Appendix 6. Abbreviations

yr year

mo month

wk week

d day

hr hour

min minute

sec second

CRI constant rate infusion

IA intraarticular

IC intracardiac

IM intramuscular

IO intraosseous

IP intraperitoneal

IT intratracheal

IV intravenous

PO orally

SC subcutaneous

L litre

dL decilitre

fL femtolitre

μL microlitre

mL millilitre

g gram

kg kilogram

μg microgram

mg milligram

ng nannogram

G g^aug^e

IU international units

U unit

sid once a day

bid twice a day

tid three times a day

qid four times a day

prn as needed

q every

ALP alkaline phosphatase

ALT alanine aminotransferase

AST aspartate aminotransferase

CBC complete blood count

Chol cholesterol

CK creatine kinase

GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase

GLDH glutamate dehydrogenase

Hb haemoglobin

HCT haematocrit

LDH lactate dehydrogenase

MCH mean corpuscular haemoglobin

MCHC mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration

MCV mean corpuscular volume

nRBC nucleated red blood cells

PCV packed cell volume

RBC red blood cells

WBC white blood cells

ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

LCAT latex cryptococcal antigen agglutination test

PCR polymerase chain reaction

qPCR quantitative PCR

RT-qPCR quantitative reverse transcription PCR

DNA deoxyribose nucleic acid

RNA ribose nucleic acid

FSH follicle-stimulating hormone

GnRH gonadotrophin-releasing hormone

hCG human chorionic gonadotrophin

LH luteinising hormone

NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

bpm beats or breaths per minute

BW body weight

BY back young

CL corpus luteum

CNS central nervous system

GI gastrointestinal

GIT gastrointestinal tract

MAC mean alveolar concentration

PY pouch young (use in preference to the term ‘joey’)

PEY pouch emergent young

PM post mortem

PPE personal protective equipment

Ab antibody

Ag antigen

CT computed tomography

MRI magnetic resonance imaging

n sample size

CI confidence interval

RI reference interval

SE standard error

SD standard deviation

ACT Australian Capital Territory

NSW New South Wales

NT Northern Territory

Qld Queensland

SA South Australia

Tas.

Vic.

WA Western Australia

Is. Island

NZ New Zealand

Plate 12.1. Intracellular bacterial cocci within a neutrophil (purple) and numerous colonising bacterial cocci (deep blue, paired) on keratinocytes (pale blue) on an adhesive tape impression (?1000 magnification; ?100 objective).

Plate 12.2. Cluster of degenerate neutrophils (central) among normal keratinocytes on an adhesive tape impression (?400 magnification; ?40 objective). Oil immersion examination is essential to evaluate accurately for bacteria.

Plate 12.3. Dermatophyte-infected hair shaft (darker, thicker with loss of distinction between cuticle, cortex and medulla) contrasting to normal hairs (ladder-like medulla clearly apparent) on an adhesive tape impression sample (?40 magnification; ?4 objective).

Plate 12.4. Dermatophyte hyphae within a hair shaft (note loss of distinction of layering) with adjacent refractile spherical arthrospores on an adhesive tape impression sample (?1000 magnification; ?100 objective).

Plate 18.1. Microscopic section of the transponder-associated soft-tissue sarcoma featuring a pleomorphic, chaotic population of streaming spindle cells, and adjacent osseous metaplasia (ARWH 2018 case no. 11303.1).

Plate 19.1. Southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus Iatifrons) with signs of photosensitisation caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity, including haemorrhagic and exudative dermatitis with hair loss over the dorsum, rump and flank. Skin not exposed to sun (abdomen and inside of legs) is unaffected. Photo: L Woolford

Plate 22.1. Photomicrograph showing typical microscopic pattern of pyogranulomatous panniculitis within the subcutaneous fat of a Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) with cutaneous mycobacteriosis. Neutrophils and foamy macrophages surround a degenerating fat cell, within which there are mycobacterial organisms (not visible - see Fig. 22.3). Haematoxylin and eosin, ?400 (ARWH 2018 case no. 10378.1).

