Index

Abdomen

distention of,44-45, 161-162

evaluation of, in vomiting, 15,20 gas in, 67f

pain/discomfort in, 44-45

differential diagnosis of, 357, 358 palpation of

in diarrhea, 34

in fecal incontinence, 47

in vomiting, 15

Abscess

anal sac, 283

hepatic, 87f, 88f

Acanthomatous epulis, 371-372

Acetylcholine receptor antibody titer

in dysphagia, 5

in megaesophagus, 124, 132

Acidosis, metabolic

in gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome, 187 with parenteral nutrition, 460t

Adamantinoma, 371-373

Adenocarcinoma

anal sac, 397-399

apocrine gland, 285

gastric, 192-193

biopsy of, 103, 104f

endoscopy in, 22-23,22f, 23f, 192, 192f, 387, 388f

ultrasonography of, 77f intestinal, 77f, 272 pancreatic, 95f perianal, 284-285

S-Adenosylmethionine, in chronic hepatitis, 317-318

Page numbers followed by f indicate figures; t, tables; b, boxes.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test

in megaesophagus, 124

in vomiting, 17, 163

Adynamic ileus, ultrasonography of, 76 Aerophagia, 44. See also Flatulence. Air embolism, laparoscopy and, 117 Alanine aminotransferase, 294, 296t, 299-300 Albendazole, in Giardia infection, 214 Albumin, 289, 296t, 302

Alkaline phosphatase, 294, 296t, 300-301 Alkalosis, metabolic

in gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome, 187 with parenteral nutrition, 461t

Amebic colitis, 258

Ameloblastoma, 371-373

Amikacin, 202t

Amino acids, in liver failure, 347-348

Aminoglycosides, in megaesophagus-associated pneumonia, 130

5-Aminosalicylic acid

in idiopathic colitis, 270t

in lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis, 267-268 Amitriptyline, in irritable bowel syndrome, 273 Ammonia, 290-291,298-299

Ammonia tolerance test, 298-299

Amphotericin B, in pythiosis, 242

Ampicillin, 202t

Amprolium, 206t

Amylase, in pancreatitis, 358-359

Anal reflex, in fecal incontinence, 47

Anal sacs

adenocarcinoma of, 397-399 clinical features of, 397-398 prognosis for, 398 treatment of, 398-399 inflammation-infection of, 283

Anal tone,in fecal incontinence, 47

Analgesia, in pancreatitis, 362

Ancylostoma spp.

infection, 205-207, 206t, 257 Anemia, in lymphoma, 395

Anesthesia

esophageal stricture and, 7 gastroesophageal reflux disease and, 139-140, 143

lower esophageal sphincter effects of, 138 Angiography, of portal venous system, 71-72, 71f Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, in liver disease, 351

Anorectum, 281-285

agenesis of, 282 dermatitis of, 284 fistula of, 283-284 foreign bodies in, 282 hair mat obstruction of, 283 inflammation-infection of, 283 persistent distention of, 281-282 prolapse of, 281 spasm of, 282

stricture of, 282

tumors of, 284-285

Anorexia, 2t. See also Nutrition; Starvation.

Anthelmintics, 205-207

Antibiotics

in bacterial colitis, 258-262

in feline cholangiohepatitis, 320-321

in feline inflammatory bowel disease, 229-230 in gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome, 190 in hepatic encephalopathy, 345

in hepatobiliary infection, 329-330

in liver failure, 346, 347

in megaesophagus, 124, 125, 130

in small intestine bacterial overgrowth, 235

in viral enteritis, 204

Antibody test

in heartworm, 18

in Helicobacter infection, 178

Antidiarrheal agents, 201-202, 202t

Antiemetic agents, 174t, 202-203

in feline hepatic lipidosis, 339

Antinuclear antibody, in megaesophagus, 125 Antiparasite agents, 205-207

Antral pyloric hypertrophy syndrome, 166f, 184, 184t

Anus. See also Anal sacs; Anorectum.

atresia of, 282

congenital defects of, 282-283 imperforate, 282 spasm of, 282 tumors of, 284-285

Aortic arch, right, persistent, 134-136, 135f Apocrine gland, adenocarcinoma of, 285 Apomorphine, in coprophagy, 25 Appetite. See also Diet; Nutrition.

in diarrhea, 30t, 34

in inflammatory bowel disease, 220

Appetite stimulants, 420, 421t

Arrhythmias, in gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome, 190-191

Ascarid infection, 206t

Ascites

in hepatic disease, 292, 295

in intestinal tumors, 394

laparoscopy and, 117

Aspartate aminotransferase, 294, 296t, 300 Aspergillus infection, 263

Aspiration pneumonia, in megaesophagus, 129, 130

Astrovirus infection, 203-205

Attitude changes, in inflammatory bowel disease, 220

Azathioprine

in canine inflammatory bowel disease, 231-232

in chronic gastritis of unknown cause, 180b, 181

in chronic hepatitis, 316

in feline inflammatory bowel disease, 228

in idiopathic colitis, 270t

in lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis, 268

in myasthenia gravis, 133

Azithromycin, 206t

Bacillus piliformis infection, 260-261 Bacterial overgrowth, 39-40, 234-235

in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, 367-368

in German shepherd dogs, 236-237 Balantidium coli infection, 206t, 257, 258 Balloon catheter dilation, in esophageal strictures, 147-149,147f,148f,150f

Basenjiis, lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis of, 237-238

Bedlington terriers, copper-storage disease of, 325-328

Behavior modification, in coprophagy, 25 Benazepril, in hepatic disease, 351 Bentiromide (BP-PABA) test, in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, 38

Beta cell tumor

canine, 404-406

feline, 408-409

Bile, in vomitus, 12

Bile acids

metabolism of, 288-289

serum

in hepatic disease, 295, 296t, 297-298 in vomiting, 18

Bile duct

common calculus of, 87, 91f mass of, 89f ultrasonography of, 80 obstruction of, 87, 91f, 296t, 340-341

Bile salts,in esophagitis, 139

Biliary carcinoma, 401-403

Bilious vomiting syndrome, 24

Bilirubin

conjugated (direct), 287

metabolism of, 286-288

serum, 302 unconjugated (indirect), 287 urinary, 302

Biopsy

in diarrhea, 40-42

in disseminated intravascular coagulation, 290 in dysphagia, 4

in feline cholangiohepatitis, 320

in granulomatous colitis, 271

in hepatic tumors, 399-400

in inflammatory bowel disease, 222-223

in intestinal lymphangiectasia, 105, 239

in liver disease, 306-313.

See also Inflammatory bowel disease.

in irritable bowel syndrome, 272-273 laboratory tests in, 254-255 physical examination in, 253 Prototheca infection in, 263-264 protozoan infection in, 257-258 Pythium infection in, 263 radiology in, 255

Salmonella infection in, 254, 259 Strongyloides infection in, 254,257 therapeutic trials in, 255-256 Trichomonas infection in, 257-258 ultrasonography in, 255 viral infection in, 258 vs. small intestinal, 30-31 whipworm infection in, 256-257 Yersinia enterocolitica infection in, 260 Zygomycetes infection in, 263 lifestyle factors in, 28 patient history in, 28, 29b physical examination in, 34-35 radiology in, 40, 255 secretory, 196 small intestinal, 33, 34, 38-42, 199-203 biopsy in, 40-42 case studies of, 38, 39t, 41-42, 41t causes of, 196, 197b chronic, 38-42, 39t, 41t diagnosis of, 197-199, 198f, 199f electron microscopy in, 199 fecal culture in, 199 fecal smear in, 198

fluid therapy in, 200-201, 200b immunologic assays in, 199 in bacterial overgrowth, 234 in basenji enteropathy, 238 in German shepherds, 237 in Giardia infection, 35, 37f, 198, 198f, 212 in inflammatory bowel disease, 219 in lymphangiectasia, 239

in malabsorptive disease, 38-42, 196

in maldigestive disease, 38

in neoplasia, 244, 246

in pythiosis, 241

in Shar-peis, 235

in short bowel syndrome, 242 nonspecific treatment of, 201-203, 202t

Diarrhea (Continued)

small intestinal (Continued) physical examination in, 197-198 sequential diagnosis of, 36f stained smear in, 198-199, 199f vs. large intestinal, 30-31, 34, 38-42 zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation test in, 35, 37f, 198,198f,212

stool characteristics in, 28-33, 30t, 35, 37 ultrasonography in, 40

vomiting and, 13-14, 33-34

Diazepam, for appetite stimulation, 421t Diazoxide, in insulinoma, 406

Dichlorvos, for parasitic diseases, 206t

Diet. See also Nutrition.

