Index

Clinical notes follow the anatomy/physiology of the named animals or groups. for specific information and illustrations see species names; for general information see group names (e.g.

A

adrenal gland neoplasia (AGN), ferret 248, 249, 250-2

adrenal glands rate 221

bird 145

rat 221 lizard 71 rabbit 190 reptile 34-5

Agalychnis callidras (Red-eyed tree frog)

5, 8 Agama agama (Rainbow lizard) 32 Agamidae (lizards) 58-9 Amblyrhynchus cristatus (Galapagos marine iguana) 30, 58

Ambystoma mexicanum (Mexican axolotl) 3, 6, 11

Ambystoma tigrinum (Tiger salamander) 11 amniotic egg 18, 34, 140-3 amphibian anatomy/physiology cardiovascular system 8

dentition 10 digestive system 9-10 endocrine system 11 hematolymphopoiesis 8-9 hydrational homeostasis 7 immune system 8-9 integument 12-13 metabolism 5-7 nervous system 11-12 reproductive system 10-11 respiratory system 9 senses/sensory organs 12 skeletal system 7 taxonomy 3-4, 5, 6 thermoregulatory homeostasis 5-6 tongue 10 urinary system 10 amphibian clinical notes

administration of medications 8 epithelial uptake of toxins/treatments 13 handling 13 intubation 9

venepuncture sites 8, 9, 13 Amphisbaenai spp. (Worm lizards) 57-8

Amphiuma spp. (Mud eels) 7

anapsid skull 24

Anguis fragilis (Slowworm) 34, 57 anisodactyly 112

Anseriformes, characteristics 97, 157-8 Anura 3, 5

Ara ararauna (Blue and gold macaw) 102 Archaeopteryx 98 aspergillosis 126

atropine, atropinesterase 171 autotomy, lizards 63-4 azurophils 25

B

Basilicus spp. 58, 62

bird anatomy/physiology 97-161

see also bird clinical notes; bird taxonomy;

Psittaciformes; waterfowl

adaptation to arid environment 138 adrenal glands 145 air sacs 121-5

abdominal 125 caudal/cranial thoracic 125 cervical 124

clavicular 124

appendicular skeleton 105-6 arterial system 113-15 axial skeleton 103-5

beak 126-8, 149

blood components 116-17 eosophils 117 erythrocytes 116-17 heterophils 117 lymphocytes 117 monocytes 117 thrombocytes 117

blood loss 117

breathing muscles 125

breathing/gas exchange 124-5 bronchi 121-2

brood patch 151

bursa of Fabricius 118, 135 cardiovascular system 113-17 carina 104

carnivorous birds 132

casting (intestinal reflux) 134 caudal vertebrae 104

cecum 135

celomic cavities 112-13

ceres 128, 139

cervical vertebrae 103-4

bird anatomy/physiology—cont^:d

chicks 143-4

clavicle and coracoid 105

cloaca 135-6 coprodeum 135-6 cranial kinesis 101 crop (ingluvies) 130-1 crop milk 131 digestive system 125-36 diving birds, cardiac physiology 116 drinking 130 ear, external/middle/inner ear 148 eggs 143 endocrine system 142, 144-5 esophagus 130-1 external adnexa 146 eyelids 146 eyes 146-8 feathers 151-6 bristles 154-5 care 150 color 154-8

contour 152-3, 155 development 153 down 154-5 filoplumes 154-5 follicles 151-2 hyopenna 154-5 remiges and rectrices 152 semiplumes 154-5 structure 151-3 tail 153 wing 152-3 feeding 130 femur 110-11 flight 106-7, 152-3

altitude 117 feathers 152-3 skeletal modifications 100 gaseous exchange 124-5

cross-current vs one-way air flow flow 124

gastrointestinal endocrine cells 145 ‘glycogen body' 145 gout 138 granivorous birds 132 heart physiology 116 hormones 142, 143-5 humerus 106 immune system 118 infraorbital sinus 119 integument 149-51

