Appendix 4. Drug formulary
Kate Bodley
Historically, drug doses used in Australian mammals were extrapolated from those used in domestic animal medicine, as few pharmacokinetic studies had been performed in Australian mammal species.
In this volume, Chapter 11 reviews published studies of therapeutic drugs in Australian mammals and should be read in conjunction with this Appendix. Drug doses extrapolated from those used in domestic animal medicine should be used with caution as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion may differ significantly in Australian native mammals. For example, during a study investigating in vitro hepatic metabolism of meloxicam in several species, including rats, dogs, koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus), brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and eastern ring-tailed possums (Pseudocheirus peregrinus), a significantly higher apparent hepatic clearance rate was observed in the specialised foliage-eating marsupials (koalas and ring-tailed possums) (Kimble et al. 2014). Eutherians appear to serve as poor models for dosage extrapolation of this drug to marsupials, because of the differences in hepatic turnover rate. Therefore, meloxicam should not be used at canine dose rates in koalas, possums or gliders. Drugs used for chemical capture and restraint of Australian mammals are described in Chapter 9, with doses in Appendix 3, and are not included in this formulary. Responsible prescribing and use of antimicrobials is encouraged to prevent development of antimicrobial resistance and is discussed in Chapter 17. Marsupial studies have demonstrated significant species variation in the metabolism of analgesic drugs and this means that it is important to use a multimodal strategy (that includes, for example, use of local anaesthetic agents, NSAIDs and opioids) when managing pain following trauma or surgery.The drugs listed are those indicated for treatment of disease conditions commonly affecting the species listed.
Doses are from pharmacokinetic studies or anecdotal reports that suggest safe use and clinical efficacy in veterinary hospitals treating wildlife. In many cases, use of drugs listed will be off-label and without specific pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, efficacy or safety studies carried out for the drug in the particular species being treated. Clinicians are advised to always read the drug or product information carefully and use clinical judgement when administering these medications.Monotremes
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antibacterial drugs | ||
| Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid | 12.5-20 mg/kg PO, SC, IM sid1^3 | Short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
| Cephalexin | 30 mg/kg PO bid5 | Echidna |
| Enrofloxacin | 5 mg/kg PO, SC, IM sid1,3,5 | Echidna, platypus; dilute before injection SC, to reduce pain and tissue damage caused by high pH5 |
| Metronidazole | 20 mg/kg PO, SC, IVsid1 | Echidna |
| Oxytetracycline | 20 mg/kg IM sid1 | Echidna |
| Trimethoprim-Sulfadiazine | 5 mg/kg trimethoprim component or 15-30 mg/kg (combined TMS) PO sid-bid5,14 d1 or until clinical resolution | Echidna: coccidiosis; some reports that IM injection results in haematoma formation5 and other adverse effects: avoid this route Ofadministration; PO appears safe (see Chapters 29 and 30) |
| Antifungal drugs | ||
| Amorolfine 5% nail lacquer | Applied to nails once weekly for 3 mo2 | Platypus; treatment Ofonychomycosis caused by Microsporum gypseum. Resulted in clinical improvement. LoceryΓ, Galderma Australia Pty Ltd, Belrose, NSW |
| Amphotericin B | Crush 10 mg lozenge in water and administer PO tid-qid5 | Echidna, Gl candidiasis; Fungilin81 lozenge (amphotericin B 10mg), Aspen Pharma Pty Ltd, St Leonards, NSW |
| Enilconazole | Dilute according to manufacturer's instructions, use as a topical spray5 | Echidna, dermatophytosis; ImaveroL" fungicidal wash for horses and dogs (100 mg∕n∩L enilconazole), Elanco Australia, West Ryde, NSW |
| Fluconazole | 15 mg/kg PO sid-bid, 5-10 d8 | Echidna, gastrointestinal candidiasis |
| Itraconazole | 5 mg/kg PO sid1 | Echidna; has been administered at this dose rate for 7 d, then ceased 14 d, then recommenced a further 7 d, in a case Ofdermatophytosis5 |
| Miconazole | 0.5 teaspoon in a small amount of food bid or 0.5- 1.0 mL PO5 | Echidna; oral candidiasis, may be administered PO during recovery from anaesthesia, once animal is swallowing Daktarin81 Oral Gel (miconazole 20 mg∕g), Janssen-Cilag Pty Ltd, North Ryde, NSW |
| Nystatin | 20 000-25 000 IU∕kg PO bid2 100 000 IU∕kg PO tid-qid, 5-10 d8 | Echidna; Gl candidiasis |
| Opioid analgesics | ||
| Buprenorphine | 0.01-0.03 mg/kg SC or IM bid-tid2,5 | Echidna |
| Methadone | 0.2 mg/kg SC qid5 | Echidna |
| Tramadol | 5-10 mg/kg PO, SC/IM bid7 | Echidna |
| Non-opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs | ||
| Carprofen | 2 mg/kg PO bid5 | Echidna |
| Paracetamol | 15 mg/kg POq 125 | Echidna |
Appendix 4 - Drug formulary 733
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Meloxicam | 0.1-0.5 mg/kg SC, IV sid1,8 | Echidna |
| Antiparasiticdrugs | ||
| Atovaquone + azathioprine | 15 mg/kg PO bid 10 d + 10 mg/kg PO sid 10 d2 | Treatment of an echidna with piroplasmosis and haemolytic anaemia. Derived from therapeutic regimen for feline cytauxzoonosis4 |
| Fenbendazole | 10 mg/kg PO q 7 d ? 2 treatments1'5 | Echidna; Gl nematodiasis |
| Fipronil | Domestic companion animal dose rates1 | Echidnajacariasis |
| Ivermectin | 200 μg∕kg SC, PO q 7 d, repeat twice1 | EchidnajGI nematodiasis |
| Moxidectin | 200 μg∕kg SC, PO q 7 d, repeat twice1 | EchidnajGI nematodiasis |
| Praziquantel | 10 mg/kg PO1 | EchidnajGI Cestodiasis |
| Selamectin | Domestic companion animal dose rates1 | Echidna, acariasis; Revolution®, Zoetis Australia Pty Ltd, Rhodes NSW |
| Toltrazuril | 20 mg/kg PO sid 2 d1 | Echidna, coccidiosis; some wildlife hospitals report limited efficacy Oftoltrazuril therapy, therefore favour administration Oftrimethoprim-Sulfadiazine alone for treatment of coccidiosis7 (see Chapter 30) |
| Miscellaneous | ||
| Chlorhexidine gluconate shampoo | Use as directed by manufacturer5 | Echidna, folliculitis; Pyohex® Medicated Shampoo (chlorhexidine gluconate 30 g∕L), Dermcare-vet Pty LtdzSIacks CreekzQId |
| Cisapride | 0.5 mg/kg PO5 | Echidna |
| Formic acid 1% | In food at 2%1 | Echidna; to improve pa Iata bi I ity of managed care diet |
| Gabapentin | bgcolor=white>5 mg/kg PO sid5Echidna | |
| Maropitant | 1 mg/kg SC sid5 | Echidna |
| Vitamin K1 (phytomenadione) | 0.1 mg/kg PO tid1 | Echidna |
1Middleton (2008); 2MeIbourne Zoo; 3Booth and Connolly (2008); 4Cohn etal.
