PREFACE

Large Animal Internal Medicine is an encyclopedic volume for the veterinary student or large animal veterinarian working with horses, cattle, sheep, or goats. Using the same popular format as the fifth edition, this edition provides the most current information available by utilizing more than 250 experts as authors.

Problem-Oriented Approach to Disease Diagnosis

The catch-22 of most textbooks is that the clinician must know the diagnosis to locate and read about a specific disease. Large Animal Internal Medicine is formatted such that the early sections allow the clinician to use the problem-oriented approach to create a differential diagnosis for a vast number of diseases of horses, cattle, sheep, and goats. More than 130 clinical signs or manifestations of disease are discussed. They are listed alphabetically in Parts 2 and 3; this list can be used to locate a particular manifestation of disease. These same manifestations are listed by organ system at the beginning of Chapters 3 through 20.

Similarly, abnormalities in laboratory test results are discussed in Part 4, and complete lists of diseases associated with a given laboratory abnormality are found in easy-to-read boxes. Interpretation of abnormalities in clinical chemistry, hematology, blood proteins, clotting tests, and bone marrow is facilitated. For example, if the problem is elevated serum calcium, the causes of hypercalcemia are discussed concisely, and diseases associated with this abnormality are listed. The clinician can then proceed to a rational approach to the particular laboratory abnormality. Many readers have found the table for conversion from “American” units to SI units extremely useful.

Organization

The basic organization has not changed from the fifth edition. The book is divided into seven parts:

Part 4: Collection of Samples and Interpretation of Labora­tory Tests

Part 5: Disorders of the Organ Systems

Part 6: Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies

Part 7: Congenital, Hereditary, Immunologic, and Toxic Disorders

A neonatal disease section (Part 3), organized by presenting problem, includes everything from prepartum care, to care of the newborn, to solving problems ranging from diarrhea to septicemia of foals, calves, lambs, and kids.

Part 5 is organized according to body system and includes internal medicine approaches. Diagnostic tests used in each system are described, including ultrasound (greatly expanded), endoscopy, radiography, thermography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, sample collection techniques, electrocardiography, cerebrospinal fluid collection, and biopsy of organs. Numerous illustrations include photographs, ultra­sound images, radiographs, electrocardiogram tracings, and endoscopic views. Additional videos and images are available on the website. These chapters are written by experts in the field of large animal internal medicine and give details of the most up-to-date treatments available. Large Animal Internal Medicine complements existing texts dealing with current therapy.

Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies, Part 6, includes chapters with practical information on critical care and fluid therapy, antimicrobial therapy, infection control, prevention and detection of foreign animal diseases, vaccines and vaccina­tion programs, and parasite control programs. Chapter 50 addresses nutrition of the sick animal and gives formulas for both enteral and parenteral support.

A detailed discussion of each disease is contained in Parts 5, 6, and 7 of Large Animal Internal Medicine. Once the reader has a list of diseases that fit the current problem, specific diseases can be found in these latter sections of the book. The organiza­tion is that of a traditional disease-oriented text:

Definition and Etiology

Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Pathology Pathophysiology Epidemiology

Necropsy Findings

Treatment and Prognosis Prevention and Control

Chapters 51 and 52 deal with genetic disorders and genetic tests, most of which have only recently been developed.

Popular Features Retained

Color Inserts

Chapter 28, Collection and Analysis of Bone Marrow, includes color plates that show various bone marrow biopsy techniques and results. Chapter 31, Diseases of the Respiratory System, features 11 color plates. Chapter 32, Diseases of the Alimentary Tract, includes color plates that feature endoscopic views of equine alimentary tract disorders. Chapter 39, Diseases of the Eye, contains color plates of ophthalmologic conditions that are best depicted in full color. Chapter 40, Diseases of the Skin, features color plates of some dermatologic disorders, and Chapter 54, Disorders Caused by Toxicants, includes new photographs that show several important toxic plants.

Printed Endsheets

The printed endsheets found in the front and back of the text provide information that is referred to frequently:

• Manifestations of Disease

• Disorders and Management of the Neonate

• Collection of Samples and Interpretation of Laboratory Tests

• Reference Intervals for Ruminants and Horses

• Normal Values for Leukogram Data (Adult Animals)

• Normal Serum Protein Values for Horses, Cows, Sheep, and Goats

• Clinical Chemistry: Normal Range for Large Animals

New to This Edition

New Topics

The range of new topics is noteworthy. A sampling of new topics includes information on assessing animal welfare, the latest on pain management, additional information on colostrum supplements and substitutes, antigen detection tests and polymerase chain reaction, and new aspects of critical care. The neonatal chapters incorporate the latest in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities and techniques. The revised clinical pathology section includes four new experts as authors. The respiratory diseases chapter includes new findings on diagnosis and treatment options. Also included are new discussions on legal requirements for use of pharmaceuticals in food animals; infection control methods for a large animal hospital; and the prevention of, detection of, and response to foreign animal diseases.

Index

The index of Large Animal Internal Medicine is thorough and extensive, making it an easy-to-use reference to find the answer to any question you may have.

Acknowledgments

The motivation for undertaking Large Animal Internal Medicine came, in large part, from having been influenced in our professional careers by many teachers and colleagues with high standards. Our gratitude to them and respect for them runs deep. During our many years as teachers, we had the good fortune of working with many talented, inquisi­tive, and dedicated colleagues. Perhaps the individuals who have the greatest influence on a teacher are the students and residents who through their inquisitiveness keep us interested.

Many people worked hard to make Large Animal Internal Medicine the quality text that it is. More than 250 authors contributed in their area of expertise. This book would not be possible without them.

Special thanks to Jennifer Catando, Kathleen Nahm, Josh Rapplean, Rachel McMullen, Tara Delaney, and all the others at Elsevier who worked so hard on this project.

Bradford P. Smith, Davis, CA David C. Van Metre, Fort Collins, CO Nicola Pusterla, Davis, CA Editors of the Sixth Edition

Maurice E. White

Each edition of Large Animal Internal Medicine has been facilitated by the online diagnostic system Consultant.

Consultant comprises the thousands of diseases described in the veterinary literature; for each disease there is a brief description, references with links to journal articles, and clinical signs.

Two characteristics of Consultant are the keys to its use for this textbook. Online editing is rapid, and information from the literature appears in the database quickly; this rapid updating combined with the large number of information sources allows Consultant to contain a breadth of up-to-date material. The second important factor is the ability of the user to enter a clinical sign or signs (e.g., cough, colic, abortion) for a given species and be presented with a list of diseases for which they have been reported.

Much of this textbook is organized by clinical signs. Con­sultant provided a broad overview of possible causes for clinical signs that authors were encouraged to incorporate into their lists of differential diagnoses. Contributors were encouraged to compress, rank, and add to Consultant-generated lists on the basis of clinical experience. The use of the database in this fashion assisted in the organization of sign-based chapters.

Consultant and this textbook are symbiotic. The database can be thought of as a generalist that knows some up-to-date information on almost every disease in veterinary medicine. Despite that, it remains merely a tool for the clinician who uses it. For example, there are dozens of causes of epistaxis in the horse, and it is simple to get a complete list of them from Consultant. The clinician must take that list and decide which causes to pursue in an individual patient, in what order, by what means, at what cost, and to what treatment or prognostic end. When such decisions must be made, expert opinions such as those found in this book are of great help. Cooperation such as that between Consultant and Large Animal Internal Medicine allows practitioners and students to benefit from the linkage between the tireless memory and ease of retrieval of the computer and the convenience of expert knowledge in book form.