Index

264

bird anatomy/physiology—cont^:d

intestinal reflux 134

isthmus (intermediate digestive zone) 133 kidneys 136-7

cortical nephrons 136 medullary nephrons 137 nephrons 136-7 large intestines

ceca 135 cecotrophy 135 large/small intestines 135 larynx 119,120 liver 134 longevity 97 lung rigidity 124 lungs 121-4 lymphatic system 118 mandible 102-3 manus, radius and ulna 106-7 metabolism 97-9 molting 158 nasal cavity 118-9 nasal conchae 119 nasal/salt gland 119, 137 nervous system 145-9 orbital glands 146 oropharynx 129-30 osmoregulation 137 ossification of bones 100 pancreas 135, 145 parabronchi 122 parathyroid glands 145 patagia 151 pectoral girdle 105 pectoral muscles 109 pelvic girdle 105-6 pelvic limbs 110-12 anisodactyly/zygodactyly/palmate 112-13 pericardial cavities 113 peritoneal cavities 113 phalanges 112 pineal gland 138-9, 144 pituitary gland 143-4 pleural cavities 113 podotheca 150-1 premaxilla 100-2 proctodeum 136 propatagium 109-10 proventriculus 132-3 pylorus 134 regurgitation 130 renal blood supply 137 renal portal system 115 reproductive system, female 140-3 egg formation 140-3 endocrine control 142 infundibulum 141

isthmus 141 magnum 141 ovary 141 oviduct 141 oviposition 142-3 ovulation 142 post egg laying 143 uterus 141 vagina 142-3 reproductive system, male 139-40 phallus 140 testes 139-40 respiration rate 125 respiratory system 118-25 air sacs 124-5 breathing/gas exchange 124-5 rete mirabile 114 bird anatomy/physiology—cont^:d salivary glands 129-30 scapula 105 senses/sensory organs 146-9 hearing 148 olfaction 148-9 sight 146-8

sex determination 139 sexual maturity 141 size 97 skeletal system 100-13 skull 100-3 spleen 118 sternum 104-5 stomach 132-4 synsacrum 104 syrinx 120-1 tail 153 tarsometatarsus 111 thermoregulation 99 thoracic vertebrae 104 thymus 118 thyroid gland 144 tibiotarsus 111 tongue 129-30 trachea 120 ultimobranchial bodies 145 ureter 137 uric acid/urine 137-8 urinary system 136-8 urodeum 136 uropygial gland 150 venous system 115-16 vent 136 ventriculus (gizzard) 133-4 wing feathers 152-3 wing musculature 107-9 wing pinioning 107 wings 105-7, 108 see also wings bird clinical notes aspergillosis 126 asphyxiation 125 atherosclerosis 116 blood smears 117 bone splintering 100 brachiocephalic trunks 114 bursa of Fabricius 118, 135 calcium deposition in egg 138 castration, surgical 140 ceres in budgies 128, 139 crop impaction 130 crop lavage 129 crop sampling 131 dehydration and gout 138 duodenum 135 egg peritonitis 113 ‘egg-binding' 142-3 emaciation signs 98 fasting and hypoglycemia 126 fungal granulomas 14, 121 goiter 144 hepatic disease 134 humerus fractures and air sac infections 124

intramuscular injection site 109 intraosseus catheter placement 107 iodine deficiency 144 iron storage disease 134 lameness and renal tumors 136 lymph glands 118 mydriatics 147 nares 119 nasal(salt) glands 137 bird clinical notes—cont^:d

night vision 148

nutritional osteodystrophies 112 ovariectomy 141 ovary retention 140 parabronchial appearance 122 prepping of surgical sites 99 propatagial tears 110 rehydration 119 skin propertes 149 syrinx, in drakes 121 tarsometatarsus malformation 111 venepuncture sites 115-16 ventilation care 122, 125 wing drop: coracoid fracture 106 bird taxonomy, orders 97, 157-8 bird's nest soup 130 black rat 209 blood shunting

birds 99

reptiles 20, 24-5 blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 244 Boidae 77-8 bone structure

birds 100

reptiles 21 brachiocephalic trunks 114 brown fat 167, 189 brown rat see also rat Bubo bubo (Eagle owl) 111 Bufo marinus (Giant toad) 13

