-518, 520, 522, 523, 525-527, 532, 538, 539, 542-548, 551, 552, 554, 556, 559, 561-566, 577, 585, 590, 608, 610, 623, 625, 626, 629, 635
Overshoot, 40, 41
Ovigerous cord, 548, 552
Oviposition, 563, 564, 566
Ovulation, 14, 436, 504, 508, 515, 518, 520-523, 525, 526, 528, 529, 531, 532, 534-560, 562-567, 572, 573, 576-579, 581, 584, 585, 589, 597, 600, 601, 608-611, 618, 705, 729
bird, 438, 563, 565, 566
induced, 534, 535, 539-542, 546, 547, 555, 556, 634 secondary, 563
spontaneous, 534, 545, 555
Ovulation fossa, 503, 508, 553, 554
Ovum, see Ova
Ovum pick up (OPU), 15, 625, 626, 629, 635
Oxidative injury, 55-57
Oxidative respiration, 254, 264
Oxidative stress, 56, 540, 561, 665, 691, 730, 753, 761
Oxisome, 27, 34
Oxygen dissociation curve, 182, 187
Oxyglobin, 12
Oxyhaemoglobin, 181, 192
Oxyntic cell, 327-330, 347
Oxyntomodulin (OXM), 330
Oxyphil cells, 410
Oxytocin (OT), 237, 273, 483, 494, 519, 523, 526, 527, 529, 530, 541, 542, 558-560, 562, 563, 566, 572, 573, 584, 590, 595, 596, 600, 603-605, 607, 609, 642, 649, 670-673, 699, 711, 720
Oxytocin receptors (OTR), 523
P
Pi (phosphate), 40, 121, 122, 181, 195, 198, 199, 201, 203-205, 209, 210, 247, 253, 259, 324, 325, 333, 346, 493, 617, 627
Pacinian corpuscle, 284, 309
Packed red blood cell (pRBC), 12
Pancreas, 13, 28, 38, 43, 67, 146, 155, 290-292, 317, 321, 322, 330-334, 340, 342, 343, 348-350, 527
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), 322
Paneth cell, 95, 339
Panoramic vision, 300, 311
Panting, 187, 208, 326, 605, 732, 734, 736, 739-741, 747, 753-758
Papillae, 215, 305, 309, 318, 322, 347, 354, 641
Papilla mammae, see Teat
Para amino hipuricacid (PAH), 226
Paracellular, 221, 331, 337, 339, 340, 346, 651
Paracrine, 64,97,145,158, 259, 322, 327, 329, 330, 518, 522,554,557, 562, 649
Parafollicular (C-cell), 393, 412
Paraplacental structure, 592, 600
Parasympathetic nervous system, 151, 154, 155, 275, 283, 287, 289, 290, 292, 293, 322, 338
Parathormone (PTH), 527
Parathormone receptors, 410
Parathyroid gland, 201, 527
Paraventricular nucleus (PVN), 603, 670, 671, 743, 744
Parenchyma, 7, 157, 176, 559, 641, 643, 644, 648, 649
Parent cell, 480
Parenteral fluid, 207-208, 210
Parietal cell, 65, 81, 323, 327-331, 349
Parotid salivary gland, 283
Pars distalis, 379
Parturition, 14, 237, 238, 258, 506, 507, 510, 519, 520, 525, 526, 529, 534, 538, 545, 559, 562, 571-611, 649, 653, 654, 659, 660, 688, 708-710, 732
complications, 607
foetal presentation, 606
mechanism, 604, 607
Parvocellular neurons (PC), 343
Passerine bird, 481
Paternal genotype, 683
Pathogen, 6,11,25,58-62, 80, 86, 87, 90-101, 106,108,109, 177, 320, 321, 325, 331, 339, 506, 583, 609, 610, 643-645, 673, 683, 689, 731, 735
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), 61, 94, 96, 98-100 Pecking, 712, 756
Pedicle, see Stalk
Pelvis, 102, 215, 217, 218, 543, 686, 705, 707
Pendrin, 393
Penis, 14, 493, 504, 506, 507, 529, 572, 705, 707
corkscrew, 457
os, 457
spiralling, 457
Pentose phosphate shunt, 56, 654
Pepsinogen, 322, 326-328, 331, 342, 343, 349, 350
Peptic cell, 326
Peptide YY (PYY), 319, 322, 323, 330, 342, 703
Performance, 117, 119, 140, 160, 255, 264, 529, 589, 621, 667, 683, 685, 687-689, 701, 727-730, 738, 739, 741, 743, 746-748, 753-756, 758, 760, 761, 763
Pericardial sac, 131, 132
Perilymph, 302
Perimysium, 239, 240, 263
Perinephric fat, 686, 687
Period circadian regulator, 121
Periparturient periods, 643
Periparturient stage, 682
Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 7, 266-271, 274, 275, 282-284, 287, 292, 293, 521, 680
Periscopic vision, 300
Peristaltic waves, 319, 320, 348, 355
Peritoneal fluid, 201-203
Peritubular cell, 420, 421
Peritubular myoid cell (PTM cell), 444, 447, 480
function, 445
Perivitelline space, 577, 580, 583, 624, 630, 632
Pernicious anemia, 81, 331
Peroxidation, 56, 79, 521, 730, 754, 758, 760, 761
Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2), 56
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), 464, 531
Perspiration, 287
PGF2α, 100, 157, 483, 505, 520, 523, 527, 535, 538, 539, 555, 556, 558-564, 573, 584, 586, 590, 597, 604-609, 624, 659
pH, 9, 12, 19, 30,48-50, 55, 56, 66, 67, 78, 92, 93, 109, 140, 151, 165, 180-186, 202-206, 208, 209, 215, 226, 254, 270, 317, 325, 326, 329, 331, 334, 337, 341, 343-346, 349, 355, 357-364,452-455, 484, 493, 572, 575, 577, 578, 580, 620, 658, 662, 689, 729, 740, 747, 758
Phagocytose, 56
Phagocytosis, 6,11,24,56,57,59-61, 82,93, 95,97, 99-101, 106, 308, 339, 572, 573, 587, 599, 645, 646
Pharynx, 10, 173, 178, 190,283, 305, 317-319, 322, 347, 348, 354, 716 Phenotype, 33, 76, 77, 432, 633, 699
Phenotypic traits, 726
Phenylalanine, 50, 331, 333, 334, 343, 344, 759
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), 408, 409 Pheromone, 8, 288, 305, 310, 507, 510, 526-531, 534, 541, 542, 545,
566, 606, 704-707, 715, 718-720
sex, 305, 507, 520, 523-526, 529, 542
Phosphate, 55, 56, 198, 204, 215, 222, 326, 595, 654, 658, 660-663,
759
Phosphate buffer system, 203, 204
Phosphaturic effect, 411
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), 396, 398, 401, 406, 407 Phosphogluconate pathway, 56
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), 333, 556, 557 Phospholipase C (PLC), 73, 140, 259, 522, 578, 580, 671 Phosphorylation, 26, 27, 42, 55, 64, 98, 107, 121, 122, 260, 306, 338, 484, 519, 522, 556, 574-576, 658, 664, 671, 730, 760
