SELF EVALUATION - CHAPTER 10

RESPIRATORY APPARATUS

1. Which respiratory structures serve to warm and humidify inhaled air and also to cool blood going to the brain?

a. Larynx

b. Nares

c. Conchae

d.

2. Diffusion of gases between air and blood occurs mostly in the:

a. respiratory bronchioles.

b. alveoli.

c. conchae.

d. heart.

3. The aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and large lymph vessels occupy a space within the thorax known as the:

a. intrapleural space.

b. mediastinal space.

c. intrapulmonic space.

d. outer space.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BREATHING

4. A condition of pleuritis would accentuate:

a. abdominal breathing.

b. costal breathing.

5. A difficult, labored state of breathing is termed:

a. eupnea.

b. dyspnea.

c. hyperpnea.

d. polypnea.

6. The amount of air breathed in or out during a respiratory cycle is known as the:

a. vital capacity.

b. residual volume.

c. tidal volume.

d. functional residual capacity.

7. The functional residual capacity in an animal is composed of the:

a. inspiratory reserve volume and the tidal volume.

b. expiratory reserve volume and the tidal volume.

c. residual volume and the expiratory reserve volume.

d. residual volume only.

8. Generally speaking, which one of the domestic animals has a resting respiratory frequency of 10 to 16 cycles/min?

a. Cow

b. Pig

c. Dog

d. Horse

e. Cat

RESPIRATORY PRESSURES

9. The PO₂ of dry atmospheric air approximates:

a. 40 mm Hg.

b. 100 mm Hg.

c. 160 mm Hg.

d. 760 mm Hg.

0. The PCO₂ of dry atmospheric air approximates:

a. 0.23 mm Hg.

b. 23 mm Hg.

c. 40 mm Hg.

d. 45 mm Hg.

11. The total pressure of a gas mixture is 400 mm Hg. Twenty-five percent of the mixture is oxygen. What is the PO₂ of oxygen?

a. 25 mm Hg

b.

c. 100 mm Hg

d. 250 mm Hg

.2. As compared with atmospheric air, alveolar air has:

a. higher PO₂, lower PCO₂, higher PN₂.

b. lower Po₂, higher Pco₂, lower PN₂.

PULMONARY VENTILATION

3. During inspiration:

a. intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures are decreased.

b. intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures are increased.

c. intrapleural pressure is decreased and intrapulmonic pressure is increased.

d. intrapleural pressure is increased and intrapulmonic pressure is decreased.

4. During inspiration the pressure within the mediastinal space:

a. increases.

b. decreases.

c. remains the same.

L5. During expiration the intrapulmonic pressure:

a. increases.

b. decreases.

c. goes bonkers.

.6. Return of blood to the right atrium is assisted when:

a. the thorax is expanded (intrapleural pressure decreased from normal) during inspiration.

b. the thorax is contracted (intrapleural pressure returned to normal) during expiration.

L7. A pulmonary physiologic dead space is:

a. the total volume of airways (anatomic volume).

b. the total volume of airways and alveoli.

c. one composed only of nonperfused alveoli.

d. that part of the tidal volume that is inspired but takes no part in gas exchange.

8. When the lungs are expanded during inspiration:

a. the pressure inside the venae cavae is increased.

b. the pressure inside the venae cavae is decreased.

c. there is no change in the pressure inside the venae cavae.

.9. Which one of the ventilation subdivisions is normally increased during panting?

a. Alveolar ventilation

b. Dead space ventilation

DIFFUSION OF RESPIRATORY GASES

:0. Alveolar PCO₂ is measured to be 45 mm Hg. Considering this value, one would expect atmospheric PCO₂ to be______ than 45 mm Hg and venous blood PCO₂ to be_______ than 45

mm Hg. (Select the respective words from the sets below that complete the above blanks.)

a.

b. Less, less

c. Less, greater

d. Greater, greater

»1. The PO₂ of blood in the pulmonary arteries is higher than the PO₂ of blood in the pulmonary veins.

a. True

b. False

:2. The PCO₂ in the interstitial fluid compartment is higher than the PCO₂ of blood in the capillaries.

a. True

b. False

OXYGEN TRANSPORT

:3. How does an animal with a P_aO₂ of 400 mm Hg compare with that animal when it had a P_aO₂ of 100 mm Hg, with respect to amount of oxygen being transported (assume equal concentration of Hb for both situations)?

a. Four times more

b. Two times more

c. Slightly more because of the additional amount in solution and complete saturation of hemoglobin (100% versus 97.5%)

:4. Most of the oxygen transported in the blood is that which is:

a. in solution.

b. associated with plasma proteins.

c. associated with carbon dioxide.

d. associated with hemoglobin.