C

Cacatua sulphurea (Sulphur-crested cockatoo) 108

caecilians (Gymnophiona) 4, 6, 7 calcium deposition, bird's egg 138 calcium/phosphorus, nutritional osteodystrophies 22, 112

calculi

ferret 248

rabbit 189

caloric needs, amphibians 6

Carnivora, taxonomy 165-6

Caudata 3, 6, 7

Caviomorpha (Hystricomorpha) 166, 197-208

see also guinea pigs

cecotrophy birds 135

guinea pigs 201,203 hamsters 229 rabbits 163, 185-7

Chamaeleo calyptratus (Yemen veiled chameleon) 59-60

Chameleonidae 59

Chelonia

Cryptodira 41, 43

Pleurodira 41, 43

taxonomy and classification 18, 41, 43 see also tortoises and turtles

chitin, digestion 28

chromodacryorrhea 223

Colubridae 77-8

Columbiformes, characteristics 97, 157-8 columella 35

coprophagy see cecotrophy

creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 246

Cricetidae 227-36

Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster) 235

Crocodylia

taxonomy and classification 18 thecodont dentition 27-8

Crotalus spp.

Cygnus olor (Mute swan) 97, 104

D

dacryocystitis 190

Dendrobates spp. (Arrow poison frogs) 13

D. tinctorius (Dyeing poison frog) 4-5, 10, 13 dentition

acrodont, lizards 27-8, 66-7 amphibians 10

ferret 241-44

guinea pig 201

hamster 227

mammals 167-8

pleurodont, lizards/snakes 27-8, 67, 87 polyphyodonty 27

rabbits 177-8

incisor malocclusion 177, 180 rat 214-15

rodents 167-8

snake 87 thecodont, crocodiles 27-8

diapsid skull 24

Dispholidus typus (Boomslang) 78, 88 dog, ear anatomy 254, 255

‘drinking patch' (amphibians) 7 dystocia, guinea pig 207, 208

E

ear anatomy

bird 148

dog 256, 257

ferret 254-7

rat 224

ear ossicles 165

egg peritonitis 113 ‘egg-binding' 142-3 eggs, amniotic 18, 34, 140-3

Elapidae 77-8

Emys orbicularis (European pond turtle) 49 erythropoiesis, control in birds 117 estivation 21

Eublepharidae 59-60

Eublepharius macularius (Leopard gecko) 32, 36, 60, 70, 73

F

Falconiformes, characteristics 97, 157-8 fangs, front- vs rear-fanged snakes 87-8 ferret anatomy/physiology 237-61

abdominal viscera 242, 246-8 adrenal glands 252-4

bladder 248

blood PCV 240 blood sampling 239-40, 241 cardiovascular system 238-40

coat/color 258-60

creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 246

dentition 240-44 digestive system 241-45 ear anatomy 254-7 endocrine system 252-4 estrous cycle 251-2 eye anatomy 258 feeding 254

female reproductive system 250-52 ferret anatomy/physiology—cont^:d gastrointestinal tract 244 head and neck 243 hearing 253-7 heart 238, 237 integument 258-60 intestines 244-5 kidneys 246-8 liver 245 lungs 240-1

male reproductive system 249-50 masseter muscle 244 molting 259 musk glands 245 nasal anatomy 258 nervous system 254-8 olfaction 258, 259 ovaries 250-1 pancreas 245, 254 parathyroid 252 pharynx 243 photoperiod 254, 258 prostate gland 249-50 reproductive system 248-51 respiratory system 240-1 retina 258 salivary glands 244, 245 senses/sensory organs 254-8 skeletal system 237-8 skull 238, 239, 243 spleen 245 testes 249 thyroid 252 tongue 244 ureters 248 urinary system 246-8 uterus 251 vision 257-8

ferret clinical notes adrenal gland neoplasia (AGN) 250, 251, 252-4

alopecia 252 anesthesia 241 bite strength 244 cardiopulmonary resuscitation 241 castration and vasectomy 249 cystic calculi 248 deafness 255 hyperestrogenism (postestrus anemia) 251

insulinoma 254, 255 molar root abscess 244 ovariohysterectomy 251 photoperiod 254, 258 prostatic cysts 250 temporary teeth, kits 241 venepuncture sites 239, 241 vision 258

