Index
Page numbers in italics denote figures; those followed by a t denote tables.
A band, 132 Abbreviations, 483-486 Abdominal aorta, 292 Abdominal cavity, 15 Abducens nerve, 167, 168t Abduction, 90, 90 Abductor, 111 Abomasum, 348, 346 Absorption, defined, 18 Absorptive state, 376 Accessory nerve, 167, 168t Accommodation, 202 Acetic acid, 365
Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), 22 Acetylcholine (ACh), 134
anticholinesterase and, 141 curare and, 141
skeletal muscle contraction, 134
smooth muscle and, 146 Acetylcholinesterase, 135 Achondroplasia, 85 Acid-base balance, 398-400 Acidification of urine, 398 Acidosis, 400 Acids, defined, 24 Acinar gland, 9, 10 Acquired immune response, 272 Acromegaly, 216 Acrosome reaction, 416 Actin, 21, 134, 136, 137 Action potential
defined, 37
heart, 146-147, 306, 306 nervous impulse, 173-174, 174 myelinated axon, 174 neurons, 37, 130-131
skeletal muscle contraction, 134, 134-135 smooth muscle contraction, 142, 145, 145 Active immunity, 277
Active transport, 34-35, 35 Acute inflammation, 272
Acute inflammatory response, 272-273 Acute tympany, 365
Adduction, 90, 91
Adductor, 111
Adenohypophysis, hormones of, 210t, 213, 215 Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
skeletal muscle and, 132
smooth muscle and, 144 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 22
muscle fatigue and, 140 replenishment of, 138 rigor mortis and, 142
Adenyl cyclase, 38-39 Adhesion, intercellular, 29, 30, 31 Adipocytes, 12
Adipose tissue, 12
ADP (adenosine diphosphate), 41 Adrenal cortex, hormones secreted, 210t, 217 Adrenal gland, 208, 216, 216
hormones of, 217 Adrenaline, 177 Adrenergic receptors, 177, 183t Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 216 Afferent arterioles, 385, 387
Afterbirth, 448
Agonists, 111, 177 Agranulocytes, 13, 263
Air capillaries and gas exchange, 473-474, 474 Air sacs, 471, 472
Albinism, 226 Albuminoids, 21
Albumins, 21, in blood, 258t plasma, 265
Aldosterone, 210t, 217,314, 397 Alkalosis, 266, 400 Alkyl phosphates, 141 All-or-none law, 139 Allantois, 442, 443
Allergen, 275
Alpha-adrenergic receptors, 183t
Alveolar ducts, 325, 325
Alveolar gland, 9, 10
Amino acids, 20, 20, 21 metabolism of, 377, 379, 378-380
Ammonium, 398
Amnion, 442, 443
Amniotic cavity, 52, 53, 443 Amplitude, hearing and, 194
Ampulla, 193
Ampullae, 408, 409
Amylase, 363 pancreatic, 370
Anabolic steroids, 419
Anabolism, 222, 376-378 Anaplasmosis, 262
Anatomic dead space, 328
Anatomy comparative, 4 descriptive terms for, 5-6, 5t general body plan,
domestic mammals, 14-17 poultry, 465-466, 466 gross, 4 systematic, 4 nomenclature for systemic anatomy, 4 Anconeus, 115t, 117
Androgen-binding protein, 413
Androgens, bones and, 80
Anemia, 13, 262
Anencephaly, 153
Anesthesia, epidural, 161
Anestrus, 429, 436
Angina pectoris, 190 Angiotensin II, 314, 397 Annular cartilage, 192
Annular folds, 425, 426
Annular ligaments, 89
Annulus fibrosus, 92
Antagonists, 111, 182
Anterior chamber, 202, 203
Anterior, defined, 5
Antibodies, secretion of, 274, 274 Anticholinesterases, 141
Anticoagulant, 265
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 210t, 215, 394-396, 396
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), 276
Antigens, 271
Antihemophilic globulin, 268t
Aorta, 286-287, 288, 291, 292
Aortic arch, 292
Aplasia, 18
Aponeuroses, 110
Apoptosis, 50
Apteria, 464
Aqueous humor, 201
Arachnoid, 159, 160
Arcuate arteries, 385, 386
Arcuate veins, 387
Areolar connective tissue, 12
Arginine vasotocin (AVT) avian kidney, 476-477 oviposition, 481
Arrector pili muscle, 227, 228 Arrhythmia, 308
Arterial baroreceptor reflexes, 313
Arterial blood pressure, 312
Arteries, 310, 311
Arterioles, structure of, 310, 311
Arthritis, 101, 102t
Arthrology, 4t, 87
Articular cartilage, 62, 63, 88, 89
Articular cavity, 88, 89
Arytenoid cartilages, 322-324, 323, 471 Atlantal bursa, 112
Atlanto-occipital joint, 92
Atlantoaxial joint, 92
Atmospheric pressure, 328, 328
Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs), 314
Atrioventricular node (A-V), 307, 307
Atrioventricular valve, 285, 286 systole and, 303, 304
Atrium, 285, 286, 287, 288, 298, 304
Atrophy bone, 82 defined, 18 neurogenic, 134
Atropine, 182
Auditory ossicles, 192
Auditory tube, 192, 193
Auricle, 192, 193, 285
Auricular cartilage, 192
Autoimmune disorders, 271 Autonomic nervous system, 181 Autoregulation, 311, 392
Axial skeleton
bones of, 65t
defined, 64
joints of, 92
bird, 466
Axillary artery, 293, 295
Axillary lymph node, 279, 281t Axillary nerve, 164, 165t
Axon, 14, 14
anatomy of, 151, 152
collaterals, 151, 152 hillock, 151, 152 myelinated, 153, 153 pain and, 188 proprioception and, 189 regeneration and, 184 Azygos vein, 296
B lymphocytes, 274, 274
B memory cells, 274, 275
Bacterial endotoxins, endotoxic shock and nitric oxide, 314
Balance
mechanisms of, 196-198 nutrient, 376
Ball and socket joints, 91
Barrow, 408t
Basal metabolic rate, 220
Basal nuclei, 157
Base, defined, 24 Basilar artery, 293 Basilar membrane, 174 Basophils, 13, 259, 264
numbers in selected animals, 260t Belching, 365
Bicarbonate, 24, 333
buffer in acid-base balance, 398 in plasma, 258t reabsorption, kidney, 392
Bicarotid trunk, 292
Biceps brachii, 108, 117, 165t Biceps femoris, 107, 108, 122t, 124
Bicipital bursa, 112
Bicipital bursitis, 102t Bicuspid valve, 285 Bile, 359, 371
salts, 369, 371
Bilinogens, 262 Bilirubin, 262, 371
Biliverdin, 262 Binocular field, 204, 204
Biotechnology, 46
Bipolar neurons, 151, 152
Bladder, urinary, 387-388, 388
Blastocele, 52
Blastula, 52, 52
Blind spot, 204, 205
Blister, 225
Bloat, 365
Blood, 257-265
coagulation, 266- 269, 267, 268t
components of, 12, 260t, 263
components of plasma, 258t erythrocytes, 258-260, 259, 260, 260t functions of, 257-258
gas transport in, 332-333, 332, 333 hematopoiesis, 258-259, 259 hemostasis, 266
leukocytes, 12, 263-265, 260t
pH, 266
plasma, 258, 263, 265-266
platelets, 12, 263, 260t
typing, 262
vessels, 289
volume, 258
Blood pressure, 302, 304
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), in blood, 258t, 389,
478
Body wall, 15, 15, 55, 56
Bog spavin, 98, 102t
Bolus, 363, 364, 369 Bone, 12
pneumatic, 64, 465, 471
spavin, 102t
spurs, 103
Botulinum, 141
Bovid and bovine (see Bull and Cow)
Bowed tendon, 102t
Bowman's capsule, 389, 390
Boyle's law, 328
Brachial artery, 293, 295
Brachial plexus, 164-165, 165t
Brachialis, 117, 118, 165t
Brachiocephalic trunk, 292
Brachiocephalicus, 107, 108, 112, 113, 114t, 116,
126
Brachyodont, 339, 339 Brain, 156-159, 156, 157, 159 Breeding
seasonal, 429, 438
time of, 437, 438
Brisket disease, 147, 332
Bronchi, 324-325, 324, 325
Bronchial lymph node, 281t
Bronchioles, 325
Brooding patch, 464 Buccinator, 107, 108, 126, 127 Buffer, defined, 24
Bulb of the hoof, 230, 231 Bulbospongiosus muscle, 412 Bulbourethral glands, 409, 409, 410 Bull (See Cow for bovid in general)
color vision, 203
common terms for intact and castrated, 408t Iymphocenters, 281t
nervous system, 150 reproductive system anatomy, 402, 402, 408-412, 409, 411
spermatogenesis, 416, 418 Bundle of His, 307 Bursa, defined, 112 Bursa of Fabricius, 277, 471 Bursitis, 112 Butyric acid, 365
Calcitonin, 218, 210t Calcium
bone, 82
cardiac muscle contraction, 147 as a coagulation factor, 267, 268, 268t diet insufficient in, 198-199
in milk, 456t
skeletal muscle contraction, 135-138, 136, 137 smooth muscle contraction, 143-144, 144 Calcium channel blockers, 32, 144 Calcium channels, 144, 145, 175, 175, 306 Calmodulin, 144, 144 Calyces, 384, 385 Cancellous bone, 12, 78
Cancer
cell growth, 50 eye, 199, 226 immune system and, 271 Canine teeth, 108, 340 Cannon bone, 71t, 72, 73, 238 Capacitation, 440 Capillary
