SELF EVALUATION - CHAPTER 11

GROSS ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS AND URINARY BLADDER

1. What prevents the backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureters?

a. Angle of ureter entrance at the Ureterovesicular junction

b.

c. Constant peristaltic waves toward the bladder

d. There is nothing to prevent it.

2. Which one of the following structures conveys urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder?

a. Urethra

b. Distal tubule

c. Ureter

d. Loop of Henle

3. A heart-shaped kidney is characteristic of:

a. dogs.

b. horses.

c. pigs.

d. cattle.

4. Innervation to the kidneys is provided by:

a. sympathetic division of autonomics.

b. parasympathetic division of autonomics.

c. cranial nerves.

d. spinal nerves.

THE NEPHRON

5. Which one of the following nephron parts is first encountered by blood entering from the afferent arteriole?

a. Bowman’s capsule

b. Glomerulus

c. Proximal convoluted tubule

d. Loop of Henle

6. Where would one expect to find the lowest hydrostatic pressure?

a. Glomerulus

b. Peritubular capillaries

c. Renal vein

d. Renal artery

FORMATION OF URINE

7. The composition of glomerular filtrate is the same as tubular fluid.

a. True

b. False

8. Which one of the following measurements would be the least at any one time?

a. Renal plasma flow

b. Renal blood flow

c. Glomerular filtration rate

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

9. The counterpart to the venous end of a muscle capillary (favors reabsorption) would be the:

a. glomerulus.

b. peritubular capillaries.

c. vasa recta.

d. renal vein.

0. Renin secretion in response to detection by macula densa cells of reduced [Na⁺] leads to:

a. the formation of angiotensin II.

b. glomerular efferent arteriolar constriction.

c. an increased filtration fraction.

d. all of the above.

TUBULAR REABSORPTION AND SECRETION

11. Which one of the following nephron parts accounts for the largest amount of water, glucose, amino acid, and vitamin reabsorption?

a. Glomerulus

b. Distal tubule

c. Proximal tubule

d. Collecting tubule

.2. The plasma concentration at which glucose first appears in the urine would be defined as its:

a. downfall.

b. transport maximum.

c. renal threshold.

.3. The greatest part of Na⁺ reabsorption occurs in the:

a. proximal tubule.

b. loop of Henle.

c. cortical collecting tubules and medullary collecting ducts.

COUNTERCURRENT MECHANISM

.4. Which one of the following nephron parts is associated with the establishment of a high salt concentration in the medulla of the kidney?

a. Bowman capsule

b. Proximal tubule

c. Loop of Henle

d. Distal tubule

1.5. Loss of solute (Na⁺, Cl^-) and retention of H₂O that occurs in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle causes the tubular fluid to be______ as compared with plasma.

a. hypotonic

b. hypertonic

c. isotonic

.6. With regard to the tubular transport of urea:

a. it is actively transported from the proximal tubule so that about one-third to one-half of its presence continues to the loop of Henle.

b. it is essentially trapped within the nephron tubules throughout their length so that it can be excreted.

c. it plays no part in the osmoconcentration of the ISF of the renal medulla.

d. during the process of its being excreted, there is a recirculation of some urea from the inner medullary collecting ducts to the ascending thin limb of the loop of Henle.

CONCENTRATION OF URINE

L7. Which one of the following is not associated with diabetes mellitus?

a. Increased urine formation

b. Renal threshold for glucose is exceeded.

c. Increased thirst

d. Lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

8. When antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary is released in greater amounts, what will happen to the fluid in the collecting ducts of the kidney?

a.

b. It will remain the same.

c. It will become more concentrated.

.9. If excess glucose fails to be reabsorbed (renal threshold exceeded), the effective osmotic pressure in the tubular lumen:

a. increases.

b. decreases.

c. becomes ineffective.

:0. Detection of increased osmoconcentration of the ECF by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus would result in:

a. more concentrated urine.

b. more dilute urine.

c. no change in urine concentration.