Waardenburg syndrome 255 freeze tolerance 6 frogs (Anura) 3-5 fungal granulomas, birds 14, 121 Furcifer pardalis (Panther chameleon) 63-4

G

Galliformes, characteristics 97, 157-8 Gekkonidae 59-60 gerbil 225 goiter 144 golden hamster see hamster granulomas, fungal 14, 121 growth, reptiles 22 guanophores 37 guinea pig anatomy/physiology 197-208 abdominal viscera 204 appendicular/axial skeleton 198 blood cell features 199-200 cardiovascular system 199-200 cecotrophy 201, 203 cecum 202

coat color and variety 207-8 colon 202-3

copulatory plugs 207 dentition 201 digestive physiology 201 digestive system 201-203 drinking 201 endocrine system 207 esophagus 202 estrus 205-6

external genitalia 197-8, 199 feeding behavior 201

female reproductive system 197-8, 205-6 gestation 207 hearing 207

immune system 200 integument 207-8 intestines 202 Kurloff cells 200, 207 lactation 197, 207 liver 203 lymph nodes 200 lymphocytes 199-200 male reproductive system 197, 204-5 mammary glands 197, 206 metastatic mineralization 201 olfaction 207 oral cavity 201 orbital contents 207

pancreas 203 parturition and lactation 207 perineal glands 208 pharynx 202

reproductive system 204-7 respiratory system 200 salivary glands 201-2 sebaceous glands 208 senses/sensory organs 207 sexual maturity 206 sight 207 skeletal system 198 skull 198, 202 spleen 200 stomach 202 thermoregulation 197 thymus 200 urinary system 203-4 venepuncture 199 vibrissae 208 vitamin C 201 guinea pig clinical notes cystic ovaries 206 cystitis and obstruction in males 205 dehydration 201

endotracheal intubation 200 molar malocclusion 201 pubic bone widening and dystocia 207, 208 Streptococcus Zooepidemicus abscessation 200

vitamin supplementation 201 Gymnophiona 4, 6, 7

H

hamster anatomy/physiology 227-36 abdominal cavity 228, 231-3 cardiovascular system 228

265

Index

266

hamster anatomy/physiology—cont^:d cheek pouch 230-1 dentition 229 digestive system 229-31 endocrine system 233-4 estrous cycle 232 external genitalia 227-8 feeding patterns 229 female reproductive system 231-3 flank glands 234 gestation 231-3 hearing 234 hibernation 227 integument 234 intestines 231 Jacobson’s organ 234 liver 231 male reproductive system 231 mammary glands 233 olfaction 234 pancreas 231 photoperiod 227 reproductive system 231-3 respiratory system 228-9 Russian hamster 235 senses/sensory organs 234 sight 234 skeletal system 228, 229, 230 skull 230

stomach 231

taste 234 thermoregulation 227 touch 234 urinary system 230 venepuncture 228 hamster clinical notes testicle size 230 vaginal pouches 232 Harderian gland

rabbit 192

rat 223

snake 36 heat sensing, sixth sense 91-2 Heloderma horridum (Beaded lizard) 67-8 Heloderma suspectum (Gila monster) 67-8 hematolymphopoiesis, amphibians 8-9 herbivory

lizards 18, 29, 68-9 plant digestion 29 hibernation

aquatic 21

estivation 21 fasting in reptiles 29 hamster 227 mammals 169 reproductive synchronization 21 stages 21

tortoises and turtles 21, 42 trigger factors 21 see also thermoregulation hydrational homeostasis, amphibians 7

I

Iguana iguana (Green iguana) 23, 33, 58-9,

62-3, 68, 71 Iguanidae 58 insulinoma, ferret 252, 253 intracardiac shunt 25 iodine deficiency 144 iridescence 37 iridophores 6, 37 iron storage disease 134