exchange, 312, 312 function of, 311 structure of, 310, 311
Capon, 408t, 464t Cappedelbow, 102t, 112 Capped hock, 102t, 112
Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE), 101 Carbaminohemoglobin, 260
Carbon dioxide
acid-base balance and, 317, 398, 399 alveolar air and, 330, 331 control of ventilation and, 334
hemoglobin and, 260, 333 transport of, 333, 333 Carbonic anhydrase
erythrocyte, 333, 333 eggshell formation, 481 proximal tubule, 392
urine acidification and intercalated cell, 398 Carboxyhemoglobin, 261 Cardiac contractility, 309 Cardiac cycle, 303-305, 304 Cardiac hypertrophy, 147 Cardiac muscle, 14, 146 Cardiac output (CO), 308-310 Cardiac preload, 309 Cardiac skeleton, 307 Cardiovascular system, 283-316
arterial distribution head, 293, 294 arterial distribution pelvic limb, 293, 296 arterial distribution thoracic limb, 293, 295 blood pressure regulation, 312—314 cardiac cycle, 303-305, 304 cardiac output, 308-309
conduction system, 306-308, 306, 307 design and function, 301 electrocardiogram, 308, 308
exercise, 315
fetal circulation, 297-300, 298, 299 hypovolemia, 315
lymphatic vessels, 311-312, 312 portal system, 296-297
pulmonary circulation, 289, 301 systemic circulation, 291, 301 valves, 285-287, 287, 303-305
Carotenoid pigment, 465 Carpal glands, 228 Carpal hygroma, 112 Carpitis, 102t
Carpus, 93, 94, 95 Cartilage, 12 Cartilaginous joints, 88-89 Caruncles
mammalian female reproductive system, 423t, 425, 444, 445
turkeys, 465 Caseins, 457 Castration, 408 Catabolism, 376, 379-380 Cataracts, 204 Catecholamines, defined, 177 Caudal cerebral artery, 294 Caudal colliculi, 158 Caudal, defined, 5, 6 Caudal mesenteric artery, 293 Caudalneuropores, 153
Caudal superficial epigastric vein, 452 Caudal tibial artery, 293 Caudal vena cava, 296 Caval foramen, 296 Cavities, body, 15-16 Cecum
paired of bird, 470-472 equine, 108, 351, 355 ox, 352, 354 physiology of mammalian, 373-374 swine, 353, 354
Celiac artery, 292 Celiac lymph node, 281t Cell
adhesion molecules, 29-30 biotechnology and, 46 chemical composition of, 19-24 cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles, 39-41, 40
division of, 48-50, 49 DNA and DNA replication, 43-45, 43, 44 growth, regulation of, 18, 50 membrane, 28-29 microscopic study of, 25-27 nucleus, 42-43 receptors, 38-39 resting potential and action potentials, 37 RNA: transcription and translation, 45-46, 46 transport across membranes, 31-36 Cell-mediated immunity, 275-276 Cellular response, 272 Cellulase, 365 Cellulose, digestion and, 365 Celom, 56 Cementum, 339, 339 Central chemoreceptors, 334 Central nervous system, defined, 156 Centrioles and centrosome, 42 Cerebellum, 150, 156, 156, 157, 158
afferent information and, 163 Cerebral arterial circle, 293 Cerebral cortex, 156
sensory information, 185-205 Cerebral peduncles, 158 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 158, 159 Cerebrum, 150, 156, 156 Cerumen, 23, 192 Cervix, 422, 423t, 424-425, 426 Cesarean section, 448 Channel, voltage gated, defined, 31, 32 Chemical digestion, defined, 361 Chemical senses, defined, 190 Chemokines, defined, 273 Chemoreceptors, 187
Chemotactic factors, 263
Chestnuts, 233
Chewing, 363
Chicken
blood cell and platelet numbers, 260t castration, name for, 408t, 464t common names for, 464t
vertebral formula for, 69t
Chloride, in blood, 258t
Choanae, 319
Choanal cleft, 468, 471
Cholesterol
absorption and transport of, 373-374, 373 cell membrane and, 28, 29
liver and, 371-372
steroid hormones and, 208, 208 Chondrocytes, 12, 80, 81
Chondroma, 85
Chorda tympani, 190, 194
Chordae tendineae, 285, 287
Chorion, 442-443, 443
Choroid, 442-443, 443
Choroid plexus, 158-159
Chromaffin cells, 56t, 182, 217 Chromatids, 48-49, 414-415, 415
Chromatin, 27, 42
Chromoproteins, 21
Chronic inflammatory responses, 272 Chronic obstructive airway disease, 329 Chylomicron, 372, 373
Chymotrypsin, 370
Ciliary body, 202, 202
Circadian rhythms, 205
Circumduction, 91
Cisternae, 40
Cleavage, 52
Cleidobrachialis and cleidocephalicus, 116
Clitoris, 427
Cloaca, 470-471, 478, 469, 476
Clonal selection, 274
Clones, 48
Clostridium botulinum, 141
Clostridium tetani, 139
Clutch, 478
Coagulation, 266-268, 267
international nomenclature, factors, 268t Coat color, horses, 233-234
Cochlear duct, 193, 194-196, 195
Cochlear nerve, 195-196
Cochlear nuclei, 196
Coelom, 54, 56, 407
Colic, 190, 374
Collagens, 21
Collateral ligaments, 89, 97, 245, 249
Collecting tubules, 385, 389, 389, 390, 391-398, 395,396
Colliculi, 158, 205
Colon
anatomy, 354 avian, 470 equine, 108, 351, 355, 374 ruminants, 354 swine, 353
Colostrum, 460-461 Comb, 465 Comminuted fracture, 83, 83 Common calcaneal tendon, 98, 107, 121 Common carotid arteries, 292-293 Common nasal meatus, 320 Compact bone, 12, Plate I, 62, 78 Complement, 273 Complete fracture, 83, 83 Complexus, 108, 109, 728 Composite joints, 91 Concentric contraction, 142 Conchae, 65, 65t, 319-320, 320 Conductivity, defined, 19 Cones, 203
Conjunctiva, 199
conjunctivitis, 199 Connective tissue, 11-13 Contractile proteins, 21 Conus arteriosus, 285 Convergence, in neural networks, 176, 176 Coprodeum, 470-471, 478 Coracoid, 71, 71t, 466, 467 Coracobrachialis, 114t, 117, 165t Conum, 225, 229-232, 232, 239-242, 242, 244 Corneal reflex, 179 Cornified tissues, 239-244 Coronary arteries, 292 Coronary band, 230, 231, 239-240, 244 Coronary sinus, 292, 296 Coronary veins, 292 Corpora nigra, 203 Corpus albicans, 434 Corpus hemorrhagicum, 434 Corpus luteum, 434-435, 435 Corticospinal tract, 163 Cornual diverticulum, 232, 232, 322 Costocervical trunks, 292 Cotyledonary placenta, 444 Coumarin, 269
Countercurrent mechanism, 394
Cow (Also see Bull) breeding time, 437 brisket disease, 147, 322 cancer eye, 199, 226 cervix, 423t, 426 dewclaws, 74, 231, 232-233 epaxial muscles, 127-129, 129 estrous cycle, 437 horns, 65, 230-232, 232 iridial granules, 203 lungs, 326 lymphatic system of, 279 lymph nodes, 28It major muscles, 109 mammary glands, 450-454, 451, 452, 453, 454 milking, 215
nitrate poisoning, 261 ovaries, 423 puberty onset, 436t rumination, 366
saliva, 363 uterus, 424-426, 426
Cranial cervical ganglion, 171 Cranial, defined, 5, 6
Cranial mesenteric artery, 292 Cranial tibial artery, 293
Cranial vena cava, 295-296, 453 Creatine phosphate (CP), 138, 139t Creatinine, 389
in blood, 258t
Cremaster muscle, 405
Cretinism, 220 Cricoid cartilage, 322, 323 Crista ampullaris, 197, 198
Crop (see Ingluvies), 468-470, 469 Cross-current exchange, 474
Crossing over, 416 Crown, 337-338
Cryptorchid testis, 407 Crypts of Lieberkuhn, 369, 369 Cumulus oophorous, 433, 440
Cupula, 197, 198 Curare, 141
Curb, 102t Curdling, 457 Cutaneous muscles, 111 Cuticle, 226, 470, 480
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), 39 Cytokine, 272
Cytoskeleton, 39, 41 Cytotoxic T cells, 274, 276
Deafness, 196 Deciduous teeth, 337
Deep cervical lymph node, 279, 281t Deep, defined, 6
Defenses, nonspecific, 272-273 Degenerativejoint disease (DJD), 101-102
Deglutition, 127, 363-364
Dehydration, kidneys and, 392, 476 Deltoideus, 107, 108, 114t, 116
Dendrites, 151, 152
Dendritic cells, 276
Denervation, atrophy, 134 Dense regular connective tissue, 11, 11 Dental arcades, 337
Dentin, 339
Dermal papillae, 225
Dermis, 12, 224, 225-226
Desmosomes, 30 Dewclaws, 74, 231, 232-233
Diabetes mellitus, 204, 318, 392, 397, 400 Diacylglycerol (DAG), 211
Diaphragm, 130, 328
Diaphysis, 62, 63
Diastema, 337
Diastole, 303, 304, 305
Diazinon, 141
Dicumarol, 269 Diencephalon, 155-158, 155, 157, 168t Diestrus, 436
Diffuse placenta, 444
Digastricus, 108.
