SELF EVALUATION - CHAPTER 12

INTRODUCTORY CONSIDERATIONS

1. The reactions and conversions necessary to provide energy, build tissues, and synthesize secretions are collectively known as:

a. digestion.

b.

c. intermediary metabolism.

THE ORAL CAVITY AND PHARYNX

2. For the sheep, the dental formula 2(0/4-0/0-3/3-3/3) would indicate that:

a. the sheep has eight incisors in the lower jaw of its mouth.

b. the sheep has 16 teeth in its mouth.

c. there are four canine teeth on each half of the lower jaw.

3. At what age does the corner (I3) incisor erupt in the equine permanent.dentition?

a. 2½ years

b. 3½ years

c. 4½ years

4. Mobility of the tongue of domestic animals is facilitated by:

a. three-directional muscle fibers.

b. greater innervation.

c. the taste buds.

d. greater mental concentration.

5. At what age is the cup (infundibulum) typically worn away on the equine lower second incisor?

a. 6 years

b. 7 years

c. 8 years

d. 9 years

6. The filiform and conical papillae of the tongue:

a. render it more mobile.

b. serve as a plunger for transport of food from the mouth to the.esophagus.

c. provide traction for movement of food in the mouth and for grooming hair.

d. discriminate between harmful and proper foods.

7. Which one of the following structures is elevated during deglutition to prevent food entrance into the nasal cavity?

a. Soft palate

b. Epiglottis

c. Glottis

d. Larynx

THE SIMPLE STOMACH

8. There are anatomically distinct esophageal sphincters, not only at the pharyngeal opening but also where it enters the stomach.

a. True

b. False

9. Mucus is secreted by all of the stomach gland regions.

a. True

b. False

INTESTINES

0. Replacement of intestinal epithelium:

a. does not occur (they are there for life).

b.

c. originates from the tips of the villi and migrates to the crypts.

d. occurs in cycles.

11. Which one of the following does not characterize the small intestine?

a. It contains two smooth muscle layers, one arranged circularly and the other longitudinally.

b. The presence of villi, crypts, brush borders on cells, and folds combine to increase surface area.

c. Digestion is accomplished by microbial enzymes rather than by mammalian enzymes.

d. It is composed of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, in that order from cranial to caudal..2. For those animals not requiring extensive fermentation of their food, where does most of the

digestion and absorption take place?

a. Cecum

b. Small intestine

c. Colon

d. Stomach

.3. Which one of the following is the smallest division of intestinal surface amplification?

a. Microvilli (brush border)

b. Intestinal folds (plications)

c. Villus

.4. Reabsorption of electrolytes and water and microbial digestion are characteristic of the:

a. stomach.

b. small intestine.

c. large intestine.

ACCESSORY ORGANS

15. Which one of the domestic animals has the liver lobules surrounded by visible connective tissue septa?

a. Horse

b. Pig

c. Cow

d. Dog

.6. Which one of the following organs,has both endocrine and exocrine,functions?

a. Pancreas

b. Salivary glands

c. Liver

d. Spleen

COMPOSITION OF FOODSTUFFS

L7. Amino acids can be coupled by peptide linkages to form:

a. glycogen.

b. triglycerides.

c. cellulose.

d. proteins.

8. Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are classified according to which one of the following?

a. Protein, polypeptide

b. Lipid, triglycerides

c. Carbohydrate, polysaccharides

d. Carbohydrate, disaccharides

.9. Foods containing a high percentage,of cellulose with low digestibility are classified as:

a. concentrates.

b. roughages.

c. junk foods.

d. fast foods.

Pregastric mechanical functions

:0. Seizing and conveying food to the mouth is known as:

a. apprehension.

b. tension.

c. prehension.

d. pension.

»1. When a bolus of food is swallowed:

a. the soft palate is folded over the glottis.

b. the epiglottis is elevated, closing the nasal cavity from the pharynx.

c. respiration is inhibited.

:2. Which one of the following best describes prehension?

a. Movement of food through the intestines

b. Seizing and conveying food to the mouth

c. Fear

d. Emptying of the stomach

:3. The tongue is more important as a prehensile organ in the:

a. cow.

b. pig.

c. horse.

d. dog.

GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY

:4. Segmental contractions are noted for their ability to:

a. mix intestinal contents.

b. propel intestinal contents toward the anus.

:5. Parasympathetic stimulation to the intestine:

a. decreases the resting membrane potential (more negative), thus decreasing motility.

b. increases the resting membrane potential (less negative), thus decreasing motility.

c. decreases the resting membrane potential, thus increasing motility.

d. increases the resting membrane potential, thus increasing motility.