PART 1

1 Ruminant History, Physical Examination, Welfare Assessment, and Records, 2

2 Equine History, Physical Examination, Records, and Recognizing Abuse or Neglect in Patients, 14

PART 2

3 Pain, 24

4 Alterations in Body Temperature, 33

5 Alterations in Respiratory Function, 43

6 Alterations in Cardiovascular and Hemolymphatic Systems, 82

7 Alterations in Alimentary and Hepatic Function, 95

8 Localization and Differentiation of Neurologic Diseases, 116

9 Alterations in Body Weight or Size, 141

10 Alterations in Urinary Function, 166

11 Alterations in the Skin, 174

12 Alterations in Sexual Function, 189

13 Musculoskeletal Abnormalities, 212

14 Collapse and Sudden Death, 227

PART 3

15 The Equine Peripartum Period, 237

16 Assessment of the Newborn Foal, 247

17 Manifestations and Management of Disease in Neonatal Foals, 262

18 The Peripartum Ruminant, 307

19 Initial Management and Clinical Investigation of Neonatal Ruminants, 315

20 Manifestations and Management of Disease in Neonatal Ruminants, 335

21 Colostrum and Milk Replacers, 382

PART 4

22 Clinical Chemistry Tests, 395

23 Collection and Submission of Samples for Hematologic and Cytologic Evaluation, 421

24 Alterations in the Erythron, 424

25 Alterations in the Leukogram, 429

26 Alterations in Blood Proteins, 435

27 Alterations in Hemostasis, 442

28 Collection and Analysis of Bone Marrow, 449

29 Molecular Diagnostics, 462

PART 5

30 Diseases of the Cardiovascular System, 478

31 Diseases of the Respiratory System, 515

32 Diseases of the Alimentary Tract, 702

33 Diseases of the Hepatobiliary System, 921

34 Diseases of the Renal System, 956

35 Diseases of the Nervous System, 1006

36 Mammary Gland Health and Disorders, 1118

37 Diseases of the Hematopoietic and

Hemolymphatic Systems, 1151

38 Diseases of the Bones, Joints, and Connective Tissues, 1197

39 Diseases of the Eye, 1267

40 Diseases of the Skin, 1316

41 Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 1352

42 Diseases of Muscle, 1421

43 Diseases of the Reproductive System, 1456

PART 6

44 Critical Care and Fluid Therapy, 1521

45 Rational Antimicrobial Therapy, 1545

46 Biosecurity and Infection Control, 1563

47 Prevention, Detection, and Response to

Transboundary (Foreign) Animal Diseases, 1593

48 Use of Biologics in the Prevention of Infectious Diseases, 1599

49 Parasite Control Programs, 1669

50 Nutrition of the Sick Animal, 1694

PART 7

51 Genetic Disorders, 1704

52 Genetic Tests for Large Animals, 1709

53 Immunologic Disorders, 1717

54 Disorders Caused by Toxicants, 1764

PART 1 History, Physical Examination, and Medical Records, 1

1 Ruminant History, Physical Examination, Welfare Assessment, and Records, 2

Ronald L. Terra and James P. Reynolds, Consulting Editors

Obtaining the History, 2

Examination, 2

Medical Record, 10

Diagnostic Tests That Can Be Applied in the Field, 10

Assessing the Welfare of the Individual Animal or the Herd, 12

Insurance, Interstate, and Prepurchase Health Examinations, 13

2 Equine History, Physical Examination, Records, and Recognizing Abuse or Neglect in Patients, 14

Kathleen Casey Gonda, Consulting Editor

■ SECTION 1, 14

Physical Examination Record, 14

Equine Insurance, 14

History, 15

Physical Examination, 15

Medical Record, 17

■ SECTION 2, 19

Recognizing Abuse and Neglect in Equine Patients, 19

Veterinarian's Responsibility to Patient Welfare, 22

PART 2 Manifestations of Disease, 23

3 Pain, 24

Suzanne T. Millman and Johann (Hans) F. Coetzee,

Consulting Editors

Introduction, 24

Diagnosing Pain in Livestock, 24

Pharmacologic Interventions to Treat Livestock Pain, 27

Summary, 32

4 Alterations in Body Temperature, 33

Marie-Eve Fecteau, Consulting Editor

Control of Body Temperature, 33

Conditions of Increased Body Temperature (Hyperthermia), 33

Fever, 36

Fevers of Unknown Origin, 38 Hypothermia, 42

5 Alterations in Respiratory Function, 43

Jeffrey Lakritz, Consulting Editor

Cough, 43

W. David Wilson, Jeffrey Lakritz

Nasal Discharge, 51

W. David Wilson, Jeanne Lofstedt, Jeffrey Lakritz

Epistaxis and Hemoptysis, 57

W. David Wilson, Jeanne Lofstedt, Jeffrey Lakritz

Tachypnea, 60

W. David Wilson, Jeanne Lofstedt, Jeffrey Lakritz

Cyanosis, 68

Jeanne Lofstedt, W. David Wilson, Jeffrey Lakritz

Abnormal Respiratory Noise (Stridor), 71

W. David Wilson, Jeanne Lofstedt, Jeffrey Lakritz

Exercise Intolerance and Poor Performance in Horses, 75

Stephanie J. Valberg, W. David Wilson

6 Alterations in Cardiovascular and

Hemolymphatic Systems, 82

Virginia B. Reef and JoAnn Slack, Consulting Editors

Peripheral Edema, Pleural Effusion, and Ascites, 82

Cardiac Arrhythmias, 84

Cardiac Murmurs, 87

Muffled Heart Sounds, 88

Cardiovascular Exercise Intolerance, Weakness, and Syncope, 89

Venous Distention and Pulsations, 90

Painful Peripheral Swellings, 92

Enlarged Lymph Nodes, 92

Abnormal Peripheral Pulse, 93

7 Alterations in Alimentary and Hepatic Function, 95

Bradford P. Smith and K. Gary Magdesian, Consulting Editors

Diarrhea, 95

K. Gary Magdesian, Bradford P. Smith

Colic, 102

K. Gary Magdesian, Bradford P. Smith

Melena, 105

Bradford P. Smith

Blood, Fibrin, and/or Mucus in Feces (Dysentery), 106

Bradford P. Smith

Abdominal Distention and Constipation, 106

Bradford P. Smith

Regurgitation and Vomiting, 108

Bradford P. Smith

Dysphagia (Including Feed From Nares and Excessive Salivation), 110

Bradford P. Smith

Oral Vesicles, Erosions, Ulcers, or Growths, 111

Bradford P. Smith

Dental Abnormalities, 113

Icterus (Jaundice), 113

8 Localization and Differentiation of Neurologic Diseases, 116

David C. Van Metre and Robert J. MacKay, Consulting Editors

Terminology and Description of Clinical Signs of Neurologic Disease, 116

Diagnosis of Neurologic Diseases, 118

Nervous System Examination, 119

Localization of Central Nervous System Lesions, 131

Localization of Neurologic Diseases by Major Clinical Signs, 131

9 Alterations in Body Weight or Size, 141

Alexandra Hund, Consulting Editor

Shannon E. Pratt-Philips

Mechanisms of Decreased Growth and Decreased Weight Gain, 141

Weight Loss, 152 Obesity, 164 Pica, 165

10 Alterations in Urinary Function, 166

Emily A. Barrell and Alexandra J. Burton, Consulting Editors

Dysuria, Stranguria, and Incontinence, 166 Hematuria and Pigmenturia, 169

Pyuria, 170

Crystalluria, 171

Polyuria, 172

Anuria and Oliguria, 173 Uremia, 173

11 Alterations in the Skin, 174

Stephen D. White, Consulting Editor

General Approach to Diseases That Alter the Skin, 174

Pruritus, 179

Nodules, Tumors, and Swellings, 181 Ulcerations and Erosions, 182 Papules, Pustules, and Vesicles, 182 Scaling and Crusting, 183 Abnormal Coat Length and Density, 184 Abnormal Pigmentation, 187

12 Alterations in Sexual Function, 189

Mats H.T. Troedsson and Bruce W Christensen, Consulting Editors

Claudia Klein and Karen McDowell

Alterations in Male Sexual Function, 189

Cyclic Irregularity, 193

Claudia Klein

Anestrus, 194

Claudia Klein

Repeat Breeder, 196

Bruce W. Christensen

Pregnancy Loss, 198

Mats H.T. Troedsson

Fescue Toxicosis, 200

Karen McDowell

Clinical Signs of Fescue Toxicosis, 200

Male Reproductive Function, 203

Mitigating Fescue Toxicosis in Grazing Livestock, 203

Ergotism in Human Populations—in Medicine and Disease, 203

Approach to Diagnosis of Fescue Toxicosis, 203

James P. Brendemuehl

Prolonged Gestation, 204

Bruce W. Christensen

Dystocia, 205

Mats H.T. Troedsson

Retained Fetal Membranes, 207

Mats H.T. Troedsson

Alterations in Lactation, 209

Bruce W. Christensen

13 Musculoskeletal Abnormalities, 212

Carter E. Judy and Sarel R. Van Amstel, Consulting Editors Troy Herthel, Jan K. Shearer, and Richard Andrew LeCouteur

■ MAJOR CLINICAL SIGNS OR PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED, 212

Lameness and Stiffness, 212

Randall B. Eggleston, John Maas, Carter E. Judy

Mechanisms of Lameness and Stiffness, 212

Approach to Diagnosis of Lameness and Stiffness in Horses, 212

Approach to Diagnosis of Stiffness, Lameness, and Abnormal Gait and Posture in Ruminants, 217

Sarel R. Van Amstel, Jan K. Shearer

Postural Deformities, 218

Carter E. Judy, John Maas

Mechanisms of Postural Deformities, 218

Approach to Diagnosis of Postural Deformities in Horses, 219

Approach to Postural Deformities in Ruminants, 219

Sarel R. Van Amstel, Jan K. Shearer

Swellings and Enlargements (Soft and Hard Tissue), 221

Carter E. Judy, John Maas

Mechanisms of Swellings and Enlargements, 221

Approach to Diagnosis of Swellings and Enlargements in Horses, 221

Swellings and Enlargements in Ruminants, 222

Sarel R. Van Amstel, Jan K. Shearer

Approach to Swellings and Enlargements in Ruminants, 222

Paresis and Weakness, 223

Richard Andrew LeCouteur

Mechanisms of Paresis and Weakness, 223

Approach to Diagnosis of Paresis and Weakness in Horses, 223

Approach to Diagnosis of Paresis and Weakness in Ruminants, 224

Sarel R. Van Amstel, Jan K. Shearer

Muscle Spasms and Myoclonus, 225

Richard Andrew LeCouteur

Mechanisms of Muscle Spasms and Myoclonus, 225

Approach to Diagnosis of Muscle Spasms and Myoclonus in Horses, 226

Approach to Diagnosis of Muscle Spasms and Myoclonus in Ruminants, 226

14 Collapse and Sudden Death, 227

Stan W. Casteel, Consulting Editor

Philip J. Johnson

Collapse Versus Sudden Death, 227

Causes of Collapse and Sudden Death, 228

PART 3 Disorders and Management of the Neonate, 236

15 The Equine Peripartum Period, 237

Guy D. Lester, Consulting Editor

Assessment of the Mare During Late Gestation, 237

Effects of Placental Insufficiency, 241 Placentitis, 242

Systemic Disease in the Mare, 242

Management of the High-Risk Late-Gestation Mare, 243

Foal Resuscitation, 244

Perinatal Asphyxia Syndrome, 245

16 Assessment of the Newborn Foal, 247

Guy D. Lester, Consulting Editor

Jane E. Axon

Neonatal Behavior, 247

Maternal Behavior, 248

Physical Assessment, 248

17 Manifestations and Management of Disease in Neonatal Foals, 262

Guy D. Lester, Consulting Editor

Chris Sanchez, Rachael L. Smith, Jane E. Axon, and David P. Byrne

General Principles of Treatment and Care of the Abnormal Foal, 262

Guy D. Lester, Jane E. Axon

Catheter Selection and Placement, 262

Fluid Resuscitation, 262

Correction of Dehydration, 263

Weakness and/or Somnolence, 265

Sepsis, 267

David P. Byrne, Chris Sanchez

Introduction, 267

Predisposing Factors, 267

Causative Organisms, 267

Physical Examination Findings, 269 Clinicopathologic Findings, 269 Establishing a Definitive Diagnosis, 270 Therapy, 270

Cardiovascular Support, 272 Prognosis/Outcomes, 273 Preventative Strategies, 274

Septic Arthritis and Osteomyelitis, 274

Rachael L. Smith

Etiology and Pathophysiology, 275 Diagnosis, 275

Treatment, 277

Noninfectious Causes of Lameness, 280

Rachael L. Smith

Seizures, 281

Guy D. Lester

Recognition, 281

Neonatal Encephalopathy, 281

David Wong

Pathophysiology, 281

Risk Factors and Clinical Signs, 284

Diagnosis, 284

Treatment, 286

Prognosis and Pathologic Findings, 287

Other Neurologic Conditions, 288

Guy D. Lester

Anemia, 289

Guy D. Lester

Causes, 289

Maturity, 290

Guy D. Lester

Causes, 290

Maturation of the Fetal Hypothalamic-Pituitary­Adrenal (HPA) Axis, 291

Accelerated Maturation of the Fetal HPA Axis, 291 Treatment of the at-Risk Late Pregnant Mare, 291 Clinical Progression, 292

Treatment of the Premature or Dysmature Foal, 293 Respiration, 294

Guy D. Lester

Specific Respiratory Conditions, 296

Diarrhea in Neonatal Foals, 299

Guy D. Lester

Bacteria, 299

Viruses, 300

Parasites, 301

Nutritional Causes, 301

Foal Heat Diarrhea, 301

Treatment and Prognosis, 302

Prevention and Control, 302

Distended and/or Painful Abdomen, 302

Specific Conditions, 304

18 The Peripartum Ruminant, 307

John K. House, Consulting Editor

Late-Term Complications of Gestation, 307 Assessment of Fetal Viability, 309 Perinatal Adaptation, 311

19 Initial Management and Clinical Investigation of Neonatal Ruminants, 315

John K. House, Consulting Editor

Alison A. Gunn, Gemma Chuck, and Munashe Chigerwe

Environmental Management, 315

Colostrogenesis and Colostral Components, 315 Navel Treatment, 324

Clinical Investigation of Neonatal Disease, 326

20 Manifestations and Management of Disease in Neonatal Ruminants, 335

John K. House, Consulting Editor

Geoffrey W. Smith, Alison A. Gunn, Sheila M. McGuirk, and Mathew Izzo

Weakness and/or Depressed Mentation, 335

Geoffrey W. Smith

Septicemia, 335

Meningitis, 338

Metabolic Acidosis, 340

Hypoglycemia, 340

Hyponatremia, 340

Hypernatremia, 341

Neuromuscular and Musculoskeletal Disease, 342

Respiratory Difficulty, 343

Sheila M. McGuirk

Examination, 343

Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders, 345 Respiratory Infection, 346

Neonatal Apnea and Irregular Breathing Patterns, 347

Abdominal Distention, 347

Geoffrey W. Smith

Ruminal Bloat, 347

Abomasal Ulcers, 348

Abomasal Displacement, 349

Abomasal Bloat, 349

Intestinal Atresia, 350

Intussusception, 350

Diarrhea, 351

Alison A. Gunn, Mathew Izzo, John K. House

Pathogenesis, 351

Etiology, 353

Establishing an Etiologic Diagnosis, 358 Diagnostic Tests, 358

Risk Factors for Neonatal Calf Diarrhea, 361 Herd Strategies to Prevent Neonatal Diarrhea, 362 Treatment of Individual Calves, 367

Summary, 377

Lameness and Reluctance to Walk, 378

John K. House

Septic Arthritis, 378 Noninfectious Lameness, 379

Umbilical Enlargement, 379

Patent Urachus, 379

Omphalitis, 379

Anemia, 380

Fever, 380

Cyanosis, 380

Heart Murmur, 381

Icterus, 381

Bleeding Disorders, 381

Failure to Thrive: Cachexia and Weak Calf Syndrome, 381

John Maas

21 Colostrum and Milk Replacers, 382

Sandra Godden and Robert E. James, Consulting Editors Colostrum Supplements and Replacements, 382 Milk Replacers, 387

PART 4 Collection of Samples and Interpretation of Laboratory Tests, 394

22 Clinical Chemistry Tests, 395

Henry Stampfli, Consulting Editor

Olimpo Oliver-Espinosa

Submission of Laboratory Samples, 395 Sources of Variation in Normal Values, 397 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, 401 Acid-Base Imbalance (Traditional Approach or Hydrogen Ions-Centered Approach), 408 Serum Enzymes, 412

Bilirubin, 415

Glucose, 415 Creatinine, 416

Blood Urea Nitrogen, 417 Serum Protein, 417

Urinalysis, 418

23 Collection and Submission of Samples for Hematologic and Cytologic Evaluation, 421 Catherine J. Benson, Consulting Editor Venipuncture Site and Technique, 421 Handling and Transportation of Samples, 421 General Principles for Submitting Cytology

Samples, 422

General Principles for Various Body Fluids, 422

24 Alterations in the Erythron, 424

Leslie C. Sharkey and Erin N. Burton, Consulting Editors

Erythropoiesis, 424

Laboratory Evaluation of Erythrocytes, 424 Evaluation of the Anemic Patient, 426 Erythrocytosis, 427

