Meat and Milk Withdrawal Times

Relatively few studies have been conducted to determine drug metabolism and excretion in goats. Label information specifically for goats also is rarely available in the United States, because few drugs are approved by the Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine

Table A.1 Drugdosagesusedingoats.

bgcolor=white>Oxalate poisoning

Drug Acepromazine	Dose 0.2 mg/kg IM	Indication Tetanus	Chapter 5
Acepromazine	0.05-0.10 mg/kg IV	Preanesthetic sedation	17
Acepromazine	0.3 mg/kg IV	Sedation for bronchoalveolar lavage	9
Acetic acid 5% (vinegar)	0.5-1 l PO	Urea toxicosis	19
Activated charcoal	0.75-2 g/kg PO	Ethylene glycol poisoning	12
Activated charcoal	1 g/kg PO	Organophosphate toxicosis, chlorinated hydrocarbon toxicosis	5
Albendazole	20 mg/kg PO divided into 2 doses of 10 mg/ kg at 12 h	Gastrointestinal strongyles	10
Albendazole	10-15 mg/kg PO	Tapeworms, liver flukes	10, 11
Alphaxalone	4.5 mg/kg slowly IV	Short-term anesthesia	18
Ammonium chloride	200-300 mg/kg/day	Urinary acidification	12
Ammonium chloride	0.5-1% of diet DM	Urolithiasis prevention	12
Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate	100 mg PO SID for up to 3 wk in conjunction with 1 g sodium sulfate PO SID	Copper toxicosis	7
Amoxicillin	One commercial bovine mastitis tube every 12-24 h, two or three treatments	Mastitis	14
Ampicillin	5-10 mg/kg IM BID	Bacterial pneumonia	9
Ampicillin	15 mg/kg SC TID	Prevention of cystitis post surgically	12
Ampicillin sodium	10-50 mg/kg IV or IM QID	Meningo-encephalitis	5
Amprolium	25-50 mg/kg PO SID for 5 d	Coccidiosis	10
Aspirin	100 mg/kg PO BID in goats with a developed rumen and taper down to lowest dose that maintains comfort	Joint pain (CAE), laminitis, meningitis adjunct	4, 5
Atipamezole	0.08-0.1 mg/kg slowly IV	Reversal of medetomidine	17
Atipamezole	0.125-0.175 mg/kg, half slowly IV and half IM	Reversal of xylazine	17
Atropine sulfate	0.6-1 mg/kg SC or IM, repeat as needed	Organophosphate poisoning	5
Atropine	0.08 mg/kg IM	Reduce salivation for devocalization	9
Buparvaquone	2.5 mg/kg IM once	Theileriosis	7
Bupivacaine	Up to 2 mg/kg in local block, with dexmedetomidine	Disbudding	18
Butorphanol	0.2 m/kg IM	Postsurgical analgesia	17
Calcium borogluconate 23%	50-100 mL SC	12
Calcium chloride	40 mg/kg in each testis	Chemical castration	13
Calcium sodium versenate	110 mg/kg IV divided into two treatments 6 h apart for 3-5 d	Lead poisoning	5
Ceftiofur	1.1-2.2 mg/kg/d IM	Bacterial pneumonia	9
Charcoal, activated	1 g/kg PO	Chlorinated hydrocarbon toxicosis	5
Chloramphenicol	Do not use in USA 10 mg/kg IV BID where permitted	Forbidden in USA Salmonellosis	10
Cloprostenol	0.125-0.250 mg IM	Luteolysis, correction of hydrometra	13
Closantel	10-20 mg/kg PO (risk of blindness with overdose)	Liver flukes	11
Closantel	7.5 mg/kg	Haemonchus	10
Clorsulon	7 mg/kg PO	Liver flukes	11