:5. A decrease of PO₂ from 100 mm Hg to 40 mm Hg for blood leaving the left ventricle and returning to the right atrium represents an approximate desaturation of hemoglobin of:

a. 60%.

b. 25%.

c. 40%∙

d. 50%∙

CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT

^,.6. The chemical form that accounts for the greatest amount of carbon dioxide transport is:

a. CO₂ associated with amino groups of hemoglobin.

b. CO₂ in solution (dissolved).

c. HCO₃^- (bicarbonate).

>7. The most plentiful compound available for buffering hydrogen ions formed during the hydration reaction (carbon dioxide transport) is:

a. bicarbonate.

b. plasma proteins.

c. hemoglobin.

:8. As a result of carbon dioxide transport, venous blood has a lower pH than arterial blood.

a. True

b. False

REGULATION OF VENTILATION

19. The PO₂ of arterial blood during the development of carbon monoxide poisoning is:

a.

b. greater than normal.

c. less than normal.

q. Which one of the following causes increased ventilation of the lungs?

a. Decreased CO₂ concentration in the blood

b. Increased CO₂ concentration in the blood

c. Increased PO₂ of arterial blood

d. Increased pH of the blood (decreased H⁺ concentration)

}1. Where is the respiratory center for the regulation of ventilation located?

a. Brain stem

b. Lungs

c. Cerebral cortex

d. Hypothalamus

,2. Receptors for the detection of changes in arterial blood PO₂ are located in the:

a. lungs.

b. brain stem respiratory center.

c. carotid and aortic bodies.

d. heart.

13. During the development of carbon monoxide poisoning or as observed in anemic (nonexerted) animals:

a. ventilation of the lungs is not increased because the PO₂ of arterial blood remains normal.

b. ventilation of the lungs is increased because of hypoxemia.

c. carbon monoxide does not interfere with oxygen transport and there is no deficiency of hemoglobin, respectively.

14. A calf breathing room air has a pulmonary ventilation rate of 26 L/min. It is placed on a gas

mixture, and the rate becomes 22 L/min. The gas mixture most likely is:

a. oxygen enriched.

b. carbon dioxide enriched.

RESPIRATORY CLEARANCE

15. Deposition of inhaled particles by brownian movement is most likely to occur in the:

a. trachea.

b. bronchi.

c. terminal bronchioles.

d. alveolar ducts.

[6. Inhaled particles that are deposited and not cleared, but rather stimulate a local connective tissue reaction, are those that become:

a. dissolved.

b. sequestered.

c. phagocytized.

Nonrespiratory functions of the respiratory system

J7. When cats purr, which one of the following is false?

a. The muscles of the larynx that close the vocal cords and the diaphragm contract simultaneously during inspiration.

b. Sound is produced by the vocal cords while they are opening.

c. The vocal cords open and close 25 times each second to produce the purring sound.

8. Which component of ventilation is significantly increased when animals pant?

a. Alveolar ventilation

b. Dead space ventilation

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TERMINOLOGY

19. Hypercapnia refers to:

a. an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood.

b. an excess of carbon monoxide in the blood.

c. increased frequency and depth of breathing.

.0. Atelectasis refers to:

a. a condition in which destruction of alveolar membranes has occurred.

b. an inflammatory condition of the lungs in which the alveoli fill with fluid and cell debris.

c. a collapse of alveoli.

AVIAN RESPIRATION

μ. The bronchi that correspond to parabronchi are the:

a. primary.

b. secondary.

c. tertiary.

∣,2. The air capillaries are immediate extensions of:

a. parabronchi.

b. air sacs.

c. infundibuli.

d. atria.

β. Compression of air sacs is associated with:

a. inspiration.

b. expiration.

4 Ventilation of avian lungs occurs during:

a. inspiration.

b. expiration.

c. both inspiration and expiration.

β. Gas exchange occurs between the interface of:

a. air capillaries and blood capillaries.

b. air sacs and blood capillaries.

c. both a and b.

[.6. Both cranial and caudal air sacs ventilate the parabronchial mantles during expiration.

a. True

b. False

p. Because of cross-current ventilation, it is possible to have a lower PCO₂ and a higher PO₂ in arterial blood than in gas leaving the parabronchial mantles.

a. True

b. False