Index

The index comprises topics discussed in the main text of the book. For anatomical structures illustrated in the Appendix, readers should refer to the Appendix Glossary.

Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures, “t” indicate tables, and “b” indicate boxes.

A

abdomen

parasympathetic innervation, 117, 117f

sympathetic innervation, 116 abducens nerve (VI), 92t abducens nucleus, 97 accessory nerve (XI), 92t acetylcholine, 113-114 acoustic reflexes See auditory reflexes acousticofacial reflexes, 129 action potential, 21, 21f acupuncture, 64-65, 65f adrenaline, 113-114 afferent fibres See sensory neurons αδ-fibres, 64 altricial species, 12-13, 70f ambiguus nucleus, 106-107, 106f animal slaughter, 25 anosmia, 94 ansa subclavia, 116 arachnoid mater, 22-23, 23f arbor vitae, 67, 68f-69f archicerebellum, 68 archipallium, 8-9, 109 arousal, 60t, 109-111

testing, 133 ascending reticular activating system, 82, 109, 110f ascending spinal tracts See proprioceptive tracts ascending/descending myelomalacia, 89f association areas, 46, 46f

astrocytes, 11-12, 18, 19f

ataxia, 60, 73

audition See hearing

auditory reflexes, 103-104

olivocochlear reflex, 103-104

protective acoustic reflex, 103

reflex head turning, 104

auditory tube, 102

auriculopalpebral reflex, 128, 128t

autonomic function testing, 132

autonomic nervous system, 4, 4b, 113-122, 113b

central and peripheral components, 114-119

two-neuron peripheral system, 114-115, 114f

visceral afferent system, 114-119 visceral efferent system, 66

elimination systems, 119-122

defecation, 122, 122f

urinary bladder, 120, 120f

eye, 117-118, 119t

subdivisions, 113-114

parasympathetic division See parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic division See sympathetic nervous system autonomous zones, 2t, 3f, 98f

axons, 1, 18

growth of, 14, 14f

B

basal nuclei, 7, 57, 57f lesions, 88

basilar artery, 24-25

behaviour, 60t, 109, 133

Bergmann glia, 70

binocular vision, 95

bladder

autonomic innervation, 120, 120f dysfunction, 121-122, 121f function, 120-121, 132 urine storage/voiding, 121t

blood-brain barrier, 19, 25-29, 29f

bone morphogenetic protein, 13-14 brachial plexus lesion, 56f brain, 5-9, 5f-6f, 8f

anatomy

comparative, 8f-9f, 100f dorsal aspect, 137f lateral aspect, 138f median aspect, 140f transverse slices, 145f ventral aspect, 139f arterial supply, 24-25, 25f-27f development, 12-13 grey matter, 8, 67 lobes of, 8f

frontal, 8t, 146f occipital, 8t, 146f parietal, 8t, 146f temporal, 8t, 146f regions of, 6t spinal cord links, 41-42 white matter, 9see also individual regions brainstem, 6-7, 35-45, 143f

lesions, 88, 135

neural functions, 134t

spinal cord junction, 153f-154isee also individual regions

brainstem auditory evoked response, 104, 105f

C

C-fibres, 64

carnivores

dorsal funiculus, 61

eye movements, 79-80

caudal cerebellar peduncle, 68

caudal colliculus, 7, 97, 101f, 104

caudal vestibular nucleus, 80

caudate nucleus, 57, 110f

caudoventral lobule of cerebellum, 7

central nervous system, 4-9, 4b

blood supply, 24-29, 25f-27f

and animal slaughter, 25

species differences, 25, 27f

neuroembryology, 11-14

brain, 12-13

differentiation, 13-14, 13f

neural tube, 11-12, 12f

spinal cord See spinal cord

venous drainage, 25, 27f-28f See also brain See also spinal cord and individual components