25 Alterations in the Leukogram, 429

Leslie C. Sharkey and Daniel A. Heinrich, Consulting Editors

Leukocytes, 429

Principles of Leukogram Interpretation, 431

Approach to Interpretation of the Leukogram in Horses, 433

Approach to Interpretation of the Leukogram in Ruminants, 433

26 Alterations in Blood Proteins, 435

Jennifer L. Johns, Consulting Editor

Meera Heller

Hyperproteinemia, 436

The Acute Phase Response, 438

Hypoproteinemia, 440

27 Alterations in Hemostasis, 442

Jennifer L. Johns, Consulting Editor

Meera Heller

Platelet Parameters, 442

Thrombocytopenia, 442

Thrombocytosis, 444

Platelet Function Defects and Von Willebrand Disease, 444

Prolonged Prothrombin Time, 444

Prolonged Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, 445

Increased Fibrin and Fibrinogen Degradation Products, 446

Decreased Plasma Antithrombin III, 446

Hypofibrinogenemia, 447

Thromboelastography, 448

Other Tests of Hemostatic Function, 448

28 Collection and Analysis of Bone Marrow, 449

Andrea A. Bohn, Consulting Editor

Pablo Espinosa-Mur

Diagnostic Indications for Bone Marrow Aspiration or Biopsy, 449

Bone Marrow Collection, 450

Bone Marrow Evaluation, 459

29 Molecular Diagnostics, 462

Nicola Pusterla and Christian M. Leutenegger,

Consulting Editors

Beate M. Crossley and Sharon Hietela

Molecular Diagnostics in Large Animals, 462

Christian M. Leutenegger, Nicola Pusterla

Molecular Testing for Infectious Diseases in Horses, 466

Nicola Pusterla, Christian M. Leutenegger

Molecular Testing for Infectious Diseases in Cattle, Sheep, and Goats, 471

Beate M. Crossley, Sharon K. Hietala

PART 5 Disorders of the Organ Systems, 477

30 Diseases of the Cardiovascular System, 478

Virginia B. Reef, Consulting Editor

Performing the Electrocardiogram, 478

Use of Echocardiography in Large Animals, 479 Cardiac Catheterization in Large Animals, 481 Congenital Cardiovascular Disease, 482 Valvular Heart Disease, 488

Brisket Disease, Cor Pulmonale, and Pulmonary Hypertension, 493

Myocardial Disease: Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy, 495

Pericarditis, 499

Cardiac Tumors, 503

Vascular Disease: Aneurysms, Thrombosis, and Embolism, 505

Atrial Fibrillation, 508

Ventricular Tachycardia, 512

31 Diseases of the Respiratory System, 515

Pamela A. Wilkins, Kara M. Lascola, and Amelia R. Woolums, Consulting Editors

Daniela Bedenice, Steeve Giguere, Ashley G. Boyle,

Bettina Dunkel, Kurt J. Williams, Gabriele A. Landolt,

Scott M. Austin, Dorothy M. Ainsworth, Faisal Ghazi Habasha,

Kenneth W. Hinchcliff, Fabio Del Piero, John R. Pascoe,

Safia Z. Barakzai, Santiago D. Gutierrez-Nibeyro,

Padraic Martin Dixon, Ben Buchanan, Brett Tennent-Brown, Peggy S. Marsh, W Ray Waters, Jeanne Lofstedt, Emily John, Dwight D. Bowman, Allison Jean Stewart, Andrew W Van Eps, Melissa Mazan, and Gretchen P. Grissett

■ DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES FOR THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, 515

General Evaluation of the Patient With Respiratory Disease, 515

Kara M. Lascola, Pamela A. Wilkins

Additional Diagnostic Evaluation of the Respiratory Tract, 517

Nuclear Medicine Imaging, 519

Pulmonary Function Testing, 524

Daniela Bedenice

• EQUINE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, 526

Kara M. Lascola, Pamela A. Wilkins

Disorders of the Lung, 526

Bacterial Pneumonia and Pleuropneumonia in Adult Horses, 526

Steeve Giguere

Rhodococcus equi Infections, 535

Steeve Giguere

Pneumonia in Foals, 548

Daniela Bedenice

Fungal Infections of the Equine Respiratory Tract, 550

Allison Jean Stewart

Streptococcus equi subsp. equi Infection (Strangles), 559

Ashley G. Boyle

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Acute Lung Injury (Acute Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia), 564

Bettina Dunkel

Interstitial Pneumonia and Endogenous and Toxic Conditions, 566

Pamela A. Wilkins

Equine Respiratory Viruses, 569

Gabriele A. Landolt

Equine Influenza Virus, 571

Equine Herpesviruses, 573

Equine Arteritis Virus, 575

Equine Rhinitis Virus, 577

Equine Adenovirus, 577

Hendra Virus, 578

Equine Lungworm, 578

Scott M. Austin

Thoracic Trauma, 579

Scott M. Austin

Pulmonary Edema, 582

Pamela A. Wilkins

Smoke Inhalation, 584

Peggy S. Marsh

Recurrent Airway Obstruction, 585

Dorothy M. Ainsworth

Summer Pasture-Associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 592

Dorothy M. Ainsworth

Inflammatory Airway Disease in the Horse, 593

Melissa Mazan

Tuberculosis, 598

Peggy S. Marsh

Pneumoconiosis (Silicosis), 598

Peggy S. Marsh

Mycoplasma, 599

Peggy S. Marsh

Glanders (Farcy), 599

Faisal Ghazi Habasha

Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage, 601

Kenneth W. Hinchcliff

Equine Thoracic Neoplasia, 608

Fabio Del Piero, Pamela A. Wilkins

Diseases of Lymph Nodes, Vasculature, and Pharynx, 609

Retropharyngeal Lymph Node Abscessation, 609

John R. Pascoe

Pharyngitis, 612

John R. Pascoe

Guttural Pouch Diseases, 614

John R. Pascoe

Guttural Pouch Tympany, 614

Guttural Pouch Empyema, 615

Guttural Pouch Mycosis, 616

Diseases of the Paranasal Sinuses, 618

Sinusitis, 618

John R. Pascoe

Ethmoid Hematoma, 620

John R. Pascoe

Disorders of the Equine Soft Palate, 622

Safia Z. Barakzai, Padraic Martin Dixon

Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate and Palatal Instability, 622

Persistent Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate, 624

Congenital Palatal Defects, 624

Palatal Cysts, 625

Neoplasia, 625

Disorders of the Trachea, 625

Safia Z. Barakzai, Padraic Martin Dixon

Anatomy of the Trachea, 625

Cricotracheal Ligament Prolapse, 626

Tracheal Collapse, 626

Epiglottic Entrapment, 629

Santiago D. Gutierrez-Nibeyro

Pharyngeal Cysts in Horses, 630

Santiago D. Gutierrez-Nibeyro

Nasopharyngeal Cicatrix Syndrome, 631

Ben Buchanan

Equine Influenza in Australia, 634

Brett Tennent-Brown, Andrew W. Van Eps

Hendra Virus, 634

Brett Tennent-Brown, Andrew W. Van Eps, Gabrielle Landolt

Crofton Weed Poisoning (Numinbah Horse Sickness, Tallebudgera Horse Disease), 636

Andrew W. Van Eps, Brett Tennent-Brown

■ RUMINANT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, 636

Amelia R. Woolums

Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases, 636

Amelia R. Woolums

Diseases of the Nasal Cavity, 636

Amelia R. Woolums

Oestrus ovis Infestation, 638

Amelia R. Woolums

Diseases of the Sinuses, 639

Gretchen P. Grissett

Sinusitis, 639

Diseases of the Pharynx, Larynx, and Trachea, 641

Amelia R. Woolums

Pharyngeal Trauma, Abscesses, Cellulitis, and Granulomas, 641

Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate, 642

Necrotic Laryngitis (Calf Diphtheria, Laryngeal Necrobacillosis), 642

Laryngeal Papillomatosis, 643

Laryngeal Abscesses, 643

Other Laryngeal Obstructions (Laryngeal Trauma, Edema, Paralysis, and Foreign Objects), 643

Tracheal Collapse and Stenosis, 643

Tracheal Foreign Bodies and Masses, 644

Tracheal Edema Syndrome of Feedlot Cattle, 645

Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases, 645

Amelia R. Woolums

Clinical Classification of Pneumonia, 645

Amelia R. Woolums

The Bronchopneumonias (Respiratory Disease CompleX of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats), 645

Amelia R. Woolums

Infectious Agents Associated With the Respiratory Disease CompleX of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats, 646

Viral Agents, 646

Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus), 647

Other Herpesviruses, 649

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus, 651

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, 653

Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3, 653

Bovine Coronavirus, 654

Influenza Viruses, 655

Influenza D Virus, 655

Bovine and Ovine Adenovirus, 656

Bovine Rhinitis Virus, 656

Bacterial and Chlamydial Agents, 656

Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease of Undetermined Cause (Undifferentiated Ruminant Respiratory Disease), 665

Amelia R. Woolums

Microbiologic Tests, 668

The Interstitial Pneumonias, 679

Amelia R. Woolums

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndromes, 680 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis, 686

Miscellaneous Chronic Pneumonias, 687

Chronic Progressive Pneumonias of Sheep and Goats, 687

Jeanne Lofstedt, Emily John

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (Maedi-Visna), 687 Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma, 689

Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis, 690 Caseous Lymphadenitis, 691

Parasitic Bronchitis and Pneumonia, 691

Dwight D. Bowman

Lungworms of Cattle: Dictyocaulus viviparus, 691 Lungworms of Sheep and Goats, 694

Bovine Tuberculosis, 695

W. Ray Waters

Other Pneumonias, 698

Amelia R. Woolums

Aspiration Pneumonia, 698

Mycotic Pneumonias, 698

Vena Caval Thrombosis and Metastatic Pneumonia, 698

Diseases of the Thoracic Wall and

Cavity, 699

Amelia R. Woolums

Pleuritis and Pleural Effusions, 699

PneumothoraX, 700

Diaphragmatic Hernia, 701

Pleural Mesothelioma, 701

Miscellaneous Conditions, 701

Amelia R. Woolums

Lung Tumors, 701

32 Diseases of the Alimentary Tract, 702

Samuel L. Jones and Gilles Fecteau, Consulting Editors

Pamela J. Hullinger, Danelle A. Bickett-Weddle,

Guy St. Jean, Sylvain Nichols, N. James Maclachlan,

Christie E. Mayo, Paul Walz, Sebastien Buczinski, Franklyn Garry, Craig McConnel, David Francoz, Andre Desrochers,

Raymond W. Sweeney, Spring K. Halland, Robert Bascom Sager, Bradford P. Smith, Michelle H. Barton, Jack Easley,

Anthony T. Blikslager, Gayle D. Hallowell, Liara M. Gonzalez, Kelsey A. Hart, Jennifer L. Davis, Nicola Pusterla,

John F. Marshall, Tiffany L. Hall, Chris Sanchez,

Robert J. Callan, Nimet Browne, and Francisco A. Uzal

■ EQUINE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM, 702

Samuel L. Jones, Consulting Editor

Examination and Imaging of the Equine

Alimentary System, 702

Samuel L. Jones, Michelle H. Barton

Dentistry and Oral Disease, 719

Jack Easley

Disorders of the Esophagus, 729

Samuel L. Jones, Anthony T. Blikslager

Disorders of the Stomach, 735

Gayle D. Hallowell

Endotoxemia and Sepsis, 742

Kelsey A. Hart, Erin McConachie Beasley, Robert J. MacKay

Medical Disorders of the Small Intestine, 756

Jennifer L. Davis, Nicola Pusterla

Surgical Disorders of the Small Intestine, 765

John F. Marshall, Anthony T. Blikslager

Medical Disorders of the Large Intestine, 770

Samuel L. Jones

Surgical Disorders of the Large Intestine, 779

Anthony T Blikslager, John F. Marshall

Disorders of the Descending (Small) Colon, 783

Nimet Browne, Vanessa L. Cook

Disorders of the Peritoneum in Horses, 787

Tiffany L. Hall

Gastrointestinal Ileus, 793

Chris Sanchez, Guy D. Lester, Samuel L. Jones

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Toxicity, 798 Samuel L. Jones

Fluid Therapy for Horses With Gastrointestinal Diseases, 800

Tiffany L. Hall

■ RUMINANT ALIMENTARY SYSTEM, 804

Gilles Fecteau, Consulting Editor

Ruminant Alimentary Disease, 804

Dental and Oral Diseases, 804

Sylvain Nichols, Guy St. Jean

Dental and Periodontal Diseases, 805

Sylvain Nichols, Guy St. Jean

Salivary Gland Diseases, 809

Sylvain Nichols, Guy St. Jean

Actinobacillosis (Woody Tongue, Wooden

Tongue), 810

Bradford P. Smith

Actinomycosis (Lumpy Jaw), 811

Bradford P. Smith

Pharyngeal Trauma and Abscess, 813

Bradford P. Smith

Contagious Ecthyma (Sore Mouth, Orf, Contagious

Pustular Dermatitis, Scabby Mouth), 814 Bradford P. Smith

Bovine Papular Stomatitis (BPS, Proliferative Stomatitis), 816

Bradford P. Smith

Bluetongue, 817

Christie E. Mayo, N. James MacLachlan

Diseases Caused by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), 820

Paul Walz

Malignant Catarrhal Fever (Bovine Malignant Catarrh, Malignant Head Catarrh), 830

Robert J. Callan

Vesicular Stomatitis, 833

Pamela J. Hullinger, Danelle A. Bickett-Weddle

Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Aftosa, Aphthous Fever), 834

Pamela J. Hullinger, Danelle A. Bickett-Weddle

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR, Sheep and Goat Plague) and Rinderpest

(Cattle Plague), 836

Bradford P. Smith

Choke and Esophageal Disorders, 837

Bradford P. Smith, Charles L. Guard

Esophageal Dilation (Megaesophagus) and Hiatal Hernia, 838

Bradford P. Smith

Ultrasonography of the Ruminant Abdomen, 838

Sebastien Buczinski

Acute Abdomen in Ruminants, 847

David Francoz, Gilles Fecteau, Andre Desrochers, Sylvain Nichols

Indigestion in Ruminants, 854

Franklyn Garry, Craig McConnel

Peritonitis in Ruminants, 879

Gilles Fecteau

Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis (Hardware Disease, Traumatic Reticulitis), 883

David Francoz

Abomasal Displacement and Volvulus, 885

Gilles Fecteau, Charles L. Guard

Abomasal Ulcers, 889

David Francoz, Charles L. Guard

Abomasal Dilation and Emptying Defect of Suffolk Sheep, 893

David Francoz

Abomasal Impaction, 893

David Francoz

Obstructive Intestinal Diseases, 895

David Francoz, Charles L. Guard

Diseases Caused by Clostridium perfringens Toxins (Yellow Lamb Disease, Lamb Dysentery, Necrotic Enteritis, Enterotoxemia), 899

Francisco A. Uzal, Bradford P. Smith

Oak (Acorn) Toxicosis in Ruminants and Horses, 903 Bradford P. Smith

Winter Dysentery in Cattle (Bovine Coronavirus), 905

Gilles Fecteau, Charles L. Guard

Salmonellosis in Ruminants, 905

Bradford P. Smith

Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease), 911

Raymond W. Sweeney

Copper Deficiency in Ruminants, 915

John Maas, Bradford P. Smith

Cobalt Deficiency in Ruminants, 918

Robert Bascom Sager, John Maas

Rectal Prolapse in Ruminants and Horses, 919 Spring K. Halland

33 Diseases of the Hepatobiliary System, 921 Geoffrey W. Smith and Jennifer L. Davis, Consulting Editors John B. Malone, T.G. Nagaraja, Joy E. Tomlinson, and Vincent Dore

Diagnosis of Liver Disease, 921

Geoffrey W. Smith

Liver Diseases Versus Liver Failure, 921

Liver Reserve and Regeneration, 921 Signs of Liver Disease and Pathophysiology, 921 Hepatic Encephalopathy, 923

Laboratory Tests and Liver-Derived Serum Enzymes, 923

Excretion Tests for Liver Function, 925 Liver Biopsy, 926

Ultrasound Examination, 926 Prognosis, 926

Infectious, Toxic, and Parasitic Liver Disease, 927

Acute Hepatitis in Horses, 927

Joy E. Tomlinson

Black Disease, 928

Geoffrey W. Smith

Bacillary Hemoglobinuria ("Redwater"), 929

Geoffrey W. Smith

Liver Disease in Foals, 930

Jennifer L. Davis

Tyzzer's Disease, 930

Chronic Active Hepatitis, 932

Jennifer L. Davis

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicity, 933

Geoffrey W. Smith

Other Hepatotoxins, 934

Liver Flukes in Ruminants, 934

John B. Malone

Hepatic Abscesses, 939

T.G. Nagaraja

Hepatic Abscesses in Horses, 942

Hepatic Lipidosis, 942

Vincent Dore

Fat Cow Syndrome and Lipid Mobilization Syndrome, 942

Protein-Energy Malnutrition and Pregnancy Toxemia of Beef Cows, 946

Pregnancy Toxemia in Ewes and Does, 946

Hyperlipemia and Hypertriglyceridemia in Ponies, 947

Congenital Hyperbilirubinemia, 948

Geoffrey W. Smith

Gilbert's Syndrome, 948

Dubin-Johnson Syndrome, 948

Persistent Hyperbilirubinemia in Thoroughbreds, 948

Miscellaneous Liver Diseases, 948

Geoffrey W. Smith

Rift Valley Fever, 948

Telangiectasia, 949

Ischemia, Hypoxia, and Congestion, 949

Fetal Liver Damage, 949

Failure of Drug Metabolism and Excretion, 949

Jennifer L. Davis

Neoplasia of the Liver, 950

Geoffrey W. Smith

Hemochromatosis, 950

Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Disease, 951

Jennifer L. Davis

Choledocholithiasis, Cholelithiasis, and Hepatolithiasis, 951

Cholangitis and Cholangiohepatitis, 952

Therapy of Liver Failure, 952

Jennifer L. Davis

Antibiotic Therapy, 952

Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy, 952

Fluid and Colloid Therapy, 953

Treatment of Inflammation and Fibrosis, 953 Miscellaneous Treatments, 953

Pancreatic Disease, 954

Jennifer L. Davis

34 Diseases of the Renal System, 956

Emily A. Barrell and Alexandra J. Burton, Consulting Editors

Luis G. Arroyo, Montague N. Saulez, Erin McConachie Beasley, Harold C. Schott II, Lisa E. Fultz, Stacey R. Byers,

Brandon J. Dominguez, David C. Van Metre, Meredyth L. Jones, David G. Renter, Robert J. Callan, and Charles C. Dodd

■ EQUINE RENAL SYSTEM, 956

Alexandra J. Burton

Acute Renal Failure, 956

Thomas J. Divers, Alexandra J. Burton

Toxic Nephropathies, 956 Vasomotor Nephropathy, 959

Acute Glomerulopathy, 959

Acute Interstitial Nephritis, 959

Leptospirosis, 960

Krista E. Estell

Serum Creatinine Elevations in Newborn Foals, 962

Thomas J. Divers, Alexandra J. Burton, Lisa E. Fultz

Electrolyte Abnormalities in Azotemic Foals, 962

Lisa E. Fultz

Acute Renal Failure in Foals, 962

Thomas J. Divers, Alexandra J. Burton, Lisa E. Fultz

Septic Renal Disease in Foals, 963

Thomas J. Divers, Alexandra J. Burton, Lisa E. Fultz

Chronic Renal Failure, 963

Thomas J. Divers, Theresa L. Ollivett,

Erin McConachie Beasley

Causes of Chronic Renal Failure, 963

Urinary Tract Infections, 967

Thomas J. Divers, Dominic R. Dawson-Soto, Alexandra J. Burton

Urinary Incontinence, 969

Elizabeth A. Carr, Dominic R. Dawson-Soto,

Alexandra J. Burton

Ectopic Ureter, 970

Thomas J. Divers, Stephanie A. Brault, Alexandra J. Burton

Urinary Tract Neoplasia, 971

Thomas J. Divers, Stephanie A. Brault, Alexandra J. Burton

Urolithiasis and Obstructive Disease, 973

Montague N. Saulez

Idiopathic Renal Hematuria, 975

Harold C. Schott II, Alexandra J. Burton

Urethral Hemorrhage, 976

Harold C. Schott II, Alexandra J. Burton

Polyuria and Polydipsia, 977

Harold C. Schott II, Theresa L. Ollivett, Alexandra J. Burton

Renal Tubular Acidosis, 979

Luis G. Arroyo, Krista E. Estell, Monica Aleman

Bladder Rupture in Adult Horses, 980

Thomas J. Divers, Dominic R. Dawson-Soto,

Alexandra J. Burton

Urinary System Disorders in the Foal, 981

Thomas J. Divers, Dominic R. Dawson-Soto, Lisa E. Fultz

• RUMINANT RENAL SYSTEM, 983

Emily A. Barrell

Ulcerative Posthitis and Vulvitis, 983

Stacey R. Byers

Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnoses, 983 Pathophysiology, 984

Epidemiology, 984

Treatment and Prognosis, 984 Prevention, 984

Urolithiasis, 984

Stacey R. Byers

Definition and Etiology, 984

Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnoses, 984 Ancillary Diagnostic Tests, 986

Urachal Disorders, 991

Stacey R. Byers

Definition and Etiology, 991

Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnoses, 991

Clinical Pathology, 992

Pathogenesis, 992

Treatment and Prognosis, 992

Urinary Bladder Eversion and Prolapse, 992

Stacey R. Byers

Definition and Etiology, 992

Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnosis, 992 Treatment and Prognosis, 992

Pelvic Entrapment of the Bladder, 992

Stacey R. Byers

Definition and Etiology, 992

Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnoses, 993 Treatment and Prognosis, 993

Enzootic Hematuria, 993

Stacey R. Byers

Definition and Etiology, 993

Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnoses, 993

Clinical Pathology, 993 Pathophysiology, 993 Epidemiology, 993 Necropsy Findings, 993

Urinary Tract Infection, 994

Brandon J. Dominguez

Clinical Signs, 994

Differential Diagnosis, 994

Clinical Pathology, 994 Pathophysiology, 994 Epidemiology, 995

Necropsy Findings, 995

Treatment and Prognosis, 995

Prevention and Control, 995

Amyloidosis, 996

David C. Van Metre

Clinical Signs, 996

Clinical Pathology, 996

Differential Diagnosis, 996 Pathophysiology, 996 Necropsy Findings, 996

Prognosis, 996

Amyloidosis in Other Ruminants, 996

Glomerulonephritis, 996

David C. Van Metre

Clinical Signs, 996

Differential Diagnosis, 997

Clinical Pathology, 997

Pathophysiology, 997

Treatment and Prognosis, 997

Congenital Defects, 997

David C. Van Metre

Renal Defects, 997

Ectopic Ureter, 997

Neoplasia, 998

David C. Van Metre

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, 998

David G. Renter, Charles C. Dodd

Clinical Findings, 998

Pathophysiology and Necropsy Findings, 998 Tubular Necrosis, 999

Meredyth L. Jones

Clinical Signs, 999

Differential Diagnosis, 999

Pathologic Studies, 1000 Pathophysiology, 1000 Treatment and Prognosis, 1001

Leptospirosis, 1002

Robert J. Callan

Epidemiology, 1002

Clinical Findings, 1003

Pathophysiology, 1003

Diagnosis, 1004 Treatment and Prognosis, 1004 Prevention, 1005

35 Diseases of the Nervous System, 1006

Robert J. MacKay and John R. Middleton, Consulting Editors Monica Aleman

Cerebrospinal Fluid, 1006

Mary O. Smith, Lisle W. George, John R. Middleton

Collection of Cerebrospinal Fluid, 1006 Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid, 1007

Electrodiagnostic Testing, 1008

Monica Aleman

Electroencephalography, 1008 Electromyography, 1011 Nerve Conduction Velocity Studies, 1012 Repetitive Nerve Stimulation, 1012 Single-Fiber Electromyography, 1013

Diseases Manifesting Principally With Forebrain Dysfunction or Multiple-Level Brain Dysfunction, 1013

Alphaviruses, 1013

Robert J. MacKay

Miscellaneous and Foreign Emerging Viruses Causing Neurologic Signs, 1016

Robert J. MacKay

Trauma to the Brain and Cranial Nerves, 1021

Robert J. MacKay

Traumatic Optic Nerve Blindness of Horses, 1025

Robert J. MacKay

Thiamine Deficiency of Horses, 1026

Mary O. Smith

Equine Leukoencephalomalacia, 1026

Robert J. MacKay

Intracarotid Drug Injection, 1027

Robert J. MacKay, Mary O. Smith

Brain Tumors, 1027

Mary O. Smith, Lisle W. George

Cholinesteric Granuloma Encephalopathy, 1028

Robert J. MacKay, Mary O. Smith

Epilepsy, 1028

Robert J. MacKay

Narcolepsy-Cataplexy, 1029

Robert J. MacKay

Headshaking in Horses, 1030

Robert J. MacKay

Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infections, 1032

Mary O. Smith, Lisle W. George, John R. Middleton Border Disease (Hairy Shaker Lambs;