Photochemistry, 298-300
Photoperiod, 84, 310, 359,488, 524, 531-533, 540, 542, 543, 563-566, 666, 670, 673, 685, 705
Photoreceptor, 284, 285, 296-300, 310
Phytoestrogen, 517, 530, 540, 549, 574
Pineal gland, 38, 151, 277, 281, 287, 524, 527, 533, 603, 670, 744 Pinocytosis, 28, 93, 147, 222, 343
Pinopode, 587
Pits, 24, 326, 329, 339, 647
Pituitary gland, 8, 229, 277-279, 515, 518, 524, 540, 564, 588, 680, 689, 729, 743
Pituitary hormone, 279, 287, 489, 682, 683, 742
Placenta, 14,147,159,161,167,182,435,516,517,520, 522,531,543, 571, 584, 587, 589-601, 603-607, 609-611, 679, 682, 708, 710 endocrine role, 596-599
type, 522,587, 591-600,611
Placental androgen, 517
Placental estrogen, 517
Placental exchange, 593, 594, 599, 600
Placental hematoma, see Hemophagous organ
Placental lactogen (PL), 343, 344, 485, 526, 527, 586, 593, 596, 598, 600, 602, 649, 650, 672
Placental progesterone, 520, 562, 590, 597
Placental protein, 527, 598, 599, 602
Placental protein hormone, 598
Placental steroid, 597, 608
Placental structure, 595
Placental transportation, 594
Placentome, 586, 592
Plasma, 6, 10, 19, 24, 30, 32, 48-55, 62, 66, 71, 72, 76-79, 82-84, 86, 96, 97, 99, 101-105, 122, 123, 145, 167, 177, 181-183, 186, 189, 195-200, 202, 204, 206, 208-210, 219-226, 228, 239, 240, 257, 259, 261, 271, 272, 298, 305, 306, 327, 328, 334, 335, 343, 483-485,488,493, 508, 517, 518, 520, 531, 561, 564, 574-579, 591, 594, 601, 618, 631, 642, 643, 653, 654, 656, 659-661, 667, 673, 688, 747, 758-760
Plasmalipid, 51-52, 84, 86
Plasma protein, 49-51, 59, 71, 83, 86, 87, 96, 104, 148, 149, 183, 195, 204, 219, 220, 222, 225, 281, 337, 343, 517
Plasmin, 51, 76, 88, 558, 580, 585, 645, 652, 664 Plasmin inhibitor, 76
Plasminogen, 51, 73, 76, 555, 580, 645, 652
Plasminogen activator, 59, 73, 76, 88, 555, 580
Plasminogen activator inhibitor, 76, 97, 591
Platelet, 10, 11, 59, 60, 62, 66, 71-76, 78, 80, 82, 83, 86, 92-94, 107, 109, 145, 157
Platelet activating factor (Table), 107, 574, 575
Platelet activation, 60, 62, 73, 78
Platelet adhesion, 72-75
Platelet aggregation, 73-75, 82, 87, 107, 662
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), 62, 527, 650
Plexus
pampiniform, 451
Pluoripotential hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC), 63-65, 84, 86, 87, 99,
102
Pluripotent
gene, 631
Pneumothorax, 175, 180 Podocytes, 97, 216, 219
Poikilotherm, 735
Point of inflection, 681
Point of pubertal inflection, 681
Polar body, 547, 548, 555, 629, 630
Polarized state, 39
Pollution, 16
Polyclonal antibodies, 15, 106
Polycythemia, 50, 56, 82, 87, 117
Polymorphism, 17, 549
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), 58, 65, 644, 645 Polypeptide hormone, 277, 526
Polyspermy, 504, 577, 579-580
Polytocous, 504, 536, 542, 555, 556, 560, 579, 585, 602, 606, 607, 684 Polyuria, 82, 228
Pons, 143, 144, 184, 189, 192, 227, 275, 278, 283, 324 Porin, 26, 100
Positron emission tomography (PET), 7 Posteriorpituitary, 151, 197, 199, 222, 223, 526, 527, 604 Post extrasystole potentiation, 123
Postganglionic sympathetic cells, 408
Postnatal growth, 679, 680, 684, 686, 688, 689, 691 Postpartum, 165, 520,524-526, 529,534, 535,537, 538,540, 542, 545, 557, 608-610, 653, 654, 708, 710
disorders, 609
Postpartum behavior, 708, 710
Post-pubertal, 382, 384, 452
Post-translational modification, 374, 375, 393, 657, 658 Post-traumatic, 743
Potassium, 12, 30, 38-43, 53, 55, 78, 84, 124-126, 140, 146, 151, 154, 165, 195, 198-200, 202, 206-210, 215, 221-224, 245, 246, 259, 321, 346, 349, 364, 491, 594, 595, 658, 663, 669, 730, 743
Power stroke, 242, 247, 264
Prebiotic, 687, 689
Pre-capillary sphincter, 116, 143, 146, 158, 408
Precipitation, 229, 726-728
Precursor cell, 64, 65, 84, 303
Pre-embryonic period, 679
Preen gland, 308
Preening, 756
Preganglionic sympathetic neuron, 289
Pregnancy, 14, 50, 68, 77, 135, 175, 203, 424-426, 448, 471, 482,
504-506, 510, 516, 517, 519-523, 525, 526, 530, 531, 534, 536, 538, 539, 541-543, 546, 556, 558, 559, 562, 563, 566, 583-587, 589-591, 594-601, 605, 607, 608, 611, 618, 646, 648-650, 652-654, 659, 669, 670, 672, 680, 682, 683, 688, 690, 699, 710, 730, 732, 740
ectopic, 680
maternal recognition, 562, 583, 598, 600, 611
Pregnancy toxaemia, 607
Pregnane, 338, 519, 597
Pregnane X-receptor (PXR), 336, 338
Pregnenolone, 516, 518, 521, 522, 597, 603
Pregranulosa cell, 547-549, 551, 552 Prehension, 318, 703
Prenatal growth, 679-680, 683, 686
Pre-optic area (POA), 516, 525, 532, 564
Preprohormones, 418, 419
Pre-pubertal phase, 380
Prepuce, 507
Preservation, 5, 15, 78, 79, 196, 297, 576, 617, 619, 634
Pressure recording analytical method (PRAM), 136
Primary hemostasis, 62, 73, 74, 86
Primary oocyte, 545, 547, 548, 551, 552, 557
dictyate, 551
Primary spermatocyte, 479, 480, 488, 494
Primary sprout, 647
Primordial follicle reserve, 549, 551, 553, 557
Primordial germ cell (PGC), 547, 554
Principal cell (PC), 199
Probiotic, 347, 687, 689 Procoagulant, 72, 73, 591
Production efficiency, 678
Proestrus, 527, 534-538, 540, 543-547, 566, 648, 705, 707 Progenitor cell, 63, 64, 98, 339, 682
Progestagen, 599
Progesterone, 310, 384, 403, 405, 424-426, 456, 458, 466, 467, 503,
505, 506, 515-527, 531, 534, 535, 537-540, 542, 543, 545-547,