J

Jacobson’s organ 35

K

Kurloff cells 200, 207

L

lacrimal gland 73, 192

Lagomorpha

taxonomy 166-7 see also rabbits

Leporidae 173-95

light, and thermoregulation 20 lizard anatomy/physiology 57-75 autotomy 63-4 blood squirts 64 breeding season 70 cardiovascular system 64 dentition 66-7

acrodont 67

egg tooth 67

pleurodont 27-8, 67 digestive system 67-9 drinking 68 ecdysis 73 eyes/lids 73 female reproductive system 32-3, 68, 71-2

herbivory 18, 29, 68-9 integument 73-4 limbs 61-2 longevity 57 lungs 65-7 male reproductive system 32, 68, 70-1 oviparity/viviparity 72 parthenogenesis 72 pectoral/pelvic girdles 61-2 prehension of food 67 reproductive system 70-2 respiratory system 65-6 salt glands 69

senses/sensory organs 72-3

size 57

skeletal system 60-4 skin glands 73-4 skull 60-1

tail 62-4

taxonomy 57-8 thermoregulation 58 tongue 68 urinary system 69 venepuncture sites 64 venom 68 see also reptiles lizard clinical notes

adrenal glands 71 amputation of hemipenes 71 autotomy 63

eyelids/lacrimal glands 73 habitat requirements 20 incision sites 64 intercostal muscles 6 nephromegaly 69 neutering 71 periodontal disease 67 post-ovulatory retention of ova 72 sex differentiation 71 tooth replacement 67 see also reptile clinical notes lungs

multicameral 26, 50, 66 paucicameral 26, 65 unicameral 26, 65

M

mammals dentition and gnawing 169-70 general characteristics 165-72 heart 165

taxonomy 165-8 thermoregulation 167, 173 uterus 164, 251 see also ferrets; guinea pigs; hamsters;

rabbits; rat; rodents mammary glands 197, 206, 211, 221,233 tumors, rat 222

masseter muscle 165, 167-8 ferret 244

rat 215 melanophores 6, 37 melatonin 253 Mesocricetus auratus (Syrian hamster)

225-36

mud eels 7 Muridae 209-25, 229

Mustela putorius furo see ferret Mustela putorius putorius (Polecat) 237

Mustelidae 237-61 mydriatics 147 Myomorpha 168

N

nasal glands see salt glands neoteny 3, 11 nutritional osteodystrophies 22, 112

O osmoregulation, reptiles 29-31 osteodystrophies 22, 112 oviparity 33, 72

oxygen starvation 25

P

Passeriformes, characteristics 97, 157-8 patagia 151

Phodopus sungorus (Russian hamster) 235 phosphorus

and calcium, balance 189 nutritional osteodystrophies 22, 112 photoperiod

ferrets 254, 258 hamster 227

rat 209, 221 Phrynosoma cornutum (Horned lizard) 64 Phyllobates spp. (Arrow poison frog) 13 Phyllo^medusa spp.

Physignathus cocincinus (Water dragon)

59, 67 pineal gland 138-9, 144, 193 placental mammals, uterus 164, 251 plant digestion, reptiles 29 Pleurodira 41 pleurodont dentition, lizards, snakes 27-8,

67, 87 pododermatitis 193-4 podotheca 150-1 Pogona vitticeps (Bearded dragon) 58, 61,

67, 72 polecat 237 polyphyodonty 27 preferred optimal temperature zone (POTZ)

6, 19 prolactin 193

propatagium 109-10 tears 110

proventriculus 132-3

Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta (Red-eared terrapin) 33, 42, 43, 48, 49, 53 Pseudobranchus spp. 7

Psittaciformes aspergillosis 126 beak malocclusion 149 blood sampling 116 ceres in budgies 128, 139 characteristics 97, 157-8 crop and gizzard 130-4 feet 112 general anatomy 131-2 heart 114 hepatomegaly 114 plumage 150 sex determination 139 sinus infections 120 skeleton 102-5 skull 119 syrinx 120 vitamin A deficiency 129 pubic bone widening and dystocia, guinea pig 207, 208