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME REGULATION

»1. Receptors responding to acute changes in blood volume are:

a. macula densa cells.

b. in the left atrium of the heart.

c. in the hypothalamus.

d. in the renal pelvis.

:2. The first of the graded responses to decreased left atrial filling (hypovolemia) is:

a. renin secretion from JG granular cells.

b. increased renal tubular reabsorption of Na⁺.

c. renal vasoconstriction.

ALDOSTERONE

:3. Which one of the following hormones promotes the tubular reabsorption of Na⁺ and the tubular secretion of K⁺?

a. Antidiuretic hormone

b. Secretin

c. Aldosterone

d. Oxytocin

:4. Aldosterone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, regulates:

a. plasma [K⁺].

b. plasma [Na⁺].

c. both [Na⁺] and [K⁺] of plasma.

OTHER HORMONES WITH KIDNEY ASSOCIATION

15. What hormone acts on the kidney to activate vitamin D, which in turn increases Ca²⁺ absorption from the intestine?

a. Calcitonin

b. Thyroxine

c. Aldosterone

d. Parathyroid hormone

MICTURITION

16. The physiologic term for emptying the bladder is:

a. parturition.

b. micturition.

c. defecation.

d. ammunition.

>7. Tubular fluid is transported from Bowman’s capsule to the renal pelvis by:

a. action of cilia.

b. peristalsis.

c. hydrostatic pressure gradient.

d. bucket brigade.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALIAN URINE

:8.

a. amino acids.

b. uric acid.

c. urea.

d. ammonia.

19. Mucus in the urine of horses:

a. prevents infection.

b. slows micturition.

c. provides a carrier for precipitated carbonates and phosphates and prevents their collection in the renal pelvis.

d. prevents splashing.

RENAL CLEARANCE

O. Creatinine results from:

a. protein metabolism.

b. degradation of creatine

c. the spontaneous loss of phosphoric acid from creatine phosphate.

}1. Creatinine clearance provides information about:

a. renal plasma flow.

b. glomerular filtration rate (and hence functional renal mass).

c. renal blood flow.

d. all of the above.

MAINTENANCE OF ACID-BASE BALANCE

',2. The kidneys and lungs have no role in the maintenance of body acid-base balance.

a. True

b. False

13. Increases in PCO₂ from poor ventilation would increase the secretion of H⁺ by kidney.

a. True

b. False

[4. Increased [H⁺] because of poor kidney function and consequent reduced H⁺ secretion would stimulate ventilation and increase CO₂ loss, which would assist in lowering [H⁺].

a. True

b. False

AVIAN URINARY SYSTEM

[5. Which one of the following nephron components is lacking in reptilian nephrons?

a. Proximal tubule

b. Loop of Henle

c. Distal tubule

d. Collecting tubule

[6. Renal portal system blood is:

a. venous blood.

b. arterial blood.

57. Reptilian nephron tubular fluid goes directly to the ureters and escapes the medullary cones, where it could become concentrated.

a. True

b. False

8. The avian nephron type that provides for water conservation is the:

a. reptilian nephron.

b. mammalian nephron.

[9. Renal portal blood enters the vascular supply perfusing the renal tubules at the level of the:

a. glomerulus.

b. peritubular capillaries.

c. vasa recta.

d. vena cava.

.0. The principal nitrogenous component of avian urine is:

a. ammonia.

b. urea.

c. uric acid.

μ. Uric acid precipitates in the renal tubules to:

a. avoid ammonia toxicity.

b. avoid obligation of water excretion.

c. make it more slippery.

d. have a better mix with feces.

[2. Ammonia is converted to uric acid in birds:

a. in the liver.

b. in the kidneys.

c. in the liver and kidneys.

β. Water reabsorption from urine deposited in the cloaca may occur in the:

a. cloaca.

b. colon.

c. colon and cecum.

4. A urine-to-plasma osmolal ratio of 3:1 is not uncommon in birds.

a. True

b. False