(2011); 5G Tobias pers. comm.; 6T Portas pers. comm.; 7AustraIian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary; 8A Gillett pers. comm.734 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
| Macropods | ||
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antibacterial drugs | ||
| Amoxycillin trihydrate | 10 mg/kg IM1 | Maintains plasma concentrations >MIC for staphylococcal and streptococcal infections for at least 8 hr |
| Azithromycin | 15 mg/kg PO sid, 7-12 d29 | For macropod progressive periodontal disease, in red kangaroos (Osphranter rufus} |
| Ceftazidime | 20 mg/kg IVq 8 hr13 | Forsevere bacterial pneumonia in joeys |
| Ceftiofur crystalline-free acid | 6.6 mg/kg IM, given q 4 d14 | Excede® Sterile Suspension, Zoetis, Rhodes, NSW |
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Ceftiofursodium | 1-2 mg/kg IM, IV sid for 7-10 d2 | |
| Chloramphenicol | 50 mg/kg IM bid10 | Tammar wallabies (Notamacropus eugenii) |
| Clindamycin | 11 mg/kg PO bid2,7 | Used in cases of macropod progressive periodontal disease, toxoplasmosis. Unpalatable. |
| 20 mg/kg IV12 | Administered IV over 20 min to red-necked wallabies (N. rufogriseus}. Authors suggested that IV twice daily dosing may be sufficient to treat susceptible bacteria in most wallabies | |
| 17-21 mg/kg IV bid for 40-55 d22 | Successful treatment of mandibular osteomyelitis in two red-necked wallabies, with procaine penicillin G/benzathine penicillin G given concurrently | |
| Enrofloxacin | 5 mg/kg PO, SC sid2 | |
| Florfenicol | 25 mg/kg IM q 3 d for 6 wk | Use in cases of macropod progressive periodontal disease (see Chapter 32) |
| Gentamicin + amoxycillin | 4-7 mg/kg IM bid + 10 mg/kg IM tid3 | For severe bacterial pneumonia in PY |
| Metronidazole | 20 mg/kg PO bid2 | Anaerobic infection, amoebiasis and in combination with clindamycin for macropod progressive periodontal disease. Metronidazole benzoate is a more palatable formulation (e.g. Flagyl S suspension® 200 mg/5 n∩L, Sanofi-Aventis Australia Pty Ltd, Macquarie Park, NSW) |
| Oxytetracycline | 40 mg/kg IM q 48 h2 | Plasma concentrations achieved in tammar wallabies question the therapeutic efficacy of the long- acting preparations of this drug8 |
| Procaine penicillin G/ benzathine penicillin G | 30 mg/kg IM q 48 h2 | Plasma concentrations achieved in tammar wallabies question the therapeutic efficacy of the long- acting preparations of this drug8 |
| 80 000IU∕kg SC bid for 150 d22 | Successful treatment of mandibular osteomyelitis in two red-necked wallabies, with clindamycin given concurrently | |
| 84 000 IU∕kg IMq 7 d15 | Gilbert's potoroo (Potorous gilbertii); preliminary results suggest clinical efficacy when used to treat cloacitis/balanophosthitis caused by a Treponema sp. | |
| Trimethoprim-Sulfadiazine | 15 mg/kg PO bid7 | Toxoplasmosis, enteric salmonellosis, pneumonia |
| Tulathromycin | 2.5 mg/kg SC, IM q 7 d2 | Draxxin® Injectable Solution, Zoetis, West Ryde, NSW. Has been used in macropods without apparent adverse effects |
| Antifungal drugs | ||
| Enilconazole | Weekly washes2 | Dermatophytosis |
| Fluconazole | 10-20 mg/kg PO bid2 | Cryptococcosis; treat until LCATis negative |
| 40 mg/kg PO sid4 | Dermatophytosisj-Candidiasis refractory to nystatin in hand-reared joeys | |
| 15 mg/kg PO bid, 5-7 d27 | GIT candidiasis | |
| Itraconazole | 5 mg/kg PO sid2 | Dermatophytosis, candidiasis |
| 5-10 mg/kg PO pulse therapy, three times∕wk4 or 5 mg/kg PO 1 wk on, 2 wk off for 12-wk pulse therapy14 | Dermatophytosis | |
| 20-40 mg/kg PO sid2 | Cryptococcosis; treat until LCATis negative | |
Appendix 4 - Drug formulary 735
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Miconazole | Topical sid or bid2,4 | Dermatophytosis |
| Nystatin | 5000-10 000 IU∕kg PO tid 3-5 d2 | Candidiasis in hand-reared joeys, administer between feeds |
| 100 000 IU∕kg PO tid-qid, 5-10 d27 | Higher dose rate is frequently used to manage candidiasis in Qld wildlife | |
| Terbinafine | Topical sid or bid2,4 30-40 mg/kg PO sid for up to 3 mo13'14 | Dermatophytosis |
| Opioid analgesics | ||
| Buprenorphine | 0.01-0.05 mg/kg IM, SC tid2 0.02 mg/kg IV5 | |
| Fentanyl patches | Dog/cat doses14 | |
| Methadone | 0.1 mg/kg IV5 | As part of multimodal analgesia during repair of tibial/fibuIar fractures in a red-necked wallaby |
| Tramadol | 5-10 mg/kg IM or PO bid13'21'31 | |
| Non-opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs | ||
| Bupivacaine 0.5% | 0.2 r∩L∕ kg as a maxillary nerve block through the infraorbital canal21 | These nerve blocks used as part of multimodal analgesia during surgery on a maxilla, mandible in rednecked wallabies |
| 0.6 mg/kg as an inferior alveolar nerve block, via the masseteric foramen28 | ||
| Carprofen | 2-4 mg/kg SC sid2 | |
| Flunixin meglumine | 1.1 mg/kg IV or IM once2 | Analgesia for Gl pain |
| Gabapentin | 5-10 mg/kg PO bid30 | Western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus), Goodfellows tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus goodfellowi buergersi): given in conjunction with meloxicam for management Ofosteoarthritis pain: subjective improvement in activity and gait |
| 5-7 mg/kg PO bid31 | Western grey kangaroo, swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor)ι given in conjunction with meloxicam for chronic pain, subjective improvement when compared with meloxicam alone | |
| 5-10 mg/kg PO sid32 | Musculoskeletal pain, particularly older animals with spondylosis. Commence at lower dose and increase if needed | |
| 6 mg/kg PO sid32 | Red kangaroo, analgesia following oral surgery | |
| Meloxicam | 0.1-0.4 mg/kg PO, SC sid2,13 | |
| Paracetamol | 15 mg/kg PO q 4-6 hr1 | |
| Ropivacaine 0.75% | 0.05 n∩L∕kg sciatic nerve block, ultrasound-guided5 | As part of multimodal analgesia during repair of tibial/fibular fractures in a red-necked wallaby |
| Tolfenamic acid | 4 mg/kg SC q 48 hr2 | |
736 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antiparasiticdrugs | ||
| Albendazole | 3.8 mg/kg PO6 | Nematodiasis; reduced faecal egg count (FEC) by 100% in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) |
| Atovaquone | 100 mg/kg PO sid7 | Toxoplasmosis; resolution Ofclinical signs in macropods after 30 d treatment (see Chapter 21) |
| Fenbendazole | 25 mg/kg PO sid for 1-5 d2 | Toxicity has occurred when mixed in feed as a group treatment in red kangaroos (Osphranterrufus). Affected (juvenile) animals may have consumed a higher dose per kg body mass, individual treatment is preferable11 |
| Fipronil | 6.7 mg/kg topical13 | Acariasis, pediculosis, fleas, Thadeua spp. mites |
| Imidacloprid | 10 mg/kg topical2 | Pediculosis, fleas. |
| Ivermectin | 200-400 μg∕kg PO, SC, topical2 | Pediculosis, acariasis mites, nematodiasis |
| 200 μg∕kg SC19 | Translocated woylies (Bettongiapenicillata); resulted in a significant reduction in FEC of Strongyloides- Iike nematodes | |
| Moxidectin | 500 μg∕kg PO, SC, topical2 | Pediculosis, acariasis, mites, nematodiasis |
| 1-2 mg/kg SC6 | Nematodiasis; lowered FEC by up to 82% when given as a single injection to eastern grey kangaroos | |
| Ponazuril | 20 mg/kg PO sid 10 d7 | Toxoplasmosis |
| Selamectin | Domestic animal dose rates2 | Mites; Revolution®, Zoetis Australia Pty Ltd, Rhodes, NSW |
| Toltrazuril | 25 mg/kg PO sid 3 d2 | Coccidiosis |
| Miscellaneous | ||
| α-tocopherol | 25 mg PO sid9 | Tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus spp.): for muscular dystrophy |
| Dantrolene sodium | 1 mg/kg IV2 | Capture myopathy |
| Deslorelin | 4.7 mg SC implant23 | Tammar wallaby; provides contraceptive effect in females, no evidence of contraceptive effect in males. Duration of action is variable: 344-761 d23 |
| 9.4 mg SC implant24 | Eastern grey kangaroo: provides 1-3 yr contraceptive action in females24,26 | |
| Desoxycorticosterone | 2.4 mg/kg IM q 25 d, adjusted17 | To treat hypoaldosteronism in a Matschie's tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei). Doses adjusted based on electrolyte monitoring |
| Diltiazem extended-release | 6 mg/kg PO bid18 | Used for management of signs of cardiac disease (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) in a Matschie's tree kangaroo |
| Enalapril | 0.5 mg/kg PO sid18 | Used for management of signs of cardiac disease (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) in a Matschie's tree kangaroo |
| Fluoxetine | 0.5 mg/kg PO bid for 8 wk, then tapered19 | Used to manage inappropriate aggression (perceived as anxiety-related) in two male red-necked wallabies |
| Frusemide | 2.5 mg/kg PO sid-bid18 | Used for management of signs of cardiac disease (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) in a Matschie's tree kangaroo |