Python molorus ingesting food 83 thermogenesis 19, 34

R

rabbit anatomy/physiology 173-95 abdominal viscera 182-6 adrenals 192

anatomy, external 173-4 blood cells 177

calcium metabolism 189 cardiovascular system 176-7 cecotrophy 185-6 cecum 184-5 circadian rhythms 186 coat color 193 colon 186 dentition 179-81 digestive system 179-88 drinking 188 endocrine system 192-3 esophagus 182 external genitalia 174 eyes 192-3 feces, hard/soft (cecotrophs) 187 feeding/diet 179, 186 feet 193 female reproductive system 174-5, 190-1 fusus coli 186 hair 193

Harderian gland 192 head and neck 174 hindgut 184-6 immune system 178 integument 193 kidneys 188-9 lacrimal gland 192 lactation 191 liver and bile 188 male reproductive system 174-5, 190 mandible 180 mastication 180-1 milk oil 183 molting 193 nasolacrimal duct 192 neonates 191

stomach 183

rabbit anatomy/physiology—Cont^:d oral cavity 179-80 origins 173 ovulation 191

pancreas 188

parturition 191 phosphorus: calcium balance 189 pinnae 174

as injection sites 177 pregnancy and pseudopregnancy 191 reproductive system 190-1 respiratory system 178-9 salivary glands 182 scent glands 193 senses/sensory organs 192 skeletal system 174 skull 180-82 small intestine 183-4 stomach 183 taxonomy 165-8 thermoregulation 167, 173 third eyelid gland 192 tongue 181 urinary system 188-90 urine 189

venepuncture sites 177

vitamin D 190

water intake 188

weaning 183

rabbit clinical notes

calculi 189 cardiopulmonary resuscitation 179 care pre/during anesthesia 178, 179, 183 cecum, care 184-5 dacryocystitis 192 dehydration 187 dewlap, dermatitis 174

feeding and intestinal stasis 179 hepatic lipidosis 188 incisor malocclusion 179, 182 injection sites 177, 193 mandibular prognathism 180 nares, care when touching 178 nursing kits 191

phosphorus balance 189 pododermatitis 194 polydipsia 188 spaying 191

stomach distension 183 stomach post-mortem 183 stress, surgery, diet change 186 trichobezoars 183

urine 190

weaning 183

Rana catesbeina (Bullfrog) 10

Rana pipiens (Northern leopard frog) 13 rat anatomy/physiology 209-26 abdominal cavity 216-17, 219 adrenal glands 222 appendicular skeleton 212 axial skeleton 211 birth 222

cardiovascular system 212-13 clitoral (preputial) glands 221 dentition 210, 214-5 digestive system 214-19 ears 224

endocrine organs 222-3 estrous cycle 221-22

external genitalia 210-11, 212 eyelids 223 eyes 210 feet 210

female reproductive system 210-11, 220-1

gestation 222 Harderian gland 223 head 209-10 hearing 223-4 immune system 213 incisors 214-5, 217 integument 224 lacrimal gland 223 large and small intestine 217 liver 217 longevity 209 male reproductive system 210, 219-20 mammary glands 211, 221 masseter muscle 215 mastication muscles 215, 217 molars 215 nasal cavity 213 olfaction 224 oral cavity 214 pancreas 217, 219 parathyroid 222 photoperiod 209, 221 pituitary gland 222 reproductive physiology 221-222 reproductive system 219-222 respiratory system 213 salivary glands 215-16 senses/sensory organs 223-4 sight 223 skeletal system 211-12, 213 skin glands 224 skull 211, 213-14 spleen 213 Steno's gland 213 stomach 216-17 tail 210 thermoregulation 209 thymus 213 thyroid gland 222 touch 224 urinary system 219 vibrissae 224 vomeronasal organ 213 Zymbal's gland 224 rat clinical notes

chromodacryorrhea 223 high frequency sound sensitivity 224 incisor tooth lengths 210, 214 mammary tumors 222 nose breathing 213 pituitary tumors 222 sebaceous secretions in older males