Hypomyelogenesis Congenita), 1033 Encephalitic Bovine Herpesvirus Infection, 1034

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (“Mad Cow”

Disease), 1035

Christine F. Berthelin-Baker, John R. Middleton

Scrapie, 1037

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's Disease, Mad Itch, Bulbar

Paralysis), 1038

Christine F. Berthelin-Baker, Lisle W. George

Ovine Encephalomyelitis (Louping Ill), 1039 Rabies, 1040

Christine F. Berthelin-Baker, Lisle W. George

Sporadic Bovine Encephalomyelitis (Buss

Disease; Polyserositis; Chlamydophila pecorum

Infection), 1042

Meningitis (Suppurative Meningitis; Bacterial

Meningitis), 1042

Pituitary Abscesses, 1045

Brain Abscesses, 1045

Nervous Coccidiosis, 1046

Sporozoan Infections of Ruminants (Sarcocystis

Infection), 1046

Neospora Infection of Cattle (Protozoal

Abortion), 1047

Babesia Encephalitis (Babesiosis; Piroplasmosis;

Texas Cattle Fever; Tick Fever; Redwater), 1048 Ehrlichia (Cowdria, Rickettsia) ruminantium

Infection (Heartwater Disease), 1048

Cerebral Theileriasis (Turning Sickness; Draaisiekte;

East Coast Fever; Corridor Disease; January

Disease; Tropical Fever), 1049

Cerebral Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping

Sickness), 1050

Polioencephalomalacia (Cerebrocortical

Necrosis), 1051

Christopher Cebra, Guy H. Loneragan, Daniel H. Gould, John R. Middleton

Salt (Sodium) Poisoning (With or Without Concurrent

Water Deprivation), 1054

Lisle W. George, John R. Middleton

Vitamin A Deficiency, 1055

Hydrocephalus and Hydranencephaly of

Ruminants, 1057

Ammoniated Forage Toxicosis (Cow Bonkers), 1059 Lead Poisoning, 1059

Helichrysum argyrophyllum (Golden Guinea

Everlasting, Vaal Sewejaartjie) Poisoning, 1061 Flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris, Lathyrus collis)

Poisoning, 1061

Nitrofurazone Toxicosis, 1061

Coenurosis (Sheep Gid; Coenurus cerebralis

Infestation; Taenia multiceps Infestation), 1061 Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, 1062

Diseases Manifesting Principally

With Brainstem and Cranial Nerve

Dysfunction, 1062

Peripheral Vestibular Disease of Horses, 1062 Robert J. MacKay

Equine Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia

(Star Thistle Poisoning, Knapweed

Poisoning), 1063

Robert J. MacKay

Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy, 1064

Robert J. MacKay, Lisle W. George

Horner Syndrome, 1065

Robert J. MacKay

Guttural Pouch Mycosis, 1066

Robert J. MacKay

Listeriosis (Circling Disease; Silage Disease; Listeria monocytogenes Infection), 1067

Lisle W. George

Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis (Histophilus somni Infection; Sleeper Calves), 1069

Otitis Media/Interna of Ruminants, 1070

Ear Mite Infestations of Ruminants, 1071

Diseases Producing Tremors and Ataxia; Cerebellar Diseases, 1071

Storage Diseases and Inborn Errors in Metabolism, 1072

Robert J. MacKay

Staggers Syndromes (Grass Staggers), 1074

Robert J. MacKay

Diseases Manifesting Principally With Spinal Cord or Peripheral Nerve Signs, 1077

Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy, 1077

Robert J. MacKay

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis, 1082

Robert J. MacKay

Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy, 1084

Robert J. MacKay

Neuroaxonal Dystrophy/Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy, 1087

Robert J. MacKay

Spinal Cord Trauma, 1089

Robert J. MacKay, Lisle W. George

Ankylosing Spondylitis of Holstein Bulls, 1091

Lisle W. George

Spinal Tumors, 1091

Robert J. MacKay, Lisle W. George, Mary O. Smith

Verminous Meningoencephalomyelitis, 1092

Robert J. MacKay

Postanesthetic Myelopathy and Encephalopathy, 1094

Robert J. MacKay

Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation, 1094

Robert J. MacKay, Mary O. Smith

Congenital Vertebral Malformations, 1095

Robert J. MacKay

Myelodysplasias, 1096

Mary O. Smith, Robert J. MacKay

Acquired Torticollis, 1096

Robert J. MacKay, Mary O. Smith

Tetanus, 1097

Robert J. MacKay

Spinal Abscesses, 1099

Lisle W. George

Triaryl Phosphate Poisoning (Chronic Organophosphate Poisoning; Dying-Back Axonopathy), 1100

Motor Unit and Cauda Equina Diseases, 1101 Sorghum Toxicity, 1107

Robert J. MacKay, Mary O. Smith

Stringhalt, 1108

Robert J. MacKay

Tick Paralysis, 1110

Robert J. MacKay

Equine Grass Sickness, 1111

Robert J. MacKay

Peripheral Nerve Disorders, 1112

Robert J. MacKay, Lisle W. George

Downer Cows (Alert Downers), 1116

John A. Angelos, Bradford P. Smith, John R. Middleton

36 Mammary Gland Health and Disorders, 1118 Pamela L. Ruegg and Ronald J. Erskine, Consulting Editors Mammary Gland Health of Dairy Cattle, 1118 Economic Impact of Mastitis of Dairy Cattle, 1118 Anatomic Structures of the Bovine Mammary

Gland, 1119

Diagnosis and Detection of Mastitis, 1122 Prevention and Control of Mastitis, 1134 Mastitis Therapy: Antimicrobial Drugs, 1138 Mastitis in Beef Cows, 1147 Mastitis in Small Ruminants, 1147 Mastitis in Horses, 1149

37 Diseases of the Hematopoietic and Hemolymphatic Systems, 1151

Johanna L. Watson, Consulting Editor

John A. Angelos, Kristin A. Clothier, Krista E. Estell, John E. Madigan, Bradford P. Smith, Sharon Jane Spier, Brett A. Sponseller, Jeffrey W. Norris, and Fern Tabin Diseases Associated With Blood Loss or

Hemostatic Dysfunction, 1151

Johanna L. Watson, Debra Deem Morris

Acute Blood Loss, 1151

Hemoperitoneum in Horses, 1152

Monica Aleman, Johanna L. Watson

Hemothorax, 1152 Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage, 1152 Chronic Blood Loss, 1152

Johanna L. Watson, Debra Deem Morris

Gastric Ulceration, 1153

Monica Aleman, Johanna L. Watson

Right Dorsal Colitis, 1153

Hemostatic Dysfunction, 1153

Johanna L. Watson, Debra Deem Morris

Basic Physiology of Normal Hemostasis, 1153 Inherited Coagulation Disorders, 1154

Jeffrey W. Norris

Prekallikrein Deficiency, 1154

Factor XI Deficiency, 1154

Factor VIII Deficiency (Hemophilia A), 1155 Von Willebrand Factor Deficiency, 1155 Deficiency of Vitamin K-Dependent Factors, 1155 Fibrinogen Deficiency, 1156

Thrombasthenias, 1156

Jeffrey W. Norris, Monica Aleman, Fern Tablin

Glanzmann Thrombasthenia, 1156 Atypical Equine Thrombasthenia, 1156 Simmental Hereditary Thrombopathy, 1156 Bovine Chediak-Higashi Syndrome, 1157 Acquired Hemostatic Disorders, 1157 Johanna L. Watson

Vasculitis, 1157

Equine Purpura Hemorrhagica, 1157

Equine Viral Arteritis, 1158

Equine Infectious Anemia, 1158

Anaplasma Phagocytophila Infection in Horses, 1158

John E. Madigan

Definition and Etiology, 1158

Epidemiology, 1159

Pathogenesis, 1159

Clinical Signs, 1159

Clinical Pathology, 1159

Diagnosis, 1159

Pathologic Findings, 1159

Treatment, Prognosis, and Prevention, 1159

Thrombocytopenia, 1159

Johanna L. Watson, Debra Deem Morris

Disorders of Coagulation Factors, 1160

Johanna L. Watson, Debra Deem Morris

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, 1161 Warfarin Toxicosis, 1162

Sweet Clover Toxicosis, 1162

Diseases Associated With Increased Erythrocyte Destruction (Hemolytic Anemia), 1163

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

■ INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA, 1164

Bovine Anaplasmosis, 1164

Kristin A. Clothier

Etiology, 1164

Pathogenesis, 1164

Epidemiology, 1164

Clinical Presentation, 1164 Pathology, 1165

Diagnosis, 1165

Treatment, Control, and Prevention, 1165

Babesiosis, 1165

Johanna L. Watson, Jerry L. Zaugg

Babesiosis in the Bovine, 1166

Haemobartonellosis (Eperythrozoonosis), 1168

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Eperythrozoonosis in Cattle, 1168

Theileriasis, 1168

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Trypanosomiasis, 1169

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Leptospirosis, 1169

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (Red Water), 1169

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Equine Infectious Anemia, 1169

Johanna L. Watson, Brett A. Sponseller

Identification of Equids Seropositive for EIAV, 1169 Equine Infectious Anemia, 1170

Pathology and Clinical Pathology, 1170

Prevention, Control, and Regulatory Considerations, 1170

■ IMMUNE-MEDIATED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA, 1171

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia, 1171

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Definition and Etiology, 1171

Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnosis, 1171

Clinical Pathology, 1171 Diagnosis, 1171 Pathophysiology, 1171

Treatment and Prognosis, 1171

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis in Horse and Mule Foals, 1172

Johanna L. Watson, Monica Aleman

Definition and Etiology, 1172

Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnosis, 1172

Clinical Pathology, 1172

Pathophysiology, 1173

Treatment, 1173

Prognosis, 1173

■ OTHER CAUSES OF HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA, 1173 Intravascular Hemolysis Following Cutaneous

Burns, 1173

Johanna L. Watson, Monica Aleman

L-Tryptophan-Indol Intoxication, 1174

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Water Intoxication, 1174

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Postparturient Hemoglobinuria, 1174

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Clinical Signs, 1175

Pathology, 1175

Diagnosis, 1175

Clinical Pathology, 1175

Treatment, 1176

Prevention, 1176

Hemolytic Syndrome in Horses With Liver Failure, 1176

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria, 1176

Gary P. Carlson

Depression Anemia, 1177

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Iron Deficiency Anemia, 1177

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson, Monica Aleman

Treatment, 1178

Copper Deficiency, 1178

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Vitamin B₁₂ and Folic Acid Deficiency, 1178

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Anemia of Inflammatory Disease, 1178

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Anemia Secondary to Organ Dysfunction, 1178

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Myeloid and Megakaryocytic Bone Marrow Hypoplasia, 1179

Johanna L. Watson, Gary P. Carlson

Aplastic Anemia, 1179

Johanna L. Watson, Debra Deem Morris

Paradoxical Erythroid Hypoplasia, 1179

Johanna L. Watson, Monica Aleman

Erythrocytosis (Polycythemia), 1179

Johanna L. Watson, Debra Deem Morris

Congenital Erythrocytosis, 1179

Acquired Erythrocytosis, 1180

Treatment of Erythrocytosis, 1180

■ PROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS OF LYMPHOID AND MYELOID SYSTEMS, 1180

Bovine Lymphoma, 1180

John A. Angelos

Sporadic Lymphoma, 1181 Adult Lymphoma (Bovine Leukemia Virus), 1182 Lymphoma in Horses, 1184

Krista E. Estell

Leukemia in the Horse, 1186

Johanna L. Watson, Monica Aleman

Myeloma in the Horse, 1187

Johanna L. Watson, Monica Aleman

Lymphangioma in the Horse, 1188

Johanna L. Watson, Monica Aleman

• OTHER DISEASES OF THE HEMOLYMPHATIC SYSTEM, 1188

Anthrax, 1188

Kristin A. Clothier

Etiology, 1188

Pathogenesis, 1188 Epidemiology, 1188 Clinical Presentation, 1189

Pathology, 1189

Diagnosis, 1189 Treatment, Control, and Prevention, 1189 Public Health, 1190

Lyme Disease, 1190

Johanna L. Watson, Monica Aleman, John E. Madigan

Epizootiology, 1190

Public Health Considerations, 1190

Molecular Biology, 1190 Clinical Signs, 1191

Tularemia, 1191

Bradford P. Smith

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Infection, 1192

Sharon Jane Spier, Monica Aleman

Definition, 1192 Microbiology, 1192 Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnosis, 1192 Clinical Pathology and Laboratory

Diagnosis, 1194

Pathophysiology and Epidemiology, 1195 Treatment and Prognosis, 1195

Prevention and Control, 1196

38 Diseases of the Bones, Joints, and Connective Tissues, 1197

Michelle C. Coleman and Canaan Whitfield-Cargile, Consulting Editors

Berkley Chesen, Jarred Williams, Juan E. Romano, Sr., Joanne Hardy, Evelyn MacKay, Kevin Washburn, Sarah N. Sampson, Phillippa Gibbons, Ricardo Loinaz, Sarah M. Reuss, M. Keith Chaffin, Meredyth L. Jones, Ashlee E. Watts, Tamara M. Swor, Amanda K. Hartnack, Travis M. Tull, Tracy E. Norman, Jeffrey P. Watkins, Will C. Jordan, and Scott A. Katzman

Physitis (Epiphysitis), 1197

Berkley Chesen

Osteochondrosis, 1198

Jarred Williams, Jason C. Mez

Angular Limb Deformities, 1200

Jeffrey P. Watkins

Ovine Hereditary Chondrodysplasia (Spider Lamb Syndrome), 1205

Juan E. Romano, Sr.