Appendix 4 - Drug formulary 737
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Homologous plasma transfusion | 10ml∕kg IV2 | To prevent coccidiosis, treatment of hypoproteinaemia. Plasma from immunocompetent adults |
| Levonorgestrel | 70 mg SC implant25 210 mg SC implant26 | Tammar wallaby; provides at least 48 mo contraceptive effect in females Eastern grey kangaroo: effective contraception for at least 5 yr in females |
| Multivalent clostridial vaccine | 1 n∩L dose given IM, 14 wk apart20 | Tammar wallabies; higher, more-persistent antitetanus antibody levels when doses were given q 14 wk, compared with 4-wk dosing interval |
| Trazodone | 7-10 mg/kg PO bid, course duration up to several weeks32 | For cases where behaviours suggest stress/anxiety (e.g. transition to a new enclosure, during events where there is increased activity/noise adjacent an enclosure) |
| Vitamin K1 (phytomenadione) | 2.5-5 mg/kg initial doses parenterally, then PO2 | Pindone toxicity; treat until coagulation profile is normal (usually 7-10 d) |
1McLelland etal. (2009); 2VogeInestand Portas (2008); 3Speare (1988); 4BouIton etal. (2013); 5MonticeIIi etal. (2016); 6Cripps etal. (2013); 7Portas (2010); 8McLeIIand etal. (2011); 9Potkay (1977); 10CIarketa/. (1982); 11F Scheelingspers. comm.; 12Watson etal. (2017); 13T Portaspers. comm.; 14L Vogelnestpers. comm.; 15Vaughan-Higgins etα∕. (2011); 16Northovereta/. (2015); 17Whoriskey eta∕. (2016); 18FredhoIm eta∕. (2015); 19OIds (2017); 20PhiIIips eta∕. (2012); 21Rodrigo-MochoIi eta∕. (2018); 22Kaneeta/. (2017); 23Herbert eta∕. (2005); 24Tribe eta∕. (2014); 25Nave eta∕. (2002); 26WiIson and Coulson (2016); 27A. Gillett pers. comm.; 28Ho eta∕. 2020; 29BakaI-Weiss etα∕. 2010; 30MeIbourne Zoo; 31AustraIian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary; 32AdeIaide Zoo
738 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antibacterial drugs | ||
| Amoxycillin | 12.5 mg/kg SC bid24 | At this dose is predicted to be efficacious against bacteria such as Bordetella bronchiseptica, E. coll, Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. |
| Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid | 12.5 mg/kg IM sid1 20 mg/kg IM bid1 | Used for wounds Higher dose may be used in pre-weaned joeys (e.g. pneumonia1). Use lower dose in adults |
| Cefazolin | 22 mg/kg IVq 8 hr1 | Dog attack injuries, open fractures, burns |
| Ceftazidime | 20 mg/kg IV q 8 hr, 5-12 d1 | Antibiotic of choice for dog attack injuries, open fractures, burns. Usual duration 5 d; however, has been Usedforupto 12 d incase of Bordetella sp. pneumonia1 |
| Chloramphenicol | 60 mg/kg SC sid, 14-28 d1'2 Topically, bid, 7-21 d1 | At this dose and dosing frequency, chloramphenicol is used to successfully treat chlamydial infection and prevent shedding. Drug is not commercially available, but is manufactured by CEVA Animal Health Pty Ltd, Glenorie, NSW Ocular chlamydial infections, in addition to systemic therapy (e.g. Chloroptsone® Eye Ointment, CEVA Animal Health Pty Ltd, Glenorie, NSW) |
| Doxycycline long-acting | 5 mg/kg SC given q 7 d for 4-6 wk17,18 | Doxycycline long-acting, oil-based injection (Vetafarm, Wagga Wagga NSW). Achieved microbiological cure in 97% chlamydial infections treated.17 Reducing course duration to 14 d may reduce risk of gastrointestinal complications during treatment1 |
| Enrofloxacin | 8-10 mg/kg IV or SC sid-bid1 | Used for soft tissue injury, including dog attack injury, where ceftazidime is unavailable;1 however, enrofloxacin has lower SC and lower oral bioavailability in the koala than in the dog, therefore drug dose rate/frequency required in koalas is not well understood. Enrofloxacin is not recommended for treatment Ofchlamydiosis in koalas, as chlamydial load increases following withdrawal Oftreatment10 |
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Gentamicin | 6-10 mg/kg IV sid-bid, up to 7 d1 | Forsevere infection |
| Nebulised as 1:1 with sterile water, 15 min bid, up to 28 d1 | Severe Bordetella sp. pneumonia | |
| Metronidazole | 20-25 mg/kg slow IV bid9 | For severe infection that is likely to involve anaerobes |
| Oxytetracycline 1.5% + polymixin B 10 000 units topical ointment | Applytopically bid10 | Chlamydial conjunctivitis; compounded by BOVA, Caringbah, NSW |
| Trimethoprim-Sulfadiazine | 30 mg/kg (combined) PO bid4 | |
| Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole | 15 mg/kg (combined) PO bid4 3-5 mg/kg Oftrimethoprim component PO bid1 | Septrin81 Paediatric Suspension (trimethoprim 40 mg/sulfamethoxazole 200 mg/5 n∩L), Aspen Pharma Pty Ltd, St Leonards, NSW |
| Antifungal drugs | ||
| Amphotericin B | 1 lozenge (10 mg) per adult PO tid-qid1 0.5 lozenge (5 mg) per juvenile PO tid-qid1 2 mg/kg compounded drug PO tid-qid1 | Available as 10-mg lozenges (Fungilin81, Aspen Pharma Pty Ltd, St Leonards, NSW) or can be compounded as a liquid formulation. Lozenges can be crushed and suspended in water |
| Amphotericin B desoxycholate | 0.7-0.8 mg/kg in 350 n∩L 2.5% dextrose/0.45% NaCI, given as SC bolus twice weekly3,10 | Cryptococcosis; given in conjunction with oral fluconazole. Fungizone (Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Ltd, Dublin, Ireland). Treat until LCAT is negative. |
| Fluconazole | 20-25 mg/kg PO bid3,10 | Cryptococcosis; given in conjunction with SC infusion Ofamphotericin B deoxycholate. Treat until LCAT is negative. |
| 15-20 mg/kg IV bid, up to 21 d1 | Fungal cystitis1 | |
| 10-15 mg/kg PO bid, 5-10 d1 | Gastrointestinal candidiasis refractory to nystatin | |
| Topically BID1 | Intravenous solution has been used topically in cases of fungal keratitis/stromal abscess1 | |
| Griseofulvin | bgcolor=white>100 mg/kg PO sid for 16 wk5For prolonged treatment of paronychia resulting from dermatophytosis | |
| Itraconazole | 5 mg/kg PO sid, pulse therapy (1 wk on, 2 wk off) for 12 wk9 | Dermatophytosis; pulse therapy (1 wk on, 2 wk off) for 12 wk |
| Ketoconazole | Ophthalmic ketoconazole 2% + DMSO 10% + norfloxacin 5%, compounded, apply TID up to 21 d1 | Fungal keratitis or stromal abscess without corneal ulceration |
| Nystatin | 50 000 IU∕kg PO tid-qid13 100 000 IU∕kg PO tid-qid, 10-14 d14 | Candidiasis |
Appendix 4 - Drug formulary 739
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Posaconazole | 3 mg/kg IV11 6 mg/kg PO11 | Preliminary study suggesting that posaconazole may be an efficacious treatment for cryptococcosis in koalas |
| Terbinafine | Topical, sid9 | Dermatophytosis; LamasiT cream (terbinafine 10 mg∕g), Novartis Consumer Health Australasia Pty Ltd, MuIgravezVic. |
| Opioid analgesics | ||
| Buprenorphine | 0.01-0.02 mg/kg SC, IM, IV q 8-12 hr1 | May suppress appetite and cause sedation and ileus (concurrent administration of prokinetics recommended) |
| Fentanyl | 0.5-3 μg∕kg per hr as CRI1 1.7-2.7 μg∕kg∕hr19 | CRI up to 3 d. Titrate dose down to 0.5-1 μg∕kg as soon as possible - ideally, within 24 hr. 3 μg∕kg dose will significantly sedate the patient and may cause ileus (concurrent administration of prokinetics recommended); higher doses are rarely required1 |
| Intravenous CRI estimated from pharmacokinetic profile after single IV bolus injection | ||
| Fentanyl transdermal patch (FTP) 25 μg∕hr19 | The lower end Ofthetarget range for plasma fentanyl concentration was achieved 12-16 hr after patch application. Suggested methadone be used to provide analgesia during initial 12-16 hr; FTP may not be adequate as a sole analgesic agent | |
| Methadone | 0.15-0.4 mg/kg SC 4-6 hr for 24-48 hr only1 | For severe pain (fractures, burns). Will result in depressed mentation. Lower end of dose range appears adequate analgesia for atraumatic surgery (e.g. exploratory laparotomy)1 |
| Paracetamol + codeine | 15 mg/kg of paracetamol component PO q 8 hr1 | Codeine may result in ileus and constipation |
| Tramadol | 4 mg/kg SC20 | Pharmacokinetic study-this dose met the human analgesic plasma concentration Oftheactive metabolite; 2 mg/kg failed to do so. Suggested dose frequency is BID, may result in mild sedation for 2-6 hr after dosing |
| Non-opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs | ||
| Bupivacaine | 0.2 mg/kg with or without lignocaine, injected as local nerve block12 | Used for local nerve blocks during dental extraction (e.g. injection into infraorbital foramen for rostral maxillary nerve block) |
| Carprofen | 4 mg/kg SC then 2 mg/kg PO sid1'16 | No published pharmacokinetic studies are available. Note that meloxicam should not be used at canine dose rates in koalas (see introduction to this Appendix); carprofen metabolism may be similar. |
| Firocoxib | 5 mg/kg PO sid for 3-5 d, then reducing to dosing q 2-3 d as required1,14 | Used for >8 wk for management of pain associated with degenerative joint disease in aged koalas. Previcox®, Boehringer Ingelheim Australia Pty Ltd, North Ryde, NSW |
| Gabapentin | 10 mg/kg PO bid21 | Given in paste, for chronic pain associated with osteoarthritis |
| 12 mg/kg PO bid, 2-4 d22 | Analgesia (in combination with opioids) following burns, used in two cases | |
| 5-20 mg/kg PO sid22 | Used to manage pain from soft tissue/musculoskeletal injuries, minimal side-effects noted | |
| Lignocaine | 2 mg/kg with or without bupivacaine, injected as local nerve block12 | Used for local nerve blocks during dental extraction (e.g. injection into infraorbital foramen for rostral maxillary nerve block) |
| 100 μg∕kg IV loading dose, then 50-100 μg∕kg∕ min1 | Continuous rate infusion, analgesia for mild gastrointestinal pain. Does not replace the need for opioid analgesia. May result in cardiac arrhythmias if dose is too high - ECG monitoring is useful1 | |
740 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Paracetamol | 15mg∕kg POq 4-6 hr1'23 | An oral dose of 15 mg/kg of paracetamol provides koala plasma concentrations Comparabletothe same dose administered orally to human adults23 |
| Tolfenamic acid | 4 mg/kg SC, IM13 | |
| Antiparasiticdrugs | ||
| Fipronil | Topical spray9 | Acariasis |
| Ivermectin | 600 μg∕kg PO sid6 | Refractory demodicosis. Ivomec® Liquid for Sheep (ivermectin 0.8 g∕L), Merial Australia Pty Ltd, Macquarie Park, NSW |
| Praziquantel | 5 mg/kg PO4 | Bertiella obesa |
| Miscellaneous | ||
| Bromhexine hydrochloride | 2 mg/kg PO bid 5 d, then 1 mg/kg PO bid4 | Mucolytic |
| Cisapride | 0.1-0.2 mg/kg POtid1'9 | Not available commercially - may be compounded. Prokinetic |
| Frusemide | 5 mg/kg SC, IV9 | Diuretic. Lower doses may be used1 |
| hCG | 250 IU IM on day 2 of oestrus7 | Induction of ovulation |
| Insulin | 0.25-0.5 IU∕kg SC sid-bid1 | Porcine lente insulin. Caninsulin® Intervet Australia Pty Ltd, Bendigo East, Vic. |
| Levonorgestrel | 70 mg SC implant15 | Achieves contraception in females when implanted before breeding season. Eight females that were left implanted remained infertile for six breeding seasons. Note that etonorgestrel provided no contraceptive effect15 |
| Mannitol | 0.5-1 g/kg slow IV4 | Lowering intracranial pressure. Give over 15-20 min |
| Metoclopramide | 0.5 mg/kg IV, IM, SC tid9 | For ileus - appears less effective than cisapride |
| Oxytocin | 1 IU∕kg IM, SC8 | Stimulate milk let-down |
| Phenytoin | 10-20 mg/kg slow IV loading, then 1.4 mg/kg IV tid or 4.3 mg/kg per d CRI1 | Head trauma; prevention of post-traumatic seizures |
| Prednisolone | 0.5 mg/kg PO sid for 3 d, then eod up to 10 d1 | Head trauma, cystitis |
| Prednisolone sodium succinate | 10 mg/kg IV q 8 hr for Uptothreedosesl | Head trauma |
| Psyllium | 1-2 g/kg per d PO in divided doses4 | Sand impaction; mix with Iow-Iactose milk powder and administer promptly after addition of water |
| Trazodone | 5 mg/kg PO bid13 | Reduce short-term anxiety during hospitalisation |
1A Gillett pers. comm.; 2Govendir etal. (2012); 3Govendir etal. (2016); 4BIanshard (1994); 5ReddacIiff, (1986); 6VogeInestefa/. (2000); 7Johnston etal. (2003); 8Krockenberger (1996); 9BIanshard and Bodley (2008); 10Govendir (2017); 11Gharibi etal. (2017);
12MeIbourne Zoo;13 T Portas pers. comm.; 14LVogeInest pers. comm.; 15Hynes etal. (2010); 16de Kauwe etal. (2014); 17Booth and Nyari 2020; 18Chen etal. 2022; 19Tokonami etal. 2021; 20KimbIe etal. 2021; 21G Tzipori pers. comm.; 22AdeIaide Zoo; 23Govendir etal. 2024; 24KimbIe etal. 2020
Appendix 4 - Drug formulary
Wombats
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antibacterial drugs | ||
| Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid | 12.5-20 mg/kg PO, SC, IM bid2 | Dose rate recommended in dogs2* |
| Ceftiofur crystalline-free acid | 7 mg/kg SC q 72 hr for 3 doses6 | Excede'i Sterile Suspension, Zoetis, Rhodes, NSW |
| Clindamycin | 15-25 mg/kg PO, IM bid-tid1 | Toxoplasmosis |
| Enrofloxacin | 5-20 mg/kg perd PO2 | Dose rate recommended in dogs2* |
| Gentamicin | 4.4 mg/kg SC, IM q 24 hr6 50 mg in 4.5 n∩L saline, nebulised daily6 | For bacterial pneumonia |
| Procaine penicillin G/ benzathine penicillin G | 40 OOO IU∕kg IM2 | Dose rate recommended in dogs2* |
| Trimethoprim-Sulfonamide combinations | 15 mg/kg PO bid1 | Toxoplasmosis |
| Antifungal drugs | ||
| Miconazole nitrate/ Chlorhexidine gluconate | Shampoo 1-2 times weekly6 | Dermatomycosis. Malasebτ", Dermcare-vet Pty Ltd, Slacks Creek, Qld |
| Nystatin | 10 000 IU∕kg POtid6 | Candidiasis |
| Opioid analgesics | ||
| Buprenorphine | 0.005-0.03 mg/kg SC, IM, IV q 6-12 hr2 | Dose rate recommended in dogs2* |
| Butorphanol tartrate | 0.1-0.5 mg/kg IV, IM, SC2 | Dose rate recommended in dogs.2* In dogs, butorphanol provides mild to moderate analgesia (good visceral analgesia) and duration Ofanalgesic action may be less than 1 hr2 |
| Tramadol | 5-10 mg/kg PO bid10'11 | |
| Non-opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs | ||
| Carprofen | 4.4 mg/kg PO; may be given sid or divided and given as 2.2 mg/kg bid2 | Dose rate recommended in dogs2* |
| Meloxicam | Initially 0.2 mg/kg PO, IV, SC on the first day of treatment, subsequent doses of 0.1 mg/kg PO sid2 | Dose rate recommended in dogs2* Note that dogs serve as poor models for dosage extrapolation of this drug to specialised foliageeating marsupials (e.g. koalas and possums) because of differences in hepatic turnover rate (Kimble et al. 2014) |
| Tolfenamic acid | 4 mg/kg SC, IM; follow with tablets at 4 mg/kg PO sid for 2-4 d2 | Dose rate recommended in dogs2* |
742 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Wombats (continued)
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antiparasiticdrugs | ||
| Amitraz | Topical amitraz washes1 | Used in conjunction with macrocyclic lactones during treatment Ofsarcoptic mange |
| Amprolium-ethopabate | In drinking water, at a rate of 15 n∩L∕10 Lwater6 | For prevention of intestinal coccidiosis. Coccivet ® Vetafarm Pty Ltd, Wagga Wagga, NSW |
| Fipronil | Topically, at domestic dog or cat dose rates6 | Ticks |
| Fluralaner | 25 mg/kg topically7 | Bravecto® Spot-On for Large Dogs pipette (MSD Australia Ltd, North Ryde NSW). Sarcoptic mange, bare-nosed wombats |
| Ivermectin | 200-300 μg∕kg PO, SC1 | Sarcoptic mange; give three doses, 10 d apart. When given as a single dose, ivermectin was found to effectively treat mild, but not severe, mange in wild southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus Iatifrons) and severe mange in managed animals3 |
| Moxidectin | 200-300 μg∕kg PO, SC1 | bgcolor=white>Sarcoptic mange; give three doses, 10 d apart. Analysis of plasma levels in four female southern hairynosed wombats suggests that this regimen is likely to maintain reasonably consistent plasma levels and achieve reliable elimination of sarcoptic mange infections in situations where it is possible to repeatedly treat individuals4|
| Ponazuril | 50 mg/kg PO, repeat 7 d5 | Coccidiosis |
| Praziquantel | 5-10 mg/kg PO, SC2 | Taenia hydatigena; dog dose rate that has been used in bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus) and southern hairy-nosed wombat, with apparent clinical success1* |
| Pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine | 0.5 mg/kg PO sid + 20 mg/kg PO tid1 | Toxoplasmosis |
| Selamectin | 8.5-10 mg/kg topically q 1-4 wk6 | Fleas, mites; Revolution®, Zoetis Australia Pty Ltd, Rhodes, NSW |
| Toltrazuril | 25 mg/kg PO sid 3 d1 | Coccidiosis; reports that it has been used safely in southern hairy nosed wombats; however, adverse effects (abdominal pain, inappetence) have been seen following use and some report limited efficacy. Ponazuril may be preferable5 |
| Miscellaneous | ||
| Folinic acid | 1 mg/kg PO sid1 | Used when treating toxoplasmosis using the antifolic drugs pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine. |
1Bryant and Reiss (2008); 2PIumb (2015); 3Ruykys etal. (2013); 4Death etal. (2011); 5F Scheelings pers. comm.; 6M Campbell-Ward pers. comm.; 7WiIkinson etal. 2021; 8OId etal. 2021; 9Mounsey etal. 2022; 10MeIbourne Zoo; 11AustraIian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary
*Dog dose rates that have been used in bare-nosed (Vombatus ursinus) and southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus Iatifrons), with apparent Iherapeuticeffect.1
Appendix 4 - Drug formulary 743
Possums and gliders
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antibacterial drugs | ||
| Amikacin sulfate | 10 mg/kg IM bid, 5 d14 | Sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps): gram-negative pneumonia |
| Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid | 12.5-20 mg/kg PO, SC, IM bid1 12.5 mg/kg SC with caution1 | In common brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) Injuvenileand sub-adult eastern ring-tailed possums (Pseudocheirusperegrinus), oral use has resulted in Gl side-effects. Injection may also result in Gl dysbiosis. Other antimicrobial agents are preferable |
| Cefaclor monohydrate | 12.5 mg/kg PO bid8 | Treatment Ofexudative dermatitis in common and mountain brush-tailed possums (T. cunninghami) |
| Ceftazidime | 20 mg/kg IV tid, 5 d15 | Wound infection; yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) |
| Clindamycin | 10 mg/kg PO bid, 7-10 d1 | Used to treat sinusitis and periodontal disease in yellow-bellied gliders without apparent adverse effects |
| Enrofloxacin | 10 mg/kg PO sid3,7 | Note: SC dosing appears ineffective in eastern ring-tailed possums3 |
| Gentamicin | 2.5 mg/kg IV bid, 5 d15 | Pseudomonassp. wound infection, yellow-bellied glider |
| Lincomycin | 30 mg/kg IM, PO sid, 7 d12'14 | Sugar gliders; dermatitis |
| Metronidazole | 25 mg/kg PO bid11 | Sugar gliders |
| Procaine penicillin/benzathine penicillin | 1 mL/10 kg IM q 48 hr1 | Used in brush-tailed possums |
| Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole | 15 mg/kg PO bid11 | Sugar gliders |
| Antifungal drugs | ||
| Fluconazole | 10 mg/kg PO bid, 5-7 d15 | Gastrointestinal candidiasis, diluted with water to make 10% concentration for smaller species |
| Itraconazole | 5-10 mg/kg PO bid14 | |
| Nystatin | 5000-10 000 IU∕kg PO tid 5 d1'14 10 000 IU∕kg POtid 7 d1 | Prevention of secondary yeast infection during antibiotic therapy Treatment of oral candidiasis; higher doses (50 000-100 000 IU∕kg PO) are used in some wildlife hospitals8 |
| Opioid analgesics | ||
| Buprenorphine | 0.005-0.01 mg/kg SC, IV bid1 0.01-0.03 mg/kg IM11 | Sugargliders |
| Butorphanol tartrate | 0.4 mg/kg SC, IM1 | |
| Methadone | 0.15-0.4 mg/kg SC 4-6 hr for 24-48 hr only1 | Used for analgesia in severe trauma cases (e.g. vehicular trauma, dog attack) |
| Paracetamol + codeine | 15 mg/kg of paracetamol component PO q 8 hr1,8 | Used extensively in juvenile eastern ring-tailed possums and brush-tailed possums (and occasionally in adults) in south-eastern Qld8 |
| Tramadol | 5-10 mg/kg IM, SC or PO bid17,18 | Eastern ring-tailed possum, brush-tailed possum, Leadbeater's possum (GymnobelideusIeadbeateri), mountain pygmy-possum (Burramysparvus) |
744 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Possums and gliders (continued)
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Non-opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs | ||
| Carprofen | 4 mg/kg SC initial dose, then 2 mg/kg sid for a further 48 hr1'8 | No published pharmacokinetic studies are available. Note that meloxicam should not be used at canine dose rates in possums or gliders; carprofen metabolism may be similar.9 |
| Gabapentin | 2.5-5 mg/kg PO bid16 | Mountain brushtail possum; management of pain from vertebral spondylosis16 |
| Tolfenamic acid | 4 mg/kg SC sid 5 d1 | |
| Antiparasitic drugs | ||
| Albendazole + Ievamisole | 23.75 mg/kg + 37.5 mg/kg PO given twice, 7 d apart2 | Nematodiasis |
| Doramectin | 800 μg∕kg PO1 600-800 μg∕kg SC2 | Nematodiasis |
| Eprinomectin | 7.5 mg/kg pour-on2 | Nematodiasis |
| Fenbendazole | 20-50 mg/kg PO sid, 3 d1 | Low end of dose range may be preferable13 |
| Imidacloprid | 10 mg/kg topically4 | Used to treat fleas (Pygiopsylla hoplia} in Leadbeater's possum, yellow-bellied gliderand eastern ringtailed possum |
| Ivermectin | 200 μg∕kg SC, PO5'6 | Nematodiasis |
| Oxfendazole | 5 mg/kg PO1 | |
| Praziquantel | 10 mg/kg SC6 | Mountain brush-tailed possums; Cestodiasis |
| Selamectin | 6-18 mg/kg topically q 4 wk1'13 | Mites; Revolution®, Zoetis Australia Pty Ltd, Rhodes, NSW |
| Miscellaneous | ||
| Calcium glubionate | 150 mg/kg PO sid13 | Sugar gliders; nutritional osteodystrophy |
| Calcium gluconate | 100 mg/kg SC bid, 3-5 d13 | Sugar gliders; nutritional osteodystrophy. Dilute with saline to 10mg∕n∩L before injecting |
| Cisapride | 0.25 mg/kg POtid1'9 | Not available commercially - may be compounded |
| Deslorelin | 4.7 mg SC implant10 | Brush-tailed possums; contraception in females for at least one breeding season. No contraceptive effect in males |
| Enalapril | 0.5 mg/kg11 | Sugargliders |
| Frusemide | 2-4 mg/kg11 | Sugar gliders |
| Metoclopramide | 0.5 mg/kg SC bid1 | Gl hypomotility |
| Vitamin B complex | 0.01-0.02 mL/kg SC, IM14 | Sugar gliders; reported pain on injection |
| Vitamin E | 10IU∕kg SC13 | Sugar gliders |
| Vitamin K1 (phytomenadione) | 2.5 mg/kg SC, followed by 5 mg/kg PO sid, 14 d1 | Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity |
1Johnson and Hemsley (2008); 2RaIston etal. (2001); 3ScheeIings etal. (2015); 4Baker and Beveridge (2001); 5Booth (2000); 6Viggers etal. (1998); 7F Scheelingspers. comm.; 8T Portaspers. comm.; 9KimbIe etal. (2014); 10Eymann etal. (2007); 11Lennox (2007); 12Johnson-DeIaney (2000); 13Brustand Pye (2013); 14Nessand Johnson-Delaney (2012); 15A. Gillett, pers. comm.; 16S. Shawpers. comm.; 17MeIbourneZoo; 18AustraIian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary
Dasyurids and the numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus)
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antibacterial drugs | ||
| Amikacin | 3 mg/kg bid1 | Spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus); cutaneous mycobacteriosis |
| 7.5 mg/kg IM bid 6 d, then 7.5 mg/kg IM bid, 10 d, given 6 wk Iater7 | Numbat (treatment for mycobacterial dermatitis) | |
| Amoxycillin | 10-22 mg/kg PO, IM bid8 | |
| Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid | 12.5 mg/kg PO bid7 8.75 mg/kg SC sid, 3-5 d7 8.75 mg/kg SC sid5 | Numbat |
| Azithromycin | 20 mg/kg sid1 | Spotted-tailed quoll; mycobacteriosis |
| Cephalexin | 22-30 mg/kg PO bid5 | |
| Enrofloxacin | 2.5 mg/kg PO bid1 | Spotted-tailed quoll; cutaneous mycobacteriosis. Used in a range of dasyurids for treatment of bacterial infections |
| 5-10 mg/kg PO sid or 50 mg PO sid, ideally for 80 d following clinical resolution9 | Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilusharrisii); mycobacteriosis | |
| Ethambutol | 20 mg/kg sid1 | Spotted-tailed quoll; mycobacteriosis |
| Myambutol | 20 mg/kg sid1 | Spotted-tailed quoll; mycobacteriosis |
| Rifabutin | 20 mg/kg sid1 | Spotted-tailed quoll; cutaneous mycobacteriosis |
| Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole | 10 mg/kg Oftrimethoprim component PO bid, 14 d7 | Numbat |
| Opioid analgesics | ||
| Buprenorphine | 0.01-0.05 mg/kg SC bid5 | Postoperatively in Tasmanian devil |
| Tramadol | 5 mg/kg PO bid5,10 | Tasmanian devil |
| Non-opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs | ||
| Carprofen | 2 mg/kg P0sid-bid6 | Dasyurids: management of signs Ofdegenerativejointdisease |
| 3 mg/kg SC single dose, or sid, 3 d7 | Numbats | |
| Gabapentin | 5-10 mg/kg PO sid-bid5,1° 6 mg/kg PO bid11 | Tasmanian devil: to manage signs associated with degenerative leukoencephalopathy and myelopathy in elderly animals10, to manage signs Ofosteoarthritis5'10 |
| Western quoll/chuditch (Dasyurus geoffroii) analgesia following spinal/tail injury | ||
| Meloxicam | 0.1-0.2 mg/kg PO sid3,6 | bgcolor=white>Dasyurids: management of signs Ofdegenerativejoint disease|
| 0.2 mg/kg SC single dose, then 0.1-0.2 mg/kg PO sid, 6 d7 | Numbats | |
746 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Dasyurids and the numbat (continued)
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antiparasiticdrugs | ||
| Atovaquone | 100 mg/kg PO sid, at least 30 d1 | Dasyurids; toxoplasmosis |
| Clindamycin | 10 mg/kg PO bid, 4 wk1 | Dasyurids; toxoplasmosis |
| Emodepside + praziquantel | 3 mg/kg emodepside + 12 mg/kg praziquantel as a Singletopical dose6 | Tasmanian devils; canine dose rate is used for treatment of ectoparasites and endoparasites. Profender® Spot On, Bayer Australia, Pymble, NSW |
| Fipronil | 5-10 mg/kg topically1 | |
| Fluralaner | 25-56 mg/kg PO, topically q 12 wk5,10 | Tasmanian devil; fleas. Bravecto® Spot-On pipette, MSD Australia Ltd, North Ryde NSW |
| Imidacloprid | 10.4 mg/kg topically4 26.3 mg/kg topically4 | Eastern quoll (D. viverrinus); fleas. Bravecto® Spot-On pipette, MSD Australia Ltd, North Ryde NSW Fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis Crassicaudata); fleas |