bgcolor=white>Louse control

Drug	Dose			Indication	Chapter
Clostridium perfringens C and D antitoxin	5 mL SC			Prophylaxis of enterotoxemia	10
C. perfringens C and D antitoxin	15-20 mL IV, repeat every 3-4 h			Treatment of enterotoxemia	10
Colostrum	20% of bw PO over first 24 h			Failure of transfer of passive immunity	19
Danofloxacin	Do not use in USA			Forbidden in USA
Danofloxacin	6 mg/kg SC, repeated in 48 h			Mycoplasmosis	4
Decoquinate	0.5-1 mg/kg/d PO in feed, for at least 28 d			Coccidiosis prevention	10
Decoquinate	2.5 mg/kg/d PO			Cryptosporidiosis. This dose forbidden in USA	10
Decoquinate	2 mg/kg/d PO			Toxoplasmosis prevention This dose forbidden in USA	13
Detomidine	0.01-0.02 mg/kg IM			Moderate sedation	17
Dexamethasone	0.1 mg/kg/d IV			Adjunct-listeriosis	5
Dexamethasone	1-2 mg/kg IM or IV			Cerebral edema from polio-encephalomalacia	5
Dexamethasone	20-25 mg SC or IM			Induction of parturition	13
Dexamethasone	0.44 mg/k IM once			Toxic mastitis	14
Dextrose				See Glucose
Diazepam	0.5-1.5 mg/kg IV			Convulsions, tetanus	5
Diazepam	0.1-0.5 mg/kg IV			Urolithiasis, to relax urethra	12
Diazepam	0.5 mg/kg IV			Preanesthetic sedation	17
Diethylcarbamazine	40-60 mg/kg/d PO 1-6 d			Setariasis	5
Diminazene aceturate	3.5 mg/kg IM once			Trypanosomosis	7
Diminazene aceturate	3.0 mg/kg IM SID 1 or 2 d			Babesiosis	7
Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS)	15-30 mL PO			Bloat	10
Doxapram HCl	1-1.5 mg/kg IV or sublingually			Resuscitation of neonate	13
Enrofloxacin	Do not use in USA			Forbidden in USA
Epinephrine	0.02-0.03 mg/kg IV			Anaphylaxis	9, 10
Epinephrine 1 : 1000	1 mL IM			Uterine relaxation for obstetric manipulation	13
Eprinomectin	1 mg/kg topical			Gastrointestinal strongyles	10
Eprinomectin	0.4 mg/kg PO			Gastrointestinal strongyles	10
Eprinomectin	0.5-1.0 mg/kg topical			Muellerius	9
Equine chorionic gonadotropin (PMSG)	400-750 IU IM 48 h before progestogen withdrawal			Induction of estrus out of season	13
Fenbendazole	10 mg/kg PO			Dictyocaulus, gastrointestinal strongyles	9, 10
Fenbendazole	15 mg/kg			Tapeworms	10
Fenbendazole	15-30 mg/kg PO			Muellerius	9
Fenbendazole	50 mg/kg/d for 5 d PO			Cerebrospinal nematodiasis	5
Florfenicol	40 mg/kg SC every 1-2 d			Bacterial pneumonia	9
Flumethrin	1 mg/kg topical pour-on			2
Drug		Dose		Indication	Chapter
Flunixin meglumine		1 mg/kg/d IV, IM, or PO		Laminitis	4
Flunixin meglumine		1.1-2.2 mg/kg SID or BID IV or PO		Muscle trauma (predation or post surgically)	4, 12
Flunixin meglumine		1.1 mg/kg IV BID		Anti-inflammatory, pain relief	12, 13, 17
Flunixin meglumine		2.2 mg/kg IV, IM, or PO		Pain relief with pneumonia	9
Flunixin meglumine		1-2 mg/kg IV or IM BID		Meningo-encephalitis	5
Furosemide		1 mg/kg IV		Cerebral edema	5
Furosemide		5 mg/kg IV		Lung edema from anaphylaxis	9
Furosemide		50-100 mg IM or IV		Udder edema	14
Gentamicin		3 mg/kg IV or IM TID		Meningo-encephalitis	5
Gentamicin		1 mg/kg IM or SC TID		Salmonellosis	10
Glucose		25-50 g IV as 5% or 10% solution		Pregnancy toxemia, ketosis	19
Glucose 20% solution		25-50 mL IP		Hypoglycemia in neonate	19
Griseofulvin		25 mg/kg/d PO for 3 wk		Ringworm, rarely justified	2
Halofuginone lactate		0.1 mg/kg PO SID for 7 d Narrow margin of safety		Cryptosporidiosis	10
Hyoscine plus metoclopramide plus vitamin E/selenium compound		0.3 mg/kg plus 0.5 mg/kg plus 0.l mg/kg IM once		Abomasal bloat in young kids	10
Imidocarb dipropionate		1-2 mg/kg once		Babesiosis	7
Isometamidium chloride		0.5-1.0 mg/kg IM		Trypanosomosis prophylaxis	7
Ivermectin		0.5-20 mg/100 kg SC		Warbles	2
Ivermectin		0.2-0.4 mg/kg SC, repeat in 2 and 4 wk		Sarcoptic mange	2
Ivermectin		0.2 mg/kg PO		Nose bots	9
Ivermectin		0.4 mg/kg PO		Gastrointestinal strongyles	10
Ivermectin, adjunct to fenbendazole		0.2 mg/kg/d SC for 5 d		Cerebrospinal nematodiasis	5
Kanamycin		5 mg/kg IM or SC TID		Salmonellosis	10
Ketamine		6 mg/kg IV or 11 mg/kg IM		General anesthesia	17
Ketoprofen		3 mg/kg IV or IM SID		Postsurgical analgesia	17
Lasalocid		20-30 g/ton of feed		Coccidiosis prevention	10
Levamisole		12 mg/kg PO		Gastrointestinal strongyles	10
Levamisole		7.5 mg/kg PO or SC		Dictyocaulus	9
Lidocaine		Up to 7 mg/kg IM or SC		Local analgesia	17, 18
Lidocaine 2%		2-4 mL		Caudal epidural	17
Lincomycin/spectinomycin		5 mg/kg/d lincomycin +10 mg/kg/d spectinomycin IM for 3 d		Mycoplasmosis (contagious agalactia)	4
Magnesium hydroxide		50 g PO (adult goat)		Rumen acidosis	19
Medetomidine		0.005 mg/kg IV or 0.015 mg/kg IM		Deep sedation	17
Melengestrol acetate (MGA)		0.125 mg/head BID PO for 10-14 d, followed by a prostaglandin IM		Estrus synchronization in season (not permitted in USA)	13
Meloxicam		1 mg/kg SID PO		Joint pain (CAE), muscle trauma (predation), other pain relief	4, 9, 13
Drug			Dose	Indication		Chapter
Meloxicam			Loading dose of 2 mg/kg; daily dose of 1 mg/kg until pain is controlled; then maintenance dose of 0.5-1 mg/kg every other day	Laminitis		4