224 sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) 216 vaginal smears 221 venepuncture sites 212

Rattus norvegicus see rat

Rattus rattus (Black rat) 209 reptile anatomy/physiology 17-39 adrenal glands 34-5, 71 anaerobiosis 18 blood cells 25 blood shunting 24-5 blood volume 25 bone structure 21 calcium/phosphorus 22 cardiovascular systems 23-5, 48-9, 64, 83-4

chitin digestion 28 cloaca 28 cloacal/colonic absorption 30 color production 37

267

Index

268

reptile anatomy/physiology—Cont^:d dentition 27-8 dermis 37 digestive systems 27-9, 51, 66-9, 87-9 ecdysis/dysecdysis 36-7 egg structure 34 egg tooth 28 endocrine system 34-5 epidermis 37 fat bodies 28, 34 feeding frequency 29 gastrointestinal tract 28 growth 22 hearing 35

heart, intracardiac blood flow 23-4 heart rate 25 hormones 31 immune system 25-6 integument 36-8 iridescence 37

lower respiratory tract 26 maternal care 34 metabolism 18-21 nervous system 35-6 osmoregulation 29-31 oviparity 33 pancreas 35 parathyroid glands 34 pineal gland 35 renal portal system 31 reproductive systems 31-4, 52-3, 70-2, 89-91

respiratory system 26-7 salt glands 30 senses/sensory organs 35-6 sex determination

genotype 31 temperature-dependence (TSD) 31-2 sexual maturity 31 size 17

skeletal systems 21-3, 43-8, 60-4, 81-3 skull 22

taste 35 taxonomy 18 thyroid glands 34 upper respiratory tract 26 uric acid 30 urinary systems 29-31, 52, 69, 89 ventilation 27 vertebrae 22-3 viviparity 34 water conservation, glomerular filtration rate reduction 30

see also named reptile groups;

thermoregulation reptile clinical notes blood shunting 24-5 blood smears 25 digestion at low temperatures 29 drug administration 31 dysecdysis 36, 37 fasting pre hibernation 29 oxygen supply 27 respiratory surfaces 27 salt glands 30 water conservation 30-1 wound healing 36 see also named reptile groups rete mirabile, birds 114 Rhynchocephalia 17, 18 rodents

adaptation to arid environment 167, 229 coprophagy 168

dentition and gnawing 169-70

rodents—Cont^:d

reproduction 166, 170 senses/sensory organs 171 taxonomy 166, 167-68 thermoregulation and size 165, 168-9 see also guinea pig; hamster; rat ruminants, gastrointestinal tract 177

S

salamanders (Caudata) 3, 6, 7 Salamandra salamandra (Fire salamander) 13

salt glands

birds 119, 137 lizards 69 reptiles 30, 69

Sauria

taxonomy and classification 18, 57 see also lizards

Sauromalus spp.

Sciuromorpha 166 Serpentes, taxonomy 57, 77-8 sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV), rat 216 Siren spp. 7 skull

anapsid/diapsid 24

birds 100-3 ferret 238, 239, 243 guinea pig 198, 202 hamster 230 Psittaciformes 119 rabbit 180-2 rat 211, 213-14 reptile 22 lizard 60-1 snake 81-3

snake anatomy/physiology 77-93 breeding season 90 cardiovascular system 83-4 caudal third 80-1 copulation 90-1 cranial third 78-80 dentition 87 digestive system 87-9 ecdysis/dysecdysis 36-7, 92-3 external anatomy 78 female reproductive system 32-3, 90 gastrointestinal tract 88-9 gastropeges 36 Harderian gland 36 head structure 36 integument 92-3 locomotion 81-3

concertina 83

lateral undulation 82 rectilinear 82 sidewinding 83 lower respiratory tract 86 male reproductive system 32, 90 maternal behavior 90 middle third 80 opisthoglyphous (rear-fanged) 87-8 proteroglyphous (front-fanged) 88 reproductive system 89-91 respiratory cycle 86-7 respiratory system 84-7 senses/sensory organs 91-2 sexing 90 sexual maturity 89 skeletal system 81-3 skull 81-3 spurs (pelvic vestiges) 6, 83 snake anatomy/physiology—Cont^:d taxonomy see Serpentes thermoregulation 78 tongue 88