central pattern generators, 87

cephalisation, 75

cerebellar hemispheres, 8f

cerebellar peduncles, 67-68, 68f-69f

caudal, 68

middle, 68

rostral, 68

cerebellum, 7, 67-74, 67b, 144f

anatomy, 67-71, 68fsee also individual parts

connections, 71-72, 71f-72f

development, 69-70, 70f

function, 71-74

grey matter, 67

histology, 70-71, 70f, 71t

lesions, 72-74, 88, 135

neural functions, 134t

in posture and locomotion, 72, 73f, 89

species differences, 69, 69f

white matter, 67

cerebral hemispheres, 7, 142f

development, 13

cerebral peduncles, 5-6

cerebrospinal fluid, 23-24

blockage of, 14-15

cerebrum, 7, 8t

cervical reflexes, 129t, 130

chromatolysis, 17, 18f

cingulate gyrus, 6f, 110f

claustrum, 57

climbing fibres, 71t

CN S See central nervous system

cochlea, 102, 103f

cochlear nucleus, 44f, 93f, 101, 129

colliculi, 7, 98

caudal, 7, 97, 101f, 104

rostral, 7, 99, 100f-101f

commissural fibres, 9, 9f

complex motor activity, 86-87, 86f cones, 95

conscious proprioception, 60-61

abnormal, 135

consciousness, 110

corneal reflex, 101, 128

corona radiata, 52

corpora quadrigemina, 7

corpus callosum, 6f, 9, 24f

corpus striatum, 57, 147f

corticonuclear tract, 42, 53-54, 54t

Corticopontocerebellar pathway, 71-72

corticopontocerebellar tract, 74

corticospinal tracts, 37t, 41-42, 51, 53-54, 54t

dorsal, 54

lateral, 43

ventral, 43

cranial nerves, 2-3, 3f, 8f, 91-107, 93f

auditory reflexes, 103-104

facial expression, 98f-99f, 101

functional classification, 91-93, 92t-93t

hearing, 101-103

mastication, 98f, 99

olfaction, 93-94, 94f

sensory input from head, 99-101

taste, 104

testing, 92t, 125-126, 125t

hands-on, 127-129, 128t

vision, 95

visual reflexes, 97-99, 99f-100fsee also individual nerves and organs

cranial spinocerebellar tract, 60f

crista ampullaris, 77

crossed extensor reflex, 85

cruciate sulcus, 6f, 8f

crus cerebri, 43, 71-72

cuneate nucleus, 37

cutaneous trunci reflex, 129t, 130, 131f

cutaneous zones, 2, 3f

D

dazzle reflex, 128, 128t

decussation

optic chiasm, 95-96

somatic motor systems, 52-53

spinal tracts, 37, 41, 42f

deep arcuate fibres, 41, 60f

deep cerebellar nuclei, 12-13, 56, 67, 70, 71f, 72

defecation, 122, 122f

dendrites, 1, 18

dendritic spines, 18

dentate nucleus, 56, 71-72

dermatomes, 3f

diencephalon, 6t-7t, 11, 103

regions of, 7t

dorsal column post-synaptic tract, 64

dorsal corticospinal tract, 54

dorsal funiculus, 35, 37f, 61, 65f

in carnivores and primates, 61

dorsal horn, 2f, 5t, 7, 33, 36f, 36t, 40-41, 48, 61-62, 64, 130

in acupuncture, 64-65

dorsal spinocerebellar tract, 60f, 60t, 62

dorsolateral fasciculus, 37t

dropped jaw, 99

dura mater, 22-23, 23f-24f

dynein, 18

dysmetria, 73

E

ear, 102, 102f

efferent fibres See motor neurons

elimination systems, 119-122

defecation, 122, 122f

urinary bladder, 120, 120f

emotion, 109

endolymph, 76

endomarginal gyrus/sulcus, 8f

endosylvian gyrus/sulcus, 8f

epithalamus, 7t

executive motor function, 56, 89-90

extensor dominance, 33f

extensor postural thrust reflex, 85

exteroceptors, 33, 59

extorsion, 97

extrafusal fibres, 49, 49f

extraocular muscles, 97f

extrapyramidal system, 51-53, 52f

in posture and locomotion, 89 tracts of, 54tsee also individual tracts

eye

autonomic innervation, 117-118

parasympathetic, 105, 118 pharmacological localisation of lesions, 119t sympathetic, 118-119, 118f

position and movement, 79-80, 92t, 96-97, 97f

F

facial expression, 92t, 98f-99f, 101

facial nerve (VII), 92t

parasympathetic nucleus, 105

facial nucleus, 100f

facial sensation, 92t, 98f

faecal incontinence, 132

falx cerebri, 23, 24f

fasciculi, 36see also individual fasciculi

fasciculus cuneatus, 36, 37t, 41, 60f, 60t, 61, 64 fasciculus gracilis, 37t, 60f, 60t, 61, 64 fastigial nucleus, 67, 70 fight or flight reflex, 113 final common pathway, 87