553, 555, 556, 558-564, 566, 572, 574-576, 578, 583-587, 590,
591, 594, 597-600, 602-607, 609, 626, 649, 653, 659, 660, 667, 672, 684, 688, 699, 708, 730, 758
contraceptive, 521
function, 520-522, 526, 540, 564, 586, 597, 598, 609, 729 source, 520, 522, 540, 542, 545, 559, 562, 563, 575
Progesterone block, 519, 590, 603, 604
Progestin, 516, 520, 566, 597
Proglucagon, 398
Prohormones, 374, 380, 382, 394, 398, 412, 419
Pro-inflammatory cytokine, 95, 97-100, 327, 603, 646, 651 Prokaryote, 23, 24, 28, 29, 223
Prolactin (PRL), 494, 520, 524-527, 530, 535, 538-541, 543, 545, 558-564, 584, 587, 595-598, 600, 604, 608, 649-653, 659, 660, 666, 667, 670, 672, 673, 682, 688, 689, 699, 720, 743
related protein (PRP), 596
Prolactin receptor (PRLR), 558, 562, 597, 659
Proliferin, 596, 598
Prolyl hydroxylase (PHD), 420
Pronucleus, 579, 631
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), 322, 519, 671
Propionic acid, 360, 361, 364, 528
Prostaglandin, 56, 60,100, 107, 108, 140, 145, 151, 154,157, 161, 162, 191, 202, 218, 220, 327, 329-331, 336, 340, 490, 491, 519, 525, 527, 555, 558-560, 562-564, 566, 572, 574, 584-586, 597, 603, 607, 659, 672
Prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2α), 100, 157, 373, 385, 456, 483, 505, 520, 523, 527, 535, 538, 539, 555, 556, 558-564, 566, 573, 574, 584, 586, 590, 597, 604-610, 624, 659
Prostate, 434, 490, 493, 572
marker, 455
proteins, 346, 572
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 572
Prostatic binding protein, see Prostatein
Protamines, 484, 490, 581
Protease-activated receptors, 73
Protease nexin, 76
Protein buffer system, 204, 209
Protein C inhibitor (PCI), 456
Protein kinase A (PKA), 139, 338, 518, 519, 521, 522, 558, 574-576,
578
Protein kinase B (AKT), 333, 384, 556, 557
Protein kinase C (PKC), 338, 345, 516, 519, 578, 580, 748
Protein metabolism, 215, 362, 365, 654, 687, 688, 758, 759 Proteolytic processing, 658
Proteomic, 17, 437
Proteoplast, 27 Prothrombin, 51, 72, 74, 75
Protodiastole, 130
Protofibrils, 74
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase src (c-src), 382
Protoplasm, 23-25
Protrusion, 278, 586, 587, 629, 740
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), 199, 205, 217, 221-223
Proximal tubule, 222-224, 228 Pseudopregnancy, 535, 536, 543, 546, 600, 710
Ptyalism, 326
Puberty, 8, 14, 15, 379, 432, 433, 437, 445, 446, 458, 460, 461, 463,
465,466, 470-474,479,480,487, 489, 494, 503, 519, 524-526, 528-535, 540, 542, 543, 545-549, 552, 563, 565, 566, 648-650, 681, 685, 706, 729
age, 15, 531, 533, 543, 546, 552, 565, 648, 681, 706 factors affecting, 472-473
wild animal, 471
Pubic symphysis, 522, 559, 598, 603
Pullet, 563, 687
Pulmonary circulatory system, 10
Pupil, 238, 239, 258, 259, 283, 286, 287, 289-291, 297-300, 310 Purkinje cell, 121, 125, 321
Purkinje conduction system, 408
Pyrexia, 79, 80, 99, 109
Pyruvate kinase (PK), 55, 80, 576
Q
Quality, 13, 17, 133, 134, 180, 490-492, 494-496, 525, 529, 540, 549, 573, 583, 589, 617-619, 626, 629, 630, 644-646, 667, 685-688, 727, 729, 730, 747, 754-756
Quiescence factor (QF), 485
R
Radiant, 732, 733, 738, 741
Radiation, 133, 308, 309, 326, 331, 480, 690, 726, 727, 731-733, 737, 738, 746, 755, 757, 762
Radical, 30, 56, 101, 119, 180, 329, 561, 595, 760
RAF proto-oncogene (Raf), 382, 398
Ram effect, 529, 541, 542, 705
Rapid filling, 130, 132
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 56, 101, 107, 161, 190, 484, 485, 574, 575, 609, 645, 691, 730, 760, 761
Receptor, 7, 26, 40, 57, 61, 64-67, 73, 81, 91-94, 96-98, 100-102, 104-110, 121, 123, 139-146, 148, 156, 159, 165, 173, 184-186, 189, 197, 199, 204, 220, 222, 227, 241, 243, 245-247, 259, 266-269, 271-275, 284-286, 289-293, 298, 299, 302-306, 308-310, 318, 319, 321, 322, 325, 329-331, 333, 336, 338, 340, 345, 346, 354, 434, 493, 506, 516-526, 538-540, 548, 549, 551, 554-556, 558-562, 564, 571, 573-576, 578-580, 583, 584, 586, 597, 600, 603, 645, 649-651, 657-660, 662, 666, 667, 670, 671, 682, 683, 688, 698, 699, 702, 704, 731, 735, 739-742, 744, 748 Receptor activator (RANKL), 649
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), 548, 578, 650 Recipient, 79, 622, 623, 627, 629, 630, 635 Recombinant DNA (rDNA), 689
Recombinant gene transfer technology, 689
Red blood cell (RBC), 5, 10, 28-30, 50, 52-57, 64, 71, 79-82, 86, 91, 109, 160, 179, 181-183, 187, 197, 544, 545
Redeglutition, 355-357
Reduced ejection, 130 Reduced filling, 130
Reducing substance, 456 Reductase-5α, 521, 607
Reflex, 92, 109, 139-142, 144, 151, 154, 157, 164, 165, 167, 184-186,
209, 219, 227, 248, 278, 280, 283, 285, 286, 292, 303, 318-322,
325, 329, 330, 333, 340, 348, 526, 529, 536, 603, 605, 670, 672,
673, 697, 702, 711, 720
lordosis, 536
Refractory period, 41, 43, 122, 123, 143, 250, 261, 264
Regeneration, 5, 80, 123, 181, 268, 608
Reinforcement, 700-702, 717, 720
Reinsalivation, 355-357
Relative humidity (RH), 727-729, 732, 736-740, 746, 753, 756
Relative humidity index, 737
Relative refractory period, 41, 43, 123
Relaxation, 5, 43, 100, 117, 120-122, 127, 128, 130, 131, 135,
150-152, 162, 190, 220, 227, 237, 239, 241, 246, 248-253, 255-257, 259, 261, 263, 289, 290, 318-321, 323, 338, 522, 559, 564, 586, 590, 598, 603, 604, 607, 671, 708
Relaxin, 435, 503, 522, 527, 558, 559, 590, 596, 598, 600, 602-604 Relaxin1 (RLN 1), 425
Relaxin factor, 157