126Digestive system absorption, 371-373 accessory organs, 355-359, 357, 358, 358t, 370-371
cecum and colon, 351, 352, 352, 354-355, 373-374
esophagus, 344-345 fermentative, 365-366 forestomach motility, 366-367 gastric glands, 367-368 gastric motility, 368 peritoneum, 335 pharynx, 343, 343 prehension and chewing, 363 rectum and defecation, 374 reticular groove, 346 ruminant stomach anatomy, 346-350, 347, 348, 349
saliva, 363
simple stomach, anatomy, 345-346, 345, 347 small intestine, secretions and motility, 369-373 swallowing, 363-364
small intestine, anatomy, 350-354, 351,352,
353
tongue, 127, 168t, 190, 190, 341-342, 341, 342,
363
Digital arteries, 293-296, 296
Digital cushion, 230, 239, 242 Dihydropyridine receptor, 135, 136
Dioptric media, 205 Diphyodont, 337 Directional terms, 5, 6 Discoidal placenta, 444 Dislocation, 101, 102
Distal convoluted tubule, 385, 387 Distal, defined, 5, 6
Distal Interphalangealjoint, 93, 96, 120, 239 Distal sesamoid bones, 7It, 74
Divergence, in neural networks, 176, 176 DNA ligase, 48
DNA replication, 43-44, 44
Dog
blood cell and platelet numbers, 260t external nares, 318 uterus, 425
spinal cord, 162 vertebral formula for, 69t
Dopamine, 177, 210t, 214 milk production and, 459
Dorsal, defined, 5, 6
Dorsal funiculus, 155, 161, 163
Dorsal metatarsal artery III, 296
Dorsal nasal meatus, 320
Dorsal pedal artery, 296 Dorsalrootganglia, 161, 161
Dorsolateral motor system, 163
Ductus arteriosus, 297-298, 298
Ductus deferens, 402, 405, 406, 476, 481 Ductus venosus, 297, 298
Duodenum, 345, 350, 351, 352, 353 Dura mater, 159-161, 160
Dystocia, 184
Eccentric contraction, 142 Echocardiography, 305 Ectoderm, 53, 54, 55, 56, 56t
Edema, 269
Effective filtration pressure, 391
Effective osmotic force, 265, 312 Effector organs, 151 Efferent arteriole, 385, 387
Egg
internal structure, 480, 480
white (albumen), formation and components, 480
Eggshell, formation and components, 480-481 Eicosanoids, 208-209, 266
Ejaculate, 408 Ejaculation, 419 Ejection fraction, 305 Elastic arteries, 310 Elastms and elastic tissue, 21 Elbow joint, 60, 72, 73
Electrolytes
defined, 24
intracellular, 24
plasma values, 258t
Ellipsoid joint, 91
Embryology
defined, 51
differentiation, 54-56
germ layers, 52-56, 53, 54, 55, 56t neurulation, 53-54, 54
Embryonic death, 441, 442
Embryonic stem cells, 52, 57
Embryotomy, 448
Emesis, 365
Emetics, 365
Emulsifiers, 371
Enamel, 56, 339, 339
Encapsulated receptors, 186
End-diastolic volume (EDV), 305, 309, 309 End-plate potential, 135
Endocardium, 285
Endochondral ossification, 80
Endocrine system, 207-222
adenohypophysis, 213, 213-214, 215-220 glands, 207, 208, 210-211t
hormone receptors, 209-211
hormones, 210-211t hypothalamopituitary axis, 213-215, 213 negative and positive feedback regulation, 212-213, 214
neurohypophysis, 213, 215
peptide hormones, effects of, 211-212 steroid hormones, effects of, 212
trophic hormones, 214
Endocytosis, 18, 19
Endoderm, 53, 56t
Endolymph, 194
Endomysium, 106
Endoplasmic reticulum, 28, 40, 40 Endorphins, 188
Endosteum, 62, 64, 79
Endotheliochorial placenta, 444 Enteroendocrine cells, 346
Enterohepatic circulation, 371
Enterokinase, 370
Eosinophils, 13, 259, 240, 264
numbers in selected animals, 260t
Entoglossal bone, 468
Epiblast, 52
Epicardium, 284-285
Epidermal pegs, 225
Epidermis, 224-225, 224, 225 Epididymal duct, 403
Epididymis, 403, 405
Epidural space, 161 Epiglottic cartilage, 322, 323 Epikeras, 232
Epimysium, 106 Epinephrine, 171, 177, 210t, 309, 380 Epiphyseal cartilage, 63
Epiphysis, 62, 62 Epiphysis cerebri, 222 Epithalamus, 157 Epithelial tissue, 7, 8 Equid or Equine (see Horse)
Equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG), 445 Erection, 411-412, 411, 419
Erector spinae, 127
Ergots, 233 Erysipelas, 101
Erythrocytes, 258-259, 259, 260, 263 numbers in selected animals, 260t
Erythropoiesis, 261-262 Erythropoietin, 259, 261 Esophageal groove, 366 Esophageal hiatus, 344 Esophagus, 344-345 Essential amino acids, 378 Esthesiology, 4t Estrous cycle
length of, 436t phases of, 435-436 specifics for species, 436-438
Estrus, length of, 436t
Ethmoidal conchae, 319
Eupnea, 334
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPsP), 175 Excitatory synapses, 175
Exercise
cardiovascular function during, 315 energy and, 380
Exocrine glands, 9
types of, 10 Exocytosis, 19, 19 Exons, 45 Exostoses, 85, 103 Expiration, 328-329, 328 Extension, 90-91, 90 Extensor carpi obliquus, 107, 108, 115t, 119, 165t Extensor carpi radialis, 107, 108, 115t, 118, 119, 165t
Extensor carpi ulnaris, 115t, 119 Extensor digitorum communis, 115t, 119 Extensor digitorum lateralis, 115t, 119, 123t, 125 Extensor digitorum longus, 123t, 125, 166t Extensor postural thrust reflex, 179 External acoustic canal, 192 External carotid artery, 293, 294
External, defined, 6
External epithelial root sheath, 226
External iliac arteries, 292
External iliac veins, 296
External pudendal artery, 412, 452
External pudendal vein, 452
Extracellular fluid (ECF), 20
Extraocular eye muscles, 127, 168t, 200-201, 201 Eyeball, 201-204, 202
Eyelid, third, 199
Facial artery, 293
Facial nerve, 126
Facilitated diffusion, 31-33, 32
False joint, 101
Fasciculi, 153
Fast twitch muscle, 132
Fat tissue, 12, Plate I
Fatty acids, 22, 22
Feathers, 464-465
Feedback, negative and positive regulation, 212-213
Femoral arteries, 293
Femoral nerve, 164
Fermentative digestion, 365-366, 374
Ferritin, 262
Fertilization, 439-441
Fetal circulation, 297-300, 298, 299
Fetal lungs, 297-298, 298
Fetal presentations, 447-448, 447
Fibrin, 267
Fibrin stabilizing factor, 268t
Fibrinogen, 268t
Fibrocartilage, 12
Fibrous joints, 87-88, 88
Fibrous tunic, 202
Fight-or-flight response, 171, 181-182
Fistulous withers, 102t, 112
Flaccid paralysis, 141, 178, 256
Flexor carpi radialis, 107, 115t, 118, 119, 165t Flexor carpi ulnaris, 107, 115t, 118, 119, 165t Flexor digitorum profundus, 115t, 120, 123t Flexor digitorum superficialis, 115t, 120, 123t, 166t
Fluid mosaic model, 28, 29
Fluids, serous, 269
Foal heat, 437
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 210-211t, 432
birds, 481, 482
follicular development, 431
GnRH, 418
male reproduction, 403, 418
Follicular phase, 432
Foramen ovale, 297-298, 298
Forced expiration, 329
Forestomach
anatomy, 346-350, 347, 348, 349 digestion in, 365-366 motility, 366
Fractures, 83-84, 83, 84
Fremitus, 427
Frequency, hearing and, 194 Frog, 230, 242, 242, 250 Furcula, 71, 466, 467
G proteins, 38, 39 Galactopoiesis, 458 Gallbladder, 359, 371
Gallinaceous, 463 Gallstones, 371
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), 177 Ganglia, 153, 154
Ganglion cells, 203
Gap junctions, 30, 31
Gas exchange, 301, 301-302
Gas transport, 329-332, 331
Gastric glands, 367, 367
Gastric juice, 367
Gastric motility, 368
Gastric phase, 367, 368
Gastric vein, 297 Gastrin, 367, 368, 370
Gastrocnemius, 107-109, 111, 121, 123t, 125 Gastrointestinal motility, 182, 362 Gastrulation, 53, 53
Gelding, 340, 408t
Genetic engineering, 46
Genetic mutations, 44
Genioglossus, 127
Germ layers development of, 52-53 origin of tissues, 56t
Gestation, 436t, 439, 446
Gigantism, 216
Ginglymus joints, 91 Gizzard, 469, 70, 475
Gland cistern, 450, 451, 455
Glands (see Endocrine system) Glaucoma, 203
Glial cells, 151, 184
Gliding, 90, 91
Globe, 201-204, 202
Globulins, plasma, 265
Glomerular filtration, 391, 391-392, 475-477 Glomerulus, 385, 386, 389, 390 Glossopharyngeal nerve, 190-191
Glottis, 322, 324, 365
Glucagon, 211t, 221-222, 378-381 Glucocorticoids, 210t, 216-217, 380, 446 Gluconeogenesis, 183t, 211t, 217, 378-381, 457 Glucose, 23
absorptive state and, 376-378, 377 blood plasma levels, 258t energy, skeletal muscle and, 139t insulin and, 222 glucosuria, 392 postabsorptive state, 379-380, 379 ruminants and, 381-382 transport, 33, 35, 41, 372, 372
Glucose sparing, 380 Glutamate, 177, 191
Gluteobiceps, 109, 121, 122t, 124 Gluteus medius, 122t, 124
Glycogen, 23
absorptive state, 376-378, 377
ATP replenishment skeletal muscle and, 138, 139t
post-absorptive state, 370-380, 379 Glycogenolysis, 138, 183t, 211t, 380 Glycolysis, 23, 138, 457 Glycolytic pathway, 22, 41, 141 Glycoproteins, 21, 40, 431, 440 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), 77 Goat
castrated and intact, name for, 408t mammary glands, 456 sebaceous glands, 228, 229 vertebral formula for, 69t wool, 234-235
Golgi apparatus, 39-40, 39
Golgi tendon organs, 189