Flehmen reaction, 93

flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum, 7, 67, 70

flocculus of cerebellum, 7, 67

folia of cerebellum, 67, 68f

forebrain, 5-9, 45-46, 141f

association areas, 46f

development, 13

lesions, 88, 88f, 135

neural functions, 134t

projection areas, 46f

fornix of hippocampus, 110f, 128f

frontal lobe, 8t, 146f

functional organization of nervous system, 10t, 132-134 functional systems, 9

funiculi, 4, 5f, 37f

dorsal, 35, 37f, 61, 65f

lateral, 35, 37, 37f, 62, 65f

ventral, 35, 37f, 65f

fusimotor system, 48

G

gag reflex, 128, 128t

gait

proprioception in, 62-63, 63f See also movement See also posture ganglia, 1, 7, 115-116

sensory, 3

geniculate nuclei, 110f, 149f

glial cells, 14

glial fibrillary acidic protein, 18, 19f

globus pallidus, 57

lesions, 88

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), 92t

parasympathetic nucleus, 105

Golgi apparatus, 17

Golgi tendon organs, 33, 43-45, 49, 49f, 59

grey matter

brain, 8, 67

cerebellum, 67

spinal cord, 5f, 35, 36f, 36t, 93f

H

hair cells, 75-76, 78f

hands-on testing, 126-132

autonomic function, 132

cranial nerves, 127-129 hopping, 126-127 knuckling, 63f, 88, 127, 127f

muscle bulk and tone, 129 nociception, 130-131, 131f, 133-134 proprioception and motor function, 126 spinal hyperpathia, 131-132, 132f spinal reflexes, 129-130, 129t

head

angular acceleration/deceleration, 77, 78f nociceptive input, 65

parasympathetic innervation, 105, 117, 117t proprioceptive input, 61

reflex turning, 104

sensory input, 99-101

sympathetic innervation, 116

hearing, 101-103

hindbrain, 11

hippocampus, 8-9

homeobox genes, 13-14, 13f

hopping test, 126-127

Horner’s syndrome, 82, 118, 119f hydranencephaly, 15f

hydrocephalus, 14-15, 15f

hydroxyamphetamine, 119t

hypermetria, 73, 73f, 86

hypertonus, 73

hypoalgesia, 101

hypocretin (orexin), 111

hypoglossal nerve (XII), 92t lesions, 107, 107f

hypoglossal nucleus, 107

hypothalamus, 7t, 114 caudal, 114 rostral, 114

I

incus, 102, 102f

integrating fibres See interneurons intention tremor, 73 intermediate horn, 2f, 5t, 7, 36f interneurons, 1, 18f, 40 interoceptors, 33, 59

interposital nucleus, 67, 70 interthalamic adhesion, 149f intrafusal fibres, 48 inverse myotatic reflex, 49 ion channels, 20f

K

kinaesthesia, 61-62, 85 kinesin, 18 kinocilium, 77 knuckling, 62, 63f, 88, 127, 127f

L

larynx

function, 92t

innervation, 105-107, 106f-107f

lateral corticospinal tract, 54

lateral funiculus, 35, 37, 37f, 62, 65f

lateral geniculate nuclei, 99, 100f

lateral lemniscus, 103

lateral nucleus, 67

lateral rhinal sulcus, 8f

lateral tectotegmentospinal tract, 54t

lateral vestibulospinal tract, 53, 54t lentiform nuclei, 57

limbic system, 45-46, 109, 110f lissencephaly, 15f

locomotion See movement

lower motor neurons, 2, 31-33

α-γ co-activation, 49

lesions, 55

in movement, 87

lower motor neuron atrophy, 55-56

lower motor neuron bladder, 121, 122f

lower motor neuron signs, 55-56, 55f-56f, 55t lysosomes, 18

M

malformations of nervous system, 14-15, 15fsee also individual malformations malleus, 102, 102f

