SELF EVALUATION - CHAPTER 3

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

1. The PCV of a hematocrit determination refers to the:

a. white cells and thrombocyte layer between the erythrocyte mass and plasma.

b. erythrocyte mass at the bottom.

c. yellowish liquid layer at the top of the hematocrit.

d. total length of the hematocrit tube content.

2. Which one of the following most accurately approximates the amount of blood in an animal?

a. 2% of body weight

b. 16% of body weight

c. 8% of body weight

d. 24% of body weight

3. Arterial blood changes from a bright red color to a darker purplish color when it becomes venous blood. Which one of the following causes this?

a. Loss of oxygen

b. Gain of carbon dioxide

4. A normal value for arterial blood pH would be closest to which one of the following values?

a. 3.8

b. 6.5

c. 7.4

d. 8.2

5. The blood volume of a 25-kg dog is 2,000 mL, of which the plasma volume is 1,200 mL. What is the PCV of this dog?

a. 8%

b. 60%

c. 40%

d. Mitzie

LEUKOCYTES

6. Which WBC is most numerous in pigs, cows, sheep, and goats?

a. Eosinophil

b. Neutrophil

c. Lymphocyte

d. Monocyte

e. Basophil

7. The neutrophil is the most numerous leukocyte in all of the domestic species.

a. True

b. False

8. Which leukocyte will become a macrophage when it enters tissue spaces or becomes attached to certain blood channels?

a. Neutrophil

b. Basophil

c. Eosinophil

d. Monocyte

9. A differential WBC count and a total WBC count have been determined. Sixty of the 100 WBCs counted in the differential were determined to be neutrophils. The total WBC count was 10,000/ μL. What is the absolute number of neutrophils?

a. 6,000^L

b. 10,000^L

c. 60%

d. 60/μL

0. Which one of the following leukocytes has as its function to provide immunity to antigens (foreign substances)?

a.

b. Eosinophils

c. Lymphocytes

d. Basophils

e. Neutrophils

11. A term that refers to a reduced number of leukocytes is:

a. anemia.

b. leukopenia.

c. leukocytosis.

d. polycythemia.

ERYTHROCYTES

.2. Which one of the following time periods would approximate the lifespan of erythrocytes in most domestic mammals?

a. 150 to 180 hours

b. 70 to 80 days

c. 80 to 150 days

d. 35 to 60 seconds

.3. Which one of the following best describes the hemoglobin molecule of blood?

a. Has ferric iron (Fe³⁺), combines with one molecule of oxygen

b. Has one heme group and one globin molecule

c. Has ferrous iron (Fe²⁺), combines with four molecules of oxygen

d. Has ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) when unoxygenated and ferric iron (Fe³⁺) when oxygenated

.4. What is an approximate value for hemoglobin concentration in a normal healthy dog?

a. 5 g/dL

b. 20 g/dL

c. 15 g/dL

d. 10 g/dL

1.5. An erythrocyte just entering the bloodstream and having a net-like appearance because of polyribosomes and ribosomes is known as a/an:

a. reticulocyte.

b. rubriblast.

c. polychromatophilic rubricyte.

d. eosinophil.

.6. Where is erythropoietin produced?

a. Bone marrow

b. Lungs

c. Spleen

d. Kidneys

L7. Which one of the following represents the number of erythrocytes for most domestic species?

a. 7,000,000

b. 7,000,000 per microliter of blood

c. 7,000,000 per milliliter of blood

d. 7,000,000 per pound of body weight

8. What is the stimulus for the production of erythropoietin?

a. Tissue need for oxygen

b. Iron deficiency

c. No stimulus, but constantly produced

d. Sympathetic division of ANS

.9. Erythropoiesis refers to:

a. blood coagulation.

b. the recycling of iron.

c. the disintegration scheme for RBCs.

d. RBC production.

FATE OF ERYTHROCYTES

:0. A reddish color of plasma that may be coupled with a red color of urine is caused by:

a.

b. bilirubin.

c. iron.

d. bilinogen.

it. Which body organ is the site at which insoluble bilirubin that is released from MPS cells is made soluble before its transport to the intestine?

a. Kidney

b. Liver

c. Bone marrow

d. Spleen

:2. When an erythrocyte is disintegrated, the hemoglobin remains intact and is incorporated into new RBCs.

a. True

b. False

:3. Icterus is present in a dog. Severe liver disease is apparent. Which form of bilirubin would be the most likely cause of the icterus?

a. Free bilirubin

b. Conjugated bilirubin

c. Biliboy

:4. Free hemoglobin, from intravascular hemolysis:

a. invariably results in hemoglobinuria.

b. is too large a molecule to enter the kidney tubules.

c. when combined with haptoglobin will not enter the kidney tubules.

d. combines with haptoglobin in all circumstances.

IRON METABOLISM

15. What is the name of the transport form of iron?

a. Hemosiderin

b. Transferrin

c. Ferritin

d. Iron ore

16. To avoid toxicity, iron is transported in the blood and/or stored in cells bound with a protein in its:

a. ferric (Fe³⁺) oxidation state.

b. ferrous (Fe²⁺) oxidation state.

>7. Because the absorption of iron is relatively controlled, based on need, it is impossible to observe conditions of iron toxicity from excess ingestion.

a. True

b. False

:8. Which one of the iron forms would be most visible in the liver cells during times of excessive Hb degradation, e.g., hemolytic disease?

a. Hemosiderin

b. Ferritin

c. Transferrin

d. Ferrous iron (Fe²⁺)

ANEMIA AND POLYCYTHEMIA

:9. Someone tells you that the hemoglobin concentration in a baby pig is 4 g/dL. What would you say is the status of that pig?

a. Normal

b. Anemic

c. Leukopenic

d. Polycythemic

0. A sheep presented with an RBC count of 6.0 ? 10⁶/μL and a hemoglobin concentration of 5 g/dL:

a. would not be considered anemic because the RBC numbers are approximately normal.

b. would be considered anemic because both RBC and Hb are below the normal range.

c. would be considered anemic because only the Hb is below the normal range.

d. would not be considered anemic because both RBC and Hb are in the normal range.