| Ivermectin | 200 μg∕kg SC1,7 | Dasyurids and numbats; nematodiasis |
| Moxidectin | 200 μg∕kg SC1 | Dasyurids; nematodiasis |
| Selamectin | 6 mg/kg topically, q 4 wk6 | Dasyurids; treatment Ofectoparasites and endoparasites. Revolution®, Zoetis Australia Pty Ltd, Rhodes, NSW |
| Spinosad | 30 mg/kg PO, q 4 wk5'6 | Tasmanian devils; flea prevention, at canine dose rate. Comfortis®, Elanco Australia, West Ryde, NSW |
| Miscellaneous | ||
| Carboplatin | 20 mg/kg IV q 3 wk2 | Tasmanian devils; maximum dose tolerated before severe adverse effects (including anorexia, Gl signs, azotaemia). Not considered an effective treatment for devil facial tumour disease |
| Doxorubicin | 1 mg/kg IV q 2 wk2 | Tasmanian devils; maximum dose tolerated before severe adverse effects (including anorexia, Gl signs, azotaemia). Not considered an effective treatment for devil facial tumour disease |
| Frusemide | 1-2 mg/kg IM, SC, POsid6 | Tasmanian devils; used ± pimobendan, for management of congestive heart failure secondary to bradyarrhythmia |
| Maropitant | 1 mg/kg sid3 | Tasmanian devils; to treat nausea during chemotherapy trials |
| Pimobendan | 0.15 mg/kg PO bid6 | Tasmanian devils: management Ofcongestive heart failure secondary to bradyarrhythmia |
| Psyllium | Add a small pinch to food sid7 | Numbats: GIT sand impaction. Soft white paraffin/cod liver oil formulations have also been used |
| Vincristine | 0.105 mg/kg IV single, rapid IV injection in anaesthetised animals3 | Tasmanian devils: maximum dose tolerated before severe adverse effects (including anorexia, Gl signs, anaemia, neutropenia). Not considered an effective treatment for devil facial tumour disease |
1Holz (2008); 2PhaIen etal. (2015); 3PhaIen etal. (2013); 4Baker and Beveridge (2001); 5AustraIian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary; 6M Campbell-Ward, pers. comm.; 7VitaIi and Monaghan (2008); 8L Vogelnestpers. comm.; 9B Bryant and L Vogelnest pers. comm.; 10MeIbourne Zoo; 11AdeIaide Zoo
Appendix 4 - Drug formulary 747
Bandicoots and the greater bilby (Macrotis Iagotis)
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antibacterial drugs | ||
| Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid | 12.5 mg/kg SC sid1 12.5-20 mg/kg PO, IM bid1,3 | Commonly used as first choice antibiotic for wounds, cat attack |
| Ceftazidime | 15 mg/kg IM bid1 | Has been used during management Ofcomplicated digit infections in bandicoots |
| Clindamycin | 11 mg/kg PObid1 | Periodontal disease and digit infections |
| Enrofloxacin | 5 mg/kg PO, SCsid2 | |
| Antifungal drugs | ||
| Nystatin | 10 000IU∕kg PO bid2 | Bandicoots; candidiasis |
| Terbinafine hydrochloride | Topicallysid2 | Bandicoots; cutaneous candidiasis. Lamisil cream®, GlaxoSmithKline Australia Pty Ltd, Boronia, Vic. |
| Opioid analgesics | ||
| Buprenorphine | 0.01-0.03 mg/kg IM, IV1,2 | |
| Methadone | 0.2-0.4 mg/kg IV, IM2 | Greater bilby, eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii); used perioperatively as part of multimodal analgesia |
| Tramadol | 2-4 mg/kg PO/IM bid2 | Eastern barred bandicoot |
| Non-opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs | ||
| Carprofen | 2 mg/kg PO, SC bid1 | |
| Gabapentin | 5-7.5 mg/kg PO bid4 | Greater bilby, long-term management of pain from vertebral spondylosis4 |
| Meloxicam | 0.2-0.3 mg/kg PO on day 1, then 0.1 mg/kg PO Sid1'2 | |
| Antiparasitic drugs | ||
| Fenbendazole | 10-30 mg/kg PO sid for 3 d, repeat 14 d1 | Bandicoots; to treat Physalopteraperamelis |
| Fipronil | 2.5 g/L preparation: spray until coat is damp1 | Bandicoots; fleas and lice |
| Imidacloprid | 10 mg/kg topically1 | Bandicoots; fleas |
| 200-400 μg∕kg SC, repeat 14 d1,2 | Bandicoots; heavy burdens ticks, mites. Also used to manage Capillariasis in eastern barred bandicoots (Perameles gunnii) - variable success | |
| Moxidectin | 200-400 μg∕kg PO, SC, repeat 14 d1 | Bandicoots; may be useful when treating Physalopteraperamelis and Capillaria spp. |
| Pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine | 2 mg/kg PO sid + 20 mg/kg PO tid1 | Toxoplasmosis; supplement with folinic acid during treatment |
| Selamectin | 6 mg/kg topically2 | Bandicoots; fleas. Revolution®, Zoetis Australia Pty Ltd, Rhodes, NSW |
| Toltrazuril | 2.5 mg/kg PO1 | Bandicoots,∙coccidiosis. Limited success |
| Trimethoprim + sulfonamide | 5 mg/kg Oftrimethoprim component PO or SC sid1 | Coccidiosis; local ulceration at injection site occurred when used in an eastern barred bandicoot |
1Lynch (2008); 2MeIbourne Zoo; 3T Portas pers. comm.; 4S Shaw, pers. comm.
748 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Bats
Wildlife carers will often administer over-the-counter medications to injured bats before presentation to a veterinarian. For example, oral aspirin is frequently used by wildlife carers to treat flying foxes. However, its efficacy in this species is unknown and aspirin is not routinely used for this purpose in major wildlife hospitals. Therefore, it has not been included in this formulary.
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antibacterial drugs | ||
| Amikacin | 5-10 mg/kg SC, IM, IV tid1 | Severe burns with associated cellulitis or bacteraemia/septicaemia |
| Amoxycillin | 10 mg/kg PO, SC, IM bid1 | |
| Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid | 12.5 mg/kg SC, IM sid1 12.5 mg/kg PO bid1 | |
| Enrofloxacin | 5 mg/kg PO, SC sid1 | |
| Metronidazole | 25 mg/kg PO sid1 | |
| Trimethoprim + sulfonamide | 30 mg/kg PO, SC, IM bid1 | |
| Antifungal drugs | ||
| Fluconazole | 10 mg/kg PO sid, 10-14 d1 | Gl candidiasis in pteropodids |
| Miconazole | Topical 10-14 d1 | |
| Nystatin | 10 000IU∕kg POtid, 5-7 d5 100 000 IU∕kg PO tid-qid7 | Gl candidiasis in pteropodids |
| Opioid analgesics | ||
| Buprenorphine | 0.01-0.03 mg/kg SC, IM bid-tid1'2'7 | Can be given Concurrentlywith meloxicam |
| Fentanyl | 0.5-3 μg∕kg∕hr IV as continuous rate infusion (CRI)9 | Continuous rate infusion (CRI), as part of multimodal analgesia during surgery. FentanyLketamine CRI has also been used8 |
| Methadone | 0.5 mg/kg IM or IV q 4 hr2 | Severe pain, grey-headed flying-foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus). Can be given Concurrentlywith meloxicam |
| Paracetamol + codeine | 15 mg/kg of paracetamol component PO q 8 hr1 | Codeine may result in ileus and constipation |
| Tramadol | 5-10 mg/kg PO,IM∕SC5 | Mild to moderate pain in grey-headed flying foxes, microbat species |
| Non-opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs | ||
| Bupivacaine | 0.2 mg/kg with or without lignocaine, injected as local nerve block2 | Used for local nerve blocks during dental extraction in grey-headed flying-foxes |
| Carprofen | 2-4 mg/kg PO sid-bid1 | |
| Lignocaine | 2 mg/kg with or without bupivacaine, injected as local nerve block2 | Used for local nerve blocks during dental extraction in grey-headed flying-foxes |
Appendix 4 - Drug formulary 749
Bats (continued)
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Meloxicam | 0.2 mg/kg PO, IM, IV2'5 | Subjectively, results in reduced behaviours suggestive of pain in Australian flying-fox species,9 and a study in Malayan flying-foxes (Pteropus vampyrus) suggested that this species was able to absorb and metabolise oral meloxicam. However, the Studyalso found that there was rapid elimination of the drug, and therefore the oral dose may need to be higher and/or given more frequently than 0.2 mg∕ kg PO sid-bid6 |
| Antiparasiticdrugs | ||
| Fenbendazole | 25 mg/kg PO once, repeat 14 d1 | |
| Praziquantel | 5-20 mg/kg PO1 | Cestodiasis, trematodiasis |
| Pyrantel | 11 mg/kg PO, once1 | Toxocara pteropodis |
| Miscellaneous | ||
| Calcium disodium edentate | 100-200 mg/kg SCsid1 | Lead poisoning |
| Canine tick antiserum | 1 n∩L∕ kg SC, IP, slow IV, premedicate with dexamethasone1 | Tick paralysis in pteropodids |
| 2.5 n∩L administered IP total dose4 | Dose used to treat tick paralysis in pteropodids (Tolga Bat Rescue and Research, Atherton, Qld) | |
| Dexamethasone | 0.1-2 mg/kg SC, IV1 | |
| Frusemide | 2-8 mg/kg PO, IM sid1 | Pulmonary oedema resulting from aspiration pneumonia in hand-reared bats1 |
| Pentosan polysulfate | 3 mg/kg SC given weekly for 4 wk1 | |
| Vitamin K1 (phytomenadione) | 10 mg/kg SC, then 10 mg/kg PO bid for 34 d3 | Fortreatment Ofdiphacinone toxicity. Konakionζ Roche Products Pty Ltd, Dee Why, NSW |
1Olsson and Woods (2008); 2S Frith, pers. comm.; 3Dennis and Gartrell (2015); 4J McLean pers. comm.; 5AustraIian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuaryj6Goodnightand Cox 2018; 7AGiIIettpers. comm.; 8MeIbourneZoo; 9T Bishoppers. comm.