mastication, 92t, 98f, 99

medial cuneate nucleus, 60f

medial lemniscus, 41, 59, 61, 65

medial longitudinal fasciculus, 54t

medial tectospinal tract, 54t

medial vestibulospinal tract, 54t

medulla oblongata, 6f, 37, 43, 153f

caudal, 155f

rostral, 155f

medullary reticulospinal tract, 54t

medullary velum, 11-12

rostral, 97

membrane potential, 20-21, 20f

memory, 133

menace response, 128-129, 128f, 128t

deficits in, 74

meninges, 22-23, 23b, 23f-24f

meningocele, 15f

mesencephalic nucleus, 101

mesencephalon See midbrain

metathalamus See diencephalon

metencephalon, 6t, 11

microglia, 19

microtubules, 18

midbrain, 6t, 7f, 141f

caudal, 150f

colliculi See colliculi

lesions, 88, 88f

red nucleus, 43, 52

rostral, 150f, 156f middle cerebellar peduncle, 68

miosis, 118

mitochondria, 18

mossy fibres, 70, 71t

motion sickness, 80

motor cortex, 42-45

motor function

executive, 56 quadrupeds, 85-87 testing, 125, 125f-126f, 133

hands-on, 126

motor homunculus, 45f

motor neurons, 1, 10t, 18f, 31-33 hierarchy, 32t, 44f

lower See lower motor neurons upper See upper motor neurons worker/management systems, 33 movement, 40-41, 85-90

complex motor activity, 86-87, 86f coordination of, 86, 86f

role of cerebellum, 72, 73f, 86 effect of lesions on, 87-89 final common pathway, 87 orchestration of, 89-90 repetitive, 87, 87f stepping, 85-86

multifocal disease, 136

muscle bulk, 129

muscle spindles, 48, 49f

muscle tone, 49-50, 129

musculocutaneous nerve, 2t

myelencephalon, 6f-7f, 6t, 11, 81f, 153f myelin sheath, 19

myelination, 21

myelography, 53f

myotatic reflex See stretch (myotatic) reflex

narcolepsy, 111f

neck reflexes, 80, 80f

neck skin reflexes, 130

neocerebellum, 69

neopallium, 8-9

nerve conduction, 21

nervous system

autonomic See autonomic nervous system central See central nervous system functional classification, 10t functional road map, 132-134 hierarchical organization, 32f, 32t malformations, 14-15

NeuroMap, 133f, 134-136

neural functions, 134t

neural tube, 11-12, 12f

differentiation

cellular, 12f

molecular basis, 13-14, 13f-14f

neuraxis, 134t

neurites, 1

Neuro RAT, 55f, 55t, 88-89

neuroanatomy, 9-10

neuroembryology, 11-15

central nervous system, 11-14

peripheral nervous system, 14

neurofibrils, 18

neurogenic atrophy, 55-56

neuroglia, 18-19

neurohistology, 17-19, 17b

neurological examination, 124-126, 124f cranial nerve function, 92t, 125-126, 125t

hands-on testing, 126-132

autonomic function, 132

cranial nerves, 127-129, 128t hopping, 126-127 knuckling, 63f, 88, 127, 127f muscle bulk and tone, 129 nociception, 130-131, 131f, 133-134 proprioception and motor function, 126 spinal hyperpathia, 131-132, 132f spinal reflexes, 129-130, 129t

observation vs. hands-on testing, 124-125, 124f proprioception and motor function, 125, 125f-126f, 132-133

NeuroMap, 133f, 134-136 spinal cord, 136, 136f

neuromuscular disease, 136

neuromuscular junction, 3f, 31-33

neurons, 17-18

development of, 14, 14f functional regions, 20f generalised, 21-22

information processing, 22 structure, 18f

neurophysiology, 19-22, 20f

neurotransmitters, 21

neurotubules, 18

Nissl substance, 17, 18f

nociception, 60t, 63-66

conscious perception, 133-134

hands-on testing, 130-131, 131f, 133-134 nociceptive input

from body, 64-65, 65f

from head, 65

from viscera, 66, 66f

spinal pain, 134see also individual reflexes

nocioceptors, 59

nodes of Ranvier, 19, 21

nodulus of cerebellum, 7 noradrenaline, 113-114 notochord, 11

nuclei, 7see also individual nuclei

nucleus ambiguus, 91, 93f, 106, 106f

nucleus cuneatus, 41

nucleus gracilis, 60f, 61

nucleus solitarius, 93f

nucleus thoracicus, 61

nystagmus

pathological, 81

physiological, 79-80

O

occipital lobe, 8f, 8t

oculomotor nerve (III), 92t

parasympathetic nucleus, 105

oculomotor nucleus, 97, 100f

oesophagus, innervation, 105-107, 106f

olfaction, 92t, 93-94

olfactory bulb, 5-6, 5f, 8f, 17-18, 24f, 93f-94f, 146f

species differences, 94f

olfactory nerve (I), 92t

olfactory peduncle, 8f, 93f-94f

olfactory tract, 17-18, 94f

olfactory tubercle, 94f

oligodendrocytes, 1, 11-12, 19, 19f olivocochlear reflex, 103-104 opisthotonus, 43, 88, 88f optic axes, 96f

optic chiasm, 24f, 93f, 95-96, 128f, 148f

optic nerve (II), 92t, 95

optic pathway, 96f

orexin (hypocretin), 111

otolithic membrane, 77

otoliths, 77

pachymeninx, 23

Pacinian corpuscles, 59 pain See nociception paleocerebellum, 68-69 paleopallium, 8-9, 109 palpebral reflex, 128 paradoxical vestibular dysfunction, 82-83, 82f paraflocculus of cerebellum, 67-69 paralysis, 88 parasympathetic nervous system, 113, 114f, 116-117

components of, 115t

innervation

eye, 105, 118

head, 105, 117, 117t

pelvic viscera, 117

thorax and abdomen, 117, 117f

paresis, 88

parietal lobe, 8f, 8t

patellar reflex, 34-35, 35f, 129, 129t, 130f pathways, 37

optic, 96f

spinocerebellar, 62

visual, 96, 96f

paw position response See knuckling

pawing, 87f

pelvic viscera, parasympathetic innervation, 117 perilymph, 76, 102 perineal reflex, 129t, 130

peripheral nervous system, 1-3, 1b

cranial nerves, 2-3, 3f

neuroembryology, 14

spinal nerves, 1-2, 2f-3f

pharynx

function, 92t

innervation, 105-107, 106f sensory input, 104-105

phenylephrine, 119t pheromones, 93-94 photoreceptors, 95 physostigmine, 119t pia mater, 22-23, 23f pilocarpine, 119t piriform lobe, 5-6, 5f, 8f, 94f polioencephalomalacia, 97f pons, 40-41, 151f, 156f pontine nucleus of trigeminal nerve, 101, 123 pontine reticulospinal tract, 54t, 86 pontocerebellar signs, 73 pontocerebellum, 69, 69f postcruciate gyrus, 8f postural paralysis, 73f postural platform, 86

setting, 72, 73f

posture, 50, 50f, 78, 85-90

orchestration of, 89-90 proprioception in, 62-63 role of cerebellum, 72, 73f, 86 and stretch reflex, 50, 50f

precocial species, 70f precruciate gyrus, 8f pretectal nucleus, 100f pretectum, 99 prey species, 12-13 proprioception, 59-63, 60f, 60t

conscious, 60-61, 135

in posture and gait, 62-63 subconscious, 60-62, 78-79

testing, 125, 125f-126f, 132-133 asymmetry, 127, 127f hands-on, 126

proprioceptive tracts, 60f, 60t proprioceptors, 33, 59

propriospinal tract, 37t, 40

protective acoustic reflex, 103

pupillary light reflex, 97-99, 99f, 101f, 127 dysfunction, 118

pupils (of eye)

pharmacological testing, 118-119, 119t size, 92t, 118

Purkinje cells, 67, 70, 72

putamen, 57

pyramidal system, 43, 51-53, 52f

tracts of, 54tsee also individual tracts

Q

quadrupeds, motor function, 85-87

quintatothalamic tract, 101

rabies, 109

radial nerve, 2t

ramus communicans, 115

receptors, 59

red nucleus, 43, 52

reflex arc, 34-35, 34f-35f, 48

reflex head turning, 104

reflex stepping test, 127

reflexes, 47-57

auditory, 7

cervical, 129t, 130

corneal, 128

neck, 80, 80f

spinal See spinal reflexes

visual, 97-99, 100f

pupillary light reflex, 97-99, 99f, 101f, 127, 128tsee also individual reflexes

repetitive movements, 87

rete mirabile, 25, 27f

reticular formation, 7

reticulospinal tracts, 37t, 51, 120

medullary, 54t

pontine, 54t, 86

rhinencephalon, 8f, 8t, 109

rhombencephalon, 11

rods, 95

rostral cerebellar peduncle, 68

rostral colliculus, 7, 99, 100f-101f

rubrospinal tracts, 37t, 51-53, 54t

Ruffini endings, 59

368

S

sacculus, 77, 77f

saltatory conduction, 21

scala vestibuli, 102

Schiff-Sherrington syndrome, 89

Schwann cells, 1, 19, 19f

scratching, 87f

semicircular canals, 76-77

semicircular ducts, 77, 78f

sensory homunculus

feline, 45f

human, 45f

sensory neurons, 1, 10t, 18f, 33

hierarchy, 32t, 44f

worker/management systems, 33-34, 43-45

sensory receptors, 59 see also individual types

septal nuclei, 94, 147f

skin, sensory innervation, 3f

sliding paper test, 127

sodium-potassium ATPase pump, 20f

solitary nucleus, 44f, 105

solitary tract, 104-105

soma, 1, 17

somatic motor systems, 51-57

anatomy and function, 51, 51f

basal nuclei and corpus striatum, 57, 57f

decussation, 52-53

executive motor function, 56

inhibition vs.

pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems, 51-53, 52f

upper motor neurons See upper motor neurons

Sonic Hedgehog, 13-14

spasticity, 73

species differences

brain anatomy, 8f-9f, 100f

cerebellum, 69, 69f

CNS blood supply, 25, 27f

olfactory bulbs, 94f

spinal cord, 4-5, 4t, 7f, 35-42, 134t, 135, 154f

functional organization, 5t

intumescences, 37, 39f

lesions, 38-42, 88-89, 134t

links

to brain, 41-42

to peripheral nervous system, 37-40, 37f-39f within spinal cord, 40-41, 40f

neural functions, 35-42, 36t, 134t

NeuroMap, 136, 136f

regions of

lumbar, 5f

thoracic, 2f, 5f

spinal hyperpathia, 131-132, 132f

spinal nerves, 1-2, 2f-3f

lesions, 135-136

spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve, 65, 101

spinal pain, 134

spinal reflexes, 48-51, 48b

anatomical components, 129t

sensory input, 85

testing, 51, 129-130, 129t

pelvic limb, 129-130

thoracic limb, 130

trunk, 130see also individual reflexes

spinal tracts, 37, 37t, 54t

decussation, 37, 41, 42f, 52-53

grey matter, 5f, 5t, 35, 36f, 36t, 93f

proprioceptive (ascending), 60f, 60t

white matter, 5f, 5t, 36-37, 36f, 37tsee also individual tracts

spino-spinal tract See propriospinal tract spinocerebellar pathways, 62 spinocerebellar signs, 73 spinocerebellar tracts, 37t, 83

cranial, 60f

dorsal, 60f, 60t, 62

ventral, 60f, 60t, 62 spinocerebellum, 68-69, 69f spinocervicothalamic tract, 60t spinocuneocerebellar tract, 60f, 60t, 62 spinomesencephalic tract, 36, 60t spino-olivary tract, 36, 60t spinopontine tract, 60t spinoreticular tracts, 36, 60t spinothalamic tract, 37t, 60t spinovestibular tracts, 36, 37t, 60t stapes, 102, 102f stepping, 85-86 stereocilia, 77 strabismus, 97f stretch (myotatic) reflex, 48-49