Gomphosis, 87 Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 210t, 418, 431, 434, 436
Gonadotrophins, 418, 431 Gracilis, 121, 122t, 124, 166t Granulocytes, 13, 263
Granzymes, 273 Gray matter, 153-154, 156, 157, 161
Growth factors, 50 insulin-like, 80, 215, 459
Growth hormone, 210-211t, 215-216, 380 bones and, 80 lactation and, 459
Guard hairs, 226-227, 234
Gustation, 190-191
Guttural pouch, 192, 194
Gyri, 156-157
Hair, 56t, 142, 224, 226-228, 227 color in horses, 233-234
Hair bulb, 226 Hair cells in ear, 195-196, 197 Hair follicle, 224, 226, 227 Harderian gland, 199 Haversian system, 79 Hearing, 192-196 Heaves, 329 Helicotrema, 195 Hemagglutination, 262 Hemal nodes, 280-281 Hematocrit, 262-263, 263 Hematopoiesis, 258-259, 259 Hematopoietin, 259 Hematoxylin, 26 Hematuria, 391 Hemicellulose, digestion and, 365 Hemochorial placenta, 443-444 Hemoglobin, 13, 21, 260-261
percent saturation of, 332-333, 332 Hemoglobinemia, 262 Hemoglobinuria, 262 Hemolysis, 33, 262 Hemostasis, 266 Heparin, 264, 268 Hepatic portal system, 297 Hepatic veins, 296, 358 Hepatocytes, 358, 359, 371, 378 Hering-Breuer reflex, 334 Heterodonty, 337 Hilus, 278, 325, 385-387, 386 Hinge joints, 91 Histamine
basophils and, 264 eosinophils and, 264 gastric secretions, 367 immunoglobins and, 275 nonspecific response, 273 respiration and, 329 Histochemistry, 4, 26, 26 Histones, 21 Hog, vertebral formula for, 69t Holocrine gland, 11 Homeokinesis, 9, 169 Homeostasis, 9, 18 Hoof wall, 102t, 230, 239-242, 244, 246 Hoofs, 56t, 230, 231, 232-233, 239-240, 239 Horizontal plane, 6 Horner's syndrome, 194 Horns, 230-233, 232
Horse
adrenal gland, 216 blood cell and platelet numbers, 260t castrate and intact, name for, 408t cheek teeth, 340
coat color, 233-234
colic, 190, 374
colostrum, 373
corium, 228-230, 239-242, 244
corpora nigra, 203
dental formula and eruption of teeth, 338t ergots, 233
external nares, 318
female reproduction
anatomy, 422-425, 422, 423t, 425, 426, 427 equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG), 445 Iuteolysis, 435
placenta, 443, 444-445, 445
pregnancy and parturition, 443-448 timing of various events, 436t, 436-437 foot, 237-242
gastrointestinal tract of, 321, 324, 351, 355, 374 heaves, 329
hoof, 230, 238-242, 239
hyoid apparatus, 68, 68, 323 hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HyPP), 136 kidney, 383, 384
laminae of hoof, 240-242, 242, 243, 244, 245 larynx, 68, 191,323 lungs, 326 muscles
deeper ot, 108
epaxial of, 129
head of, 126
superficial of, 107
nasal cavity and meatuses, 320
navicular disease, 102t, 249
pelvic limb
bones of, 75
joints of, 97, 98, 99, 100
muscles of, 121
penis, 402, 410, 411
reciprocal apparatus, 253, 255
roaring, 324
salivary glands, 357
skeleton ot, 60
skull, 66
sleep, 251, 256
stay apparatus, 247, 250-256, 251, 252, 254 shoeing, 242, 250
sweating, 228
thoracic limb
bones of, 72
joints of, 93, 94, 95, 96
medial splint, 73
muscles of, 118
vertebral formula for, 69t
Human, vertebral formula for, 69t
Humoral response, 272
Hunger contractions, 368
Hunter’s bump, 96-96, 97, 102t Huntington’s chorea, 157 Hyaline cartilage, 12, 63, 88 Hydrocephalus, 159
Hydrostatic pressure, 33, 302, 310, 328, 391 Hydrothorax, 329
Hyoid apparatus, 65t, 68, 68, 323 Hyperalgesia, primary, 188 Hyperextension, 90, 91 Hyperimmune serum, 265
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HyPP), 136 Hyperplasia, defined, 18
Hypertension, pulmonary, 331 Hypertonic solution, 33, 369 Hypertrophy, defined, 18 Hypoblast, 52-53, 53 Hypodermis, 225, 226 Hypogastric nerve, 171, 428 Hypoglossal nerve, 168t Hypophysis, 158
Hypoplasia, 18 Hypothalamopituitary axis Hypothalamus, 213-215, 214 fight-or-flight response and, 182 hormones secreted, 210t
Hypothyroidism, 220 Hypotonic solution, 33 Hypovolemia, 315
Hypsodont, 339-340, 339, 340, 363
1 band, 132, 134, 138
Icterus, 262
⅛A, 275t
IgE, 275, 275t
allergic response and, 275
IgG, 275, 275t
IgM1 275t
Ileum, 350-354, 351, 352, 353 Iliosacral lymph node, 28It Immune serum, 265 Immune system, 271-278 active and passive immunity, 277 B lymphocytes, 274-275 cell-mediated immunity, 275-277 immunoglobins, 275, 275t immunological surveillance, 277-278 lymphatic system, 278-282 lymphocytes, origin, 277 specific immune response, 273-274 spleen, 281-282 T cells, 275-277 thymus, 277, 279 tonsils, 282
Implantation, 53, 434, 442
Incisors, 337-340, 338t
Incus, 192, 193
Induced ovulators, 434 Inflammation, 272
Infraorbital pouch, 228, 229
Infraspinatus, 108, 114t, 116, 134, 165t Infundibulum, 213, 339, 423, 424, 478-480 Ingluvies, 468
Inguinal canal, 128-129, 405, 905, 406, 407
Inguinal hernia, 405-406
Inguinal pouch, 228, 229
Inhibm, 418, 432
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), 175-176 Innate responses (see Nonspecific defenses), 272 Inositol triphosphate (IP3), 211
Inotropes, 309
Insensitive laminae, 230, 240, 244
Inspiration, 324, 328-329
Inspiratory center, 334
Insulin, 21, 211t, 221-222, 356, 376-381 Insulin-Iike growth factors (IGFs), 80, 215, 459 Integral proteins, 28, 29
Integumentary system, 223-235 chestnuts, 233
coat color, horses, 233-234 dermis, 225-226, 225 dewclaws, 232-233, 231 epidermis, 224-225, 224 ergots, 233
glands, 228 hair, 226-228, 227 hoofs, 230, 231
horns, 230-232, 232
hypodermis, 225, 226 wool, 234-235
Intercalated disks, 146-147, 306
Intercapital ligament, 92
Intercostal lymph node, 279, 281t
Interdigital pouch, 228, 229 Interleukin-2, 259, 277
Interlobular arteries, 385, 386
Internal carotid artery, 293, 294 Internal, defined, 6
Internal epithelial root sheath, 226
Internal iliac arteries, 292, 293, 412, 427, 453
Internal pudendal artery, 412, 427, 452
International nomenclature, coagulation factors, 268t
Interphalangealjoint, 93, 102t, 120, 238 Interstitial cells, 403, 413, 418, 422
Interstitial fluid, 20, 21, 258, 312 Interventricular foramina, 158
Intervertebral disk (IVD), 12, 88, 92, 102t, 163
Intestinal villi, 369
Intracapsular ligaments, 89, 89 Intracellular fluid (ICF), 20, 331, 399 Intracellular signaling, 38-39, 39 Intramembranous ossification, 81-82 Intratubular buffer, 398
Intrinsic clotting pathway, 267-268, 267 Introns, 45
Involuntary muscle, 142 Involution, mammary glands, 461
Iridial granules, 203 Iridocorneal angle, 203 Ins, 168t, 183t, 202-203, 202
Irritability, defined, 19 Ischiatic lymph node, 281t Ischiocavernosus muscle, 412 Isometric contraction, 142 Isotonic contraction, 142 Isovolumetric contraction period, 303-305, 304 Isovolumetric relaxation, 304, 305
Jaundice, 262
Jejunum, 350-354, 351, 352, 352, 470 Joint capsule, 88-93, 89, 102t, 112 Joint effusion, 88
Joint receptors, 189 Jugular veins, 289, 295-296
Keel, 467, 468
Keratin, 9, 21, 224, 225, 227, 232
Ketosis, 381
Kinases, 39
Krebs cycle, 41, 138
Kupffer cells, 359
Labia, 337, 427
Labor, 446-447 Lacrimal apparatus, 199-200, 200
Lactase, 370
Lacteals, 269, 269, 372
Lactic acid, ATP replenishment and, 138-139, 139t muscle fatigue and, 140
Lactic acidosis, 399, 400
Lactiferous sinus, 450, 451,455
Lactose, 23, 370, 381, 456t, 457-458, 458 Lamina externa, 64
Lamina interna, 64 Laminitis, 102t, 240-242, 246
Lanolin, 23, 235 Larynx, 322-324, 323 Lateral collateral ligament, 97-98, 98, 112t, 245, 249
Lateral, defined, 5, 6 Lateralfuniculus, 155, 161, 163
Lateral laminae, 452
Lateral vestibulospinal tract, 163, 198
Latissimus dorsi, 107, 108, 114t, 116, 165t
Lett azygos vein, 296
Lens, 201-204, 202
Lenticular sclerosis, 204
Leukocytes, 13, 259, 260t (numbers), 263, 263
Leukotrienes, 22, 208-209, 217, 275, 329
Levator palpebrae superioris, 201
Libido, 418
Ligament, define, 12
Ligamentum arteriosum, 297-298, 299
Ligand, defined, 38
Ligand-gated channels, defined, 38
Limberneck, 141
Limbus, 202
Lipases, 22
Lipid inclusion, 28
Lipids, 21-23, 22 absorption, 372, 373 milk, 456t, 457
Lipoproteins, 22, 377-379 low-density (LDL), 378 very low density (VLDL), 377, 378-379
Lips, 127
Liver
anatomy, 358-359, 358 cholesterol and, 371, 378-379 digestion and, 371 glucose and, 377, 379, 377-381 glycogen storage, 377, 379, 379, 381
Local hypoxic vasoconstriction, 331
Local positive feedback effect, 431
Lockjaw, 139-140
Longissimus, 127, 129
Longitudinal fissure, 156, 156
Longus capitis, 108, 128
Longus colli, 128
Loop of Henle, 385, 387
urine concentration, 393-396, 395, 396
Loose connective tissue, 11, 12
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), 378-379
Low ringbone, 93, 103
Lower motor neuron (LMN), 178
Lumbar lymph node, 281t, 475