Septic (Infectious) Arthritis and Osteomyelitis, 1207

Joanne Hardy

Mycoplasma Polyarthritis in Goats, 1214

Evelyn MacKay

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus, 1215

Kevin Washburn

Osteoarthritis, 1216

Canaan Whitfield-Cargile

Sprains, Subluxations, and Luxations, 1219

Will C. Jordan, Canaan Whitfield-Cargile

Arthrogryposis, 1221

Philippa Gibbons

Ankylosis, 1222

Ricardo Loinaz

Osteomyelitis, 1223

Canaan Whitfield-Cargile

Heel and Foot Pain, 1226

Sarah N. Sampson

Spondylitis and Diskospondylitis, 1233

Sarah M. Reuss

Spondylosis, 1234

Sarah M. Reuss

Laminitis, 1235

Michelle C. Coleman

Fluorosis, 1239

John Maas

Hypertrophic Osteopathy, 1240

M. Keith Chaffin

Fescue Foot, 1241

Meredyth L. Jones

Interdigital Necrobacillosis (Foot Rot) in Cattle, 1242

Meredyth L. Jones

Infectious Foot Rot in Small Ruminants, 1243

Philippa Gibbons

Other Infectious Conditions of the Foot, 1244

Canaan Whitfield-Cargile

Problems Associated With Horseshoe Nails (“Nail Prick"), 1245

Subsolar Abscess, 1245

Deep Penetrating Injuries to the Sole, 1246

Thrush, 1247

White Line Disease (“Seedy Toe"), 1248

Quittor, 1248

Fistulous Withers, 1248

Sarah M. Reuss

Flexural Limb Deformities, 1249

Berkley Chesen

Tendinitis, 1252

Ashlee E. Watts

Suspensory Ligament Desmitis, 1253

Ashlee E. Watts

Fractures, 1255

Tamara M. Swor

Spontaneous Fractures in Ruminants, 1260

Amanda K. Hartnack

Dorsal Metacarpal Disease in the Horse, 1261

Travis M. Tull

Silicate Associated Osteoporosis, 1263

Scott A. Katzman

Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy, 1265

Tracy E. Norman

39 Diseases of the Eye, 1267

Caroline M. Betbeze and Anne J. Gemensky-Metzler, Consulting Editors

Meredith L. Voyles, Mary Elizabeth Lassaline,

Kathryn L. Wotman, Renee T. Carter, Caryn E. Plummer, John A. Angelos, and Kristina R. Vygantas

Ophthalmic History and Examination, 1267

Renee T. Carter

Ophthalmic History, 1267

Ophthalmic Examination Procedures, 1267 Ancillary Diagnostic Procedures, 1271

Signs of Ocular Disease, 1272

Renee T. Carter

Ocular or Periocular Asymmetry, 1272

Ocular Color Change, 1276

Ocular Discharge, 1276

Ocular Pain, 1277

Blindness, 1277

Ocular Trauma, 1277

Kristina R. Vygantas

Causes of Trauma, 1277

Ocular Examination in Cases of Head Trauma, 1278 Trauma to the Orbit, 1278

Trauma to the Eyelid, 1279

Trauma to the Nictitating Membrane, 1279

Trauma to the Conjunctiva, 1279

Trauma to the Cornea, 1279

Trauma to the Uveal Tract, 1280

Trauma to the Lens, 1281

Trauma Involving the Vitreous, 1281

Trauma to the Retina, 1281

Trauma to the Optic Nerve, 1281

Chemical Injury, 1282

Thermal Injury, 1282

Infectious Ocular Diseases, 1282

Caryn E. Plummer

Conjunctivitis and Keratoconjunctivitis, 1283 Keratitis, 1285

Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease, 1289 Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), 1293 John A. Angelos

Immune-Mediated Ocular Diseases, 1296

Kathryn L. Wotman, Mary Elizabeth Lassaline, Mary Belle Glaze

Ocular Immunology, 1296

Allergic Blepharoconjunctivitis, 1297

Ocular Manifestations of Immune-Mediated Dermatoses, 1297

Eosinophilic Keratoconjunctivitis, 1298 Immune-Mediated Keratitis, 1298

Equine Recurrent Uveitis (Periodic Ophthalmia, "Moon Blindness"), 1299

Bovine-Specific Ophthalmia, 1305

Ocular Parasites, 1305

Anne J. Gemensky-Metzler

Corneal and Conjunctival Parasitism, 1305 Uveal and Retinal Parasitism, 1307

Miscellaneous Intraocular Parasites, 1308

Ocular Neoplasia, 1308

Caroline M. Betbeze, Meredith L. Voyles

Bovine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma, 1308

Equine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma, 1312 Ovine and Caprine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma, 1312

Ocular Manifestations of Lymphosarcoma, 1313

Ocular Manifestations of Equine Sarcoid, 1313 Miscellaneous Tumors With Ocular

Involvement, 1314

Miscellaneous Adnexal Tumors, 1314

Miscellaneous Ocular Tumors Involving the Globe, 1315

Miscellaneous Orbital Neoplasia, 1315

40 Diseases of the Skin, 1316

Stephen D. White, Consulting Editor

Alain P. Theon, John A. Angelos, and

Muhammad Muzafar Makhdoomi

Autoimmune Skin Disorders, 1316

Stephen D. White

Pemphigus Foliaceus, 1316

Pemphigus Vulgaris, 1317

Bullous Pemphigoid, 1317

Alopecia Areata, 1317

Hypersensitivity Disorders, 1317

Stephen D. White

Atopic Dermatitis, 1317

Urticaria, 1318

Milk Allergy, 1319

Erythema Multiforme, 1319

Vasculitis, 1320

Drug Eruption, 1321

Contact Dermatitis, 1321

Bacterial Diseases, 1322

Stephen D. White

Dermatophilosis (Streptothricosis, Rain Scald, Lumpy Wool, Strawberry Foot Rot), 1322 Folliculitis, Furunculosis, and Impetigo, 1323 Equine Staphylococcal Cellulitis, 1324 Equine Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Cellulitis, 1324

Digital Dermatitis (Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis, Bovine Digital Dermatitis, Foot Warts, Heel Warts, Hairy Foot Warts, Hairy Heel Warts, Mortellaro's Disease, Strawberry Heel Warts, Verrucous Dermatitis), 1325

John A. Angelos, Muhammad Muzafar Makhdoomi

Interdigital Dermatitis, Heel Horn Erosion, and Heel Cracks, 1326

Viral Diseases, 1327

Stephen D. White

Papillomas (Warts, Fibropapillomas), 1327

Aural Plaques, 1328

Pseudocowpox, 1328

Bovine Herpes Mammillitis (Bovine Herpesvirus, Bovine Ulcerative Mammillitis), 1329

Sheeppox and Goatpox, 1329

Fungal Diseases, 1329

Stephen D. White

Dermatophytosis (Ringworm), 1329

Malassezia Dermatitis, 1330

Sporotrichosis, 1330

Histoplasmosis, 1331

Phaeohyphomycosis, 1331

Zygomycosis, 1331

Pythiosis, 1331

Parasitic Skin Diseases, 1331

Stephen D. White

Pediculosis, 1331

Trombiculidiasis, 1332

Mange, 1332

Culicoides Hypersensitivity, 1333

Ventral Midline Dermatitis of Horses, 1334

Other Flying Insects, 1334

Screwworm Infestation, 1334

Blow Fly Strike (Fleeceworms, Woolmaggots, Secondary Screwworms), 1335

Cutaneous Onchocerciasis, 1335

Stephanofilariasis, 1336

Hypoderma (Warbles), 1336

Sheep Keds, 1337

Cutaneous Habronemiasis (Equine Summer Sore), 1337

Besnoitiosis, 1338

Tumors and Cysts, 1338

Squamous Cell Carcinoma, 1338

Stephen D. White

Equine Sarcoid, 1338

Alain P. Theon

Mastocytosis, 1343

Stephen D. White

Melanoma, 1343

Stephen D. White

Cutaneous Lymphosarcoma, 1344

Stephen D. White

Cysts, 1344

Stephen D. White

Environmental Diseases, 1344

Stephen D. White

Frostbite, 1344

Photosensitization, 1345

Skin Disorders of Unknown or Genetic Origin, 1345

Stephen D. White

Equine Seborrhea, 1345

Linear Keratosis and Linear Alopecia, 1346 Albinism, 1347

Juvenile Arabian Leukoderma (Arabian

Fading Syndrome, Pinky Syndrome, Hereditary Vitiligo), 1347

Vitiligo, 1347

Reticulated and Hyperesthetic Leukotrichia, 1347

Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (Hyperelastosis Cutis), 1347

Epidermolysis Bullosa, 1348

Eosinophilic Granuloma (Nodular Necrobiosis, Collagenolytic Granuloma), 1349

Cutaneous Amyloidosis, 1349

Equine Sarcoidosis (Generalized Granulomatous Disease), 1350

Chronic Progressive Lymphedema, 1350

Zinc Responsive Dermatitis, 1351

41 Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 1352

Kelsey A. Hart and Jesse Paul Goff, Consulting Editors

Diane McFarlane, Babetta Breuhaus, Nicholas Frank,

Melody Anne de Laat, Cathy McGowan, Ramino E. Toribio, Dale E. Bauman, Robert J. Collier, Jessica A.A. McArt, and Daryl Nydam

■ EQUINE ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DISEASES, 1352

Kelsey A. Hart

Pituitary and Hypothalamus, 1352

Dianne McFarlane

Physiology of Equine Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis, 1352

Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction, 1354

Adrenal Glands, 1358

Kelsey A. Hart

Physiology of the Adrenal Gland and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, 1358

Adrenal Gland Disorders, 1360

Anhidrosis, 1361

Babetta Breuhaus

Description of Disease, 1361

Etiology and Pathophysiology, 1361

Thyroid Gland, 1364

Babetta Breuhaus

Thyroid Gland Physiology, 1364

Thyroid Gland Neoplasia, 1364

Hyperthyroidism in Adult Horses, 1364 Hypothyroidism in Adult Horses, 1364 Other Alterations of Thyroid Function, 1365 Syndromes Purportedly Associated With

Hypothyroidism, 1365

Assessment of Thyroid Function in Adult Horses, 1366 Treatment of Hypothyroidism in Adult Horses, 1367 Thyroid Function in Normal Neonatal Foals, 1367 Thyroid Function in Premature Foals, 1368 Congenital Hypothyroidism in Foals, 1368

Equine Metabolic Syndrome, 1368

Nicholas Frank

Definitions, 1368

Endocrinopathic Laminitis, 1373

Melody Anne de Laat and Cathy McGowan

Epidemiology, 1374

Clinical Signs, 1374

Histology, 1374

Pathophysiology, 1374

Parathyroid Gland, Calcium, and Phosphorus Regulation in Horses, 1376

Ramiro E. Toribio

Calcium, 1376

Phosphorus, 1378

Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis, 1378 Calcium Disorders in the Horse, 1379

Treatment of Hypocalcemia, 1381

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, 1382 Treatment, 1384

Hypervitaminosis D, 1384 Hypercalcemia of Malignancy, 1384

Neonatal Hypercalcemia and Asphyxia, 1384 Idiopathic Systemic Granulomatous Disease, 1384 Calcinosis, 1384