16. Intestinal contractions initiated by distention, which stimulates activity cranial to and inhibits activity caudal to the distention, thus moving contents and propagating the reflex, are called:

a. twitches.

b. spasms.

c. segmentation.

d. peristalsis.

>7. Which one of the autonomic divisions depolarizes gastrointestinal smooth muscle, increases spiking, and results in more vigorous gastrointestinal.activity?

a. Parasympathetic

b. Sympathetic

MECHANICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE

:8. Vomiting is often observed in horses and cattle.

a. True

b. False

MECHANICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE

19. Where does most of the water and electrolyte reabsorption occur?

a. Stomach

b. Duodenum

c.

d. Large intestine

0. Which one of the following is not characteristic of large intestine function?

a. Water conservation occurs because incompletely digested foodstuffs are further digested and absorbed.

b. Microbial digestion does occur.

c. There is considerable digestion by mammalian enzymes.

d. The large intestine is a major site for water reabsorption.

}1. A defecation frequency of 10 times per day would be considered as diarrhea in:

a. the horse.

b. the cow.

c. the dog.

d. all of the above.

DIGESTIVE SECRETIONS

(2. Among the domestic animals, bicarbonate for the gastrointestinal tract is secreted:

a. only by the salivary glands.

b. only by the bile ducts.

c. only by the exocrine pancreas.

d. by salivary glands, exocrine pancreas, and bile ducts.

[3. Which one of the following hormones is best known for its association with stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretions and contraction of the gallbladder?

a. Cholecystokinin

b. Secretin

',4. Which one of the following is best associated with the milk-coagulating enzyme of calves?

a. Bile, formed in liver

b. Renin, formed in kidney

c. Rennin, formed in abomasum

d. Enterokinase, formed in intestine

[5. Which one of the following statements is not a characteristic of bile?

a. Released from gallbladder under the influence of cholecystokinin

b. Important for digestion because of presence of bile salts

c. Contains digestive enzymes

d. Emulsifies fat and assists transport of monoglycerides and free fatty acids to epithelial cells for absorption

[6. Protein digestion begins in the stomach because of the enzymatic action of:

a. HCl.

b. pepsinogen.

c. rennin.

d. pepsin.

J7. Which one of the following salivary functions is either nonexistent or insignificant in ruminants?

a. Enzymes for digestion

b. Chemical buffers for rumen

c. Bacterial growth media enhancement

d. Prevention of froth

8.

a. Secretin

b. Cholecystokinin

c. Oxytocin

d. Antidiuretic hormone

[9. Which one of the following best describes trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen?

a. Precursors of proteolytic enzymes secreted by the intestinal epithelium

b. Precursors of lipolytic enzymes secreted by the intestinal epithelium

c. Proteolytic enzymes secreted by the intestinal epithelium

d. Precursors of proteolytic enzymes secreted by the pancreas

.0. Which one of the following is not a function of HCl in the stomach?

a. Lowers pH

b. Kills bacteria

c. Converts trypsinogen to trypsin

d. Converts pepsinogen to pepsin

μ. The hepatic portal circulation:

a. receives blood from the kidneys.

b. is that which perfuses the.hypothalamus.

c. receives blood that arises from the capillaries of the stomach, spleen, and small and large intestine;.this blood then perfuses the liver sinusoids before entering the.hepatic vein.

d. has to do with concentrating the urine.

[2. A hyperosmotic solution in the stomach becomes isotonic before it is evacuated into the duodenum.

a. True

b. False

β. Which salivary function is most important for ruminants?

a. Provision of evaporative water for cooling

b. Provision of amylase (conversion of starch to maltose)

c. Provision of bicarbonates and phosphates for buffering

4. Pancreatic fluid flow is continuous in the:

a. horse.

b. dog.

c. both horse and dog.

β. Which one of the following is activated by enterokinase in the intestine so that the active form can then activate the other proteolytic proenzymes?

a. Trypsinogen

b. Chymotrypsinogen

c. Elastase

d. Carboxypeptidase A

[.6. Contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi are initiated by:

a. CCK.

b. secretin.

c. gastrin.

DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

p. Fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract of the cat and dog:

a.

b. takes place in the stomach.

c. would occur in the large intestine.

d. causes gas formation only.

.8. The microbes of fermentation are digested in both ruminant and nonruminant herbivores.

a. True

b. False

[9. No further digestion is required for the absorption of (select the response in which all are correct):

a. glucose, sucrose, galactose.

b. glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides.

c. amino acids, polypeptides.

d. glycerol, fatty acids, triglycerides.

[0. Which one of the following best describes the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?

a. It is accomplished in the intestinal lumen by carboxypeptidase A and B, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase.

b. Conversion to glucose, galactose, and fructose occurs in the lumen.

c. Pancreatic amylase is produced by the intestinal epithelium.

d. Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are degraded to monosaccharides by enzymes in the brush border of the intestinal epithelium.

51. Which one of the following is most likely to be resynthesized to its beginning form and to enter the central lacteals of the intestinal villi for its entry to the circulation?

a. Monoglycerides and fatty acids

b. Amino acids

c. Monosaccharide

d. Fruitcake

;2. Where would one find chylomicrons?

a. Gallbladder

b. Pancreas

c. Central lacteal

d. Intestinal lumen

_l3. Complete protein hydrolysis yields:

a. monosaccharides.

b. amino acids.

c. glycerol and fatty acids.

d. peptides.

THE RUMINANT STOMACH

,4. Rumen contractions can be observed in the left paralumbar fossa and should approximate:

a. 1 to 2 each minute.

b. 5 to 10 each minute.

c. 5 to 10 each hour.

d. TNTC.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RUMINANT DIGESTION

;6. Which one of the following is associated with the sequence of flooding of the cardia, opening of the cardia, inspiration with a closed glottis, entrance of rumen content into the esophagus, and reverse peristalsis of the esophagus?

a. Redeglutition

b. Eructation

c. Regurgitation

d. Rumen contractions

i7. A good estimate for the volume of saliva produced by an adult cow in 24 hours is:

a. 30 gallons.

b. 30 pints.

c. 30 quarts.

d. 30 cups.

;8. Which one of the following is a component of rumination?

a. Defecation

b. Vomiting

c. Eructation

d. Regurgitation

_l9. Deglutition, regurgitation, and eructation (assuming distention of the esophagus) could all be observed on the left side of the neck of a cow.

a. True

b. False

∣0. The presence of gas stimulates receptors in the region of the cardia and initiates:

a. regurgitation.

b. eructation.

c. defecation.

d. flatulence.

>1. Regurgitation is facilitated by:

a. inspiration with a closed glottis (decreases mediastinal pressure).

b. expiration (mediastinal pressure increased).

c. salivation.

d. thorough mastication.

CHEMISTRY AND MICROBIOLOGY OF THE RUMEN

>1. The principal end product(s) of dietary carbohydrates in ruminants is(are):

a. volatile fatty acids.

b. triglycerides.

c. glucose.

d. amino acids.

>2. Which vitamin synthesized in the rumen requires cobalt for its structure?

a. Vitamin B₁₂

b. Vitamin K

c. Vitamin A

d. Vitamin C

RUMINANT METABOLISM

>3. Bloat in cattle is caused by:

a. an increase in the volume of gas produced.

b. a failure of the eructation mechanism.

c. both a and b.

>4. Bloat in ruminants can be caused by a change in the composition of the gas produced.

a. True

b. False

>5. Ketosis occurs in ruminants because there is not enough acetyl CoA to direct acetic and butyric acid (two of the VFAs) into the Krebs cycle.

a. True

b. False

>6. Which one of the following VFAs is the least likely to be productive of ketosis in ruminants?

a. Acetic acid

b. Propionic acid

c. Butyric acid

AVIAN DIGESTION

>7. Which one of the avian digestive.tract structures secretes HCl and pepsinogen?

a. Crop

b. Proventriculus

c. Gizzard

d. Ceca

∣8. Which one of the avian digestive tract structures is very muscular and serves to grind or break down food?

a. Crop

b. Proventriculus

c. Gizzard

d. Ceca

>9. Which avian digestive tract structure provides for the microbial digestion of cellulose?

a. Gizzard

b. Ileum

c. Ceca

d. Cloaca

'0. It is possible for uric acid to go from the cloaca to the ceca.

a. True

b. False

^71. The avian vent:

a. ventilates the cloaca.

b. serves as an opening for the passage of feces, feces mixed with urine, and eggs.

^72. The bursa of Fabricius:

a. is a part of the small intestine.

b. is associated with humoral.immunity.

c. produces erythrocytes.

d. is a site for water reabsorption from the cloaca.

^73. Heat stress associated with ambient temperatures of 37 °C:

a. has no affect on absorption from the ileum.

b. decreases mesenteric blood flow and thereby reduces absorption.

c. increases turkey intelligence.