Lumbar veins, 296
Lumbosacral plexus, 150, 165, 166t
Luteal cells, 434-435, 435
Luteal phase, 432
Luteinizing hormone (LH), 210t follicular development, 431-433 ovulation and, 433-434 poultry and, 465, 478, 481-482 testicular function, 418
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) avian, 482
Luteolysis, 432, 435
Luxation, define, 101
Lymph, formation, 312, 312
Lymph node, anatomy, 278-281, 280
Lymphatic capillaries, 312, 312
Lymphatic system, 278-282
cow, 279
lymph node anatomy, 278-281, 280
spleen, 281-282, 282
tonsils, 282
Lymphocenter, 280, 281
Lymphocytes, 13, 264-265
B, 274-275, 274
numbers in selected animals, 260t
origin, 258-259, 259
specific immune response, 272
Tcells, 274, 275-277
Lymphoid stem cells, 259, 277
Lysosome, 19, 40, 41
Lysozyme, 272, 363
Macrophages, 259, 261, 264, 273, 276 Macula, 196, 197, 205
Major histocompatibility complex (MHO, 274,
276
Malathion, 141
Malleus, 192, 193
Maltase, 370
Mammalian-type nephrons, 475-476, 477
Mammary gland, 449-450
blood supply, 452-454, 453
colostrum, 460-461
lactogenesis, 458
milk composition, 456t, 456-457
milk ejection, 460
milk secretion, 458, 458
microscopic anatomy of, 454-455, 454 oxytocin secretion
suspensory apparatus, 450-452, 452 Mandibular lymph node, 279, 280, 281t Mandibular salivary gland, 356, 357 Manus, 237, 238
Marrow, 7, 56t, 62, 79, 81, 261
Masseter, 107, 109, 126, 126, 139
Mast cells, 264, 273-275, 275t, 329 Mastication, 126, 337, 363
Maternal recognition of pregnancy, 434, 441 Measurements, metric linear, 25t Mechanical digestion, defined, 361 Mechanoreceptors, 186-187
hearing, 195
skin, 189
Medial collateral ligaments, 89, 97-98, 245, 249 Medial, defined, 5, 6
Medial laminae, 451-452
Medial palmar artery, 293, 295
Medial splint, 73, 100
Median artery, 293, 295
Median caudal vein, 292
Median nerve, 164
Median plane, defined, 5, 6
Median sacral artery, 292, 293 Mediastinal lymph node, 281t Medulla oblongata, 153-158, 168
Medullary bone, 468
Medullary cavity, 62, 62, 471
Medullary rhythmicity, 333-334 Megakaryocytes, 263
Meiosis, 50, 414-415, 415, 429
Melanin, 226
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), 226 Melanocytes, 226
Melatonin, 157, 205, 222
Membrane potential, resting, 36-37 Membrane receptors, 38, 39
Membranous labyrinth, 194-198 Memory T cells, 274, 276-277
Meninges, 159-161, 160
Menisci, 89, 89, 97, 98
Meckel’s diverticulum, 470
Merocrine gland, 10-11
Mesencephalic aqueduct, 158-159, 159 Mesencephalon, 155-156, 157, 158
Mesenteric vein, 297
Mesentery, 336, 336, 354
Mesoderm, origin of tissues, 53-54, 53-56, 56t Mesotendon, 112, 113
Mesothelium, 15-16, 56t, 335 Mesovarium, 422, 424
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, 402
Metabolic endocrinology, 376
Metabolism
anabolism, 376-377 anaerobic, 138, 365, 380 catabolism, 379-380 defined, 19
Metacarpophalangealjoint, 74, 93, 96, 120, 238 Metalloproteins, 21
Metaphysis, 62, 63-64, 80, 81 Metencephalon, 156, 158
Metestrus, 436, 438
Methemoglobin, 261
Metric linear measurements, 25, 25t Microfilaments, 41-42
Microtome, 26
Microtubules, 39-42, 42
Micturition, 128, 388-389
Midbrain, 155-158, 157, 168t
Midsagittal plane, 5, 6
Milk letdown, 455
Milk vein, 454
Mineralocorticoids, 210t, 217
Mitochondrion, 28, 40, 40-41 Mitosis, 48-50, 49
Mitral valve, 285
Modiolus, 194-195
Molars, 338t, 340
Molt, 464-465
forced, 464-465
Monestrous, 429
Monocular field, 204, 204
Monocyte-macrophage system, 261
Monocytes, 13, 259, 264, 273
numbers in selected animals, 260t Monosaccharides, 23
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), 191
Morula, 52, 52, 441
Motility
gastrointestinal, 145, 171, 183t, 336, 362
Iorestomach, 366
gastric, 368
segmentation and peristalsis, 369, 369 Motor cortex, 163, 180
Motor nerves, 169, 329
Motor units, 139 Mucus, 21, 346, 356, 367-370 Multipolar neurons, 151, 152 Multiunit smooth muscle, 142, 146
Murmur, heart, 305
Muscarinicreceptors, 146, 177, 182, 183t Muscle spindles, 179, 189
Muscle tone, 142, 178, 256
Muscules, anatomy
cardiac muscle, 13, 14, 106, 146-146 chicken, 466
grouping by function, 111-112, 111
head, 126-127
horse (equine), 107, 108, 118, 121, 126, 129 ox (bovine), 109, 118, 121, 129 pelvic limb, 120-125, 122t, 123t reproductive system, male, 409-410, 410 respiration, 130
thoracic limb, 113-120, 114t, 115t trunk and neck, 127-130
Muscle, types, 13-14, 13, 105-106
cardiac, 13, 146-147
skeletal, 13, 106-110, 131-142, 132-140 smooth, 13, 142-146, 144, 145
Musculocutaneousnerve, 114t, 115t, 150, 164, 165t Myelencephalon, 158
Myelin sheath, 14, 152, 153-154, 174 Myelodysplasia, 154 Myocardium, 285, 292 Myofibrils, 131-134, 132 Myofilament, 132, 134, 145 Myometrium, 215, 425 Myosin, 21, 132-139, 132, 133, 137 phosphorylation of, 144
Nares, external, 318, 318 Nasal cartilage, 318 Nasal cavity, 319-320, 319, 320, 343, 365, 471 Nasal meatus, 320, 320 Nasal septum, 319-320 Nasolacrimal duct, 200, 200 Natural killer (NK) cells, 264, 273 Navicular bursa, 102t, 112, 249 Navicular disease, 102t, 249 Nephron, 387, 389, 390
reptilian and mammalian types, 475-476, 477 Nerve, defined, 14
Nervoussystem, 130-131 anatomy
brain and meninges, 156-161, 156, 157, 159, 160, 167
brachial plexus, 164-165, 164, 165t bull, 150
lumbosacral plexus, 164, 165, 166t microscopic, 151-153, 152, 153 spinalcord, 161-163, 161, 162 autonomic, 169-171, 170, 181-183, 183t central, 14, 140, 151, 156-164 cranial nerves, 165-168, 167, 168t development of, 153-156, 154, 155 enteric, 171 movement, control of, 177-181, 178 neurotransmitters, 177 regeneration and repair, 183 sensory receptors, 186-187, 186, 187 Synaptictransmission, 175-177, 175 ventricular system, 196—199, 197 Nervous tissue, 14, 14 Neural crest, 154, 154 Neural groove, 54, 54, 55, 153-154, 154 Neural plate, 53-54, 54, 153, 154 Neural reflexes, blood pressure and, 313-314, 315 Neural tube, 54, 54, 153-154, 154 Neurectoderm, 54 Neurogenic atrophy, muscle fiber size and, 134 Neuroglia, 14, 151, 154, 222 Neurohypophysis, 210t, 213-215, 213, 447, 460 Neuromuscularjunction, 134-135, 135, 141 Neuron, 14, 14
anatomy of, 149, 151-153, 152, 153
Neuropores, 153
Neurotransmitter, 134, 175, 175, 177 autonomic, 146, 182-183
Neurulation, 53-54, 54
Neutropenia and neutrophilia, 264
Neutrophils, 13, 259, 263-264 nonspecific response, 272 numbers in selected animals, 260t
Nictitating membrane, 199
Nitrate poisoning, 261
Nitric oxide, 183t, 207, 314, 419 Nitrogen balance, 376
Nociceptors, 187 pain and, 188
Node of Ranvier, 174, 174 Nonencapsulated receptors, 186 Nonspecific defenses, 271-273
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAlDS), 209
Norepinephrine, 38, 146, 171, 177, 182, 217 as an inotrope, 309
Notarium, 466, 467
Notochord, 53-54, 54
Noxious stimuli, 187-189
Nuclear envelope and pores, 27, 28, 42 Nucleolus, 27, 28
Nucleoproteins, 21
Nucleotides, 43-48, 43
Nucleus, 7, 7, 28, 40 DNA replication, 43-45 structure of, 42-43
Nucleuspulposus, 92, 102
Nursing, 346, 366, 460
Nystagmus, 198-199
Obliquus capitis, 128
Obliquus dorsalis, 200
Obliquus externus abdominis, 128
Obliquus internus abdominis, 128
Obliquus ventralis, 201
Obturator artery, 412
Obturator foramen, 74, 76
Obturator nerve, 122t, 150, 164, 164t, 184
Ocular adnexa, 199-201, 200, 201 Oculomotor nerve, 203
Olfaction, 191-192, 191 Olfactory epithelium, 319, 319
Olfactory nerve, 65, 191, 319 Oligodendrocytes, 14, 168, 184 Oligosaccharides, 21, 370
Omasum, 347—349, 350, 366-368
Omentum, 355
Omotransversarius, 107, 109, 113, 114t Oncotic pressure, 312
Oogenesis, 50, 429-433
Open fracture, 83
Opsonin and opsonization, 273
Optic disk, 203
Optic nerve, 155, 155, 168t, 201, 202-205, 203 Optic vesicles, 155
Oral vestibule, 337
Orbicularis oculi, 107, 109, 111, 126, 127 Orbicularis oris, 126, 127
Organophosphates, 141 Osmoreceptors, 397 Osmosis, 33-34, 34
Osselets, 102t Ossification, bones, 80-82, 81
Osteoarthritis, 101-103, 102t Osteoblasts, 12, 63, 78-85, 80, 468
Osteoclasts, 64, 79, 82, 218, 481 Osteocytes, 77-79, 78, 82
Osteodystrophy, 85
Osteogenic sarcoma, 85
Osteoid tissue, 12, 78, 80-81, 84 Osteoma, 85
Osteomalacia, 85
Osteomyelitis, 85
Osteon, 12, 64, 78-79, 78 Osteonal canals, 64
Osteophytes, 103
Otolithic membrane, 196-198, 197 Ovarian artery, 427-428
Ovarian veins, 296
Ovaries, 421-423, 423, 429-430, 429, 478, 479 Oviducts, 422-423. 478-481, 479 Oviposition, 478-479
Ovulation, 421-423, 430, 433-434, 478-479 Ovulation fossa, 422, 423
Ox (See Cow or Bull)
Oxygen
diffusion of.
31, 330-332, 331 hemoglobin and, 260-261, 332-333 Oxygen debt, 138-139 Oxyhemoglobin, 260 Oxytocin, 210t, 211, 460parturition, 215, 447
Pacemaker and pacemaker cells, 147, 306 Pain, 163. 187-189, 188
referred, 190
Palate, 191. 337, 341,468
Palmar common digital artery, 293, 295 Palmar, defined, 5, 6
Palmar ligaments, 89, 107, 118, 245, 248, 249 Palpebrae, 199-200
Palpebral fissure, 127, 199 Palpebral reflex, 179
Pampiniform plexus, 412
Pancreas
endocrine, 208, 221-222, 222 exocrine, 370, 370
gross anatomy, 356-358, 358t Pancreatic vein, 297 Panting, 328
Papillae, tongue, 190, 190, 341, 342, 341-343 Papillary muscles, 285
Parabronchi, 471, 472, 474
gas exchange from, 473-474 Paracrine effect, described, 207 Paralysis, flaccid, described, 178 Paranasal sinuses, 320-322, 321 Parasympathetic nerves, 181-182, 183t Parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers, 146 Parathion, 141
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 210t, 220-221 bone, 182
chicken, 481 Paravertebral ganglia, 169 Parietal peritoneum, 15, 16, 335, 406 Parietal serous membrane, 16, 16 Parkinson’s disease, 57, 157, 180-181 Parotid lymph node, 279, 281t Parotid salivary glands, 107, 109, 126, 159, 356,
357
Pars glandularis, 450, 451 Pars papillaris, 450, 451 Partial pressure, defined, 330 Parturition, 446-448
Passive immunity, 275t, 277 Patella, 60, 61, 64, 74, 75, 97, 121
fixation of, 102t, 256 Patellar tendon reflex, 178, 178-179 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 298 Pectineus, 121, 122t, 124, 166 Pectoral nerve, 150, 165 Pectoralis muscles
chicken, 468 profundus, 114t, 116, 117 superficialis, 114t, 117 Pelvic cavity, 15, 74 Pelvic limb
bones of, 7It, 74-76, 75, 76 joints of, 93-100, 98, 99, 100 muscles of, 120-125, 121, 122-123t nerves of, 150, 164, 165, 166t
Pelvic urethra, 388, 409
Penile urethra, 388, 409
Penis, 402, 409-412, 410, 411, 419
Pennate muscles, 106-110 Pepsinogen, 367
Peptide hormones, cellular effects of, 39, 211-212
Perforating canals, 79
Perform, 273, 277 Pericardial sac, 15, 283-284, 284, 327 Pericarditis, 269, 284
Pericardium, 16, 284-285, 284 Perilymph, 194-195
Perimysium, 106
Perineal nerves, 428 Periodontium, 88, 337 Periople, 230-232, 240, 244 Periorbita, 201
Periosteum, 62, 63-64, 78, 79, 89
Peripheral chemoreceptors, 334
Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 151, 164, 169 Peripheral proteins, 29, 29
Peripheral vision, 204, 204 Peristalsis, 364, 365, 369, 471 Peritoneum, 15-16, 15, 335 Peritonitis, 190, 269, 349
Permanent teeth, 337, 338t Permeability, described, 31 Peroneal nerve, 123t, 150, 164, 166t
Peroneus tertius, 107, 108, 109, 123t, 125, 253 Peyer's patches, 350 pH, defined, 24
Phagocytosis, 19, 19 Phalanges, 71t, 72, 74, 75, 93, 238, 241, 467 Phallus, avian, 481-482
Pharynx, 191, 319, 322, 343, 343 Pheromones, 192
Philtrum, 337 Phonation, 127, 322, 471 Phospholipids, 22-23 Phosphoproteins, 21 Photoperiods
avian reproduction and, 482 haircoats and, 228
seasonal breeders and, 205 Photopigment, 203 Photoreceptors, 187, 203, 205, 222 Physeal fracture, 83
Physiologic dead space, 328
Pia mater, 159, 160
Pig
backfat, 226 carpal glands, 228, 229 colostrum, 373
dewclaws, 72, 74, 2 32-23 3 endocrine glands, 208
external nares, 318-319, 318
female reproductive system anatomy, 422, 423t, 423, 425, 426, 433, 435
gastrointestinal tract of, 353
hoof and foot, 230, 231 liver and pancreas of, 358, 358t lungs, 325, 326
male reproductive system anatomy, 409-412,
411 mammary glands, 455-456 pelvic limb, 75, 75 puberty and extrous cycle, 438 reproductive parameters, 436t stomach, regions of, 347 teeth, formulas and eruption of, 338t terms for males, 408t thoracic limb, 72, 73-74 tusks, 340
Pigment, melanin, 226 Pineal gland, 157, 208, 222
Pinna, 192 Pituitary gland, 158, 213-214, 213 hormones secreted, 210t
Pivot joints, 91 Placenta, 52, 442-445, 444, 445, 447-448 retention of, 448
Placental lactogen, 459 Plane joints, 91
Planes, defined, 5, 6 Plantar, defined, 5, 6
Planum nasale, 319 Planum nasolabiale, 319
Planum rostrale, 319 Plasma, 12-13, 20, 258t, 263, 265
Plasma cells, 275, 275t, 278 Plasminogen and plasmin, 269
Plasticity, 143
Platelet adhesion and aggregation, 266 Platelet plug, 266
Platelets, 13, 263, 266-268 numbers in selected animals, 260t
Pleura, 15-16, 284, 284, 327-328 Pleuritis, 329
Pluripotent stem cells, 259, 259 Podocytes, 391, 391
Polar bodies, 430 Poll evil, 102t, 112
Polydipsia, 397 Polyestrous, 429
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, 13, 263 Polyspermy, 441
Polyuria, 397 Pons, 156-159, 157, 159
Popliteal artery, 293, 296 Popliteal lymph node, 279, 281t Popliteus, 123t, 125, 166t
Portal systems, 213-214, 213, 296-297, 475, 477 Portal vein, 297, 300, 358, 358
Postabsorptive state, 376, 379-381, 379
Posterior chamber, 202, 203
Postpartum estrus, 437
Postsynapticneuron, 151, 152, 175
Postural reflex, 179
Poultry
defined, 463
common terms for, 464t gastrointestinal system of, 469 muscular system of, 466 skeleton of, 467
Pregnancy
diagnosis of, 427, 445-446 dystocia, 448 fertilization, 439-441 fetal presentations and delivery, 447-448 hormones of, 444-445 implantation, 442 late gestation, 446 maternal recognition of, 441 parturition, 446-447
Prehension, 363
Premolars, 338t, 340-341
Prepuce, 411
Pressure, blood, 302, 312-323
Presynaptic neuron, defined, 151
Pretectal nuclei, 205
Primary auditory cortex, 196
Primary follicle, 430, 430
Primary hyperalgesia, 188
Primary oocyte, 430
Primary visual cortex, 205
Primitive streak, 53, 53
Primordial germ cells, 429
Proctodeum, 471, 475, 479, 481-482
Proestrus, 435-436
Progesterone, 431-434, 432, 444-445, 478-479 Prolactin, 210t, 459, 465
Pronation1 defined, 6
Pronator teres, 115t, 117, 165t
Prone, defined, 6
Pronucleus, 48, 441
Propionic acid, 365, 381, 457
Proprioception, 163, 189
Proprioceptors, 189
Prosencephalon, 155, 157
Prostacyclin, 207, 266, 268
Prostaglandins, 22, 208-209, 368
Protamines, 21
Proteinuria, 391
Prothrombin, 267, 268t, 269
Proud cut, 408
Proventriculus, 468-470, 469
Proximal convoluted tubules, 385, 387, 392-393,
393
Proximal, defined, 5, 6
Proximal Interphalangealjoint, 93, 238
Proximal sesamoid bones, 60, 61, 93, 96, 238, 245-253, 247, 248
Pseudostratified epithelial tissue, 8, 9
Pseudounipolarneuron, 151, 152
Pterygoideus, 126
Puberty, 436, 436t, 478
Pudendal nerves, 150, 164, 388, 412, 428
Pulmonary circulation, 283, 288, 289-291, 290, 301-302,302
characteristics of, 331-332
Pulmonary edema, 330
Pulmonary hypertension, 331-332
Pulmonary surfactant, 329
Pulmonary valve, 285, 286, 305
Pulp
dental, 339, 339
feather, 475
red and white of spleen, 281, 282
Pupil, 183t, 203, 205
Purkinje fibers, 14, 307
Pus, 264
Pygostyle, 466, 467
Pyrogen, 273
Quadratus femoris, 123t, 124, 166t
Quadriceps femoris, 121, 122t, 124-125, 166t reflex and, 179
Quittor, 102t, 239
Radial nerve, 115t, 150, 164, 165t
Rapid ejection phase, 304, 305
Rathke’s pouch, 213-214
Reciprocal apparatus, 253, 255
Recombinant human erythropoietin (th FPO), 26]
Rectum, 351, 352, 353, 354
defecation, 374
Rectus abdominis, 130, 452
Rectus capitis, 128
Rectus femoris, 108, 122t, 124-125
Red blood cells, 12-13, 260, 260t
Red marrow, 62
Red pulp, 281, 282
Reterred pain, 190
Reflex
arc, 178, 178, 188
autonomic nervous system and, 181-182 center, 178-178
vestibular, 198-199
Regurgitation
blood, 298
food, 366
Reinsalivation, 366
Relaxin, 96, 445
Remastication, 366
Remodeling, bone, 79, 82
Renal
anatomy, 383-385, 384, 386, 387 portal system, birds, 475, 476 threshold, 392
vessels, 385-387, 386, 387
Renin, 314, 390, 397
Rennin, 367-368, 457
Reproduction, cell
Reproductive system, female
anatomy of, 421-428, 422, 423t, 425, 426 corpus luteum, 430, 434-435, 435 estrous cycles, 435-438, 436t
oogenesis and ovulation, 429-434, 430, 432, 433
parturition, 446-448, 447 poultry, 478-481, 478, 482 pregnancy, 439-446, 443, 444, 445
Reproductive system, male
anatomy of, 401-412, 402, 409, 410 descent of the testis, 406-407, 407
erection and ejaculation, 419 hormones and, 418-419 poultry, 476, 481-482 semen and semen technology, 417-418 spermatogenesis, 404, 414-417, 414, 415 spermatozoa, 416, 416, 417
Reptilian-type nephrons, 475-476, 477 Residual volume, 329
Resistance, vascular, 302—303
Respiratory acidosis, 317, 400
Respiratory alkalosis, 317, 400
Respiratory bronchioles, 325, 325
Respiratory system
external nares and nose, 318-320, 318, 319 gas exchange, 329-332, 330, 331 gas transport in blood, 332-333, 332, 333 larynx, 322-324, 323 lungs, 325-327, 326, 327 pleura, 327