Equine Bone Fragility Syndrome, 1385 Treatment of Hypercalcemia, 1385

Phosphorus Disorders in the Horse, 1385

Endocrine Dysfunction in Critical Illness, 1386

Kelsey A. Hart, Ramiro E. Toribio

Assessment of Endocrine Function in the Critically Ill Patient, 1386

HPA Axis, 1387

RAAS, Blood Volume, and Blood Pressure Regulation, 1389

Thyroid Axis, 1390

Parathyroid Gland and Calcium Regulation, 1390 Energy Axes (Endocrine Pancreas and Orexigenic System), 1390

GH Axis, 1391

■ RUMINANT METABOLIC DISEASES AND METABOLIC MODIFIERS, 1392

Jesse Paul Goff

Macromineral and Bone Problems of Ruminants, 1392

Jesse Paul Goff

Introduction, 1392

Calcium, 1392

Hypomagnesemia, 1395

Effect of Dietary Phosphorus on Hypocalcemia, 1395 Treatment of Cows With Milk Fever, 1397 Relapsing Milk Fever, 1397

Oral Ca Treatments at Calving, 1397

Intravenous Ca Treatment at Calving to Prevent Hypocalcemia, 1397

Magnesium, 1398

Occurrence of Hypomagnesemic Tetany, 1398 Treatment of Hypomagnesemia, 1399 Phosphorus, 1399

Phosphorus Homeostasis, 1399

Homeostasis of P, 1400

Acute Hypophosphatemia, Pregnancy Toxemia, and Downer Cows, 1400

Electrolyte (Na, K, and Chloride) Issues in Ruminants, 1401

Potassium, 1401

Sulfur, 1404

Pathophysiology of S Toxicity in Ruminants, 1404 Other Possible Problems Associated With S, 1404 Bone Disease Associated With Ca, P, or Vitamin D Insufficiencies/Excess, 1404

Growth Plates Allow Bones to Lengthen, 1404

Bone Remodeling, 1405

Osteomalacia, 1407

Osteoporosis Due to Dietary Ca Insufficiency, 1407 Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, 1407 Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, 1407 Hyperketonemia in Dairy Cattle (Ketosis), 1408 Jessica A.A. McArt, Daryl Nydam

Pathophysiology, 1408

Bovine Somatotropin, 1414

Robert J. Collier, Dale E. Bauman

Introduction, 1414

Chemistry, 1414

Sustainability Implications, 1419

Human Safety, 1420

42 Diseases of Muscle, 1421

Stephanie J. Valberg, Consulting Editor

Sharon Jane Spier, Steven M. Parish, Michael Murphy, and Gary P. Carlson

Examination of the Muscular System, 1421

Stephanie J. Valberg

Physical Examination, 1421

Clinical Pathology, 1422

Classification of Muscle Disorders, 1424

Stephanie J. Valberg

Altered Muscle Tone, 1424

Muscle Atrophy, 1424

Muscle Necrosis, 1425

Disorders of Muscle Tone, 1426

Myotonic Disorders, 1426

Stephanie J. Valberg

Hypokalemic Myopathy in Dairy Cattle, 1430 Muscle Cramping, 1430

Stephanie J. Valberg, Gary P. Carlson

Nonexertional Rhabdomyolysis, 1432

Inflammatory Myopathies, 1432

Rhabdomyolysis Associated With Streptococcus equi, 1434

Stephanie J. Valberg

Virus-Associated Myopathy, 1436

Steven M. Parish

Sarcocystosis, 1436

Steven M. Parish, Stephanie J. Valberg

Nutritional and Toxic Rhabdomyolysis, 1437 Traumatic Rhabdomyolysis, 1442

Exertional Myopathies in Horses, 1444

Local Muscle Strain, 1444

Stephanie J. Valberg

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis, 1444

Stephanie J. Valberg

Malignant Hyperthermia, 1454

Hereditary and Congenital Myopathies, 1454

Stephanie J. Valberg

Mitochondrial Myopathy, 1454

Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency, 1454 Centronuclear Myopathy in a Foal, 1455 Phosphorylase Deficiency in Charolais Cattle, 1455 Pseudomyotonia in Cattle, 1455

Porcine RN(-) Glycogen Storage Disease, 1455

43 Diseases of the Reproductive System, 1456

Mats H.T. Troedsson and Bruce W Christensen,

Consulting Editors

Dickson D. Varner, Steven P. Brinsko, Elizabeth M. Woodward, Bret R. McNabb, and Juan E. Romano, Sr.

■ FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS, 1456

Bruce W. Christensen, Bret R. McNabb, Mats H.T. Troedsson, Elizabeth M. Woodward

Nonpathogenic Infertility, 1456

Breeding Season, 1456

Cystic Follicular Degeneration, 1457

Poor Nutrition, 1458

Ovarian Reserve and Anti-Mullerian Hormone, 1458 Plant Toxicity, 1458

Heat Stress, 1458

Anestrus, 1458

Mares, 1459

Seasonal Anestrus, 1459

Prolonged Luteal Phase and Pseudopregnancy, 1461 Lack of Behavioral Estrus (Silent Estrus), 1461 Behavioral Nymphomania, 1462

Ruminants, 1462

Unobserved or Silent Estrus, 1462 Infertility Caused by Abnormalities of the

Female Genital Organs, 1464

Abnormalities Caused by Problems With Sexual Differentiation, 1464

Gonadal Sex, 1465 Phenotypic Sex, 1466

Abnormalities of the Ovaries, 1466 Mares, 1466

Immaturity and Advanced Age, 1466 Abnormally Enlarged Ovaries, 1467 Ovarian Hematoma, 1469 Persistent Corpus Luteum, 1469 Shortened Luteal Phase (Premature Luteolysis), 1470 Luteal Insufficiency, 1470

Ruminants, 1470

Ovarian Hypoplasia, 1471 Ovarian Tumors, 1471 Ovarian Hemorrhage, 1471 Oophoritis, 1471

Infertility Caused by Abnormalities of the Female Tubular Genitalia, 1471

Salpingitis, 1471 Uterine Abnormalities, 1472 Ruminants, 1473 Uterine Infections, 1474 Anatomic Defects as a Cause of Uterine

Infection, 1482 Endometrial Cysts and Lacunae, 1482 Uterine Prolapse, 1483 Uterine Tumors, 1484 Segmental Defects, 1484 Paramesonephric Duct Aplasia, 1484 Uterus Didelphis, 1484 Hydrometra (Pseudopregnancy in Small

Ruminants), 1484

Cervical Abnormalities, 1485 Cervical Lacerations, 1485 Vaginal Abnormalities, 1485 Vestibular and Vulvar Abnormalities, 1487 Abortion, 1488

Noninfectious Causes, 1488 Infectious Causes, 1489 Noninfectious Causes, 1494 Infectious Causes, 1494 Miscellaneous Bacterial Abortions, 1500 Fungal Abortions, 1502

■ MALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS, 1505 Juan E. Romano, Sr., Steven P. Brinsko, Terry L. Blanchard, Dickson D. Varner

Infertility Caused by Diseases of the Penis and Prepuce, 1505

Penile Injury, 1505

Bull, 1505 Phimosis and Injury to the Prepuce, 1506 Paraphimosis, 1508

Urethral Injury and Urethritis, 1509 Balanoposthitis, 1509 Equine Coital Exanthema, 1509 Bacterial Infections, 1510

Persistent Penile Frenulum and Penile Deviations, 1511

Tumors of the Penis and Prepuce, 1511

Parasitic Infestations of the Penis and

Prepuce, 1512

Hemospermia (Blood in Semen), 1512 Urospermia (Urination During Ejaculation), 1512 Infertility Caused by Diseases of the Scrotum and Testes, 1513

Scrotal Injury, Hydrocele, and Hematocele, 1513 Scrotal Dermatitis or Abscess, 1513 Testicular Aplasia and Hypoplasia, 1513 Cryptorchidism, 1514 Testicular Degeneration, 1514 Orchitis, 1515

Testicular Neoplasia, 1515

Infertility Caused by Diseases of the Spermatic Cord, 1516

Torsion of the Spermatic Cord, 1516 Varicocele, 1516

Infertility Caused by Diseases of the

Epididymis and Accessory Sex Glands, 1517

Epididymitis, 1517

Seminal Vesiculitis (Vesicular Adenitis), 1517 Blockage of the Efferent Ducts (Sperm

Stasis), 1518

PART 6 Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies, 1520

44 Critical Care and Fluid Therapy, 1521

K. Gary Magdesian, Consulting Editor

Marie-Eve Fecteau, Darien Feary, and C. Langdon Fielding

Equine Fluid Physiology, 1521

C. Langdon Fielding

General Principles for Fluid Therapy in Critical Care, 1523

K. Gary Magdesian

Critical Care and Fluid Therapy Monitoring Techniques, 1524

K. Gary Magdesian

Fluid Therapy for Specific Diseases and Disorders in Horses, 1526

Fluid Therapy in Ruminants, 1541

Marie-Eve Fecteau

General Principles, 1541

Fluid Therapy for Specific Ruminant Diseases and Disorders, 1542

45 Rational Antimicrobial Therapy, 1545

Barbara A. Byrne, Consulting Editor

Lisa A. Tell, Krysta Martin, and Michael Payne

Antimicrobial Stewardship, 1545

Is There an Infection?, 1546

What Organism Is Present?, 1546

What Is the Severity of the Infection?, 1547

What Is the Likely or Confirmed Antimicrobial

Susceptibility of the Organism?, 1547 Where Is the Infection?, 1549 Empirical Versus Definitive Therapy, 1549 Combination Therapy, 1549

Host Factors That Influence Antimicrobial Choice or

Dosage, 1550

Duration of Therapy, 1551 Route of Administration, 1551 Monitoring of Therapy, 1551

Prophylactic and Metaphylactic Use of Antimicrobial Drugs, 1551

Microbial Factors Affecting Therapy, 1552

Adverse Reactions, 1552

Adjunctive Therapy, 1552

Medication Use in Food-Producing Animals, 1553

Lisa A. Tell, Krysta Martin, Michael Payne

Definition of Food-Producing Animal Species, 1553 On-Label Drug Use, 1553

Extralabel Drug Use and the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994, 1553

Veterinary Feed Directive, 1557

California Senate Bill 27, 1558

Extralabel Drug Use of Medicated Feeds in Minor Species, 1558

Prohibited Drugs and Drug Classes Prohibited From Extralabel Drug Use in Food Animals, 1558 Considerations for Treatment of Companion Food Animal or Pack Animal Species With Prohibited Substances, 1560

Compounding of Medications for Food Animals, 1561

FARAD: The Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program, 1561

Testing for Drug Residues, 1561

Regulatory Monitoring of Drug Residues in Animal Products, 1562

46 Biosecurity and Infection Control, 1563

Paul S. Morley and J. Scott Weese, Consulting Editors

How Much Is Enough? How Much Is Too Little?, 1564

Principles of Infection Control, 1564

Environmental Hygiene, 1565

Hand Hygiene, 1569

Barrier Protocols and Protective Attire, 1570

Animal Movement and Housing, 1572 Surveillance, 1574

Education and Awareness, 1576

Intervention and Investigation of Outbreaks of Health Care-Associated Infections, 1586

Infection Control Issues Related to Specific Pathogens, 1587

47 Prevention, Detection, and Response to Transboundary (Foreign) Animal Diseases, 1593 Pamela J. Hullinger, Consulting Editor

Danelle A. Bickett-Weddle

U.S. Department of Agriculture National Veterinary Accreditation Program, 1594

Overview of Foreign Animal Disease Investigation and Response, 1595

Future of Foreign Animal Disease Detection and Response, 1597

48 Use of Biologics in the Prevention of Infectious Diseases, 1599

Nicola Pusterla, Paul J. Plummer, and Victor S. Cortese, Consulting Editors

W. David Wilson, Amanda J. Kreuder, Gerald E. Duhamel, John A. Ellis, Robert W. Fulton, Francisco A. Uzal, Jared D. Taylor, and Derek A. Mosier

Current Concepts in Equine Vaccination and Infectious Disease Control, 1599

Nicola Pusterla, W. David Wilson

General Considerations, 1599

Available Vaccines and the Concept of Core and Noncore Vaccines, 1603

Vaccination Recommendations for Specific Diseases, 1603

Ovine and Caprine Vaccination Programs, 1628

Amanda J. Kreuder, Paul J. Plummer

Factors Affecting Vaccine Availability, Choice, and Usage, 1628

Clostridial Vaccines, 1628

Rabies Vaccines, 1628

Foot Rot Vaccines, 1633

Bovine Vaccines and Herd Vaccination Programs, 1635

Victor S. Cortese

Challenge, 1635

Timing of Disease, 1635

Assessing Vaccine Efficacy, 1635

Cattle Vaccines, 1636

Autogenous Vaccines, 1639

Maternal Antibody Interference Revisited, 1639 Impact of Stress, 1640

Booster Importance, 1640

Adverse Reactions, 1640

Read the Labels, 1641

Summary, 1641

Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1: Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus, 1641

Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 Vaccines, 1641

Robert W. Fulton

Modified Live Virus Parenteral Vaccines, 1642 Modified Live Virus Intranasal Vaccines, 1642 Chemically Altered Live Virus Vaccines, 1642 Inactivated Viral Vaccines, 1642

Use of Vaccines to Prevent and Control BHV-1 Diseases, 1642

Pregnant Animals or Animals Nearing Breeding Season, 1642

Rapid Onset of Immunity, 1643

Duration of Immunity, 1643

Vaccination of Calves With Maternal

Antibody, 1643

Advances in Vaccines, 1644

Vaccination Programs, 1644

Bovine Virus Diarrhea Virus Vaccines, 1645

Victor S. Cortese

Vaccination and Mucosal Disease, 1646

Bovine Virus Diarrhea Virus Vaccines and Reproductive Control, 1646

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines, 1647

John A. Ellis

Parenteral Vaccines, 1647

Intranasal Vaccines, 1648

Adverse Reactions to Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines, 1648

Parainfluenza Type 3 Virus Vaccines, 1648 John A. Ellis

Mannheimia Haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Bibersteinia trehalosi, 1649

Jared D. Taylor

Mannheimia Haemolytica Vaccines, 1649 Vaccination for Pasteurella multocida, 1652 Vaccination for Histophilus somni (Haemophilus somnus), 1652

Vaccination for Bibersteinia trehalosi, 1653

Bovine Reproductive Disease Vaccines, 1653

Victor S. Cortese, Carole A. Bolin

Brucella abortus Vaccine, 1653

Leptospira Bacterins, 1654

Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis Vaccines, 1655 Bovine Trichomoniasis Vaccines, 1655

Neonatal Calf Enteric Disease Vaccines, 1655

Gerald E. Duhamel

Rotavirus and Coronavirus Vaccines, 1656

Rotavirus and Coronavirus Vaccination Products, 1658

Bacterial Scours Vaccines, 1658

Gerald E. Duhamel, Victor S. Cortese

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (Calf Scours) Bacterins, 1658

Gram-Negative Mutant Lipopolysaccharide Core Antigen Bacterins, 1660

Clostridial Vaccines, 1661

Francisco A. Uzal and J. Glenn Songer

Gas Gangrene Bacterins, 1662

Miscellaneous Bovine Rickettsial, Bacterial, and Viral Disease Vaccines, 1664

Derek A. Mosier

49 Parasite Control Programs, 1669

Sherrill A. Fleming, Consulting Editor

Martin K. Nielsen and Lora Rickard Ballweber

Equine Parasitic Disease, 1669

Martin K. Nielsen

Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Cattle, 1676

Lora Rickard Ballweber

Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Sheep and Goats, 1680

Sherrill A. Fleming

Evaluation of Parasite Control Programs, 1685

Sherrill A. Fleming

Lungworm Infection in Large Animals, 1686

Lora Rickard Ballweber

Coccidiosis in Food Animals, 1689

Lora Rickard Ballweber

Anthelmintic Use, 1692

Sherrill A. Fleming

Anthelmintic Drugs, 1692

50 Nutrition of the Sick Animal, 1694

Elizabeth A. Carr and Marie-Eve Fecteau, Consulting Editors

Michelle Linton

Introduction, 1694

Assessment of Nutritional Status, 1695

Nutritional Needs of Sick or Injured Large Animals, 1695

Nutritional Support of the Neonate, 1696

Enteral Routes of Nutritional Supplementation, 1696 Liquid Diets for Horses, 1697 Liquid Diets for Ruminants, 1698

Enteral Supplementation in Neonates, 1698

Parenteral Nutrition, 1699

Dextrose, 1699

Complex Parenteral Nutrition, 1700 Parenteral Nutrition in Ruminants, 1700 Conclusions, 1702

PART 7 Congenital, Hereditary, Immunologic, and Toxic Disorders, 1703

51 Genetic Disorders, 1704

Angela M. Hughes and Kari J. Ekenstedt, Consulting Editors

Genetic Information, 1704

Chromosomal Abnormalities, 1706

Breeding Schemes, 1706

Positive and Negative Selection, 1707 Recommendations for Breeding Programs, 1707 Obtaining Genetic Information, 1707

52 Genetic Tests for Large Animals, 1709

Danika L. Bannasch, Consulting Editor

Carrie J. Finno

Individual Identification and Parentage

Testing, 1709

Identifying Genetic Mutations, 1710

Disease Testing, 1714

53 Immunologic Disorders, 1717

M. Julia B. Felippe and George M. Barrington, Consulting Editors

Lais R.R. Costa, Angela I. Bordin, Debra C. Sellon, Melissa T. Hines, Dianne McFarlane, Jill R. Johnson, David J. Hurley, Munashe Chigerwe, Rana Bozorgmanesh, Barry J. Bradford, and Jodi L. McGill

Equine Immunologic Disorders, 1717

Overview of Immunologic Disorders in Horses, 1717

Lais R.R. Costa

Evaluation of Immunologic Response in Horses, 1726

Lais R.R. Costa

Immunity at Birth and the Immune Development of the Foal, 1733

Angela I. Bordin

Failure of Passive Transfer of Maternal

Immunity, 1734

M. Julia B. Felippe, Debra C. Sellon

Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia, 1738

M. Julia B. Felippe

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, 1739

Melissa T. Hines

Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 1741

M. Julia B. Felippe

Agammaglobulinemia, 1742

Melissa T. Hines

Selective IgM Deficiency, 1743

M. Julia B. Felippe

Common Variable Immunodeficiency, 1744

M. Julia B. Felippe

Immunosenescence in Horses, 1745

M. Julia B. Felippe, Dianne McFarlane

Drug-Induced Immunosuppression, 1747

M. Julia B. Felippe

Immunosuppression Associated With Immune-Mediated Disorders, 1748

M. Julia B. Felippe, Debra C. Sellon

Immunosuppression Associated With Leukoproliferative Disorders, 1749

M. Julia B. Felippe, Debra C. Sellon

Immunosuppression Associated With Infectious Agents or Processes, 1750

M. Julia B. Felippe, Debra C. Sellon

Diseases Caused by Allogeneic Incompatibilities (Horses and Ruminants), 1751

M. Julia B. Felippe, Jill R. Johnson

Blood Typing and DNA Profiling, 1751

DNA Polymorphisms, 1753

Blood Typing and DNA Genotyping Applications, 1753

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis, 1753

Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia, 1758 Alloimmune Neonatal Neutropenia, 1759 Ruminant Immunologic Disorders, 1759

George M. Barrington, Consulting Editor

Immunity at Birth and the Immune Development of the Calf, 1759

David J. Hurley

Lethal Trait A46, 1761

Munashe Chigerwe

Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency, 1761 Selective IgG2 Deficiency, 1761

Rana Bozorgmanesh

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome, 1761

Combined Immunodeficiency, 1761

Viral and Bacterial-Induced

Immunodeficiency, 1762

Immunosuppression in the Periparturient Period, 1762

Barry J. Bradford, Jodi L. McGill

54 Disorders Caused by Toxicants, 1764

Lynn R. Hovda, Consulting Editor

Tam Garland, Birgit Puschner, Timothy J. Evans, C. Langdon Fielding, Robert H. Poppenga, Dionne Benson, Michelle Mostrom, and Benjamin R. Landers

History, 1764

Clinical Signs, 1765

Clinicopathologic Testing, 1765

Analytic Testing, 1765

Poisonous Plants, 1766

Tam Garland

Plant Poisoning Considerations, 1766

Sudden Death, 1767

Neurologic Signs, 1771

Musculoskeletal Disease Attributed to Plant Poisoning, 1774

Cardiovascular and Hematologic Plant Toxicities, 1775

Digestive and Hepatic Plant Poisonings, 1775 Reproductive and Neonatal Effect of Poisonous Plants, 1779

Respiratory Syndromes Following Poisonous Plant Ingestion, 1781

Poisonous Plants Affecting Skin and Hooves, 1781

Plant Toxicity in the Urinary System, 1782

Cyanobacteria, 1783

Birgit Puschner

Mycotoxins, 1785

Timothy J. Evans, George E. Rottinghaus, Benjamin R. Landers

Snake Bites and Blister Beetle, 1792

C. Langdon Fielding

Metals and Other Inorganic Compounds, 1793

Robert H. Poppenga

Arsenic, 1794

Copper, 1795

Iodine, 1796

Iron, 1796

Mercury, 1797

Other Toxicants, 1797

Medications, Therapeutic Agents, and Illicit Substances, 1797

Dionne Benson, Lynn R. Hovda

Antimicrobial Drugs, 1798

Long-Acting Tranquilizers, 1798

Blood-Doping Agents-Erythropoietin and Darbepoetin, 1799

Miscellaneous Medications, 1799

Illicit Substances, 1799

Feed Additives, 1800

Robert H. Poppenga

Pesticides and Rodenticides, 1802

Michelle Mostrom

Rodenticides, 180

VIDEO CONTENTS

CHAPTER 13

VIDEO 13.1

Examination of stifle for fluid effusion and joint laxity.

VIDEO 13.2

Regional intravenous anesthesia of the lower limb.

VIDEO 13.3

Visible instability of the stifle joint during walking associated with cranial cruciate ligament rupture.

VIDEO 13.4

Overflexion of the hock during weight bearing associated with partial rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle.

VIDEO 13.5

Bilateral intermittent spastic contracture of the gastrocnemius muscle associated with spastic syndrome.

CHAPTER 30

VIDEO 30.1

Left-to-right shunt (green turbulent flow) associated with a membranous VSD in a horse with AF and CHF. There is also a trace amount of AR. This is a video obtained from the right parasternal window.

VIDEO 30.2

Large VSD in a horse with Tetralogy of Fallot with an overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy, and a post-stenotic dilatation of the pulmonary artery. This is a video obtained from the right parasternal window.

VIDEO 30.3

Long (A) and short (B) axis view of endocarditis lesions (thick and round echoic areas) on all three leaflets of the aortic valve in a horse presented for fever of unknown origin. These videos were obtained from the right parasternal window.

VIDEO 30.4

Vibrating left coronary cusp of the aortic valve with a parallel fibrous band lesion creating a high-velocity turbulent jet that is causing a vibration of the right coronary cusp of the aortic valve and concurrent vibration of the basilar (dorsal) portion of the interventricular septum in an aged horse with moderate to severe aortic regurgitation. This is a video obtained from the right parasternal window.

VIDEO 30.5

A small aortic root (vessel in the center) and the large pulmonary artery (round circular vessel at lower right) in a young horse with tachycardia and CHF secondary to a nutritional cardiomyopathy. This is a video obtained from the right parasternal window.

VIDEO 30.6

Severe myocardial dysfunction with poor left ventricular free wall and interventricular septal motion and a small pericardial effusion obtained from a young horse with nutritional cardiomyopathy. This is an image obtained from the right parasternal window.

VIDEO 30.7

Large pericardial effusion viewed from the left parasternal window showing smaller than normal cardiac chambers and right atrial collapse (lower right chamber on the bottom right) indicative of cardiac tamponade, obtained from a young horse with pericarditis. Notice also the small layer of echoic fibrin lining the epicardial surfaces of the heart.

CHAPTER 32

VIDEO 32.1

Focus on the biphasic contraction of the reticulum, which is recognized by its hyperechoic wall. Abomasal content and atrial wall of the rumen are observed when the reticulum is moving dorsally during contraction. (Courtesy Dr. Sebastien Buczinski.)

VIDEO 32.2

Small intestine peristalsis in a healthy Holstein cow.

The intestinal content is seen moving as well as intestinal loops. Large variation of small intestine diameter is seen during peristalsis. The shape of intestinal loop is highly variable during contraction and allows the progression of small intestine content. (Courtesy Dr. Sebastien Buczinski.)

VIDEO 32.3

Small intestine ileus in a 3-day-old calf with atresia coli. The general small intestine motility is decreased by contrast in the previous video. Intestinal wall thickening is observed due to wall congestion. The small intestinal loops tend to be generally distended with little variation of shape (i.e., circular section). (Courtesy Dr. Sebastien Buczinski.)