in acute diarrhea, 35

in canine inflammatory bowel disease, 232-233 in chronic hepatitis, 318

in constipation, 49, 279

in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, 366-367

in fecal incontinence treatment, 47

in feline cholangiohepatitis, 321

in feline hepatic lipidosis, 338-339

in feline inflammatory bowel disease, 225-226 in flatulence treatment, 44

in hepatic disease, 346, 348-350

in intestinal lymphangiectasia, 240

in lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis, 266, 267

in malabsorptive disease, 39

in pancreatitis, 363-364 vomiting and, 12

Dimenhydrinate, 174t Diphenhydramine, 174t

Diphenoxylate

in acute diarrhea, 202, 202t

in fecal incontinence, 47-48

Dipylidium caninum infection, 205-207, 206t Dirt, eating of (geophagy), 27

Disophenol, in Spirocerca lupi infection, 156 Disseminated intravascular coagulation

biopsy in, 290

in gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome, 191-192 Diuretics, in liver disease, 350-351

Docusate calcium, 277t, 279

Docusate sodium, 277t, 278t, 279 Domperidone, 174t

L-Dopa, in liver failure, 348 Doramectin, in Spirocerca lupi infection, 156 Doxycycline, for parasitic diseases, 206t

Drontal Plus, in Giardia infection, 215 Drugs. See also specific drugs.

constipation with, 275t, 276 gastroesophageal reflux disease with, 139

Duodenoscopy, 101t, 103-106

Duodenum. See also Small intestine.

endoscopy of, 101t, 103-106

lavage of, 105

pseudoulcers of, 62, 63f

Dynamic ileus, 76, 78, 78f

Dyschezia, 2t, 31, 31f, 32, 274-281

Dysphagia, 2t, 3-5, 162t

causes of, 3b

endoscopy in, 4, 4f

laboratory tests in, 4, 5

neurologic tests in, 4

physical examination in, 4

radiology in, 4, 4f, 52-53, 53f

Echinococcus spp. infection, 205-207, 206t

Edema, with parenteral nutrition, 460t Edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) test, 5, 125, 132 Electrolytes

in acute diarrhea, 37

in gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome, 187 Electromyography

in fecal incontinence, 47

in megaesophagus, 125

Electron microscopy, of feces, 199

Enalapril, in hepatic disease, 351 Encephalopathy, hepatic, 291-292, 344-346 Endoscopes, 98-99, 98f

Endoscopy, 98-110

endoscope selection for, 98-99, 98f

in dysphagia, 4, 4f

in foreign body removal, 109-110, 110f, 111f, 153-155, 155f

in gastric adenocarcinoma, 22-23, 22f, 23f, 103, 104f, 192, 192f, 387, 388f

in inflammatory bowel disease, 108, 217, 222-223, 222f, 223f

in intestinal lymphangiectasia, 239

in intestinal tumors, 390

in lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis, 265-266

in regurgitation, 8

in small intestine lymphoma, 247, 249

in vomiting evaluation, 19, 21-23, 21f, 22f, 23f indications for, 99-100, 100t

monitor for, 99, 99f

of esophagus, 100-101, 101t

of ileum, 106, 107f

of large intestine, 101t, 106, 108

of small intestine, 101t, 103-106, 104f

of stomach, 101-103, 101t, 102f, 103f, 104f, 165, 167f

proficiency in, 99

Endotoxemia, in hepatic disease, 347

Enema

in constipation, 278-279, 278t

in hepatic encephalopathy, 345 Enrofloxacin, in acute disease, 202t Entamoeba histolytica infection, 257, 258 Enteral nutrition, 417, 419-457, 419b, 419t appetite stimulants for, 420, 421t complications of, 454-455 contraindications to, 419 diets for, 453-454, 454f

enterostomy tube for, 445-447, 450f, 451f, 452f esophagitis with, 455

esophagostomy tube for, 425-430. See also Esophagostomy tube.

gastrointestinal complications of, 455 gastrostomy tube for, 431-444. See also Gastrostomy tube.

gastrostomy-enterostomy tube for, 447-448, 453f in cancer patient, 381, 382f, 397

in megaesophagus, 129-130

indications for, 419

mechanical complications of, 454-455, 456f metabolic complications of, 455 monitoring of, 454, 454b nasoesophageal tube for, 421-424, 422f, 423f, 424f

nasogastric tube for, 421-424, 422f, 423f, 424f oral, 419-420, 420f

orogastric tube for, 420-421, 421f percutaneous gastroduodenostomy tube for, 442-443, 449f

pharyngostomy tube for, 424-425, 425f tube occlusion with, 455

Enteritis. See also Diarrhea.

bacterial, 207-208

eosinophilic, 217-218, 229. See also Inflammatory bowel disease.

garbage, 209 nonulcerative, 64 parvovirus, 14, 14f ulcerative, 64-65, 65f viral, 203-205

Enteropathy

diarrhea in, 38-42

protein-losing. See Protein-losing enteropathy. Enterostomy tube, 445-447, 450f, 451f, 452f complications of, 447 diets for, 454

Enterotoxin assay, 42

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

for Giardia, 35,37f,214

in pythiosis, 241-242

Eosinophilic colitis, 268-269. See also Inflammatory bowel disease.

Eosinophilic enteritis, 229. See also Inflammatory bowel disease.

Eosinophilic gastritis, 181 Epidurography, in fecal incontinence, 47 Epsiprantel, for parasitic diseases, 206t Epulides

canine, 371-372 feline, 373

Erythromycin

in acute gastritis, 173t, 176

in delayed gastric emptying, 185

in gastric erosive-ulcerative disease, 173t, 176 Escherichia coli infection, 208

Esomeprazole, in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 142

Esophageal sphincter

lower, 118-119

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 138 upper, 118

Esophagitis, 136-144 causes of, 136, 136b diagnosis of, 54, 140-141 in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 136-144. See also Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

in hiatal hernia, 151

in megaesophagus, 130

in shar-peis, 236 radiology of, 54, 141

Esophagoscopy, 100-101, 101t

in esophagitis, 141

in megaesophagus, 124

in regurgitation, 8 in stricture, 145f, 146f

Esophagostomy tube, 425-430 advantages of, 430-431 complications of, 431, 431f diets for, 453-454, 454f disadvantages of, 430-431 in cancer patient, 397 placement of, 425-428, 427f curved forceps for, 428, 429f Eld device for, 426-428, 427f-428f redirection for, 429-430, 430f-431f suture for, 430

Esophagraphy, 53, 54f Esophagus, 118-157 adventitia of, 119 anatomy of, 53-54, 54f, 118-119 breed-related disorders of, 120t foreign objects in, 151-155 clinical signs of, 153

Esophagus (Continued)

foreign objects in (Continued) diagnosis of, 153 gastric advancement of, 154 radiology of, 54, 56f regurgitation with, 7 removal of, 109-110,110f,111f, 153-155, 155f

stricture and, 144, 145f

generalized dilation of. See Megaesophagus. hiatal lesions of, 149, 150-151, 152f in Shar-peis, 156-157 inflammation of. See Esophagitis. layers of, 119 mucosa of, 119

muscularis of, 119 postoperative lavage of, 140 radiology of, 53-54, 53f, 54f, 55f, 56f,57f regurgitation into, 5-8, 5b, 6b

Spirocerca lupi of, 156 strictures of, 144-149 balloon catheter dilation for, 147-149, 147f, 148f, 150f

bougienage for, 146-147, 147f clinical signs of, 144 diagnosis of, 144-146, 147f drug therapy for, 149 general anesthesia and, 7 radiology of, 145, 146f, 147f regurgitation with, 7 treatment of, 146-149 submucosa of, 119 tumors of, 155-156

in dogs, 386 radiology of, 54, 57f stricture and, 145-146 vascular entrapment of. SeeVascular ringanomaly.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, 365-368 bacterial overgrowth in, 367-368 clinical findings in, 366 clinicopathologic tests in, 366 coprophagy in, 25, 26 diagnosis of, 366 diarrhea in, 34, 38 etiology of, 365, 365b malabsorption in, 368 pathophysiology of, 365-366 treatment of, 366-367

Expectoration, 5

Famotidine

in acute gastritis, 170-171, 172t

Famotidine (Continued)

in gastric erosive-ulcerative disease, 170-171,172t in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 141-142

Febantel, for parasitic diseases, 206t

Fecal incontinence, 31t, 45-48. See also Diarrhea. causes of, 45b diagnosis of, 46-47 treatment of, 47-48

Feces. See Stool.

Feeding intravenous. See Parenteral nutrition.

oral,419-420,420f

in megaesophagus, 126-128, 126f, 127f, 128f, 129f

tube. See Enteral nutrition.