Relaxin family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2), 447
Remastication, 355, 356
Renal clearance, 226-227
Renal disorder, 13
Renin angiotensin mechanism, 146
Rennin, 327, 331
Repolarisation, 40-43, 124, 126, 127, 130, 259, 579
Reproduction, 8, 13-16, 305, 514-531, 533, 534, 563, 564, 566, 609, 622, 625, 685, 698, 699, 727, 728, 746, 747
Residual body, 481-483
Resilience, 17, 726, 727, 739, 752
Respiration, 5, 9, 10, 26, 69, 70, 132, 133, 150, 172-189, 191, 237, 254-256, 278-280, 287, 605, 606, 608, 653, 734, 739, 740, 743-745, 747, 757, 758
Respiratory acidosis, 180, 206, 209, 210
Respiratory alkalosis, 180, 206, 208-210, 756, 758
Respiratory center, 279
Respiratory disorder, 10
Respiratory regulation, 204
Respiratory system, 9, 10, 18, 172-175, 180-182, 187-189, 191, 203, 204, 206, 209, 210, 215, 238, 287, 588, 680, 732, 739, 743
Respiratory unit, 179-181
Resting membrane potential (RMP), 39-43, 124, 125, 200, 246, 321 Restitution, 329
Retained placenta, 589, 606, 607, 609, 610
Retarding phase, 681
Rete testis, 434
Reticular activating system (RAS), 280
Reticularformation, 143, 186, 278-280, 287, 304, 305, 320 Reticulum, 247, 354, 355, 357, 361, 365
Retina, 269, 285, 297, 298, 300, 310, 670
Retinoic acid inducible gen-I (RIG)-like receptor (RLRs), 94, 100,
731
Retinoid X receptor (RXR), 394, 395, 412
Retinol, 49, 173, 345, 659, 664
Retractor penis, 457
Reverse-Triiodothyronine (rT3), 394, 395
RFamide related peptide (RFRP), 523, 527
Rheobase, 41
Rhodopsin, 298, 299
Rigor mortis, 256, 263, 264
Ringer’s lactate, 207, 209, 210
Rod cell, 298, 300
Rooster, 687
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), 29, 267, 326, 331, 559, 642, 656,
657
Routine semen evaluation, see Semen, evaluation
Rumen, 18, 70, 81, 155, 326, 334, 346, 354-366, 659, 669, 746, 747
Rumen bacteria, 81, 358, 359, 362-364
Rumen degradable protein, 362
Rumen fungi, 357, 359
Rumen microbiota, 18, 354
Rumen protozoa, 359
Rumen Undegradable protein, 362
Rumination, 324, 355-357, 703, 727
S
Sacro-sciatic ligament, 603, 708 Salivary gland, 13, 144, 146, 197, 287, 289, 317, 322-326, 331, 347,
348, 350
Salivon, 323
Sarcolemma, 139, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 247, 249, 253, 259, 263 Sarcoplasm, 239-241, 244, 247, 251-253, 256, 257
Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 29, 73, 121-123, 139, 240, 241, 243, 247, 248, 257, 259, 260, 263, 333, 671
Satellite cell, 240, 270, 271, 283, 293, 679, 686 Scala media, 302
Scalatympani, 302, 311
S cells, 323, 330 Scoliosis, 691 Scotopsin, 298, 299 Scrotal sac, see Scrotum Scrotum, 14, 443, 448, 451, 489, 507, 684, 688, 730 Seasonal breeder, 503, 524, 532-534, 539, 540, 542, 563, 602, 608 wild animal, 472-473
Sebaceous gland, 92, 302, 308-310, 528-530, 588, 707 Sebum, 308-310
Secondary hemostasis, 73, 74, 86
Secondary messengers, 369, 373, 376, 378, 385, 387, 419 Secondary oocyte, 547, 548, 550, 551, 577, 578, 611 Secondary spermatocyte, 479, 480, 485, 494 Secondary sprout, 647 Secretary vesicle, 59 Second polar body, 547, 548
Secretin, 319, 322, 323, 330, 331, 333, 336, 338 Secretin receptor (SCTR), 333, 338, 422 Secretion, 7, 13-15, 28, 38, 42, 43, 61, 64, 67, 81, 87, 93-95, 97, 103,
105, 107, 110, 135, 141, 142, 165, 173, 187, 190, 199-201,
204-206, 221, 222, 228, 229, 266, 276, 278, 279, 282, 286, 287, 289-291, 303, 305, 306, 309, 310, 317, 322-336, 338-340, 343, 346, 349, 350, 357, 358, 487-490, 493, 505-507, 509, 510, 515, 516, 520-526, 528-533, 535, 538-543, 546, 549-551, 554, 556, 559-564, 566, 572-574, 583, 590, 591, 597, 599, 601-606, 608, 609, 642, 648, 649, 651-660, 666, 670-673, 680, 682, 687, 691, 699, 702, 704, 707, 715, 729, 739, 741-744, 757, 758 Secretory epithelium, 642
Secretory vesicle, 28, 579, 642, 656, 658 Segmenting contraction, 319, 320 Selective breeding, 690, 747
Selenium, 56, 262, 595, 610, 646, 747 Self-accelerating phase, 681 Self-decelerating phase, 681
Semen, 14, 95, 373, 437, 453, 455-457, 470-495, 504-506, 571-574,
576, 578, 610, 611, 617-621, 626, 627, 634, 690, 730, 754 biochemical tests, 490
characteristics, 491, 495, 504, 619 evaluation, 492, 495, 496, 578 evaluation advance test, 495 evaluation terminology, 492 fructose, 490, 619, 730 pH, 455 plasma, 563, 607 reservoir, 563 wildlife, 618, 619
Semenogelin, 572
Seminal plasma, 487, 490, 491, 493, 495, 572, 573, 617 composition, 490, 491
Seminal vesicle, 434, 482, 490, 493, 572, 573
secretion marker, 490
Seminiferous tubule, 478-481, 483, 485-489, 494-496, 622 germinal epithelium, 479, 485, 489, 494, 503 lumen, 479, 481, 483, 486
Senescence, 52, 57, 691, 692
Sensation, 141, 158, 196, 218, 277, 278, 283, 285, 292, 305, 306, 308-310, 325,746
Sensible, 731, 732, 756, 757
Sensory neuron, 7, 269, 284, 286, 291, 293, 520
Serine proteases, 96, 585
Serosa, 317, 318, 339, 504, 506
Serotonin, 62, 145, 147, 155, 157, 191, 273, 274, 280, 321, 327, 330, 340, 494, 519, 595, 596, 600, 603, 651
Sertoli cell, 433, 434, 480-483, 486, 487, 494, 495, 522
function, 425, 426, 437, 445-447, 459, 461-462, 473, 522 proliferation, 384, 445, 446, 462, 522
protein (SCP), 446
Serum albumin, 91, 197, 626, 658, 662, 663
Sex desire, 519, 528
Sex differentiation, 438
Sexed spermatozoa, 437
Sex hormone, 525, 529, 698
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), 517
