Quality ofLife
With PLE, the quality of life is often correlating with the albumin level. With severe hypoalbu- minemia (by choleliths, stricture, or neoplasia), or a mature gallbladder mucocele (causing tense GB distention).
Extension of an inflammatory or neoplastic process from adjacent hepatic tissue also may be an underlying cause. Necrotizing cholecystitis can present with or without GB rupture (type 1 and II), or as a chronic syndrome associated with adhesions between the GB, omentum, and adjacent viscera (type 3). Bacteria are commonly cultured from the gallbladder wall (Center 2009).Emphysematous cholecystitis/choledochitis is a rare manifestation of acute cholecystitis complicated by gas producing organisms (E. coli, Clostridium bacteria) and associated with gas within the wall or lumen of the GB or segments of the biliary tree. It is a rare disease entity in the dog and extremely rare in cats (Aguirre 2010). In dogs, it has been associated with diabetes mellitus, acute cholecystitis with or without cholecystolithiasis, traumatic ischemia, mature GB mucocele formation, and neoplasia.
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