Feline panleukopenia, 203

Fenbendazole

in eosinophilic colitis, 269

in Giardia infection,214-215

in parasitic diseases, 206t

Fentanyl patch, in pancreatitis, 362

Fiber

in constipation, 279

in feline inflammatory bowel disease, 226 Fibrinogen, in hepatic disease, 293 Fibroameloblastoma, 373

Fibroma, 383

Fibroplasia, of gallbladder, 87, 91f

Fibrosarcoma

canine, 382-384

staging of, 382-383 treatment of, 383-384 feline, 384

Fibrosis, in chronic hepatitis, 318-319

Fistula

perianal, 47, 283-284

rectovaginal, 282-283

Flatulence, 2t, 31t, 43-44

Fluid therapy, 362

in acute diarrhea, 200-201, 200b

in gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome, 188-189 in liver failure, 344

in pancreatitis, 362

Flumazenil, in liver failure, 348

Flunixin, in gastric erosion-ulceration, 168 Flunixin meglumine, in acute disease, 202t Fluoroscopy, in gastric emptying, 165 Flurazepam, for appetite stimulation, 421t Folate, serum

in malabsorptive disease, 39

in small intestine bacterial overgrowth, 234-235 Food. See Diet; Nutrition.

Food additives, in coprophagy, 25b

Food allergy, 39

in eosinophilic colitis, 269

in lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis, 266 Forceps, in foreign object removal, 110, 110f Foreign objects

around tongue, 14, 15f

esophageal, 151-155

clinical signs of, 153

diagnosis of, 153 radiology of, 54, 56f regurgitation with, 7

removal of, 109-110, 110f, 111f, 153-155, 155f stricture and, 144, 145f

gastric

radiology of, 17-18, 18f, 57, 59f ultrasonography of, 78, 81f

intestinal

radiology of, 64, 64f, 65f ultrasonography of, 76, 78, 78f, 80f

rectal, 282

Frenulum, evaluation of, 14, 15f

Fructosamine, 405, 408

Fullness, abdominal, 44-45, 161-162

Fungal infection, 262-263, 330

Furazolidone

in Giardia infection, 215

in parasitic diseases, 206t

Furosemide, in hepatic disease, 350-351

Gallbladder

benign fibroplasia of, 87, 91f

bilobed, 80

calculi of, 341-342

infection of, 342

laparoscopic evaluation of, 114, 115f

mass of, 87, 91f

radiology of, 72-73

rupture of, 342

thickened wall of, 85-87, 89f, 90f ultrasonography of, 79-80, 81f, 84-87, 89f, 90f, 91f

Gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, 301

Garbage, ingestion of, 209

Gas

abdominal, 67f

intestinal, 2t, 31t, 43, 64

Gastrectomy, in gastric adenocarcinoma, 388 Gastric adenocarcinoma, 192, 386-388

biopsy of, 103, 104f

endoscopy in, 22-23, 22f, 23f, 192, 192f, 387, 388f

ultrasonography of, 77f

Gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome, 186-192 abdominal distention in, 161-162 clinical features of, 187, 187b complications of, 190-192 emergency treatment of, 188b medical treatment of, 190 pathology of, 186-188 postoperative treatment of, 191b prognosis for, 192 radiology of, 164, 164f, 187-188 treatment of, 188-190

Gastric emptying delayed, 181-186 causes of, 182b diagnosis of, 182-184, 183t in antral pyloric hypertrophy syndrome, 166f, 184, 184t management of, 185 radiology of, 165, 166f

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 140

Gastric epithelial cells, 160-161

Gastric erosive-ulcerative disease, 167-181 causes of, 163b, 168-169 gastroscopy of, 102, 103f medical management of, 170-176, 172t-173t predisposing causes of, 163b radiology of, 59, 62f symptomatic management for, 171b

Gastric motility, 160

BIPS study of, 17, 17f disorders of, 181-186

bilious vomiting syndrome and, 24 causes of, 182b dysrhythmic, 184-186 grass ingestion and, 24 primary, 184-186, 185f radiology of, 165, 166f, 182-183 vomiting in, 12

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 140 Gastrin

in gastric erosion-ulceration, 170

in vomiting evaluation, 19

Gastrinoma canine, 407 feline, 409 in gastric erosion-ulceration, 170 vomiting with, 19

Gastritis, 167-181

acute, 167-176 causes of, 167b diagnosis of, 168t medical management of, 170-176, 172t-173t symptomatic management of, 171b

Gastritis (Continued)

chronic, 176-181 gastroscopy of, 102, 102f Helicobacter-associated, 177-179 histologic classification of, 177t of unknown cause, 180-181 parasitic, 179-180

classification of, 102 eosinophilic, 181 lymphocytic-plasmacytic, 180-181 radiology of, 57-58, 60f ulcerative, 78, 78f, 79f

Gastroduodenostomy, in gastric adenocarcinoma, 388

Gastroenteritis. See also Diarrhea.

bacterial, 207-208 garbage, 209 hemorrhagic, 208 viral, 203-205

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, 136-144 anesthesia-related, 139-140, 143 drug-related, 139 esophagitis in, 140-141 etiology of, 139-140 in humans, 137-138 mucosal damage in, 138-139 pregnancy-related, 139 treatment of, 141-144 vomiting-associated, 143-144

Gastrography, 55-60

in dilatation-volvulus, 58-59, 60f, 61f

in foreign objects, 57, 59f

in gastritis, 57-58, 60f

in masses, 59, 61f, 62f

in pyloric stenosis, 57, 59f

in rupture, 59-60

in vomiting, 17-18, 18f normal, 57, 58f

Gastropexy, in gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome, 189

Gastroscopy, 101-103, 101t, 102f, 103f, 104f

Gastrostomy, in gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome, 189

Gastrostomy tube, 431-444, 432f complications of, 441-442

Cook device for, 435-436, 438,

438f-440f

Eld device for, 433-435,435f-437f gastropexy for, 438-440, 445f in cancer patient, 381, 382f, 397 in megaesophagus, 129-130 laparotomy for, 440-441, 447f low-profile, 445, 447f, 448f

Gastrostomy tube (Continued) percutaneous endoscopic placement of, 438, 441f-445f

percutaneous surgical placement of, 438-441, 445f

stomach tube technique for, 432-433, 433f-435f Gastrostomy-enterostomy tube, 447-448,453f Geophagy, 27

German shepherd dogs, inflammatory bowel disease in, 236-237

Giardia infection, 205-207, 212-216, 257 acute, 205-207, 206t antigen test in, 35, 37f, 214 chronic, 212-216 diagnosis of, 213-214 fecal ELISA in, 35,37f,214 life cycle in, 212-213 treatment of, 214-215 vaccination against, 215-216 zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation test in, 35, 198, 198f,213b

Glucagonoma canine, 406 feline, 409

Glucose

in acute diarrhea, 37, 201

in liver failure, 346-347

serum, 303

Glutamyl transpeptidase, 294, 296t Glycerin, in constipation, 278t Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, in parvoviral enteritis, 204

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, in canine melanoma, 376

Grass ingestion, 23-24, 24f

Growth factors, colostrual, in feline inflammatory bowel disease, 229

H₂ receptor antagonists, in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 141-142

Hair

in colon, 32, 32f

in stomach, 17-18, 18f

over anus, 284

Halitosis

in coprophagy, 25

in diarrhea, 31t

Haloperidol, 174t

Heartworm disease, 18 Heartworm-antibody test, 18

Heimlich type maneuver, in regurgitation evaluation, 7

Helicobacter infection, 177-179, 179f, 207-208 Helminth infection, 205-207

Hematemesis, 2t, 12-13, 13b, 161

Hematochezia, 2t, 31-32, 32f, 33b Hemimandibulectomy, in fibrosarcoma, 384 Hemorrhage. See also Bleeding; Blood.

in hepatic disease, 290, 346

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, 208

Hepatic veins, ultrasonography of, 79

Hepatitis, 314-319

clinical features of, 314-315

laboratory tests in, 296t laparoscopic evaluation of, 115, 115f treatment of, 315-319

ultrasonography of, 84, 84f

Hepatocellular carcinoma

canine, 399-403

feline, 401-403

Hepatocutaneous syndrome, 84, 84f

Hepatomegaly, 295

in diarrhea evaluation, 34

radiology of,71-72, 72f

Hernia

hiatal, 149, 150-151

anatomy of, 152f

reflux esophagitis with, 140

perineal, 281-282

Hetastarch

in acute disease, 202t

in viral enteritis, 204

Histiocytic ulcerative colitis, 271

Histoplasma capsulatum infection, 262-263 Hookworm infection, 205-207, 206t, 257 H₂-receptor antagonists

in acute gastritis, 173t

in delayed gastric emptying, 186

in esophageal strictures, 149

in gastric erosive-ulcerative disease, 170-171, 172t, 173t

in gastritis, 170-171, 172t

Hydrocortisone, in idiopathic colitis, 270t Hyperbilirubinemia, 287

Hypercalcemia, in anal sac adenocarcinoma, 398 Hypereosinophilic syndrome, 217-218, 229.

See also Inflammatory bowel disease.