Sex organ, 432-438, 500, 508, 510
primary, 500
Sex ratio, 437, 438
Sex steroid bind globulin (SHBG), 517, 520
Sex steroid hormone
Sexual behaviour, 311, 519, 520, 526-531, 536, 538, 566, 729
Sexual maturity, 531, 532, 543
Sexual receptivity, 305, 519, 527, 534-536, 542, 543, 545-547, 704, 715
Shivering, 255, 732-734, 736, 740, 741, 744, 762
Shivering thermogenesis, 237, 238, 258, 736, 741, 744, 753, 762 Shock, 80, 86, 92, 107, 110, 163-164, 166, 202, 207, 208, 237, 238, 601, 619, 730, 760
Shock transcription factor, 760
Short day breeder, 533, 534, 540, 542, 705
Shyenka-Ayurveda, 5
Sialadenitis, 326
Sialomucin, 456
Sickle cell anaemia, 63, 81
Sigmoid flexure, 453, 457
Signal sequence (SS), 657
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), 98
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), 420
Signal transduction, 56, 64, 100, 304, 310, 574, 578, 662
Silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid receptor (SMRT), 394 Silent heat, 537, 540, 541, 581, 705, 706, 729
Silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue 1 (SIRT1), 462 Single-cell sequencing technology, 10
Single-unit smooth muscle, 257, 258
Sinoatrial node, 125
Sinus lactiferous, see Gland cisterns
Sinus papillaris, 642
Skeletal muscle, 7,43,109,110,120-124,138,142-145,149,150,156, 160, 165, 200, 227, 236-243, 245-248, 250, 253-257, 259-261, 263, 264, 275, 284, 287-289, 291, 302, 317, 362, 531, 682, 689, 699, 730, 731,758
Skin, 5, 9, 17, 31, 50, 60, 92, 93, 95, 103, 108, 109, 126, 142, 144, 153-160, 163, 196, 207, 208, 225, 228, 229, 236, 238, 239, 269, 283, 285, 287-289, 298, 306-310,411,412, 443,451,458,466, 470, 507, 519, 528, 529, 641, 643, 647, 659, 680, 684, 687, 690, 710, 712, 726, 728, 731-736, 739, 740, 743, 745, 755, 761 function, 93, 158, 238, 308, 523, 712, 731, 732, 735, 755, 761 gland, 229, 238, 307, 309, 310, 641
Skin (cont.)
grafting, 308
morphology, 307
pigmentation, 306, 309, 310 thickness, 308, 736
Small heterodimer partner (SHP), 336
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), 29, 241, 516, 596
Smooth muscle, 42, 67, 72, 73, 100, 107, 115-117, 120, 142, 144, 146,
147, 149-151, 156-159, 161, 162, 164, 177, 190, 218, 220, 227,
228, 236-239, 248, 257-260, 263, 264, 271, 287, 289-291, 297,
317-321, 323, 347, 348,493, 503-505, 519, 526, 527, 550, 555, 572, 573, 583, 586, 603, 604, 642, 644, 646, 652, 671-673, 743 Social bonding, 719
Sodium di-phosphate, 78, 79
Sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT), 654 Sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), 393
Sodium linked glucose transporter (SGLT), 341, 342, 594, 759 Sodium-potassium
ATPase pump, 199
Solar radiation, 726-728, 732, 736-738, 740, 745-747
Soma, 267, 271
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), 7, 15, 627-631, 635 Somatic nervous system (SNS), 7, 275, 288
Somatomedin, 273, 322, 323, 327, 329, 330, 336, 338, 340, 527, 599,
649, 681, 682, 743
Somatomedin-A (IGF-2), 381 Somatomedin-C (IGF-1), 597, 598, 649, 682, 685 Somatopause, 382
Somatostatin, 273, 322, 323, 327, 329, 330, 336, 338, 350, 379, 396,
398, 400, 402, 418, 423, 527, 599, 681, 682, 743 Somatostatin receptor (SSTR), 330, 338, 340 Somatotropes, 379, 380, 388 Somatotroph axis, 682 Space of Disse, 334 Specificity protein 1 (SP1), 377 Spectrin, 52-54, 82, 109 Sperm, 14, 15, 19, 28, 91, 385, 387, 444, 445, 447, 451-456, 461, 464,
465,469,471,475,478,481-485,487,490,492-494, 504-506,
509, 519, 529, 534-537, 571-581, 583, 611, 617-622, 625, 626, 631, 634, 644, 679, 706, 730
Spermatic cord, 443, 448, 450-452 Spermatid, 479-483, 485, 488, 494-496, 730 Spermatocyte, 485, 488, 730
Spermatocytogenesis, 479-487, 494, 495 Spermatogenesis, 433, 478-496, 529, 548, 621, 622, 634, 730
avian, 487
duration, 487
Spermatogenic cycle, 482, 485-487, 494, 495 duration, 486, 487
Spermatogenic efficacy, 494, 495
Spermatogenic wave, 486 Spermatogonia, 478-480, 485, 486, 488, 494-496, 622, 634 Spermatozoa, 14, 32, 371, 385, 387, 437, 444, 445, 451-456, 461, 464,
471,473,474, 478-481,483-495, 504-506, 509, 510, 536, 547, 571, 581, 611, 616-621, 631, 634, 754
abnormality, 482, 489, 490, 618 biochemical changes, 484 biomarker, 482
characteristic, 482, 492, 495
concentration, 480, 483, 490, 493-495, 574, 618, 619, 754 daily production, 487
evaluation, 478, 492, 495
head, 482, 483, 487, 494, 573, 575
maturation, 481, 482, 611, 621
mid piece, 482, 483, 487, 494 morphological change, 479 motility, 482-484,487,490, 495, 571-573, 575, 576, 617-619, 621 pleomorphic, 494, 495, 618
quality biomarker, 483 structure, 14, 484, 490, 495, 572, 573 tails, 483, 494
wild life, 492, 618, 619
Sperm encapsulation, 15
Spermiation, 479, 483, 494 496
Spermine, 493
Spermiogenesis
maturation stage, 494
Sperm lysine, 578
Sperm motility inhibitor (SPMI), 456
Sperm reservoirs, 506, 572, 573
Sperm sorting, 619-621
Sperm transport, 505, 506, 519, 537, 542, 572-574
Spherocytosis, 81, 87
Sphincterofoddi, 332, 334, 335, 338
Spider lamb syndrome, 690
Spinal cord, 7, 116, 139, 143-145, 189, 201, 202, 227, 246, 267, 269, 270, 275-278, 280-292, 320, 493, 644, 697, 698, 741, 743
Spleen, 57, 58, 62, 63, 67, 91, 93, 102-104, 147, 155, 156, 290, 684 Split estrus, 543, 545, 546
Split wing, 690
Sponge zone, 599
SRC family kinase (SFK), 377
SRC homology domain (SH2), 376
Sry gene, 433, 434, 436, 437