trachea and bronchi, 324-325, 324, 325 ventilation, 328-329, 328, 333-334
Resting membrane potential, 36-37, 37 Restriction nucleases, 48
Reticular connective tissue, 12
Reticular groove, 346
Retina, 187, 202, 203 Retractor bulbi, 168t, 200, 201 Retractor penis muscle, 412
Retrobulbar fat, 201
Retropharyngeal lymph node, 279, 280, 281t Retrovirus, 48
Rhinencephalon, 156-157 Rhombencephalon, 155-156 Rhomboideus, 107, 108, 113, 114t, 116, 117, 128
Ribosomes, 40, 40
Ribs, 65t, 70-71
Rickets, 82, 85, 221
Right azygos vein, 296
Rigor and rigor mortis, 142
Ring bone, 102t
RNA polymerase II, 45, 46
RNA (ribonucleic acid), 24, 43
RNA, transcription and translation, 45—46, 46 Roaring, 324
Rods and cones, 203
Root, tooth
Rostral bone, 337-341
Rostral colliculi, 158, 205
Rostral, defined, 6
Rotation, 91
Rubrospinal tract, 163
Ruminants, blood glucose in, 380-381
Rumination, 366
Ruminoreticulum, 346-350
Sacculus, 193, 194 balance and, 196-198
Sacroiliacjoint, 74, 93, 96-97, 97
Saddle joint, 91
Sagittal plane, 5, 6
Saliva, 191, 272, 363
Salivary glands, 107, 168t, 183t, 356, 356, 363
Saphenous artery, 295
Sarcolemma, 131, 132
Sarcomere, 133, 134
Scala tympani, 195, 195
Scala vestibuli, 195, 195
Scanning electron microscope, 27
Schleiden, Matthias, 18
Schwann cells, 14, 153-154, 153, 174 Schwann, Theodor, 18
Sciatic nerve, 123t, 150, 164, 166t
Sclera, 202, 202
Scrotum, 401, 405-407, 406
Scutiform cartilage, 192
Seasonal breeding, 405, 429, 482 Sebaceousglands, 11, 225, 228, 229
Second polar body, 440
Secondary follicles, 430-431
Secretory vesicle, 19, 28
Sedatives, 177
Seedy-cut bacon, 456
Segmentation, 369, 369
Semen, 408, 417-418
Semicircular ducts, 193, 194, 196, 198
Semilunar valve, 285, 287, 305 Semimembranosus, 107, 108, 121, 122t, 124-125, 166t
Seminiferous tubules, 403, 403, 404, 413-414, 414, 481
Semitendinosus, 107, 108, 121, 122t, 124-125, 166t
Sense organs
chemical senses, 190-192
hearing and balance, 192-199, 193, 195, 197 sensory receptors, 186-187 somatosensation, 187-189
visceral sensations, 189-190 vision, 199-206, 200, 201, 202, 204
Sensorineural deafness, 196
Sensory nerves, defined, 151
Sensory receptors, 185-187, 186
Sensory tracts, 163
Septic shock, 314 Serosa, 15, 327, 335-337, 362
Serotonin, 222, 266
Serous fluids, 269
Serous membrane, 15-16, 16
Serratus ventralis, 107, 109, 113, 114t, 116, 117, 250
Sertoli cells, 403, 404, 413, 414
Serum, 265
Sesamoidean ligaments, 245, 248, 249
Shedding, hair, 228
Sheep
external nares, 318
female reproductive system
comparative anatomy, 423t estrous cycle parameters, 436t, 437-438 placental attachment, 445 horns, 230-232 kidney, 384 lungs, 326 male reproductive system
penis, 411
males, terms for, 408t
mammary glands, 456 sebaceous glands, 228, 229 teeth, formulas and eruption, 338t vertebral formula for, 69t wool, 234-235
Shoeing, horse, 242, 250
Shoulder joint, 72, 466
muscles acting on, 113-117
Sidebone, 239, 241
Simple fracture, 83
Simple joints, 91
Single motor unit, 139
Single-unit smooth muscle, 145-146 Sinoatrial (SA) node, 183t, 306-307, 306, 307 Sinus hairs, 227
Sinuses, 64, 65, 468
dural, 161 paranasal, 320-322, 321
Sinusoids, 214, 297, 358-359, 409, 411 Skeletal muscle (see Muscule types) Skeletal system, 59-64
appendicular, 71-76
comparison of thoracic and pelvic limbs, 71t
pelvic limb, 74-76, 75 thoracic limb, 71-74, 72, 73 joints of, 92-100, 94-100 axial, 64-71
bones of, 65t, 66, 67, 68, 69, 69t
joints of, 92 bony features, 63t bovine, 61 equine, 60 fractures and fracture healing, 83-85, 83, 84 joints
classification of, 87-89, 88, 89 movements of, 90-91, 90 synovial, types, 91
Skin, 12, 15, 223-226, 224, 225, 464-465 Skull, 64-68, 65t, 66, 67
Sliding filament model, 137, 138 Slow twitch muscle, 132
Slow-wave electrical activity, smooth muscle, 145,
145
Small intestine, 350-354, 351, 352, 353 neonates, 373 nutrient absorption, 371-373, 372, 373 poultry, 469, 470 secretions and motility, 369, 369
Smell, 168t, 191-192, 191 Sodium-potassium pump, 34-35, 35 Sole, 230, 231, 242, 242
Somatopleure, 54, 56 Somatosensation, 185-186, 187-189, 188 Somites, 54, 55
Sounds, heart, 303, 304, 305 Snood, 465
Specific immune response, 273-274 Spermatic cord, 402, 405, 406, 407 Spermatid, 416
Spermatogenesis, 403, 414-416, 415 poultry, 481, 482 timing of, 416
Spermatozoa, 401, 404, 415, 416, 416, 417 fertilization, 440-441, 441,479
Spheroid joints, 91
Sphincters, defined, 111 Sphingomyelin, 174 Spina bifida, 154
Spinal cord, 150, 160, 161-163, 161, 162 Spinal nerves, 70, 161, 162, 164-165 Spinal reflex, 178-179, 178 Spinocerebellar tract, 163 Spinothalamic tract, 163
Spiral ganglion, 195-196, 195 Spiral organ, 195-196, 195 Splanchnopleure, 54, 56 Spleen, 279, 281-282, 282, 475 Splenius, 107, 126, 128 Splints, 73, 73, 102t, 238 Spontaneous ovulators, 434 Sprain, 101, 102t Spur, 465
Stapedius, 193-194 Stapes, 192, 193 Stay apparatus, 250
pelvic limb, 253-256, 254—256 thoracic limb, 250-253, 251, 252 Steer, 408t
Stem cells, 53-53
lymphoid, 259, 277
pluripotent, 258-259, 259 Sternal lymph node, 281t Sternocephalicus, 107, 109, 128 Sternohyoideus, 126, 128 Sternothyroideus, 128 Sternum, 60, 61, 65t, 70-71, 114, 116 Steroids, 23 Stifle joint, 60, 74, 91, 97, 98, 99 Stifling, 102t Stocking up, 250 Stoicism, 189 Stomach, 367-368, 367
nonruminant, 345-346, 345, 347 poultry, 468-469
ruminant, 346-350, 347—349 Strain, 101, 102t Straining, 447 Strap muscles, 106 Stratified epithelium, defined, 9 Stratum basale, 9, 224-225, 224 Stratum corneum, 9, 224-225, 224 Stratum granulosum, 9, 224-225, 224 Stratum lucidum, 9, 224-225, 224 Stratum spinosum, 9, 224-225, 224 Stress-relaxation, 143
Striated muscle tissue, 13-14, 13 Stroke volume, 305, 308-310 Subarachnoid space, 158-159, 159, 161 Subclavian vessels, 292, 293, 295-296
Subcutaneous abdominal vein, 454
Subiliac lymph node, 279, 281t Sublingual salivary gland, 356 Subluxation, 101, 102t
Subscapularis, 114t, 117, 165t Suckling, 215, 346, 459, 460
Sucrase, 370
Sudoriferous glands, 228
Sulci, 156, 242 Summation, 139, 140, 176 Superficial bursa, 112
Superficial cervical lymph node, 279,281t Superficial, defined, 6
Superficial digital flexor, 107, 112, 115t, 118, 120 121, 248
Superficial inguinal lymph node, 279, 281t, 453, 454
Superior, defined, 5-6 Supination, defined, 7
Supine, defined, 6-7 Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 205
Suprascapular nerve, 114t, 134 Supraspinatus, 108, 112, 114t, 116, 165t Supraspinous bursa, 112
Surface tension, 329 Suspensory ligaments, 107, 109, 120, 202
Suture, 87, 88 Swallowing, 322, 343, 363-365
Sweat glands, 228
Sweet clover poisoning, 269 Sympatheticnerves, 169-170, 181
fight-or-flight response and, 182 Sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers, 146, 169-170
Sympathetic trunk, 170, 171
Sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves, 310, 313 Symphyses, 88, 88
Synapse, 151
Synaptictransmission, 175-177, 175, 176 Synaptic cleft, 175
Synchondrosis, 88, 88 Syndesmosis, 87 Synergists, 111, 111
Synostosis, 88
Synovial fluid, 89, 101 Synovial joints, 88-89, 89
types of, 91
Synovial sheath, 89-90
Synovitis, 102t Synsacrum, 466, 467
Syrinx, 471, 472
Systemic circulation, 283, 290, 291-297, 301-302,
302
Systole, 303-305, 304
T cells, 275-277, 274
Tactile hairs, 226-227
Tapetum, 202
Target organ, 209
Tarsal glands, 199
Tarsal plate, 199
Tarsus (hock) joint, 60, 64, 71t, 75, 76, 98, 100 Taste, 190-191, 190
buds, 190, 341-343, 342
Teat, 449-450
Teat cistern, 450, 451 Tectorial membrane, 195, 195
Teeth, 337-341, 340
anatomy of, 337-338, 339
formulas and eruption tables, 338t
Telencephalon, 155-157, 155 Telodendrion, 151, 152
Temporal summation, 139, 140, 176 Temporalis, 106, 127
Temporomandibular joint, 91-92 Tendon, 10-11, 11
Tenosynovitis, 90, 102t, 113, 120, 243 Tensor fasciae antibrachii, 115t, 117
Tensor tympani, 192-193
Teresmajor, 114t, 116 Teresminor, 114t, 116
Testes, 401-404, 402, 406
descent of, 406-407, 407
internal anatomy, 403-404, 403, 404 seminiferous tubules, 403, 404
Testicular artery, 410, 412 Testosterone, 413, 418-419
Tetany, 139-140, 140 Thalamus, 157
Theca, 431, 433
Thirst, excessive, 397
Thoracic cavity, 15
Thoracic duct, 279, 289, 475
Thoracic limb
bones of, 60, 61, 71-74, 71t, 72
compared to pelvic, 7 It
joints of, 92-93, 94-96 joints movements, 90-91, 90 muscles of, 113-120, 114t, 115t, 116, 118
Thoracolumbar fascia, 107, 109, 116, 129 Thorax, 70, 116
Thorough-pin, 102t
Threshold voltage, 37, 173-174
Thrombocytes, 13, 263 Thromboxane A (TXA ), 266
Thromboxanes, ^08-209
Thrombus, 263, 267