}1. Polycythemia vera is:

a. rare in animals.

b. a form of anemia.

c. associated with a low PCV (red cell mass).

d. associated with hypoxemia, tumors, and elevated erythropoietin production.

(2. Without supplemental iron, anemia is common in baby pigs because of:

a. rapid growth and increase in blood volume.

b. sow’s milk deficient in iron.

c. lack of iron for ingestion in the environment.

d. all of the above.

HEMOSTASIS: PREVENTION OF BLOOD LOSS

[3. Which one of the following cells assists in hemostasis (prevention of blood loss)?

a. Basophil

b. Platelet

c. Erythrocyte

d. Lymphocyte

14. The mesh of the blood clot is:

a. thrombin.

b. fibrin.

c. fibrinogen.

d. prothrombin.

[5. Which one of the following cations plays an important role in blood coagulation?

a. Na⁺

b. Mg²⁺

c. K⁺

d. Ca²⁺

[6. Which one of the following substances provides for the breakdown of fibrin to fibrin degradation products?

a. Plasmin

b. Thromboxane A₂

c. Fibrinogen

d. EDTA

57. Nearly all of the clotting factors are:

a. carbohydrates.

b. proteins.

c. lipids.

d. minerals.

8. Most, but not all, of the clotting factors are produced in the:

a. kidney.

b. lung.

c. liver.

d. intestinal epithelium.

19. Loss of individual integrity, fusion of lipoprotein membranes, and exposure of receptors for coagulation factors is characteristic for:

a. platelet adhesion.

b. platelet activation.

c. platelet release reaction.

d. platelet aggregation.

.0. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is associated with:

a. heparin production.

b. initiation of the extrinsic mechanism of blood coagulation.

c. erythrocyte production.

d. fibrin degradation.

μ. What substance is formed during the coagulation process that converts fibrinogen to fibrin?

a. Thromboxane A₂

b. Thromboplastin

c. Thrombin

d. Prothrombin

∣,2. The prothrombinase complex (FXa, FVa, phospholipids, and Ca²⁺):

a. is the same as the tenase complex.

b. activates factor IX.

c. catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

d. is activated only via the TF-FVIIa complex.

β. Blood withdrawn from mammals, without endothelial damage, into glass tubes will clot via:

a. the TF-FVIIa complex pathway (extrinsic system).

b. the (FIXa-FVIIIa-PL-Ca²⁺) tenase complex (intrinsic system).

c. both a and b.

d. it will not clot.

PREVENTION OF BLOOD COAGULATION

4. Protein C:

a. promotes blood coagulation.

b. is activated by the thrombomodulin-thrombin bond and limits the generation of thrombin.

c. becomes a part of antithrombin III.

d. is a vitamin that prevents scurvy.

β. Antithrombin III:

a. is not a normal plasma protein.

b. must combine with heparin to be effective.

c. blocks the action of thrombin on fibrinogen.

d. promotes fibrin formation by deactivating the prothrombinase complex.

^6. Heparin:

a. is produced by mast cells in pericapillary tissues.

b. is an important anticoagulant in the lungs.

c. combines with antithrombin III for its effectiveness.

d. all of the above.

17. The use of chelating agents in tubes used for withdrawing blood:

a. promotes blood coagulation.

b. allows for the collection of serum.

c. binds calcium and prevents blood coagulation.

d. assists the analysis for calcium concentration.

TESTS FOR BLOOD COAGULATION

.8. Which one of the following timeframes would be considered a normal clotting time for domestic

mammals (capillary tube method)?

a. 20 to 30 seconds

b. 20 to 30 minutes

c. 2 to 5 seconds

d. 2 to 5 minutes

[.9.

a. C.

b. D.

c. E.

d. K.

0. A deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF) is associated with:

a. activation of factor VIII.

b. poorly anchored platelet aggregates.

c. activation of factor IX.

d. accelerated blood coagulation.

51. The avian species do not have the entire contact phase and its associated activation of factor IX. Accordingly,

a. the tissue factor pathway cannot proceed.

b. blood withdrawn without endothelial damage clots rapidly.

c. hemorrhage in birds is always fatal.

d. the tissue factor pathway proceeds to form thrombin and activation of the tenase complex. PLASMA AND ITS COMPOSITION

;2. Which one of the following best describes plasma?

a. About 40% of blood composition, contains no protein

b. The cellular part of blood, about 40% of blood composition

c. About 60% of blood composition, contains fibrinogen

d. About 60% of blood composition, clot removed

3. The plasma protein concentration in the dog would be close to:

a. 7 g/L.

b. 7 mEq/L.

c. 7 mg/dL.

d. 7 g/dL.

,4. Which one of the following series represents the approximate respective plasma concentration of Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl^- in mEq/L?

a. 110, 5, 145

b. 145, 110, 5

c. 5, 145, 110

d. 145, 5, 110

i5. Which one of the three major classes of plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen) is present in the least concentration?

a. Albumins

b. Globulins

c. Fibrinogen

;6. Which one of the immunoglobulins is important as a component of colostrums because it relates to absorption by the newborn?

a. IgE

b. IgG

c∙ IgD

d. IgA

i7∙ Which one of the three major classes of plasma proteins accounts for about 80% of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure?

a. Albumins

b. Globulins

c. Fibrinogen