Stalk, 27, 349, 350, 483, 563
Standing reflex, 542
Stem cell, 13, 15, 60, 63, 84, 86, 93, 98,99,102, 103, 238, 240, 276, 310, 339, 479, 480, 485-487, 494-496, 547, 548, 622, 628, 631, 634
Stereocilia, 302, 303
Stereo vision, 300
Sterile, 435, 546, 659
Sterilization, 453
Sterility, 534, 562
Steroid, 191, 305, 309, 325, 335, 489, 516, 517, 520, 521, 523-525, 527, 528, 534, 543, 549, 555, 563, 564, 566, 575, 594, 596, 597, 600, 667, 743
Steroid hormone, 309,515, 516,521,547, 551, 556,566,586, 596,597, 609, 698, 758
Steroidogenesis, 516-518, 521, 522, 525, 531, 547, 554, 559, 563, 564, 584, 597, 599, 610, 729
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), 516, 521, 522, 554, 558, 561, 562, 584, 600
Steroid response element (SRE), 377
Sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2), 559, 561
Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBs), 381
Stimulus, 7, 8, 17, 39-43, 64, 122, 123, 141, 154, 159, 162, 185, 186, 200, 237, 238, 249-252, 255, 259, 277, 278, 280, 284-286, 303, 304, 306, 308, 309, 319, 321, 325, 330, 349, 526, 545, 555, 561, 605, 608, 609, 630, 644, 650, 651, 671, 697-699, 701, 702, 704, 708, 711, 714-716, 718, 719, 744, 746
Strategies, 17, 59, 91, 533, 590, 622, 626, 631, 640, 667, 703, 726, 729, 731, 748
Streak canal, see Ductus papillaris
Stress, 16-19,26,56,59,64, 84,100,114,117,121,135,140,151,153, 160, 190, 208, 222, 237, 255, 258, 359, 373, 382, 387,407, 409, 413,420,463-465,468,472-474,484,486,495, 519, 523-524, 531, 532, 539-543, 561, 564-566, 581, 599, 600, 608-610, 620, 645, 667, 669, 671, 672, 684, 688, 691, 698, 699, 702, 716, 725, 727-732, 736-748, 752-763
heat, 540, 730, 732, 738-740, 743-747, 752, 753, 757, 762, 763 response, 16, 17, 31, 59, 100, 524, 561, 599, 698, 702, 725, 727, 731, 738, 739, 741-748, 753, 755-760, 762
Stretch, 12, 17, 42, 116, 138, 141, 146, 149, 160, 165, 184, 185, 218, 220, 227, 238, 248, 259, 280, 286, 329, 333, 340, 642, 710 Striated muscle, 237, 238, 244, 257, 319, 320, 633
Stroma, 27, 28, 434, 519, 535, 538, 544, 552, 555, 583, 587, 599, 641, 643, 651
Subcutaneous fat, 308, 686, 726, 740, 745
Sublingual salivary glands, 290, 324
Submaxillary salivary glands, 529
Submucosa, 104, 155, 173, 317, 321, 339, 593
Sub-pelvic tendon, 641, 642
Substance P (SP), 145, 151, 155, 274, 327, 340
Substantia nigra, 280, 536
Subtropical, 540, 745, 753
Sucrase, 341
Sulci, 277
Sulcus intermammaricus, 641
Sulfation, 374, 658
Sulfhemoglobin, 70
Sulphation, 521
Summer sterility, 540
Superantigens, 92, 109
Superficial fascia, 641
Superovulation, 521, 526, 542, 549, 556, 560, 623-625
Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 56, 574, 761
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 515, 595, 603
Supra-optic nucleus (SON), 670, 671
Surface-connected canalicular system (SCCs), 62
Sustentacular cell, 186, 305
Svedberg coefficient, 29
Sweat, 12, 15, 305, 308, 309, 605, 640, 672, 709, 735, 739
Sweat gland, 17, 158, 159, 287-289, 291, 308, 309, 507, 641, 680, 726, 730, 735, 736, 739, 753, 755-757
Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM), 731, 741, 743, 757 Sympathetic nervous system (SNS), 139, 142, 143, 151, 154, 275, 287-290, 292, 293, 322, 324, 338, 671, 703
Symplast, 24
Synapse, 139, 186, 245, 267, 268, 270-274, 280, 286, 288, 290-293, 298, 302, 304-306, 322, 329, 713
Synaptic bulb, 268
Synaptic cleft, 245-247, 263, 271, 272, 274, 293, 302
Synaptic vesicle, 246, 271, 274
Synaptobrevin, 246
Syncytia, 260, 263, 586, 593
Syncytiotrophoblast, 583, 588, 594, 595, 599, 602, 680
Syncytium, 121, 260, 598, 599
Synecology, 725
Synovial fluid, 201, 202
Syntaxin, 246, 580
Systemic blood pressure, 154, 186
Systemic circulation, 115, 142, 148, 156, 157, 164-166, 178, 191, 221, 561, 670, 671
Systolicmurmurs, 133, 134
T
Tapetum, 297, 299
Target response, 371
Taste bud, 285, 305, 306, 310
Taurine, 162, 335, 336, 485, 595, 663
T-cell, 61, 62, 65, 91-93, 98, 99, 102, 106, 190, 519, 525, 591
T-cell growth factor, 407
Teat, 15, 605, 606, 609, 640-644, 646, 647, 650, 670-672, 708, 711
Teat cistern, 642, 647
Tectum, 275, 278
Tegmentum, 275, 278
Telodendria, 268
Telomerase, 691
Telomere, 691
Temperament scoring, 700-702
Temperature humidity index (THI), 524, 669, 737, 738
Tendon, 202, 237-240, 257, 269, 284, 285, 519 Tension, 122, 129, 130, 138, 173, 175, 176, 191, 220, 248, 250-253,
255, 264, 344, 488, 602, 603, 641, 712, 713 Teratogenic drug, 690
Teratology, 690
Tertiary bronchus, 10
Testes, 432-435, 437, 480, 487, 494, 522, 634, 738
birds, 434
coverings, 14
descend, 448-450, 452, 480
function, 426, 447, 452, 459, 466, 469, 473, 522 intra abdominal, 433, 444, 448, 451 thermoregulation, 480, 489
Testicular, 6, 434, 480, 483, 488, 489, 494-496, 522, 618, 622, 684, 688, 730
Testicular descent, see Descent
Testicular weight, 487
Testosterone, 310, 371-374, 384, 407, 425, 426, 432-435, 437,
445-454,456,459,460, 462-471,474, 479, 480,483,489,494,
517-519, 521, 597, 598, 684, 688, 698, 699, 706, 730, 758 bioavailability, 470 in birds, 758
function, 371, 425, 426, 445-447, 452-454, 459, 462-464 metabolism, 597
transport, 521
Tetanus, 108, 252, 262
Tetraiodothyronine, 373, 392-395, 413
Thalamus, 275-280, 292, 298, 303-306, 321, 519, 697, 712
Theca cells, 518, 521, 522, 525, 539, 550, 551, 555, 558, 559
Theca externa, 535, 550, 552, 555