Thymic hormones, 277
Thymocytes, 282
Thymus, 277, 282 Thyroglobulin, 218-219, 219 Thyroid cartilage, 322, 323
Thyroid, hormones secreted, 210t, 218-220,
218
Thyroxine, 218-220
Tibial nerve, 122t, 123t, 150, 164, 166t Tibialis cranialis, 123t, 124, 166t
Tidal volume, 328
Tightjunctions1 30
Tissue
connective, 11-13,11 defined, 7 epithelial, 7-11, 8, 10 muscle, 13-14, 13 nervous, 14, 14
Tissue plasminogen activator, 269
Tissue thromboplastin, 268, 268t
Tissues
gas exchange in, 332, 331 germ layer origin of, 54-57, 56
Tone, muscle, 142
Tongue, 341-343, 341, 342
Tonic neck reflex, 179
Tonsils, 282
Total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR)1 303,
312
Trace minerals, 375
Trachea, 324-325, 324, 325
Tracheal cartilage, 324
Trachealis1 324
Tract, spinal cord, 14, 153, 163 Tranquilizers, 177
Transcription, 45-46, 46
Transferrin, 261-262
Transitional epithelium, 8, 9, 388, 389 Translation, 45-46, 47
Transmembrane proteins, 28-29, 29 Transverse plane, 5, 6
Transverse tubules (T systems), 131, 132, 134 skeletal muscle contraction, 134-135, 136
Transversospinalis, 128
Trapezius, 107, 109, 113, 114t, 116, 128 Tricarboxylic acid cycle, 41
Triceps brachii, 107, 109, 111-112, 111, 115t, 117
histochemistry, 26
innervations, 165t
Tricuspid valve, 295 Trigemmal nerve, 126, 190-191
Triglycerides, 22, 22 metabolism of, 376-379, 377 milk, 457
Triiodothyronine, 217-218, 218
Trochanteric bursitis, 102t Trochlear nerve, 168t
Trophoblast, 52-53, 53, 442, 443, 445 Tropomyosin, 136-137, 137
Troponin, 136-137, 137
Trypsin, 370
Tubuloalveolar gland, 9, 10 Tumors, 50
adrenal gland of, 397
bone of, 85 chromaffin cells of, 217 lymph nodes and, 280 testicular, 407
Tunica adventitia, 336, 337, 362
Tunica albuginea, 403, 403, 422, 435 Tunica dartos, 405
Tunica externa, 310, 311
Tunica interna, 310, 311 Tunica media, 310, 311
Tunica mucosa, 336, 336, 362
Tunica muscularis, 336, 336-337, 362 Tunica serosa, 336, 337, 362
Tunica submucosa, 336, 336, 362
Tympanic cavity, 192-194, 193
Udder, 449-452, 451, 452
blood supply, 452-454, 453
mare, 456
sheep and goats, 456 Ulnar nerve, 115t, 150, 164, 165t Umbilical vessels, 297-300, 298, 299, 443 Undercoat, 226, 234
Ungual cartilages, 108, 238-239, 240, 241, 250 Ungulates, 230
Unipolar neurons, 151, 152 Unitary smooth muscle, 142
Upper motor neuron, 178 Urachus, 442
Urea, 258, 365, 374, 389, 477-478 Ureter, 9, 383, 384, 386, 387-388, 388, 409
avian, 475, 476, 479 Urethra, 9, 383, 388, 388, 401, 409, 410 Urethral muscle, 412
Urethral process, 411 Urethralis, 388-389, 412
Uric acid, avian kidneys, 477-478
Urinary bladder, 9, 183t, 383, 388, 388, 389
female anatomy, 426
male anatomy, 409, 410
Urinary system
kidney
anatomy of, 383-387, 384, 386, 387, 388 overview of function and histology, 387, 389-391, 390 glomerular filtration, 391-392, 390, 391 proximal tubule transport, 392-393, 393 urine acidification and acid-base balance, 398-400, 398, 399
urine concentration and dilution, 393-397, 395, 396
urine sodium, potassium and aldosterone, 397-398
micturition, 388
ureters, 384, 386, 387-388, 388 urethra, 387-388, 388 urinary bladder, 387-388
Urobilinogen, 262
Urodeum, 470, 471, 478, 479
Uropygial gland, 465
Uterine artery, 427, 446
Uterine glands, 424, 436
Uterine tubes, 421, 423
Uterus, 424-426, 424
cervix, 425, 426
comparative anatomy, 423t, 425, 426 Utriculus, 193, 193-194
balance and, 196-198
Uvea, 202-203
Vaccination, 265, 274
Vagina, 388, 422, 426, 427
Vaginal artery, 427
Vaginal fornix, 425
Vaginal tunic, 402, 406, 406
Vagosympathetic trunk, 171, 293
Vagus nerve, 150, 168t, 171
Valves, heart, 285-288, 286, 287, 288, 304-305 Valvular insufficiency, 305
Vascular resistance, 302-303, 312-313
Vascular tunic, 201-203
Vasectomy, 408
Vasoactive agents, 310
Vasodilators, 310
Vasopressin, 210-211t, 215, 393, 397
Vastus intermedius, 122t, 125
Vastus lateralis, 108, 122t, 125
Vastus medialis, 122t, 125
Veins, 295, 310, 311, 312, 313 Venous valve, 310, 311
Vent, 465, 471, 482
Ventilation, 328-329, 329
control of, 333-334
Ventral, defined, 5, 6
Ventral funiculus, 155, 161, 163
Ventral nasal meatus, 320, 320
Ventral perineal artery, 452, 453
Ventral root, 161, 161, 163-164
Ventral spinal artery, 293, 294
Ventricles
brain, 157, 158-159, 159
heart, 285, 286-288, 303-305, 304 Ventricular filling, 309, 309 Ventricular septum, 285
Ventromedial motor system, 163, 198 Vertebral arteries, 70, 293
Vertebral column, 68-70, 466
Vertebral formulas, 69t
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs), 377, 378-379
Vesicular glands, 409
Vestibular apparatus, 193, 194, 196-198, 197
Vestibular ganglion, 198
Vestibular membrane, 195, 195
Vestibular nerve, 196-198, 197
Vestibular nuclei, 198-199
Vestibular reflexes, 198-199
Vestibular system, 196
Vestibular window, 192, 193
Vestibule
female reproductive tract, 422, 423t, 427 larynx and, 322, 323
oral, 337
Vestibulocochlear nerve, 168t, 193, 194 Vestibulocollic reflex, 198
Vestibulospinal reflex, 199
Villi, 369, 371
Visceral pericardium, 16, 284, 284
Visceral peritoneum, 15, 16, 335-337, 336
Visceral pleura, 16, 327
Visceral sensations, 189-190
Vision
extraocular eye muscles, 200-201, 201 globe, 201-204, 202
lacrimal apparatus, 199-200, 200 ocular adnexa, 199
pathways of the brain, 205-206 visual field and light path, 204, 204
Vital capacity, 329
Vitamins, 375
Vitelline membrane, 440-441
Vitreous body, 201, 202 Vitreous chamber, 201 Vocal ligament, 322, 324
Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), 365, 374, 470
ruminants and, 365, 381, 457 Volkmann’s canals, 79 Voltage-gated calcium channels, 144, 175, 175, 306
Voltage-gated sodium channels, 173-174, 306 Vomeronasal organ, 191, 192
Vomiting, 179, 365 Vulva, 427, 427
Warfarin, 269
Water
bags, 446-447
balance, 389, 393, 476-478
cellular and body content, 20-21
collecting duct and reabsorption of, 394-396, 395, 396
plasma, 265 Wattles, 465 Waxes, 23 Wether, 408t White blood cells, 13, (see Leukocytes) White matter, 153 White pulp, 281, 282 Wind puffs, 102t, 249 Withdrawal reflex, 179 Wool, 21, 227, 234-235
Wool fat, 23
Wright’s stain, 26, 263, 265
Yellow marrow, 62
Z line, 133, 134, 137
Zona pellucida, 430, 431, 433, 440-442, 441 Zonary placenta, 444
ZP3, 440 Zygote, 51, 52, 421
Plate 1: Tissue Types
(Numbers 1, 3, 7, 10, and 12 are from Bacha & Wood, Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, Lea & Febiger, 1990, used with permission of Wiley-Blackwell.
Numbers 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 11 are courtesy of Sandra Pitcaithley, DVM.)1. Simple cuboidal epithelial lining the collecting tubules of the kidney.
2. Simple columnar epithelium of the colonic mucosa.
3. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium characteristic of respiratory epithelium. Note ciliated surface.
4. Stratified squamous epithelium, nonkeratinized.
5. Transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder.
6. Dense, regular connective tissue in a longitudinal section of tendon.
7. Areolar (loose) connective tissue from mesentery. Note the fine elastic fibers and thicker collagen fibers. A capillary runs from top to bottom in this view. Most cells outside the capillary are fibroblasts.
8. Adipose (fat) tissue.
9. Hyaline cartilage.
10. Bone in cross-section. Osteocytes reside in small lacunae in the concentric circles of the Haversian system.
11. Skeletal muscle in longitudinal section.
12. Smooth muscle in the wall of a medium-sized artery. The lumen of the artery is at the top of the micrograph; muscle cells lie just beneath the endothelium of the vessels. Darker pink is the elastic tunica adventitia outside the muscle.
6
12
Plate 2: Types of Blood Cells
(Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4, are courtesy of Sandra Pitcaithley, DVM. Numbers 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 are from Bacha & Wood, Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, Lea & Febiger, 1990, used with permission of Wiley-Blackwell.)
1. Canine red blood cells (erythrocytes). In the center of the field are small, dark-staining, enucleate platelets.
2. Canine neutrophil.
3. Equine basophil (left) and neutrophil (right). Small platelets and red blood cells are also seen.
4. Equine eosinophil.
5. Bovine eosinophil.
6. From left to right: neutrophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte.
7. From left to right: two lymphocytes and a monocyte.
8. Low-power micrograph of feline blood showing a variety of blood cell types: 1) red blood cell, 2) eosinophil, 3) lymphocyte, 4) monocyte, 5) neutrophil, 6) platelets.