Plate 22.2. Photomicrograph from a Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) with cutaneous mycobacteriosis showing several filamentous acid-fast staining (red to magenta) bacteria, surrounded by neutrophils and macrophages. Ziehl-Neelsen, ?1000 (ARWH 2018 case no. 10378.1).

Plate 23.1. Prostate of a male agile antechinus (Antechinus agilis), showing cytomegalic lesions with nuclear enlargement, large basophilic intranuclear inclusions and basophilic material within tubule lumina, contrasting with normal prostatic tubules containing eosinophilic prostatic secretions along the left edge. Haematoxylin and eosin, ?200. Photomicrograph: Jemima Amery-Gale

Plate 25.1. Cytological specimen (impression smear) from a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) with pulmonary cryptococcosis. Note the large number of scattered mononuclear inflammatory cells, the extremely large multinucleate giant cell macrophage containing five encapsulated yeasts and large numbers of intracellular and extracellular encapsulated yeasts present.

Plate 29.1. Oral cytology from a sub-adult short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) with prehension difficulty. The presence of sheets of cocci and high numbers of budding yeasts and fungal hyphae are abnormal. The yeasts are typical of Candida spp. Diff-Quik stain (?1000). Photo: Lydia Tong

Plate 29.2. Gastric aspirate cytology from a sub-adult short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) with failure to thrive. The presence of neutrophils, high numbers of rod bacteria and fungal hyphae are diagnostic for gastritis. Diff-Quik stain (?1000). Photo: Lydia Tong

Plate 30.1. Intramonocytic stages of Eimeria on a peripheral blood smear from a short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) (?400 magnification). Image: Taronga Wildlife Hospital

Plate 33.1. Bone marrow smear from a koala with leukaemia. Diff-Quik stain (?20 magnification).

Plate 33.2. Bone marrow smear from a koala with myelodysplasia. Large numbers of basket cells are present. Diff-Quik stain (?20 magnification).

Plate 33.3. Cell types in a normal bone marrow sample from a koala. Normal bone marrow cytology smear showing erythroid series (arrows), myeloid series (white arrowheads) and megakaryocytic (black arrowheads) lineage cells.

Plate 33.4. Normal koala bone marrow cell distribution of myeloid and erythroid lineages. Diff-Quik stain (?40 magnification).

Plate 33.5. Cytology of a normal peritoneal fluid sample. Diff-Quik stain (?20 magnification).

Plate 33.6. Cytology of a peritoneal fluid sample contaminated with hindgut contents aspirated during sampling. Diff-Quik stain (?40 magnification).

Plate 33.7. Cytology of a peritoneal fluid sample in a koala with a haemoabdomen. Diff-Quik stain (?40 magnification).

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Plate 33.8. Cytology of a peritoneal fluid sample in a koala with aseptic peritonitis. Diff-Quik stain (?40 magnification).

Plate 33.9. Cytology of a peritoneal fluid sample in a koala with septic peritonitis. Diff-Quik stain (?40 magnification).

Plate 33.10. Cytology of a peritoneal fluid sample in a koala with mesothelioma. Diff-Quik stain (?20 magnification).

Plate 33.11. Cytology of a peritoneal fluid sample in a koala with resolving peritonitis and post-exploratory laparotomy. Diff-Quik stain (?20 magnification).

Plate 33.12.

Plate 33.13. Urine sediment sample containing Candida, RBCs and neutrophils. Diff-Quik stain (?100 magnification).

Plate 33.14. Bacterial rods and sulfonamide crystals in a urine sediment sample from a young koala with non-chlamydial cystitis. Diff-Quik stain (?100 magnification).

Plate 33.15. Urine sediment sample containing calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in a koala with oxalate nephrosis. Diff-Quik stain (?40 magnification).