750 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Rodents
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antibacterial drugs | ||
| Amoxycillin-Clavulanate | 20 mg/kg PO bid1 | |
| Doxycycline | 2.5-5 mg/kg PO bid2 | Do not use in young or pregnant animals |
| Enrofloxacin | 5-20 mg/kg PO, SC, IM bid1'2 0.05-0.2 mg∕n∩L2 | Administered in drinking water, change medicated water daily |
| Oxytetracycline | 10-20 mg/kg POq 8 hr2 5 mg∕n∩L in drinking water3 | Change medicated water daily |
| Trimethoprim + sulfonamide | 15-30 mg/kg PO, SC, IM bid1 | |
| Tylosin | 10 mg/kg PO, SC bid2,4 | |
Rodents (continued)
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Opioid analgesics | ||
| Buprenorphine | 0.05 mg/kg SC5 | |
| Butorphanol | 0.2-2.0 mg/kg SC, IM q 2-4 hr1 | Rats: analgesia |
| 0.1-0.2 mg/kg SC3 | Pre-anaesthetic sedation | |
| Tramadol | 5-10 mg/kg PO,IM∕SC7 | Spinifex hopping mouse (Notomys alexis) |
| Non-opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs | ||
| Carprofen | 2-5 mg/kg PO, SC, IM sid-bid1 | |
| Meloxicam | 1-2 mg/kg PO, SC sid1 | Rats |
| 1-5 mg/kg PO, SCsid1 | Mice | |
| Antiparasitic drugs | ||
| Fipronil | 7.5 mg/kg topically, q 30-60 d1 | |
| Ivermectin | 200-400 μg∕kg PO, SC1'4 | Nematodiasis |
| Piperazine citrate | 200 mg/kg PO, sid 7 d, then 7 d without treatment, then repeat 200 mg/kg PO sid 7 d1 | |
| 4-7 mg∕n∩L in drinking water for 3-10 d4 | Change medicated water daily | |
| Praziquantel | 6-10 mg/kg PO, SC, repeat in 10 d1 | Cestodiasis |
| Selamectin | Upto 12 mg/kg topically q 2-3 wk6 | Treatment of mites (Myocoptes musculinus) in managed spinifex hopping mice (Notomys alexis}. Revolution®, Zoetis Australia Pty Ltd, Rhodes, NSW |
| Miscellaneous | ||
| Dexamethasone | 0.5-2.0 mg/kg SC, IM, IV1 | |
| Frusemide | 2-10 mg/kg PO, SC bid1 | |
| Oxytocin | 0.2-3.0 IU∕kg SC, IM, IV1 | |
| Prednisone | 0.5-2.2 mg/kg PO, SC, IM4 | |
1Frohlich and Mayer (2023); 2Mayer (2013); 3Breed and Eden (2008); 4Quesenberry and Carpenter (2004); 5Curtin etal. (2009); 6G Pyepers. comm.; 7AustraIian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary
Appendix 4 - Drug formulary
Pinnipeds
In most cases, dose rates extrapolated from dogs have been considered safe and effective in pinnipeds. However, voriconazole was implicated in a case of fatal hepatopathy in an adult California sea-lion (Zalophus Californianus) that was given doses based on those recommended for dogs and humans12, and administration OfitraconazoletojuveniIeCaIifornia sea-lions, at canine dose rates, did not achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations of that drug.18 Therefore, a cautious approach is warranted. Dose rates listed below are those derived from pharmacokinetic studies and those used to treat diseases Ofparticular importance. Drugs and doses used in non-Australian species are listed, as these may be useful in Australian species.
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antibacterial drugs | ||
| Amoxicillin | Domestic dog doses14 | |
| Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid | Domestic dog doses14 | |
| Cefazolin | 22 mg/kg IV perioperatively, q 1.5 hr15 | Otariids; during cataract surgery |
| Cefovecin | 4 mg/kg SC1 | See Chapter 11 |
| Ceftiofur crystalline-free acid | 6.6 mg/kg IM2 | Excede® Sterile Suspension, Zoetis, Rhodes, NSW. Duration of action >5 d in California sea-lion1 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 10 mg/kg PO5 | When administered orally in fish, ciprofloxacin produced therapeutic antibacterial exposure for only some of the most susceptible bacterial organisms commonly isolated from California sea-lions |
| Doxycycline | 10-20 mg/kg PO sid3 | In northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), resulting concentration in tears was considered effective in cases Ofbacterial ulcerative keratitis and surface inflammation3 |
| 2-5 mg/kg PO bid10'15 | Otariids: management of ulcerative keratitis | |
| Enrofloxacin | Domestic dog doses14 | |
| Isoniazid | 5 mg/kg PO sid4 | Treatment of mycobacteriosis in a South American sea-lion (Otaria flavescens} |
| Marbofloxacin | Domestic dog doses14 | |
| 15 mg/kg4 | Treatment of mycobacteriosis in a South American sea-lion | |
| Rifampicin | 7.5 mg/kg PO sid4 | Treatment of mycobacteriosis in a South American sea-lion |
| Opioid analgesics | ||
| Fentanyl | 2 μg∕kg IV loading dose, followed by fentanyl (2 μg∕kg∕hr), ketamine (0.3 mg/kg/hr) and lignocaine (1 mg/kg/hr) IV as continuous rate infusion (CRI)19 50 μg∕kg∕hr as transdermal fentanyl patch19 | For analgesia during laparotomy, long-nosed fur seal (Arctopohoca forsteri). Post-operative analgesia provided using methadone (0.2 mg/kg IM, given during anaesthetic recovery) and transdermal fentanyl patch |
| Methadone | 0.2 mg/kg IM19 | For analgesia following laparotomy, long-nosed fur seal. See notes for fentanyl, above |
| Remifentanil | 0.3-0.4 μg∕kg∕hr IV as CRI with ketamine and lignocaine19 | Used during laparotomy (as an alternative to fentanyl): long-nosed fur seal, Australian fur seal (Arctocephaluspusillus). See notes for fentanyl, above |
| Tramadol | 2-4 mg/kg PO q 6-8 hr10'11 | Study in California sea-lions suggests that a 2 mg/kg dose would need to be administered every 6-8 hr to maintain concentrations of tramadol above the minimum human analgesic level for mild to moderate pain11 |
752 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Pinnipeds (continued)
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Non-opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs | ||
| Carprofen | 2-4.4 mg/kg PO sid13 | Use may result in gastritis. Concurrent use of misoprostal or ranitidine may reduce risk of Gl sideeffects10'14 |
| Gabapentin | 5 mg/kg PO bid19 | EIderIyAustraIian fur seal, for management Ofosteoarthritic pain/stiff gait |
| 8 mg/kg PO bid19 | Adult Australian fur seal, as part of multimodal analgesia administered during investigation for disseminated osteolytic lesions (neoplasia) | |
| Meloxicam | 0.05-0.1 mg/kg POsid10'15 | Use may result in gastritis. Concurrent use of misoprostal or ranitidine may reduce risk of Gl side effects10'14 |
| Antiparasiticdrugs | ||
| Ivermectin | 10-24 μg∕kg PO given q 4 wk9 | Heartworm prophylaxis |
| 200 μg∕kg SC6 500 μg∕kg topically, as spot-on17 | Highly effective at eliminating hookworm (Uncinaria sp.) infection in Australian sea-lion pups (Neophoca cinerea). Also controlled lice (Antarctophthirus microchir) for up to 2 mo6 | |
| Ivomec® Pour-on for Cattle, 5 mg/ml (Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health Australia Pty Ltd, North Ryde NSW), effective at eliminating hookworm infection in Australian sea-lion pups, also controlled lice | ||
| 200 μg∕kg SC given twice, 14 d apart7'10 | Treatment of respiratory tract mites (Orthohalarachne sp.) in otariid seals, including Australian fur seals | |
| Milbemycin oxime | 0.5 mg/kg PO9 | Heartworm prophylaxis |
| Praziquantel | 10 mg/kg PO on two consecutive days7,10 | Cestodiasis |
| Miscellaneous (A wide range of topical ophthalmic and other preparations routinely used in domestic dogs have been used in pinnipeds at similar dosing regimens. Consideration must be given to limiting access to water for a period of time post application to ensure time for absorption/effect) | ||
| Cloprostenol (prostaglandin F2α) | 500 mg IM8 | Induced abortion of dead, full-term fetuses in California sea-lions |
| Deslorelin | 2 ? 4.7 mg or 2 ? 9.4 mg SC implants9 | To reduce seasonal aggression in male Australian sea-lions and long-nosed fur seals during the breeding season. Note: European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) advises that two deslorelin implants are required when treating pinnipeds, with their duration of action being dependent on dose. For example, 2 ? 4.7 mg deslorelin implants should have minimum duration 6 mo in pinnipeds and 2 ? 9.4 mg implants should have minimum duration 12 mo. However, individual variation may occur16 |
| Misoprostol | 1-5 μg∕kg PO bid-tid1° | To prevent NSAID-Induced gastritis |
| Oxytocin | 20IU IM9 | Used to stimulate milk let-down, postpartum - variable efficacy |