Hyperglycemia

in hepatic disease, 293

with parenteral nutrition, 460t

Hyperinsulinemia, 405

Hyperkalemia

in acute diarrhea, 201

in vomiting, 163

with parenteral nutrition, 460t

Hyperlipidemia, with parenteral nutrition, 461t Hyperthermia, interstitial, in oral fibrosarcoma,

383

Hyperthyroidism

in inflammatory bowel disease, 221

vomiting in, 14-15, 18-19

Hyperventilation, in gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome, 187

Hypoadrenocorticism

megaesophagus and, 7, 124

vomiting in, 163

Hypoalbuminemia, 302

Hypocalcemia, with parenteral nutrition, 460t Hypochloremia

in small intestine obstruction, 209

in vomiting, 163

Hypoglycemia

in hepatic disease, 293, 346-347

with parenteral nutrition, 460t

Hypokalemia

in acute diarrhea, 201

in hepatic encephalopathy, 291

in vomiting, 163

with parenteral nutrition, 460t

Hypomagnesemia, with parenteral nutrition, 460t Hyponatremia

in small intestine obstruction, 209

with parenteral nutrition, 461t

Hypophosphatemia, with parenteral nutrition, 460t

Hypoproteinemia

diarrhea and, 38

in inflammatory bowel disease, 221

in intestinal lymphangiectasia, 238

in kidney disease, 239

in liver disease, 239

Hypotension, in gastric erosion-ulceration, 169-170

Hypothyroidism, in megaesophagus, 124 Hypovolemia

in small intestine obstruction, 209

with parenteral nutrition, 461t

Icterus, 295, 358

Ileoscopy, 106

Ileum, 106,107f. See also Small intestine.

Ileus, dynamic, 76, 78, 78f

Imipenem

in acute disease, 202t

in megaesophagus-associated pneumonia, 130 Immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency,in Giardia infection, 212

Immunotherapy

in canine melanoma, 376

in viral enteritis, 204 Imperforate anus, 282 Inappetence, in inflammatory bowel disease, 220 Incontinence, fecal. See Fecal incontinence. Inflammatory bowel disease

large intestinal, 264-271. See also Inflammatory bowel disease, lymphocytic-plasmacytic. eosinophilic, 268-269 granulomatous, 269-271 histiocytic, 271 in boxer dogs, 271 neutrophilic, 269 treatment of, 270t

lymphocytic-plasmacytic, 264-268 clinical signs of, 264-265 diagnosis of, 265-266 endoscopy in, 265 etiology of, 264 food allergy in, 266 histopathology of, 265-266 laboratory tests in, 265 radiology in, 265 treatment of, 266-268 ultrasonography in, 265 small intestinal, 216-234 autoimmune response in, 218 biopsy in, 222-223 bleeding and, 233 clinical signs of, 218-220 complications of, 233-234 concurrent disorders in, 222 diagnosis of, 220-223 differential diagnosis of, 220b, 223-225, 224t endoscopy in, 108, 217, 222-223, 222f, 223f eosinophilic, 217-218 historical perspective on, 216-217 hyperthyroidism and, 221 hypoproteinemia in, 221 ileal involvement in, 106 in basenjiis, 237-238 in German shepherd dogs, 236-237 in shar-peis, 235-237 laboratory tests in, 220-221 laparotomy in, 223 lymphoma and, 233 mild, 223-224 moderate, 224 pathogenesis of, 217-218 pathologic findings in, 223-225

Inflammatory bowel disease (Continued) small intestinal (Continued) patient profile in, 218 α,-protease inhibitor assay in, 221 serum cobalamin in, 221 severe, 224 terminology for, 217-218 toxoplasmosis and, 233-234 treatment of, 225-233 dietary, 225-226, 232-233 in cats, 225-230 in dogs, 230-233 pharmacologic, 226-230 ultrasonography of, 76, 76f vs. lymphoma, 224t

Insulin, in hepatic lipidosis, 340

Insulinoma

canine, 404-406 feline, 408-409

Interferon alfa-2b, for appetite stimulation, 421t Interstitial hyperthermia, in oral fibrosarcoma, 383

Intestine. See Large intestine; Small intestine.

Intoxicants, ingestion of, 209

Intrahepatic duct, dilation of, 85, 89f

Intrahepatic shunt, 82, 82f. See also Portosystemic shunt.

Intussusception cecocolonic, 271-272 gastroesophageal, 151 ileocolic, 68, 69f, 70f in viral enteritis, 204-205 radiology of, 65, 66f ultrasonography of, 78, 80f

Iron deficiency, in geophagy, 27

Irritable bowel syndrome, 272-273

Islet cell tumor

canine, 404-406 feline, 408-409

Isospora spp. infection, 205-207, 206t Itraconazole, in pythiosis, 242 Ivermectin, in eosinophilic colitis, 269

Jaundice, 2t

Key-Gaskell syndrome, 8

Kidney disease, hypoproteinemia in, 239 Kupffer's cells, 286-287

Lactose, in constipation, 277t, 280

Lactulose

in constipation, 277t, 278t, 280

in hepatic encephalopathy, 345

Lansoprazole, in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 142

Laparoscopes, 112-113, 112f

Laparoscopy, 110-117, 111f

complications of, 117 contraindications to, 116-117

indications for, 114-116, 115f, 116f instrumentation for, 112-114, 112f, 113b, 113f, 114f

Laparotomy

in diarrhea, 40

in granulomatous colitis, 271

in inflammatory bowel disease, 223

in intestinal lymphangiectasia, 239

in small intestine obstruction, 210

Large intestine, 251-285. See also Anorectum; Small intestine.

adenocarcinoma of, 272

anatomy of, 66-70, 69f

diarrheal disease of. See Diarrhea, large intestinal. endoscopy of, 106-108, 107f

fecal retention in. See Constipation. inflammation of, 264-271. See also Colitis;

Inflammatory bowel disease. intramural mass of, 68, 70, 70f intussusception of, 271-272 irritable, 272-273 lymphosarcoma of, 272 obstruction of, vomiting with, 12 perforation of, 273-274 polyps of, 272 radiology of, 66-74, 70f

colitis on, 68, 69f

intramural mass on, 68, 70, 70f intussusception on, 68, 69f, 70f megacolon on, 68 normal, 68, 69f

typhlitis on, 68, 69f

short, 242-244, 272

tumors of, 272

canine, 388-391

clinical features of, 389

endoscopy in, 390

prognosis for, 390-391 treatment of, 390-391

feline, 391-392, 394-397

clinical features of, 392, 394

treatment of, 395-397

volvulus of, 274

Larva migrans, 207

Laryngopharynx, 51, 52f

Lavage,duodenal, 105

Laxatives

in constipation, 277t-278t, 279-280 in short bowel syndrome, 243

Lead poisoning, megaesophagus and, 124-125 Leiomyoma

gastric, 77f, 192-193, 386-388

intestinal, 388-391

Lipase, in pancreatitis, 358-359

Lipidosis, 336-340

clinical features of, 338 etiology of, 336b, 337-338 laboratory tests in, 296t, 338 laparoscopic evaluation of, 115 pathology of, 338 prognosis for, 340 radiology of, 338 treatment of, 338-340 ultrasonography in, 83-84, 83f, 338 Liver, 286-294

abnormal tests of, 295-299, 296t

with parenteral nutrition, 460t abscess of, 87f, 88f anatomy of, 70-72, 71f angiography of, 71-72, 71f anticonvulsant-induced disease of, 323-324 bacterial infection of, 329-330 biopsy of, 115-116,116f, 306-313, 399-400,402 blind percutaneous technique for, 308-309 contraindications to, 306-307 handling of, 312 indications for, 306

interpretation of, 312-313, 313b keyhole technique for, 309-310 laparoscopy-guided, 311 laparotomy for, 311 monitoring after, 311-312 precautions for, 306-307 preparation for, 307-308 transabdominal, 309 transthoracic, 308-309 ultrasound-guided, 310-311 blood flow of, 303-304 carprofen toxicity to, 324-325 cirrhosis of

laboratory tests in, 296t laparoscopic evaluation of, 116, 116f ultrasonography of, 82, 82f copper-storage disease of, 325-328

clinical features of, 326-327 pathophysiology of, 325-326 treatment of, 327-328 cysts of, 84, 85f, 88f, 89f

Liver (Continued)

disease of, 286-343 alanine aminotransferase in, 299-300 albumin metabolism in, 289, 302 alkaline phosphatase in, 300-301 ammonia metabolism in, 290-291, 298-299 ascites in, 292, 295, 350-351 aspartate aminotransferase in, 300 bile acid metabolism in, 288-289, 295, 297-298 bile pigment metabolism in, 286-288, 302 biopsy in, 306-313 blood urea nitrogen in, 302-303 carbohydrate metabolism in, 292-293 coagulopathy in, 289-290, 289b, 347 dehydration in, 344 diagnosis of, 294-313 drug metabolism in, 293 drug-induced, 323-325 electrolyte disturbances in, 344 encephalopathy in, 291-292, 344-346, 345b endotoxemia in, 347 enlargement of, 295, 303b, 304b enzymes in, 294, 296t, 299-301 fibrinogen in, 293 gamma glutamyltranspeptidase in, 301 glucose in, 303 hemorrhage in, 346 hepatomegaly in, 295, 303b, 304b history in, 294

hormone metabolism in, 293 hypoglycemia in, 346-347 hypoproteinemia in, 239 hypovolemia in, 344 icterus in, 295 inflammatory, 313-330 laboratory tests in, 294, 295-303 liver size in, 295, 303b, 304b management of, 343-351 angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in, 351

diuretics in, 350-351 nutritional, 348-350, 349b paracentesis in, 350 nuclear scintigraphy in, 305-306 pathophysiology of, 286-294 physical examination in, 294-295 portal hypertension in, 292 protein metabolism in, 289-290, 302 radiology in, 303-304, 303b, 304b reticuloendothelial system function in, 293-294 sepsis in, 347 ultrasonography in, 304-305 drug-induced disease of, 323-325

Liver (Continued)

enzymes of,294,296t, 299-301,322 in steroid hepatopathy, 335-336 failure of, 343-348

amino acids in, 347-348 antibiotics in, 346, 347 encephalopathy treatment in, 344-346 fluid therapy in, 344 flumazenil in, 348 glucose supplementation in, 346-347 hemorrhage treatment in, 346 L-dopa in, 348 transfusions in, 346, 347 fungal infection of, 330 hemangiosarcoma of, 85f hypoechogenicity of, 82-83, 83f in hepatocutaneous syndrome, 84, 84f inflammatory diseases of, 312-330. See also Hepatitis.

infectious, 328-329 noninfectious, 313-314 laparoscopic evaluation of, 114-115, 115f lipid accumulation in, 336-340. See also Lipidosis.

lymphoma of, 401, 403 mebendazole-induced disease of, 325 metastatic disease of, 86f, 401, 403-404 necrosis of, 296t, 321-322, 322b parasitic infection of, 330 polycystic, 402, 403f portal vein hypoplasia of, 334-335 portosystemic shunt of, 330-334 radiology of, 70-72, 71f, 72f, 73f, 303-304 gallbladder disease on, 72 hepatomegaly on, 71-72, 72f normal, 70-71, 71f portal vein on, 72, 72f, 73f

resection of

in cat, 402, 403f

in dog, 400

shape of, 82 shunts of, 82, 82f, 330-334 size of, 72, 80, 82, 82f, 295, 303b, 304b steroid-induced disease of, 296t, 335-336 toxic injury of, 321-322 tumors of, 342-343 canine, 399-403 feline, 401-404 laboratory tests in, 296t metastatic, 86f, 401, 403-404 ultrasonography of, 86f, 87f ultrasonography of, 78-87, 81f, 83f-91f indications for, 81-82

Loperamide

in acute diarrhea, 202, 202t

in fecal incontinence treatment, 47-48

in idiopathic colitis, 270t

in irritable bowel syndrome, 273

Lungs, metastatic melanoma of, 374

Lupus erythematosus, megaesophagus and, 125 Lymph nodes, aspiration of, 371 Lymphangiectasia, intestinal, 238-241 biopsy in, 105, 239 causes of, 238 clinical signs of, 239 diagnosis of, 239-240 in rottweilers, 240 treatment of, 240-241

Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis. See Inflammatory bowel disease, lymphocytic-plasmacytic.

Lymphocytic-plasmacytic gastritis, 180-181 Lymphoma

gastric, 21-22, 21f

hepatic, 401, 403

inflammatory bowel disease and, 233 intestinal, 245-249

biopsy of, 105-106

canine, 248-249, 393t feline, 246-248, 247t anemia in, 395 chemotherapy in, 392t, 396-397 mediastinal, 156

Lymphopenia, in intestinal lymphangiectasia, 239 Lymphosarcoma

gastric, 76, 76f, 77f, 192-193, 193f intestinal, 67f, 272

Magnesium hydroxide, in constipation, 277t, 280

Malabsorption, 38-42, 196

in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, 368 serum folate in, 39 serum vitamin B₁₂ in, 39, 40

Malnutrition, 416-417, 417f, 417t. See also Nutrition.

Mandibulectomy

in epulides, 372

in fibrosarcoma, 383

in melanoma, 374, 376

in squamous cell carcinoma, 378, 381

Mast cell tumors, 170, 394, 397

Maxillectomy

in epulides, 372

in fibrosarcoma, 383

in melanoma, 374, 376

Maxillectomy (Continued)

in osteosarcoma, 384f

in squamous cell carcinoma, 378 Medium-chain triglycerides, in intestinal lymphangiectasia, 241

Megacolon

obstipation in, 48,48f radiology of, 68

Megaesophagus, 5, 119-134 etiology of, 120-121, 121b idiopathic, 6-7

acquired (adult-onset), 122-130 clinical signs of, 123 complications of, 129-130 diagnosis of, 124-125, 131f laboratory tests in, 124-125 physical examination in, 123-124, 123f signalment in, 120t, 122-123 treatment of, 126-130, 126f, 127f, 128f, 129f, 131f, 132f

congenital, 6, 121-122, 122f in acquired myasthenia gravis, 130-134 in shar-peis, 157 radiology of, 53-54, 55f, 123f, 124, 131f vs. vascular ring anomaly, 121

Megestrol acetate, for appetite stimulation, 421t Melanoma

canine, 373-376 prognosis for, 374 staging of, 375t treatment of, 374, 376

feline, 376-377

Melena, 2t, 30t, 32, 161

6-Mercaptopurine, in feline inflammatory bowel disease, 228

Mesalamine

in idiopathic colitis, 270t

in lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis, 268 Mesenteric portography, 303-304

Metabolic disease, in gastric erosion-ulceration, 169

Metastatic disease

esophageal, 155-156 hepatic, 86f, 401, 403-404 pulmonary, 374

Methylprednisolone acetate

in feline inflammatory bowel disease, 227

in idiopathic colitis, 270t

Metoclopramide, 174t, 202-203, 202t

in acute gastritis, 173t, 175

in delayed gastric emptying, 185

in esophageal strictures, 149

in gastric erosive-ulcerative disease, 173t, 175

Metoclopramide (Continued)

in gastric hypomotility disorder, 24

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 142

in megaesophagus, 128

Metronidazole

in acute disease, 202t

in canine inflammatory bowel disease, 231

in fecal incontinence treatment, 48

in feline cholangiohepatitis, 320-321

in feline inflammatory bowel disease, 227-228, 230

in Giardia infection, 214

in idiopathic colitis, 270t

in lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis, 268

in parasitic diseases, 206t

Mineral oil, 278t, 279

Misoprostol

in acute gastritis, 173t, 175

in gastric erosive-ulcerative disease, 173t, 175

in hepatic disease, 346

Montelukast, in lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis, 268

Mouth

epulides of, 371-373

evaluation of, in vomiting, 14 fibrosarcoma of, 382-384

in cats, 384

in dogs, 382-384

melanoma of, 373-377

in cats, 376-377

in dogs, 373-376, 375t osteosarcoma of, 384, 384f salivary gland tumors of, 385-386

in cats, 385-386

in dogs, 385

squamous cell carcinoma of, 377-382

in cats, 380-382, 380f, 381f, 382f

in dogs, 377-380, 377f

Mucous membranes, evaluation of, in vomiting, 14 Mucus, in stool, 28-29, 30t, 31, 31f

Muzzle, in coprophagy, 25

Myasthenia gravis

diagnosis of, 132

dysphagia in, 4, 5 edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) test for, 125 megaesophagus and, 7, 130-134

treatment of, 132-134

Mycotic infection, 262-263, 330

Myelography, in fecal incontinence, 47

Nandrolone decanoate, for appetite stimulation,

421t

Narcotics, in acute diarrhea, 201-202,202t

Nasoesophageal tube, 421-424, 422f complications of, 423-424 diets for, 453-454, 454f in cat, 422, 423f in dog, 422, 424f management of, 423 placement confirmation of, 422-423 suture for, 423, 424f technique of, 422, 423f

tube for, 422

Nasogastric tube. See Nasoesophageal tube. Nasopharynx, 51, 52f

Nausea. See also Vomiting.

grass ingestion and, 23-24, 24f

Necrosis, hepatic, 296t, 321-322, 322b

Neonety, 25

Neoplasia. See Tumors.

Neo-stigmine, in myasthenia gravis, 133 Neurologic examination, in fecal incontinence, 47 Neuron-specific enolase, 405, 408

Neutrophilic colitis, 269 Nifedipine, in megaesophagus, 128 Nizatidine

in acute gastritis, 170-171, 172t

in constipation, 278t, 280

in delayed gastric emptying, 186

in gastric erosive-ulcerative disease, 170-171, 172t

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 142 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, in gastric erosion-ulceration, 167-168, 169f Nutrition, 416-462. See also Enteral nutrition;

Parenteral nutrition.

energy requirements for, 449-450, 453t

fluid requirements for, 450, 453

goals of, 416, 417t

in short bowel syndrome, 243-244 indications for, 416-417, 418t mineral requirements for, 453 protein requirements for, 450 vitamin requirements for, 453

Obesity, 418t Obstipation, 2t, 48-49, 48f, 49f, 274. See also

Constipation.

Octreotide acetate, in insulinoma, 406 Ocular larva migrans, 207

Odor

of breath, 25, 31t

of vomitus, 13

Odynophagia, 2t

Ollulanus tricuspis infection, 179-180, 205-207 vomiting in, 19, 19f

Olsalazine

in idiopathic colitis, 270t

in lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis,

268

Omega-3 fatty acids, in feline inflammatory bowel disease, 226

Omeprazole

in acute gastritis, 171, 172t, 174

in gastric erosive-ulcerative disease, 171, 172t,

174

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 142 Ondansetron, 174t, 202t, 203

Opiates, in fecal incontinence treatment, 47-48 Opioids, in pancreatitis, 362

Oropharyngeal dysphagia, 3-5, 3b

Oropharynx, 51, 52f

Osteosarcoma, 384, 384f

Oxazepam, for appetite stimulation, 421t

Palate, soft, 52f

Pancreas, 353-368

anatomy of, 72-74, 87, 91, 91f

biopsy of, 111, 112f, 116

carcinoma of, 95f, 404, 407-408 endocrine tumors of

canine, 404-407

feline, 408-409

exocrine insufficiency of, 365-368. See also Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

exocrine tumors of

canine, 404

feline, 407-408

hyperplasia of, 94f

inflammation of. See Pancreatitis.

laparoscopic evaluation of, 111, 111f, 116 pseudocyst of, 95

radiology of, 72-74, 73f, 74f inflammation on, 73, 73f, 74f, 359-360 normal, 72-73

resection of, 405-406

tumors of, 404-409

endocrine, 404-407, 408-409 exocrine, 404, 407-408 in gastric erosion-ulceration, 170 ultrasonography of, 87

inflammation on, 91-95, 91f, 92f, 93f, 94f, 360, 361f

mass on, 95, 95f

Pancreatic acinar atrophy, in pancreatic insufficiency, 365, 365b

Pancreatic extracts, in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, 366

Pancreatic insufficiency, exocrine, 365-368. See also Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

Pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity test, in vomiting, 17

Pancreatic polypeptidoma, 407 Pancreatitis, 353-365

amylase levels in, 358-359 analgesia in, 362 chronic, 95 classification of, 353 clinical findings in, 355-356 clinicopathologic findings in, 358-359 coagulopathy in, 363 colitis with, 271 diagnosis of, 355-360, 357t dietary management in, 363-364 differential diagnosis of, 356-358, 357t etiology of, 353-355, 354t fluid therapy in, 362 hematology in, 358 in cats, 355-356 in dogs, 355, 356 laboratory tests in, 358-359 lipase levels in, 358-359 monitoring of, 364 paracentesis in, 360 pathogenesis of, 354-355, 354f, 355f, 356f physical examination in, 356 prognosis for, 360, 365 radiology in, 73, 73f, 74f, 359-360 serum biochemistry in, 358 signalment in, 355-356 steroids in, 362-363 surgery in, 364-365 treatment of, 360, 362-364 trypsin-like immunoreactivity in, 359, 359t ultrasonography in, 91-95, 92f, 93f, 94f, 360, 361f

urinalysis in, 358 Panleukopenia, feline, 203 Pantoprazole, in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 142

Paracentesis

in liver disease, 350

in pancreatitis, 360

Parasites

gastric, 179-180 hepatic, 330 intestinal, 105, 205-207,206t, 256-258 Paregoric, 202t

Parenteral nutrition, 455-461, 457f

complications of, 459-461, 460t-461t discontinuation of, 459

in pancreatitis, 364

in short bowel syndrome, 243

monitoring of, 459b

partial, 457-458

preparation of, 458-459, 459f

protocols for, 458-459, 458b, 459b

total, 457, 458t

Paromomycin, in parasitic infection, 206t, 207t Parvovirus infection, 14, 14f, 37, 203-205 D-Penicillamine

in chronic hepatitis, 319

in hepatic copper-storage disease, 327-328 Pentatrichomonas hominis infection, 205-207,206t, 257

Pepsin, in esophagitis, 138-139

Percutaneous splenoportography, 304

Perianal dermatitis, 283, 284

Perianal fistulae, 283-284

Perianal gland

adenocarcinoma of, 284-285

adenoma of, 284

Perineal hernia, 281-282

Peritonitis, in small intestine obstruction, 210 Persistent right aortic arch, 134-136, 135f Pharyngeal isthmus, 51, 52f

Pharyngostomy tube, 424-425, 425f

diets for, 453-454, 454f

Pharynx

anatomy of, 51-53, 52f

mass lesions of, 52, 52f

radiology of, 51-53, 52f, 53f

Photodynamic therapy, in esophageal tumors, 386

Physaloptera infection, 179-180,205-207

vomiting in, 19, 20f

Pica, 2t, 17

Piroxicam, in canine squamous cell carcinoma, 379

PIVKA (proteins induced by vitamin K antago- nism/absence) test, 289-290

Plasma

in acute disease, 202t

in viral enteritis, 204

Platelets, in hepatic disease, 290 Pleural effusion, with esophageal foreign object, 153

Pneumonia, aspiration, in megaesophagus, 129, 130

Pneumoperitoneum, 113, 113f, 164 Pneumothorax, laparoscopy and, 117

Polyethylene glycol, in constipation, 277t, 280

Polymerase chain reaction, in pythiosis, 241

Polyp (s)

colonic, 272

gastric, 192-193

rectal, 32, 32f

Polypectomy snares, 110, 110f

Polyphagia, 2t

coprophagy and, 25

Porta hepatis, 79

Portal hypertension, 292

Portal vein

angiography of, 72, 72f, 73f

hypoplasia of, 334-335

ultrasonography of, 79

Portography, mesenteric, 303-304 Portosystemic shunt, 330-334

clinical signs of, 331

etiology of, 330-331

laboratory tests in, 296t, 331-332

pathology of, 332

prognosis for, 334

radiology of, 332

treatment of, 332-334

Potassium

for appetite stimulation, 421t

in acute diarrhea, 201

in hepatic encephalopathy, 291

in viral enteritis, 203-204

Praziquantel, for parasitic diseases, 206t

Prednisolone

in chronic hepatitis, 316

in feline cholangiohepatitis, 320

in feline inflammatory bowel disease, 226

in gastric erosion-ulceration, 168-169

in insulinoma, 406

in small intestine lymphoma, 247-248

Prednisone

for appetite stimulation, 421t

in canine inflammatory bowel disease, 230-231

in chronic gastritis of unknown cause, 180b,

181

in chronic hepatitis, 316

in eosinophilic colitis, 269

in esophageal strictures, 149

in fecal incontinence treatment, 48

in idiopathic colitis, 270t

in small intestine lymphoma, 248

Pregnancy, gastroesophageal reflux disease during,

139

Premaxillectomy, in oral fibrosarcoma, 384 ProcalAmine, in short bowel syndrome, 244 Prochlorperazine, 174t

Proctoscopy, in fecal incontinence, 47

Prolapse, anorectal, 281 Prostaglandin analogue, in acute gastritis, 173t,

175

Prostaglandin E, 161 α,-Protease inhibitor assay, in inflammatory bowel disease, 221

Protein, dietary

in canine inflammatory bowel disease, 232-233 in feline inflammatory bowel disease, 225-226 metabolism of, 289-290

Protein-losing enteropathy, 212. See also

Inflammatory bowel disease; Lymphangiectasia, intestinal.

biopsy in, 105

diarrhea in, 38-42

in Helicobacter infection, 179

in shar-peis, 235-237

Proton pump inhibitors

in acute gastritis, 171, 172t, 174

in gastric erosive-ulcerative disease, 171, 172t,

174

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 141, 142

in megaesophagus-associated esophagitis, 130 Prototheca infection, 263-264 Protozoan infection, 205-207 Pseudocoprostasis, 2t, 284 Pseudoptyalism, 2t

Pseudoulcers, 62, 63f

Psyllium

in constipation, 277t

in idiopathic colitis, 270t

in irritable bowel syndrome, 273 Ptyalism, 2t Pyloric stenosis, 57, 59f Pyloromyotomy, 12

Pyloroplasty, in antral pyloric hypertrophy syndrome, 184

Pylorospasm, radiology of, 57

Pyothorax, with esophageal foreign object, 153 Pyrantel, 206t

Pyridostigmine, in myasthenia gravis, 133 Pyrimethamine, 206t

Pythium insidiosum infection (pythiosis), 241-242,

263

Quaternary ammonium compounds,in Giardia infection, 215

Rabeprazole, in gastroesophageal reflux disease,

142

Rabies vaccination, dysphagia and, 4

Radiation therapy

in epulides, 372

in fibrosarcoma, 383

in intestinal tumors, 391

in melanoma, 375-376

in salivary gland tumor, 385

in squamous cell carcinoma, 378, 379-380, 381-382

Radioallergosorbent tests, in food allergy, 39 Radiology, 51-74. See also Ultrasonography.