Methocarbamol			22 mg/kg IV	Muscle relaxant (tetanus)		5
Methylene blue 1%			4-15 mg/kg IV	Nitrate poisoning		9
Midazolam			0.4 mg/kg IV	Preanesthetic sedation		17
Monensin			15-20 g/ton of feed	Coccidiosis prevention		10
Morantel citrate			6 mg base/kg PO	Paramphistomes		10
Morantel tartrate			10 mg/kg PO	Gastrointestinal strongyles		10
Morphine			0.1 mg/kg IV	Epidural block, dehorning analgesia		17, 18
Moxalactam			50 mg/kg IV BID-QID	Meningo-encephalitis		5
Moxidectin			0.4 mg/kg PO	Gastrointestinal strongyles		10
Moxidectin			0.5-1 mg/kg topical, repeat in 2 and 4 wk	Sarcoptic mange		2
Niacin			1 g/animal/d IM or PO	Pregnancy toxemia prevention and treatment		19
Niclosamide			50 mg/kg PO	Tapeworms		10
Oxfendazole			30 mg/kg PO twice a week for 4 wk	Echinococcosis		9
Oxytetracycline			10 mg/kg IV BID at least 3 d	Listeriosis		5
Oxytetracycline			10 mg/kg IV once	Tick-borne fever		7
Oxytetracycline			10 mg/kg IM or SC SID for 1 or 2 d	Anaplasmosis		7
Oxytetracycline			15 mg/kg/d SC at least 5 d	Mycoplasmosis		4
Oxytetracycline			5 mg/kg/d IV for 5 d (combined with intramammary therapy)	Gangrenous mastitis		14
Oxytetracycline			20 mg/kg SC SID	Actinomycosis		3
Oxytetracycline, long-acting			20 mg/kg SC or IM once	Dermatophilosis, foot rot or foot scald, infectious keratoconjunctivitis, heartwater		2, 4, 6, 8
Oxytetracycline, long-acting			20 mg/kg SC or IM every 3 d	Chlamydiosis, other abortion diseases		13
Oxytocin			5 IU IM or SC BID-TID	Retained placenta, milk letdown		13
Oxytocin			50 IU IM BID for 4 d	Correction of hydrometra		13
Paromomycin			100 mg/kg/d PO	Cryptosporidiosis		10
Penicillamine			50 mg/kg/d PO for 7 d	Copper toxicosis		7
Penicillin G, procaine			20 000 IU/kg/d IM for 7-14 d	Staphylococcal dermatitis		2
Penicillin G, procaine			20 000-40 000 IU/kg/d IM	Bacterial pneumonia		9
Penicillin G, procaine			22 000 IU/kg IM BID	Prevention of cystitis post surgically		10
Penicillin G, procaine			25 000 IU/kg IM BID	Tetanus		5
Penicillin G, procaine			44 000 IU/kg SID for 2 d	Anthrax		7
Penicillin G, sodium			40 000 IU/kg IV QID followed by penicillin G procaine 20 000 IU/kg IM BID	Listeriosis		5
Penicillin G, sodium			20 000-40 000 IU/kg IV or IM QID	Meningo-encephalitis		5
Pentobarbital			30 mg/kg IV	General anesthesia		17
Phenylbutazone			10 mg/kg/d PO	Joint pain (CAE), laminitis		4
Drug	Dose			Indication	Chapter
Poloxalene	100 mg/kg PO			Bloat	10
Praziquantel	5-15 mg/kg PO			Tapeworms	10, 11
Praziquantel	25-60 mg/kg PO			Schistosomosis	8
Praziquantel	20 mg/kg PO SID for 2 d			Eurytrema spp. pancreatic flukes	11
Prednisone, prednisolone	1 mg/kg IM BID for 7-10 d then taper			Pemphigus foliaceus	2
Propofol	3-6 mg/kg IV slowly			Anesthesia induction	17, 18
Proprionylpromazine	1 mg/kg IM			Protrusion of the penis for examination	12
Propylene glycol	60 mL PO BID or TID			Pregnancy toxemia, ketosis	19
Prostaglandin F2 alpha (dinoprost)	5-10 mg IM			Luteolysis, correction of hydrometra	13
Pyrantel tartrate	25 mg/kg PO			Gastrointestinal strongyles	10
Selenite, sodium	1 mg/18 kg SC once (follow label for sheep on selenium-vitamin E product)			White muscle disease	4
Silver nitrate	5% solution few drops topically SID for 5 d			Severe corneal ulcer	6
Sodium bicarbonate	20 g PO (adult goat)			Rumen acidosis	19
Sodium bicarbonate 1.3%	125-200 mL IV			Floppy kid disease	19
Sodium bicarbonate (powder)	2.5-3.0 g PO (0.5 tsp. mixed with cold water)			Floppy kid disease	19
Sodium iodide	20 mg/kg IV or SC, weekly 5-7 wk			Actinobacillosis (not documented in goats)	2
Sodium iodide	20 mg/kg IV or SC, weekly 5-7 wk			Actinomycosis	3
Sodium iothalamate	2 mL/kg IV up to 28 kg bw. For heavier goats, reduce the total dose to 75%			Radiographic contrast studies of the urinary tract	12
Sodium nitrite	22 mg/kg IV			Cyanide poisoning	9
Sodium thiosulfate	660 mg/kg IV			Cyanide poisoning	9
Spiramycin	50 mg/kg IM then 25 mg/kg/d			Mycoplasmosis	4
Streptomycin	20 mg/kg/d 5-7 d			Actinobacillosis (not documented in goats)	2
Streptomycin	10 mg/kg BID or TID			Actinomycosis	3
Streptomycin	30 mg/kg/d IM at least 5 d			Mycoplasmosis	4
Streptomycin	25 mg/kg IM single dose			Leptospirosis	13
Sulfadimethoxine	75 mg/kg PO for 5 d			Coccidiosis	10
Tetanus antitoxin	10 000-15 000 units IV BID			Tetanus treatment	5
Tetanus antitoxin	250-300 IU SC/kid, 500 IU SC/adult			Tetanus prophylaxis	18
Tetracycline	5 mg/kg IM or SC SID or BID			Bacterial pneumonia	9
Tetracycline	0.5-1 g PO (single dose)			Adjunct-rumen acidosis treatment	19
Thiamine	10 mg/kg IV, IM, or SC QID			Polioencephalomalacia	5
Thiamine	300-500 mg IM or SC BID			Adjunct-rumen acidosis	19
Thiamylal sodium	10 mg/kg IV			Induction of anesthesia	17
Thiopental sodium	5-20 mg/kg IV			Induction of anesthesia	17
Tiamulin	20 mg/kg/d IM at least 5 d; reported to be severely irritating at injection site; toxic myopathy			Mycoplasmosis (CCPP)	4, 9