| Phenobarbitone | 2 mg/kg PO bid10 | To manage seizures/epilepsy in an adult Australian fur seal; standard dog dose rates used |
| Proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5% ophthalmic drops | Applyalong eyelids, wait 10 min for effect14 | Mayallow examination of a closed, painful eye in pinnipeds |
Appendix 4 - Drug formulary 753
Pinnipeds (continued)
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Ranitidine | 1.5mg∕kg POsid14 | Used concurrently with NSAID to prevent gastric ulceration and gastritis |
| Sodium chloride 5% ophthalmic solution | Applied to eye as needed to manage oedema10 | Hypertonic saline ophthalmic drops, for management of corneal oedema |
1Garcia-Parraga etal. (2012); 2Meegan etal. (2013); 3Freeman etal. (2013); 4Jurczynski etal. (2012); 5Barbosa etal. (2015); 6Marcus etal. (2015); 7DaiIey (2001); 8Robeckefa/. (2001); 9Barnes etal. (2008); 10MeIbourne Zoo; 11Boonstra etal. (2015); 12FieId etal. (2012); 13Simeoneefa/. (2017); 14LVogeInest pers. comm.; 15C Colitz pers. comm.; 16EGZAC (2017); 17Lindsayefa/. 2021; 18Scottefa/. 2020; 19MeIbourneZoo
Cetaceans
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antibacterial drugs | ||
| Amikacin | 5-10 mg/kg IM bid2 | |
| Amoxycillin | 6.5 mg/kg PO tid1 20 mg/kg PO bid2 | Used during treatment of melioidosis in managed cetaceans1 |
| Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid | 10 mg/kg PO IM q 8 hr1 12.5 mg/kg PO IM bid2 | Used during treatment of melioidosis in managed cetaceans1 |
| Azithromycin | 9.6 mg/kg PO, IV loading dose then 5.2 mg/kg PO sid2 | |
| Cefovecin | 8 mg/kg IM4 | In common bottle-nosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus}, duration with plasma concentrations above MIC go was 13 d in neonates and 17 d in adults.1 Convenia®, Zoetis, Rhodes, NSW |
| Ceftazidime | 30 mg/kg IV tid1 20 mg/kg IM sid2 | Used during treatment of melioidosis in managed cetaceans1 |
| Ceftiofur | 2 mg/kg IM sid2 | |
| Cephalexin | 22 mg/kg POtid2 | |
| Ciprofloxacin | 20-25 mg/kg PO bid1 15-29 mg/kg PO bid2 | Used during treatment of melioidosis in managed cetaceans1 |
| Clarithromycin | 5 mg/kg PO bid2 | |
| Clindamycin | 20 mg/kg IM, IVtid, 10-14 d2 5 mg/kg bid for 6-9 mo9 | Toxoplasmosis |
| Doxycycline | 1.5 mg/kg PO bid2 2 mg/kg PO sid3 | Used in conjunction with piroxicam during treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma in an IndoPacific bottle-nosed dolphin (7^. aduncus)3 |
754 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Enrofloxacin | 5 mg/kg POsid1 5 mg/kg PO, IM bid2 | Used during treatment of melioidosis in managed cetaceans1 |
| Meropenem | 30 mg/kg IM, IV tid2 | Used in conjunction with ceftazidime. Used during treatment of melioidosis in managed cetaceans |
| Metronidazole | 7 mg/kg PO bid2 | |
| Ofloxacin | 5 mg/kg PO bid2 | |
| Rifampicin | 2.5 mg/kg PO bid2 | |
| Trimethoprim + sulfonamide | 8-10 mg/kg PO sid6 | Bone marrow aplasia has been reported in dolphins treated using trimethoprim-sulfadiazine.5,7 However, this dose rate was used for treatment of nocardiosis in beluga whales (Delphinapterus Ieucas). Animals were supplemented with folic acid (0.05 mg/kg PO tid) during treatment5 |
| Vancomycin | 1-1.5 mg/kg PO tid2 | |
| Antifungal drugs | ||
| Fluconazole | 2 mg/kg PO bid, 28 d2 | Aspergillosis |
| Ketoconazole | 10 mg/kg PO bid2 | |
| Posaconazole | 5 mg/kg PO bid9 | Systemic mycoses |
| 10 mg/kg delayed-release tablets PO sid1° | Mucormycosis: 255-d course resulted in successful treatment, after a 96-d course and subsequent relapse | |
| Terbinafine | 2 mg/kg POsid2 | |
| Voriconazole | 3.3 mg/kg PO sid 3 d loading dose, then 4 mg/kg PO once weekly maintenance dose7 | Bottle-nosed dolphins |
| Antiviral drugs | ||
| Famciclovir | 12.5 mg/kg PO bid9 | Herpesvirus, managed bottle-nosed dolphins |
| Idoxuridine | Ophthalmic drops9 | Herpesvirus keratopathy, bottle-nosed dolphins |
| Opioid analgesics | ||
| Butorphanol | 0.1 mg/kg IM sid9 | |
| Tramadol | 1-2 mg/kg PO sid-bid9 | May result in mild sedation |
| Non-opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs | ||
| Flunixin meglumine | 0.5 mg/kg PO, IM sid2 | |
| Meloxicam | 0.1 mg/kg POsingIedose8 | Use caution when considering repeat dosing: elimination of meloxicam in cetaceans is slower than in other species8 |
| Piroxicam | 0.15 mg/kg PO bid3 | NSAID used to treat oral squamous cell carcinoma in an Indo-Pacific bottle-nosed dolphin. Some signs of hepatotoxicity were noted during therapy |
Appendix 4 - Drug formulary 755
Cetaceans (continued)
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antiparasitic drugs | ||
| Ivermectin | 200 μg∕kg PO2 | |
| Miscellaneous | ||
| Altrenogest | 0.044 mg/kg PO sid2 | Used to synchronise oestrus in females |
| Calcium disodium edetate | 80 mg/kg slow IV2 | Lead/zinc toxicity |
| Cimetidine | 5 mg/kg PO bid2 | |
| Ethyloestranol | 0.05 mg/kg PO sid2 | |
| Methylprednisolone acetate | 20 mg injected Subconjunctivally2 | Uveitis |
| Misoprostal | 200 μg total dose PO qid3 | Used to reduce risk of gastric ulceration during piroxicam treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma in an Indo-Pacific bottle-nosed dolphin. Animal developed transient melaena during therapy |
| Norandrostenolone | 1 mg/kg IM2 | |
| Omeprazole | 0.25-0.3 mg/kg PO bid2 | |
| Prednisolone | 0.25-2 mg/kg PO, IM sid-bid2 | |
| Ranitidine | 6.6 mg/kg PO tid2 | |
1Kinoshita (2008); 2BIyde and Vogelnest (2008); 3March etal. (2016); 4Garcia-Parraga etal. (2012); 5Kinoshita etal. (2003); 6Schmitt etal. (2013); 7Ferrier etal. (2017); 8Simeone etal. (2014); 9D Blyde pers. comm.; 10Marques etal. 2021
756 CurrentTherapyin MedicineofAustraIian Mammals
Dugong (Dugong dugori)
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antibacterial drugs | ||
| Amikacin | 7 mg/kg IM bid2 | |
| Ceftiofur | 2 mg/kg IM1 | |
| Ceftiofur crystalline-free acid | 6.6 mg/kg IM q 4 d1 | Excede® Sterile Suspension, Zoetis, Rhodes, NSW |
| Oxytetracycline | 20 mg/kg IM1 | |
| Penicillin G + benzathine penicillin | 22 000 U/kg IM2 | |
| Analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs | ||
| Dexamethasone | 0.25-0.5 mg/kg IM sid2 | To stimulate appetite and reduce inflammation |
| Antiparasitic drugs | ||
| Atovaquone | 100 mg/kg POsid1 | Toxoplasmosis; administered for 6 mo |
| Clindamycin | 5 mg/kg PO bid1 | Toxoplasmosis; oral administration may be difficult |
| Trimethoprim + sulfadiazine | 8 mg/kg + 40 mg/kg IM bid1 | Toxoplasmosis; administered for up to 13 wk |
1D Blyde pers. comm.; 2Woods etal. (2008)
Dingo (Canis familiaris)
In most cases, dose rates extrapolated from domestic dogs have been considered safe and effective in dingoes. Notable drugs are listed below.
| Drug | Dose rate | Indications and comments |
| Antiparasiticdrugs | ||
| Ivermectin | 200-400 μg∕kg1 | Treatment of the pentastome Linguatula serrata |
| Lufenuron + milbemycin oxime + praziquantel | 10 mg/kg + 0.5 mg/kg + 5 mg/kg PO q 4 wk2 | Prevention of heartworm, intestinal worms and fleas; Sentinel™ Spectrum, Elanco Australasia Pty Ltd, West Ryde, NSW |
| Moxidectin (as 10% moxidectin microspheres) | 0.5 mg/kg SC, given q 12 mo1 | Heartworm prevention; ProHea rt®SR-12 InjectionzZoetisAustraIia Pty Ltd, Rhodes, NSW |
| Praziquantel | 5 mg/kg PO1 | Treatment of Echinococcus granulosis |
| Selamectin | 6 mg/kg topically, q 4 wk2 | Flea prevention; Revolution®. Zoetis Australia Pty Ltd, Rhodes, NSW |
| Spinosad | 30 mg/kg PO, q 4 wk2 | Flea prevention; at canine dose rate. Comfortis®. Elanco Australasia Pty Ltd, West Ryde, NSW |
| Miscellaneous | ||
| Deslorelin | 4.7 mg SC implant for female dingo up to 30 kg1 | Provides contraception for 6-12 mo |
| TrazodoneZgabapentin | Gabapentin 30 mg/kg PO given in the evening prior to event, then gabapentin 30 mg/kg PO + trazodone 5-10 mg/kg PO given 2-4 hr prior to event2 | Prior to a veterinary procedure, resulted in apparent mild sedation/ataxia when dingo was unrestrained, but was insufficient sedation to allow manual restraint for veterinary procedure (i.e. suggests variable effect, doses assumed to be similar to those used in domestic dogs) |
1HuIst (2008); 2AustraIian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary.
Appendix 4 - Drug formulary
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