Theca interna, 550, 552
Thermogenesis, 732, 736, 744, 753
Thermolysis, 732
Thermoneutral, 737, 739, 757, 758
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ), 733, 734, 739, 741, 744, 746, 753, 757, 763 Thermoreceptor, 189, 285, 736, 739, 744, 753, 757
Thermoregulation, 16, 19, 48, 86, 158, 160, 175, 214, 237, 308, 309,
311, 326, 488, 489, 495, 496, 602, 609, 725, 729, 730, 732,
734-736, 739-741, 744, 747, 748, 752-754, 757, 760, 762 Thick filament, 236, 242-244, 248, 252, 257, 261
Threshold stimulus, 41, 43
Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), 76 Thrombocyte, 62, 81, 82, 84, 85
Thrombocytopathies, 82
Thrombocytopenia, 81-83
Thrombopoiesis, 66, 86
Thromboxane A2, 62, 73, 145, 560
Thymic epithelial cell (TEC), 52, 102
Thymopoietin, 420, 421, 426
Thymosin-α1, 420, 421
Thymosin-β4, 420, 421
Thymulin, 420, 421, 426
Thymus, 65, 99, 102, 110, 588, 598, 684
Thyrocytes, 392-394, 413 Thyroglobulin, 91, 108 Thyroid, 5, 38, 83, 108, 140, 325, 383, 392, 393, 396-397, 410, 464,
465, 533, 540, 588, 653, 682, 741, 753, 761
Thyroid follicle, 392, 393, 413
Thyroid gland, 38, 108, 145, 201, 289, 527, 539, 688, 758
Thyroid hormone, 5, 108, 140, 165, 325, 494, 533, 563, 564, 653, 659,
666-667, 672, 682, 684, 685, 687-689, 741, 743, 744, 748, 753, 757
Thyroid hormone stimulating hormone (TSH), 682, 743, 744
Thyroid peroxidase (TPO), 108
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 527
Thyrotropes, 743, 757
Thyrotroph axis, 682
Thyrotropin, 108
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), 527, 596, 599, 682, 743, 744, 757, 758
Thyroxine (T4), 145, 564, 659, 741, 743, 758
Tightjunctions, 93, 147, 151, 201, 221, 222, 276, 281, 331, 340, 346, 586, 651
Tissue factor pathway, 73
Titin, 121, 243, 244, 263
T-lymphocyte, 62, 66, 87, 110
Toll like receptor (TLR), 731, 748
Tonoplast, 30
Torticollis, 691
Trachea, 10, 173, 178, 187, 188, 190
Tracheal collapse, 12, 209
Tract, 33,70,93,109, 172,173, 185,201, 225,228, 237-239,257, 258, 275, 278-280, 283, 287, 289-291, 317-340, 347, 349, 350, 354, 355, 365,435, 484,490,493, 500, 501, 503, 506-510, 519, 521, 526, 530, 534, 535, 537-539, 546, 555, 571-574, 588, 590, 605, 608, 610, 611, 617, 634, 654, 655, 663, 670, 688, 690, 691, 728, 731, 733, 739, 740, 743, 753, 755-757, 759
Tracy, 634
Transamination, 363
Transcellular, 196, 201-203, 209, 221, 346
Transcellular fluids, 196, 201-202, 209, 210
Transcortin, 520
Transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALENs), 7
Transcription factor, 33, 98, 342, 364, 433, 434, 518, 554-556, 558, 561, 562, 580, 584, 585, 599, 657, 760
Transcriptomics, 17, 18, 760
Transcytosis, 658
Transferrin, 51, 66, 67, 94, 95, 337, 594, 646, 658
Transforming growth factor (TGF), 557, 562, 633, 650, 651, 660
Transfusion, 12, 76-79, 83, 86, 164, 182
Transgenesis, 15, 626, 631-635
Transgenic, 436, 622, 631-634, 689
Transit, 28, 124, 149, 319, 339, 393, 445, 452, 453, 483-484, 656
Translation, 17, 29, 30, 33, 68, 71, 333, 657, 685, 730, 747 Transmembrane segment, 376
Transplantation, 10, 622, 634
Transport protein, 95, 199, 337, 344-346, 657
Transportation
sperm, 534, 573
Transpulmonary pressure, 175, 176
Transverse tubule (T-tubule), 121, 240, 241, 247, 263
Trehalase, 341
Treppe, 122, 251
Tricuspid insufficiency, 134
Triglyceride lipase, 409
Triiodothyronine (T3), 564, 659, 743, 758
Trophectoderm, 583-587, 594, 599
Trophoblast, 516, 525, 526, 559, 563, 583-588, 590-595, 597-600, 603, 610, 624, 679, 680
Tropical, 5, 18, 531, 533, 540, 542, 565, 645, 685, 727, 736, 739, 745, 746, 748, 753, 762, 763
Tropic hormone, 375, 378, 379
Tropomyosin, 54, 242-245, 247-249, 257, 261
Troponin, 12, 242-245, 247-249, 255-257, 261, 263
Trypsin, 76, 190, 334, 342, 343, 349, 585, 754
Tryptophan, 274, 344, 345, 591, 747
TSH receptor (TSHR), 383, 393
Tubularreabsorption, 206, 218, 219, 221-223, 230
Tubular secretion, 219, 223, 230
Tuft, 64, 215, 219, 276, 339
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 97, 98, 101, 525, 527, 554, 561, 562, 649
Tumor protein p53 (p53), 387
Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 646
Tunica albuginea (testes), 503, 550
Tunica dartos, 451
Tunica dartos index (TDI), 738
Tunica vaginalis (testes), 434
Tupping, 529
Turner’s syndrome, 435, 438
Twin, 435, 556, 581, 602, 606, 607, 609, 623, 626, 684, 685, 715
Tyrosine, 68, 98, 274, 331, 343-345, 574, 575, 578, 580
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 97, 99, 103
Tyrosine kinase-associated receptor, 376-377, 380, 382
Tyrosine kinase receptor, 376
U
Ubiquitin C, 407
Udder, 15, 590, 605, 606, 640-650, 659, 664, 666, 669-672, 708, 709, 728
Udder cistern, see Gland cisterns
Umami, 305, 306, 311
Unsaturated fatty acids, 26, 51, 349, 360, 364, 365, 633, 655, 662, 669 Upper critical temperature (UCT), 727, 733, 736, 754, 762, 763 Upregulation, 554, 558, 562, 563
Urea, 10, 13, 50, 83, 147, 197, 198, 202, 205, 208, 215, 222, 225, 226, 228, 309, 326, 358, 362, 363, 594, 601, 610, 735, 747
Urea cycle, 690
Ureagenesis, 398, 400
Urea recycling, 225, 230
Urethra, 12, 14, 215, 227, 434, 484, 487, 493, 501, 508
Urinary bladder, 67, 108, 215, 227, 228, 230, 237, 257, 258, 289-291, 501, 507, 589
Urinary system, 12, 105, 215, 216, 228, 237, 257, 258, 348
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), 76
Uterine glands, 505, 583, 586, 594, 679, 680
Uterine milk, 505, 506, 520, 523, 538, 590
Uteroferrin, 594, 595
Uterus, 14, 238, 239, 258, 289, 434, 435, 517, 519, 520, 523, 525-527, 531, 535, 538, 539, 543-547, 559, 562, 563, 566, 571-574, 581-585, 587, 590, 591, 593, 598, 602, 603, 605, 608, 610, 611, 650, 699
Utilization time, 41
V
Vagina, 14, 434, 435, 490, 493, 500-502, 504, 506-510, 522, 538, 543-545, 571-574, 590, 598, 604, 611, 617, 618, 625, 705
Vaginal plug, 455, 456
Valine, 50, 68, 81, 344, 364
Vandenbergh effect, see Boar effect
Vapour, 16, 728
Varicosities, 257-259, 291
Vasa efferentia, see Efferent ducts
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 153, 558, 559, 562, 584, 598, 599, 652, 660
Vascular endothelium, 59, 62, 71-73, 86, 87, 109, 145
Vas deferens, 434, 484, 490, 493
Vasectomy, 453
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), 145, 152, 155, 319, 321-323, 340, 564
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor I (VPAC-I), 422
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor II (VPAC-II), 422
Vasoconstriction, 17, 73, 142-146, 149-161, 163-165, 167, 189, 220, 288, 291, 309, 324, 561, 573, 595, 671, 732, 734-736, 740 Vasodilation, 17, 59, 61, 73, 97, 100, 107, 110,141, 142,144, 146, 148, 151, 152, 154-156, 158-160, 163, 288, 309, 324, 734-736, 757 Vasomotor centre, 143, 144
Vasopressin receptor (VR), 385, 699
Vegetation, 712, 728, 732
Ventilation, 157, 158, 165, 174,175, 177, 178, 180, 184-189, 204, 206, 209, 591, 736, 740, 745, 746, 755
Ventilation-perfusion ratio (VA/Q), 180
Ventilator asynchronism, 175
Ventricle, 115, 119-121, 123-132, 134-140, 143, 144, 150, 152, 153, 156-162,167,178,201,202,270,276-279,281,289,292, 321,516
Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), 51, 365
Vesicles, 6, 28-30, 147, 245, 246, 271, 272, 281, 293, 336, 345, 481, 578, 580, 587, 655, 656, 658, 673, 691
Visible light, 296
Vision, 38, 237, 269, 283, 290, 296-301, 310, 519, 718
Visual acuity, 297, 299, 300
Vitamin, 13, 27, 50, 53, 64, 81, 83, 215, 228, 247, 276, 309, 317, 327, 336, 338, 343-345, 350, 358, 489, 539, 561, 565, 594, 595, 646, 655, 658-659, 661, 663, 664, 681, 684, 685, 687, 690, 691, 746, 747, 754
Vitamin A, 173, 298, 309, 565, 595, 609, 646, 650, 658, 659, 691, 747
Vitamin D, 158, 201, 306, 309, 338, 346, 595, 609, 659, 735
Vitamin D deficiency, 201, 691
Vitamin D receptor (VDR), 336, 338
Vitamin D response element (VDRE), 412
Vitamin E, 81, 262, 345, 595, 610
Vit D3, 346
Vit D binding protein (DBP), 631
Vitelline sac, 592
Vocalization, 185, 470, 529, 618, 705, 706, 708, 709, 714-716 Volatile fatty acids, 326, 355, 358-362, 653
Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel, 162, 321, 398
Vomeronasal organ (VNO), see Jacobson’s organ
Von Willebrand disease, 82
W
Wasting, 753
Water, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 25, 26, 30, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 68, 79, 83,
116, 141, 145-148, 164, 165, 175, 177, 183, 187, 194-205,
207-210, 214, 215, 219, 221-225, 227-230, 276, 297, 320, 325,
327, 328, 331-333, 336-340, 346, 348-350, 361, 436,490, 509,
519, 565, 572, 580, 586, 591, 594, 595, 597, 605, 606, 617, 619,
653, 654, 658, 661, 685, 687, 704, 712, 713, 720, 727-729, 732, 734-737, 739, 743, 745-747, 753, 755-758, 761
Water balance, 8, 196-197, 219, 278, 287 Wattle, 732, 753, 757
Wave summation, 250, 251
Weather, 16,540,565,608,645,703,704,708,725,726,728,737,753,
757
White adipose tissue (WAT), 396
White blood cell (WBC), 86, 87, 99, 544
Whitten effect, 530, 541, 543, 545
Wind-chill index (WCI), 737
Wind velocity, 727, 728, 736, 737, 755
Wolffian duct, 433, 437, 507
X
Xenotransfusion, 12
Xenotransplantation, 634
Xerostomia, 326
X-linked enzyme, 436, 437
Y
Yolk, 84, 349, 350, 508, 509, 563, 565, 567, 583, 617, 619, 754
Yolk sac, 63, 66, 68, 69, 348-350, 433, 585, 587-589, 592, 595, 599, 600
Y4 receptor, 402
Z
Zinc-Finger Nuclease (ZFN), 7, 634
Zona fasciculata, 403, 405-407, 413, 465
Zona glomerulosa, 146
Zona hatching, 584, 585, 680
Zona lysine, see Acrosin
Zona pellucida, 482, 483, 485, 550, 551, 554, 574-580, 582-585, 624, 630, 680
Zonula occluden (ZO), 339, 446, 447
Zygomatic salivary gland, 290, 322
Zygote, 14, 506, 571, 579-582, 625, 631, 632, 635, 679, 680 activation, 580
1. Ionic imbalance within the muscle: Muscle contraction requires Ca1 2 3 4 5+ ions to interact with troponin for exposing the actin-binding site to myosin head.
If deficiency of Ca2+ occurs in the body, then muscles do not get the required Ca2+ ions for contraction.2. Nervous fatigue and loss of desire: The contraction of a muscle is controlled by nerves. In central fatigue or “psychological fatigue,” brain feels tired. This leads to fatigue.
3. Metabolic fatigue: Depletion of ATP or glycogen results in fatigue due to unavailability of energy. Metabolites like Mg2+ ions induce fatigue by inhibiting the release of Ca2+ ions or reducing sensitivity of troponin to Ca2+ ions.
4. Exercise and aging: With aging of animal, the levels of ATP, CTP, and myoglobin decrease and it reduces the muscle’s ability to function. Training and exercise increase the metabolic capacity of a muscle, which delays the onset of muscle fatigue.
5. Lactic acid accumulation: Lactic acid is the by-product of anaerobic respiration, which strongly contributes to muscle fatigue.