Drug	Dose	Indication	Chapter
Tiamulin	10 mg/kg IM BID	Mycoplasma mastitis	14
Tiletamine-Zolazepam	5.5 mg/kg IV	General anesthesia	17
(Telazol®)	7.5-10 mg/kg IM
Tilmicosin	Do not use	May be fatal
Tolazoline	1.5 mg/kg IV	Xylazine reversal	17
Triclabendazole	10 mg/kg PO	Liver flukes	10
		Schistosomosis	8
Trimethoprim-sulfonamide	16-24 mg/kg IV BID	Meningo-encephalitis	5
Trimethoprim-sulfonamide	15 mg/kg IV BID (trimethoprim inactivated in rumen)	Salmonellosis	10
Trimethoprim with	20 mg/kg	Tick-borne fever	7
sulphamethylphenazole and	50 mg/kg
sulphadimidine	50 mg/kg IV once
Tulathromycin	2.5 mg/kg SC	Mycoplasma and Mannheimia pneumonia	9
Tylosin	10-20 mg/kg IM SID or BID	Bacterial and mycoplasmal pneumonia	9
Tylosin	20 mg/kg/d IM at least 5 d	Mycoplasmosis	4
Vancomycin	Do not use in USA	Forbidden in USA
Vitamin B₁₂	0.01-0.3 mg IM weekly	White liver disease	11
Xylazine	0.03-0.04 mg/kg IV	Light sedation	17
Xylazine	0.05 mg/kg IV or 0.1 mg/kg IM	Heavy sedation; combine with local anesthesia	17
Xylazine plus ketamine	0.22 mg/kg IM xylazine followed in 10 min by 11 mg/kg IM ketamine	General anesthesia	17
Yohimbine	0.125 mg/kg IV	Xylazine reversal	17
Zinc sulfate	1 g/d/adult goat PO or 10 mg/kg PO SID	Zinc deficiency dermatopathy	2

BID, twice a day; bw, bodyweight; CAE, caprine arthritis encephalitis; d, day; DM, dry matter; h, hour; IM, intramuscular; IU, international units; IV, intravenous; IP, intraperitoneal; PO, orally; QID, four times a day; SC, subcutaneous; SID, once a day; TID, three times a day; tsp., teaspoon; wk, week.

for use in goats in the United States (Webb et al.

2004). In the United States, whenever a drug is administered in any way that differs from the label directions (to a different species, at a different dosage, by a different route), its use is said to be extralabel. Only a veterinarian can legally use a drug in an extralabel fashion, and then only in the presence of a carefully defined veterinarian-client/patient relationship (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2005). The veterinarian is then responsible for specifying the time periods before meat or milk can be marketed, to ensure that no illegal drug residues occur. Practitioners working with goats are continually forced to extrapolate from other species (Lofstedt 1987; Riviere et al. 1997) or to select drug dosages or withdrawal periods on empirical bases.

A WT is the interval after dosing for all tissue concentrations of a drug or its metabolites to decrease to below a specific concentration established as safe for human consumption by the regulatory agency involved (Riviere et al. 1998). For labeled drugs in the United States, the meat WT is the time required for 99% of treated animals to achieve drug concentrations in muscle, liver, and kidney below the established tolerance concentration (Riviere et al. 1998). The labeled WT takes into account slight errors in dosing and individual differences in clearance rates. The WT must be increased if a drug is given at a higher dosage than is on the label or to a severely diseased animal, as WTs are usually calculated in healthy animals. Typically, the WT is approximately 5-10 times the elimination half-life for the drug, and if the dose administered is doubled, the WT needs to be extended by one half-life, or 10-20%. If, on the other hand, the drug is given to an animal that is more severely compromised by its illness than those for which the drug is labeled, the elimination half-life increases and the WT becomes approximately 10 times the new half-life. A conservative approach is to begin the withdrawal period when the animal appears systemically healthy.

When the drug is given to an animal such as a goat, for which it is not labeled, the distribution and elimination parameters of the drug in that species must be taken into consideration when estimating a WT. Frequently, a smaller species (such as a goat) metabolizes and excretes a drug faster than a larger species of similar physiology (such as cattle), so a cattle WT is often adequate for goats if the same dose is administered (Riviere et al. 1997, 1998). Pharmacokinetic data from the world literature for goats and other species have been tabulated and published by the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD; Craigmill et al. 2006).

American veterinarians should consult FARAD (http:// www.farad.org) for estimated meat and milk withdrawal periods for drugs not labeled for goats in the United States. Several helpful guides to withdrawal periods have been published (Baynes et al. 1997, 2000; Craigmill et al. 1997; Damian et al. 1997; Martin-Jimenez et al. 1997; Haskell et al. 2003, 2005; Gehring et al. 2005; Kukanich et al. 2005; Payne et al. 2006). A summary of some of the extralabel withdrawal intervals from these references, specifically for goats, is available at the FARAD website (http://www. farad.org/wdilookup/wdi_goats.html). Some estimated WTs from FARAD for tranquilizers and general anesthetic drugs are provided in Table 17.1.

In the United States, records must be kept for at least two years after extralabel drug use in goats (Anonymous 1998); some states require a longer period for maintaining records.

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Source: Smith Mary C., Sherman David M.. Goat Medicine. 3rd edition. — Wiley-Blackwell,2023. — 976 p.. 2023

Meat and Milk Withdrawal Times

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