upper respiratory tract 84-6 urinary system 89 venom glands 87-8 vertebrae 81, 84 see also reptiles snake clinical notes

failure to shed 92 incisions 84 intubation 85 IPPV 86

stomach intubation 89 venepuncture sites 84

Somateria mollisima (Eider) 154 Sphenodon punctatus (tuatara) 17 Squamata, taxonomy and classification 18 Steno's gland 213

Streptococcus Zooepidemicus abscessation 200 streptostyly 60

Strigiformes, characteristics 97 Syrian hamster see hamster anatomy/ physiology syrinx 120-1

in drakes 121

T

temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), reptiles 31-2 temporalis muscle 165, 166-8 Testudo graeca (Spur-thigh tortoise) 44 Thamnophis sirtalis (Garter snake) 33, 34 thecodont dentition, crocodiles 27-8 thermogenesis 19 thermoregulation

adaptation to arid environment 138, 167, 229

behavioral 20, 99 blood shunting 99 body mass and shape 20, 99 body posture 58 color change 58 control 19 ectothermy, advantages/disadvantages 19 evaporation 99 heart rate and blood shunting 20 heliothermic shuttling 58 heliothermy 20 in amphibians 5-6 in birds 99 in guinea pigs 197 in hamster 227 in lizards 58 in mammals 167, 173 in rabbit 167, 173 in rat 209 in reptiles 19-21 in snakes 78 in tortoises and turtles 42 lighting 20 mechanisms 20 plumage 99

preferred optimal temperature zone (POTZ) 6, 19-20 thigmothermy 20 see also hibernation

tortoise and turtle anatomy/physiology 41-56

accessory respiratory organs 51 cardiovascular system 48-9 venepuncture sites 48-9 tortoise and turtle anatomy/physiology—Cont^:d cervical vertebrae 45

color 48 copulation 53 digestive system 51 ecdysis 48

female reproductive system 53 freshwater/marine 42-3 hibernation 21, 42 immune system 49 kidneys 52 limbs 46-7 locomotion 43 longevity 41

male reproductive system 32, 52-3 pectoral/pelvic girdles 46 reproductive system 52-3 respiratory system 49-50, 52 scutes 44, 47

senses/sensory organs 54

shell 44-8

shell modifications/patterns 48 size 41

skeletal system and integument 43-8 taxonomy 41, 43 terrestrial/aquatic 42 thermoregulation 41-2 urinary system 52 ventilation 50-1

aquatic/terrestrial 51

vertebrae 44-5 see also reptiles

tortoise and turtle clinical notes age measurement 47 growth 48

habitat requirements 20 intubation 50

pneumonia 51

sex differentiation 52 tympanic squamous metaplasia 55 weight loss in hibernation 21 see also reptile clinical notes

Trachemys see Pseudemys Trichobezoars, rabbits 181

Trichobatrachus spp.

turtles see tortoise and turtle

U

uterus, placental mammals 164

V

Varanidae 60 Varanus exanthematicus (Bosc monitor)

19, 60

Varanus gouldii (Australian sand monitor) 66

Varanus komodoensis (Komodo dragon) 60 venepuncture sites amphibians 8, 9 birds 115-16 ferret 239, 240 venepuncture sites—Cont^:d

guinea pig 199 hamster 228 lizards 64

rat 212

snakes 84

tortoise and turtle 48-9 vibrissae 208, 224 Viperidae 77-8 vitamin A, psittacines 129 vitamin C, guinea pig 201 vitamin D, rabbit 189-90 viviparity 34, 72

W

water conservation, reptiles 30-1

waterfowl

beak and tongue 127, 149 diving cardiac physiology 116 wing drop: coracoid fracture 106 wings 105-7, 108, 152-3

X

Xenopus laevis (Clawed frog) 10

Z

zygodactyly 112 Zymbal's gland 223

269