Plate 33.16. Loss of the mucobacterial lining in the caecum.

Plate 33.17. Oedema in the mucosal folds of the caecum from the same koala in Fig. 33.4.

Plate 33.18. Abnormal fluid content within the caecum.

Plate 33.19. Haemorrhage and ulceration within the caecal wall.

Plate 37.1. Thermal image of a healthy bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus) taken with a Testo (875-2i) high-resolution thermal imaging camera with a ?2 telephoto lens. This healthy wombat is compared with a wombat with sarcoptic mange (Plate 36.2). Note the differences in the thermal profile between the two images. (Image reproduced with permission from Simpson et al. 2016, Sarcoptes scabiei: the mange mite with mighty effects on the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus). PLoS ONE 11, e0149749).

Plate 37.2. Thermal image of a bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus) with sarcoptic mange taken with a Testo (875-2i) high- resolution thermal imaging camera with a ?2 telephoto lens. This wombat has reduced insulation and altered thermal tolerance with a resultant greater differential between ambient and body temperatures compared to a healthy individual (Plate 36.1). (Image reproduced with permission from Simpson etal. 2016, Sarcoptes scabiei: the mange mite with mighty effects on the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus). PLoS ONE 11, e0149749).

Plate 38.1. Brain, common ringtail-possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) with listeriosis: There is patchy mild to moderate neutrophilic inflammation within the brain parenchyma. Neuronal cell bodies near the more intense inflammation (centrally) are shrunken and dark (neuronal necrosis) Haematoxylin and eosin. Image: ARWH case no. 9271.1

Plate 38.2. Brain, common ringtail-possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus): Gram staining of sections of affected brain shows numerous intracellular clusters of short gram-positive bacilli (Listeria spp.). Gram stain. Image: ARWH case no. 9271.1

Plate 39.1. Photomicrograph of the heart of a Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) with dilated cardiomyopathy. There are extensive areas of fibrosis throughout the myocardium (F). Haematoxylin and eosin, ?200. Photo: Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia

Plate 39.2. Ulcerative cloacitis in a Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii). Note areas of ulceration and inflammation of the cloacal mucosa (arrow). Photo: Tim Portas

Plate 44.1. Lung, spinifex hopping-mouse (Notomys alexis). Image shows moderate patchy consolidation and congestion, and numerous poorly staining intra-alveolar large, round to crescent­shaped yeast bodies with thick clear extracapsular halos consistent with a Cryptococcus spp. There is associated mild to moderate histiocytic and neutrophilic inflammation. Haematoxylin and eosin. (ARWH 2018, case no.10876.1)

Plate 44.2. Liver, spinifex hopping-mouse (Notomys alexis). Image shows numerous Capillaria hepatica eggs embedded within a nodule of palisading multinucleate giant cells (macrophages), surrounded by intense eosinophilic and histiocytic inflammation obliterating normal liver tissue. A small piece of remnant liver parenchyma can be seen at the bottom left of the image. Haematoxylin and eosin. (ARWH 2018, case no. 7589.1)

Plate 45.1. Adult Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) with predominantly brown iris, tear drop-shaped pupil.

Plate 45.2. Adult long-nosed fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) with specks of white within the iris.

Plate 45.3. Stage 1 otariid keratitis in a long-nosed fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri): perilimbal oedema is a key feature. Photo: Carmen Colitz

Plate 45.4. Stage 2 otariid keratitis in a long-nosed fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri): corneal oedema, perilimbal oedema and Vascularisation. Photo: Carmen Colitz

Plate 45.5. Stage 3 otariid keratitis in an Australian fur seal (Arctocephaluspusillus doriferus): extensive and severe corneal oedema and perilimbal Vascularisation. There is scarring from previous grid keratectomy.

Plate 46.1. Nocardial (Nocardia brasiliensis) abscesses (arrows) in the brain of a pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata).