Table of Contents

Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii

Chapter 1

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 3

Descriptive Terms Useful in the Study of Anatomy 5

Microscopic Anatomy: Animal Cells and Tissues 7

The General Plan of the Animal Body 14

Chapter 2

Anatomy and Physiology of the Cell 17

Properties of Life 18

Chemical Composition of the Cell 19

Microscopic Study of the Cell 25

The Cell Membrane 28

Transport Across Cell Membranes 31

Membrane Potentials and Excitable

Cells 36

Membrane Receptors and Intracellular

Signaling 38

Cytoplasm and Cytoplasmic Organelles 39

Nucleus 42

Cell Division 48

Regulation of Cell Growth and

Replication 50

Chapter 3

Embryology 51

Development of Germ Layers 52

Neurulation 53

Differentiation of Other Tissues 54

Chapter 4

The Skeletal System 59

Functions of Bones 59

Terminology 62

Classification of Bones According to Gross Appearance 64

Axial Skeleton 64

Appendicular Skeleton 71

Chapter 5

Microscopic Anatomy and Growth and

Development of Bone 77

Microscopic Anatomy and Formation of Bone 77

Ossification 80

Physiology of Bone 82

Fractures and Fracture Healing 83

Other Pathologic Conditions 85

Chapter 6

Joints 87

Classification of Joints 87

Movements of Joints 90

Types of Synovial Joints 91

Joints of the Axial Skeleton 92

Joints of the Appendicular Skeleton 92

Pathology of Joints and Related

Structures 101

Chapter 7

Anatomy of the Muscular System 105

Types of Muscle Tissue 105

Functions of the Muscular System 106

Skeletal Muscle Organization 106

Muscles of the Thoracic Limb 113

Muscles of the Pelvic Limb 120

Muscles of the Head 126

Muscles of the Trunk and Neck 127

Chapter 8

Microscopic Anatomy and Physiology of Muscle 131

Skeletal Muscle 131

Smooth Muscle 142

Cardiac Muscle 146

Chapter 9

Anatomy of the Nervous System 149

Microscopic Neuroanatomy 151

Embryology 153

Central Nervous System 156

Peripheral Nervous System 164

Autonomic Nervous System 169

Enteric Nervous System 171

Chapter 11

Sense Organs 185

Sensory Receptors 186 Somatosensation 187

Visceral Sensations 189

Chemical Senses 190

Hearing and Balance 192

Vision 199

Chapter 12

Endocrinology 207

Hormones and Their Receptors 208

Cellular Effects of Peptide Hormones 211

Cellular Effects of Steroid and Thyroid Hormones 212

Negative and Positive Feedback Regulation 212

Hypothalamopituitary Axis 213

Hormones of the Neurohypophysis 215

Hormones of the Adenohypophysis 215 Other Endocrine Glands 220

Chapter 13

The Integument 223

Integument 223

Skin 223

Adnexa of the Skin 226

Modified Epidermis 228

Coat Color in Horses 233 Wool 234

Chapter 14

Chapter 10

Physiology of the Nervous

System 173

Physiology of the Nerve Impulse 173

Synaptic Transmission 175

Neurotransmitters 177

Neural Control of Skeletal Muscle 177

Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System 181

Regeneration and Repair in the Nervous

System 184

The Equine Foot and Passive Stay Apparatus 237

Structure of the Foot 238

Function 249

Stay Apparatus 250

Chapter 15

Blood and Other Body Fluids 257

Blood 257

Plasma and Serum 265

Blood pH 266

Table of Contents / ix

Hemostasis and Coagulation 266

Lymph 269

Serous Fluids 269

Chapter 16

Chapter 19

The Respiratory System 317

Upper Respiratory Tract 318

Thorax 325

Physiology of Respiration 328

Body Defenses and the Immune

System 271

Nonspecific Defenses 272

Specific Immune Response 273

B Lymphocytes 274

Immunoglobulins 275

T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity 275 Lymphocyte Origin, Development, and

Residence 277

Active and Passive Immunities 277

Immunological Surveillance 277

Lymphatic System 278

Chapter 20

Anatomy of the Digestive System 335

Organization of the Digestive System 335

Mouth 337

Pharynx 343

Esophagus 344

Nonruminant Stomach 345

Ruminant Stomach 346

Small Intestine 350

Large Intestine 354

Peritoneal Features 355

Accessory Digestive Organs 355

Chapter 17

Chapter 21

Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System 283

Heart 283

Vessels 289

Pulmonary Circulation 289

Systemic Circulation 291

Veins 295

Fetal Circulation 297

Physiology of Digestion 361

Pregastric Physiology 363

Ruminant Forestomach 365

Gastric Physiology 367

Physiology of the Small Intestine, Exocrine

Pancreas, and Liver 368

Physiology of the Cecum and Colon 373

Rectum and Defecation 374

Chapter 22

Chapter 18

Physiology of the Heart and

Circulation 301

Basic Design and Function of the

Cardiovascular System 301

Cardiac Cycle 303

Electrical Activity of the Heart 306

Cardiac Output and Its Regulation 308

Structure and Function of Blood

Vessels 310

Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure and Blood Volume 312

Cardiovascular Function During Exercise and Hypovolemia 315

Nutrition and Metabolism 375

Nutrition 375

Metabolism 376

Chapter 23

The Urinary System 383

Anatomy of the Kidney 383

Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra 387 Micturition 388

Overview of Function and Histology of the Kidneys 389

Glomerular Filtration 391

Proximal Tubule Transport 392

Concentration and Dilution of Urine:

Role of the Loop of Henle and Collecting

Duct Transport 393

Sodium, Potassium, and Aldosterone 397

Urine Acidification 398

Regulation of Acid-Base Balance 398

Ovulation 433

Corpus Luteum 434

Phases of the Estrous Cycle 435

Specifics of Selected Estrous Cycles 436

Chapter 28

Chapter 24

Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System 401

Testis 402

Epididymis 405

Ductus Deferens 405

Scrotum 405

Inguinal Canal 405

Descent of the Testis 406

Castration 408

Accessory Sex Glands 408

Penis 409

Prepuce 411

Muscles of the Male Genitalia 412

Blood and Nerve Supply of the Male Genitalia 412

Chapter 25

Physiology of Male Reproduction 413

Seminiferous Tubules and

Spermatogenesis 413

Epididymis 417

Semen and Semen Technology 417 Hormones of Male Reproduction 418

Erection and Ejaculation 419

Chapter 26

Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 421

Ovaries 421

Uterine Tubes 423

Uterus 424

Vagina 427

Vestibule and Vulva 427

Blood and Nerve Supply of the Female

Reproductive Tract 427

Chapter 27

The Ovary and Estrous Cycles 429

Oogenesis 429

Pregnancy and Parturition 439

Fertilization 439

Implantation and Placentation 442 Hormones of Pregnancy 444 Pregnancy Diagnosis 445 Parturition 446

Fetal Presentations and Delivery 447

Dystocia 448

Chapter 29

Anatomy and Physiology of the

Mammary Glands 449

Mammary Glands of the Cow 450

Microscopic Anatomy of the Mammary

Gland 454

Mammary Glands of Swine 455

Mammary Glands of Sheep and Goats 456

Mammary Glands of the Horse 456

Physiology of Lactation 456

Chapter 30

Poultry 463

Integument 464

Body Design 465

Skeleton and Bone 466

Musculature 468

Gastrointestinal System 468

Respiratory System 471

Cardiovascular System 474

Lymphatic System 475

Urinary System 475

Female Reproductive System 478

Male Reproductive System 481

Sex Chromosomes 482

Reproduction and Photoperiods 482

Appendix: Abbreviations 483 Bibliography 487

Index 489