in abdominal gas, 67f

in colitis, 68, 69f

in colonic mass, 68, 70, 70f

in constipation, 276-277

in delayed gastric emptying, 165, 166f

in diarrhea, 40, 255

in dysphagia, 4, 4f, 52-53, 53f

in esophageal neoplasia, 54, 57f

in esophageal strictures, 145, 146f, 147f

in esophagitis, 54, 57f, 141

in foreign objects, 54, 56f, 57, 59f, 64, 64f, 65f in gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome, 164, 164f

in gastric disorders, 57-60, 59f, 60f, 61f, 62f, 164-165,166f

in gastric erosive-ulcerative disease, 59, 62f

in gastric motility disorders, 165, 166f, 182-183

in gastritis, 57-58, 60f

in hepatic tumors, 399, 402

in hepatomegaly, 71-72, 72f

in inflammatory bowel disease, 222

in intestinal tumors, 394, 395f

in intussusception, 65, 66f

in megaesophagus, 53-54, 55f, 123f, 124, 131f

in pancreatitis, 73, 73f, 74f, 359-360

in pyloric stenosis, 57, 59f

in small intestinal neoplasia, 245

in vascular ring anomaly, 54, 56f, 134, 136

in volvulus, 58-59, 60f, 61f

in vomiting, 15-17, 16t, 17f, 18f

of esophagus, 53-54, 53f, 54f

of large intestine, 67-70, 69f, 70f

of liver, 70-72, 71f, 72f

of pancreas, 73-74, 73f, 74f

of pharynx, 52-53, 52f, 53f

of portal vein, 72, 72f, 73f

of small intestine, 61-66, 63f, 64f, 65f, 66f, 67f of stomach, 55-60, 58f, 59f, 60f, 61f, 62f string of beads appearance on, 62, 63f

Ranitidine

in acute gastritis, 170-171, 172t

in constipation, 278t, 280

Ranitidine (Continued)

in delayed gastric emptying, 186

in gastric erosive-ulcerative disease, 170-171, 172t

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 141-142 in hepatic disease, 346

Rectovaginal fistula, 282-283

Rectum. See also Anorectum.

agenesis of, 282 congenital defects of, 282-283 evaluation of

in diarrhea, 34-35

in fecal incontinence, 47

in vomiting, 15

perforation of, 273-274

Reflexes, in fecal incontinence, 47

Reflux, 5

Regional granulomatous colitis, 269-271 Regurgitation, 5-8, 162t

causes of, 5b

clinical signs of, 7

definition of, 2t endoscopy in, 8 in esophageal stricture, 144 in megaesophagus, 123 laboratory tests in, 8 physical examination in, 7-8 radiology in, 8 signalment in, 6-7 vs. vomiting, 5-6, 6t

Reticuloendothelial system, in hepatic disease, 293-294

Retropharyngeal area, 52f Rotavirus infection, 203-205

Sacrocaudal vertebrae, agenesis of, 46

Salivary gland tumor

canine, 385

feline, 385-386

Salivation, 14b

Salmonellosis, 207-208, 254, 259

Scintigraphy

in bile duct obstruction, 340-341

in gastric emptying evaluation, 183

in liver disease, 305-306

Scopolamine, 174t

Sepsis

glucose administration in, 201

in hepatic disease, 347 parvoviral enteritis and, 204

Serum unconjugated cholic acid, in bacterial overgrowth, 235

Shar-peis

chronic enteropathy in, 235-237

esophageal disorders of, 156-157

Shelf sign, 62f

Shock collar, in coprophagy, 25-26

Short bowel syndrome, 242-244, 272

Simethicone, in flatulence, 44

Small intestine. See also Large intestine.

acute disease of. See also Diarrhea; Gastroenteritis.

bacterial, 207-208

diagnosis of, 197-199,198f, 199f

direct smear in, 198

electron microscopy in, 199

fecal culture in, 199

fecal flotation test in, 198, 198f

fecal smear in, 198

hemorrhagic, 208 immunologic assays in, 199 intoxicant, 209

parasitic, 205-207, 206t physical examination in, 197-198 stained smear in, 198-199, 199f viral, 203-205

anatomy of, 60-62, 63f

bacterial overgrowth of, 234-235

in German shepherd dogs, 236-237 biopsy of, 105

chronic disease of, 211-249

classification of, 212

clinical signs of, 211-212

Giardia, 212-216. See also Giardia infection. in short bowel syndrome, 242-244 inflammatory, 218. See also Inflammatory bowel disease.

lymphangiectatic, 105, 238-241. See also Lymphangiectasia.

endoscopy of, 101t, 103-106

excess gas in, 64

foreign objects in

radiology of, 64, 64f, 65f ultrasonography of, 76, 78, 78f, 80f functions of, 195-197

in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, 368 intramural lesions of, 65-66, 66f, 67f lymphoma of, 245-249

biopsy of, 105-106

canine, 248-249

feline, 246-248, 247t

nutrient absorption by, 195

obstruction of, 209-210 parasitism of, 205-207, 206t perforation of, 66, 67f

Small intestine (Continued)

pythosis of, 241-242

radiology of, 60-66

enteritis on, 64-65, 65f

foreign objects on, 64, 64f, 65f intramural lesions on, 65-66, 66f, 67f intussusception on, 65, 66f

normal, 62, 63f

perforation on, 66, 67f

string of beads appearance on, 62, 63f secretions of, 196 tumors of, 244-249, 245f

canine, 388-391

clinical features of, 389

endoscopy in, 390

prognosis for, 390-391 treatment of, 390-391

feline, 391-392, 394-397 clinical features of, 392, 394 treatment of, 395-397

ultrasonography of, 75, 76f

viral infection of, 203-205

Sodium phosphate, in constipation, 278t

Somatostatinoma, 407

Spasm

of anus, 282

of pylorus, 57

Sphincters

anal, 45-46

esophageal, 118-119, 138

Spinal cord, agenesis of, 46

Spirocerca lupi infection, 156

Spironolactone, in hepatic disease, 350 Splenoportography, 72, 73f, 304

Squamous cell carcinoma

oral

canine, 377-379

feline, 380-382

tonsillar, canine, 379-380

Stains, for feces, 198-199, 199f

Stanozolol, for appetite stimulation, 421t Starvation, 416-417, 417f, 417t, 418t. See also

Nutrition.

Steatorrhea, 30t

Steroid hepatopathy, 296t, 335-336

Stomach, 159-193. See also at Gastric.

adenocarcinoma of, 192, 386-388

biopsy of, 103, 104f endoscopy in, 22-23, 22f, 23f, 192, 192f, 387, 388f

ultrasonography of, 77f anatomy of, 54-60, 58f, 159-160, 160f antrum of, 159, 160f

Stomach (Continued)

blood supply to, 160

body of, 159, 160f

dilatation of, 58-59, 60f, 61f

diseases of, 161-166

endoscopy in, 101-103,101t, 102f, 103f, 104f,165,167f

history in, 161-162 laboratory tests in, 162-163 physical examination in, 161-162 radiology in, 164-165, 164f, 166f ultrasonography in, 165 vomiting in, 161, 161b, 162b

endoscopy of, 101-103, 101t, 102f, 103f, 104f, 165, 167f

epithelial cells of, 160-161 foreign objects in, 57, 59f, 78, 81f fundus of, 159, 160f

Helicobacter infection of, 177-179, 179f inflammation of. See Gastritis.

leiomyoma of, 77f lymphoma of, 21-22, 21f lymphosarcoma of, 76, 76f, 77f

masses of, 59, 61f, 62f

motility of. See Gastric motility. mucosa of, 159, 160-161 muscularis of, 159-160 needle in, 111f

outflow obstruction of, vomiting with, 12 parasite infection of, 179-180 pylorus of, 159, 160f

radiology of, 54-60, 58f, 59f, 60f, 61f, 62f rupture of, 59-60

serosa of, 159

tumors of, 192-193, 192f

biopsy of, 103, 104f

canine, 386-388

endoscopy of, 22-23, 22f, 23f, 192, 192f feline, 388, 389f

in gastric erosion-ulceration, 170 ultrasonography of, 77f

ulcers of. See Gastric erosive-ulcerative disease.

ultrasonography of, 75, 75f, 165 volvulus of, 58-59, 60f, 61f, 78

Stool. See also Constipation; Diarrhea.

blood in, 30t,31-32,32f,33

color of, 30t

culture of, 37, 42, 199

cytology of, 38-39, 42 direct smear of, 35, 38-39, 198-199, 199f

ELISA for,35,37f,214

incontinence of. See Fecal incontinence.