inverse, 49

and posture, 50, 50f

stupor, 111f

subarachnoid space, 24f subcallosal fasciculus, 110f subconscious proprioception, 60-62, 78-79 subthalamus, 7t sulcus irritans, 93f sulcus limitans, 5, 7f, 91 suprasylvian gyrus/sulcus, 8f sylvian gyrus, 8f sympathetic nervous system, 113, 114f, 115-116, 116f-117f

components of, 115t

innervation

abdomen, 116 eye, 118-119, 118f head and thorax, 116

synapses, 19, 21

chemical, 21, 22f

electrical, 21

T

taste, 104-105

tectonuclear tract, 98-99

tectoreticular tract, 98-99

tectospinal tracts, 37t, 51, 54t, 98-99, 100f

tectotegmentospinal tracts, 37t, 54t telencephalon, 6t, 11

temporal lobe, 8f, 8t

tetraparesis/tetraplegia, 89

thalamus, 7, 7t, 9f

rostral, 148f

thoracic limb nerve, 2t

thorax

parasympathetic innervation, 117, 117f

sympathetic innervation, 116

tongue, 92t

movement, 107

tracts See spinal tracts

trapezoid body, 129

tremor, 73

trigeminal lemniscus, 65, 101

trigeminal nerve (V), 61, 92t

pontine nucleus, 101, 123

sensory nucleus, 101

spinal nucleus, 65, 101

trigeminal reflex, 101

trochlear nerve (IV), 92t

trochlear nucleus, 97, 100f

tubulin, 18

tympanic cavity, 102

374

U

ulnar nerve, 2t

upper motor neurons, 2, 31-33, 33f

brain, 42-43, 43f

functions, 51

lesions, 33f, 41f, 55, 89f

nuclei, 43f

pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems, 51-53, 52f

tracts, 53-55, 54t

upper motor neuron bladder, 121

upper motor neuron signs, 55, 55f-56f, 55t

urinary incontinence, 121-122

urine storage/voiding, 121t

utriculus, 77, 77f

V

vagus nerve (X), 92t, 117

parasympathetic nucleus, 105

ventral corticospinal tract, 54

ventral funiculus, 35, 37f, 65f

ventral horn, 2f, 5t, 7, 33-35, 36f, 54

ventral spinocerebellar tract, 60f, 60t, 62

ventricular system, 23, 24f

vermis, 7, 8f, 68f

vertebrae, 4t

vestibular dysfunction, 80-83, 81f

clinical signs, 82

location of lesion, 82

paradoxical, 82-83, 82f

vestibular function, 92t

vestibular nuclei, 44f, 77-80, 79f, 93f

neural connections, 79f

vestibular signs, 73-74

vestibular system, 75-83, 75b

anatomy, 76-80, 76f

angular acceleration/deceleration, 77, 78f

dysfunction See vestibular dysfunction

and neck reflexes, 80, 80f

static position and linear acceleration/deceleration, 77, 77fsee also individual parts vestibulocerebellar signs, 73 vestibulocerebellum, 7, 68, 69f

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII), 75-76, 92t

vestibulo-ocular reflex, 128, 128f

vestibulospinal tracts, 41, 51, 53, 54t, 86

lateral, 53, 54t

viscera

autonomic innervation

afferent system, 115, 116f

efferent system, 116f

parasympathetic, 117

sympathetic, 117

nociceptive input, 66, 66f

sensory input, 104-105

vision, 92t, 95

anatomy, 95-96

eyeball position and movement, 79-80, 96-97, 97f See also entries under optic

visual pathways, 96f, 100f

post-chiasmatic, 96

visual reflexes, 97-99, 100f

pupillary light reflex, 97-99, 99f, 127, 128t

vomeronasal organ, 93-94

wheelbarrowing, 127f

white matter

brain, 9

cerebellum, 67

spinal cord, 5f, 36-37, 37t

withdrawal reflexes, 129-130, 129t, 130f, 133

Wobbler syndrome, 63, 63f, 126 worker/management systems, 33-34