Stool (Continued)

ingestion of, 2t, 24-27, 25b mucus in, 28-29, 30t, 31, 31f saline smear of, 35 volume of, 30t

zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation of, 35, 198, 198f, 213b

Stricture

anorectal, 282

esophageal, 144-149. See also Esophagus, strictures of.

String of beads sign, 62, 63f, 64, 65f Strongyloides tumefaciens infection, 254, 257 Sucralfate

in acute gastritis, 173t, 174-175

in esophageal strictures, 149

in gastric erosive-ulcerative disease, 173t, 174-175

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 142-143

in gastrointestinal hemorrhage, 346

in hepatic disease, 346

in megaesophagus-associated esophagitis, 130 Sulfadimethoxine, for parasitic diseases, 206t Sulfasalazine

in fecal incontinence, 48

in idiopathic colitis, 270t

Swallowing, 51-52, 119

difficult. See Dysphagia.

of tablets or capsules, 137

Symptoms, 1-49, 2b, 2t. See also specific symptoms.

abdominal discomfort as, 44-45

constipation as, 48-49 coprophagy as, 24-27, 25b diarrhea as, 27-42. See also Diarrhea.

dysphagia as, 3-5, 3b

fecal incontinence as, 45-48, 45b

grass ingestion as, 23-24, 24f regurgitation as, 5-8, 5b vomiting as, 8-23, 9b. See also Vomiting.

Syringe feeding, 420, 420f

Systemic lupus erythematosus, megaesophagus and, 124

Tachygastria, 184-186

Taenia spp. infection, 205-207, 206t Taurodeoxycholate, in esophagitis, 139 Tenesmus, 2t, 32-33, 274

Tensilon (edrophonium chloride) test, 5,125,132 Terbinafine, in pythiosis, 242

Tetracycline

for hepatic infection, 347

for parasitic diseases, 206t

Thoracotomy, in esophageal foreign object, 153 Thyroid hormones, in vomiting evaluation, 18-19 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) assay, in megaesophagus, 124

Thyroxine (T₄)

in megaesophagus, 124

in vomiting evaluation, 18-19

Tongue, foreign body around, 14, 15f

Tonsils, carcinoma of, 52, 52f, 379-380

Total parenteral nutrition, 457, 458t

in pancreatitis, 364

in short bowel syndrome, 243

Toxocara spp.infection, 205-207

Toxoplasma gondii infection, 205-206,206t with inflammatory bowel disease, 233-234

Tracheoesophageal stripe, in megaesophagus, 53-54, 55f

Trauma, in fecal incontinence, 46

Trichobezoar, 17-18, 18f

Trichomonas spp. infection, 257

Trichuris spp. infection, 205-207, 256-257

Trientine, in hepatic copper-storage disease, 328 Triiodothyronine (T₃), in vomiting evaluation, 18-19

Trimethoprim-sulfonamide, for parasitic diseases, 206t

Trocarization, gastric, in gastric dilatationvolvulus syndrome, 189

Trypsin, in esophagitis, 139

Trypsin-like immunoreactivity assay

in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, 26, 38, 366 in pancreatitis, 359, 359t

Trypsinogen activation peptide, in pancreatitis, 360 Tube feeding. See Enteral nutrition.

Tumors, 370-409. See also specific sites and types. anal sac, 397-399 esophageal, 54, 57f, 155-156, 386 gastric, 192-193, 386-388, 387f, 388f in gastric erosion-ulceration, 170 hepatic, 399-404, 403f intestinal, 388-399, 389f, 390f, 395f metastatic

esophageal, 155-156 hepatic, 86f,401,403-404 pulmonary, 374 oral, 371-386. See also Mouth.

pancreatic, 404-409

Two-pronged grasper, 110, 110f

Tylosin

in idiopathic colitis, 270t

in parasitic diseases, 206t

Typhlitis, 68, 69f

Tyzzers disease, 260-261

Ulcerative gastritis, 78, 78f, 79f Ultrasonography, 74-95. See also Radiology.

in bile duct calculi, 87, 90f

in cholangiohepatitis, 83, 83f

in diarrhea, 40

in dynamic ileus, 76, 78f

in gallbladder disease, 84-87, 89f, 90f, 91f

in gastric diseases, 77f, 78, 78f, 79f, 165

in hepatic abscess, 84, 87f, 88f

in hepatic cysts, 84, 85f, 88f

in hepatic lipidosis, 83, 83f

in hepatic tumors, 84, 85f, 86f, 87f, 89f, 399

in hepatocutaneous syndrome, 84, 84f

in inflammatory bowel disease, 76, 76f

in intussusception, 78, 80f

in liver disease, 80-87, 82f, 83f, 84f, 85f, 86f, 87f, 304-305

in lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis, 265

in lymphosarcoma, 76, 76f, 77f

in pancreatitis, 360, 361f

in small intestinal neoplasia, 77f, 245

in volvulus, 78

in vomiting, 20

normal, 75, 75f, 76f

of foreign objects, 78, 80f, 81f

of liver, 78-80, 81f

technique of, 74-75

terminology for, 74

Uncinaria stenocephala infection, 205-207 Urinalysis, in pancreatitis, 358

Urine, bilirubin in, 302

Ursodeoxycholate, in short bowel syndrome, 243 Ursodeoxycholic acid

in chronic hepatitis, 316-317

in feline cholangiohepatitis, 321

Vaccination, against Giardia infection, 215-216 Vagina, fistula of, 282-283

Vascular ring anomaly, 134-136, 135f

clinical signs of, 134

radiology of, 54, 56f, 134

treatment of, 134-136

Vasoactive intestinal peptidoma, 407

Vincristine, in small intestine lymphoma, 247-248 Viral infection, 203-205, 258

Visceral larva migrans, 207

Vitamins, in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, 367 Vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin)

in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, 367 serum, in malabsorptive disease, 39, 40 Vitamin C, in hepatic copper-storage disease, 328

Vitamin E

in chronic hepatitis, 317

in feline Cholangiohepatitis, 321

in feline inflammatory bowel disease, 226

Vitamin K

deficiency of, 289

in feline hepatic lipidosis, 339-340 in inflammatory bowel disease, 233

Volvulus

gastric, 58-59, 60f, 61f, 78

intestinal, 274

Vomiting, 8-23, 162t

abdominal exploration in, 20 antiemetic agents for, 202-203 case studies of, 21-23, 21f, 22f, 23f causes of, 9b, 161b, 162b, 197b clinical features of, 8-14 definition of, 2t

diarrhea and, 13-14, 30t, 33-34 differential diagnosis of, 356-357 drug-induced, 10-11

endoscopy in, 19, 21-23, 21f, 22f, 23f evaluation of, 161-163

case studies of, 21-23, 21f, 22f, 23f diagnostic plan in, 15-20, 16t, 17f, 18f, 19f, 20f endoscopy in, 19, 21-23, 21f, 22f, 23f historical review in, 10-11

laboratory tests in, 15-19, 16t physical examination in, 14-15, 14b, 14f, 15f radiology in, 15-17, 16t, 17f, 18f systems review in, 11-14, 13b

frequency of, work-up and, 20-23, 21f, 22f, 23f

gastroesophageal reflux disease and, 143-144 in gastric motility disorders, 182 in inflammatory bowel disease, 218-219 in pancreatitis, 362 in pythiosis, 241

intermittent, chronic, 13 laboratory tests in, 15-19, 16t

Vomiting (Continued)

patient history in, 10-11b

physical examination in, 14-15, 14b, 14f, 15f projectile, 13

radiology in, 15-17, 16t, 17f, 18f systems review in, 11-12 treatment of, 202-203 ultrasonography in, 20 vs. regurgitation, 5-6, 6t

Vomitus. See also Vomiting. characteristics of, 12-13

Ollulanus tricuspis in, 19, 19f

Weight, 418t

loss of

in diarrhea, 30t, 34

in megaesophagus, 129-130

Whipworm infection, 205-207, 256-257

Xerostomia, 2t

Yersiniosis, 260

Yohimbine, 174t

Zafirlukast, in lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis,

268

Zileuton, in lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis,

268

Zinc

for appetite stimulation, 421t

in hepatic copper-storage disease, 328

Zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation test, 35, 198, 198f, 213b

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 19, 407 Zygomycosis, 241-242, 263

In addition to vomiting, diarrhea is one of the most common presenting complaints that veterinarians deal with on a daily basis. Surveys have confirmed that a majority of practicing veterinarians rank definitive diagnosis and management of chronic intermittent and chronic persistent diarrhea as one of the most challenging and frustrating aspects of their medical practices.

Acute GDV occurs most frequently in large-breed dogs, particularly Great Danes, German shepherds, Irish setters, Saint Bernards, and Doberman pinschers. Occasionally smaller-breed dogs such as

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Source: Tams T.. Handbook of Small Animal Gastroenterology. Saunders,2003. — 496 p.. 2003

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