References

1. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs. Washington DC, National Academy of Sciences, 1985; 1-79.

2. Ogilvie GK. Alterations in metabolism and nutritional support for veterinary cancer patients: Recent advances.

3. Sigal RK, Daly JM. Enteral nutrition in the cancer patient. In: Rombeau JL, Caldwell MD (eds.), Clinical Nutrition: Parenteral Nutri­tion. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1992; 263-275.

4. Sherding RG. Canine intestinal lymphangiectasia. Proc ACVIM 1988;406-408.

5. Mattheeuws D, De Rick A, Thoonen H et al. Intestinal lym­phangiectasia in a dog. SmallAnim Pract 1974; 15: 757-761.

6. Meschter CL, Rakich PM, Tyler DE. Intestinal lymphangiectasia with lipogranulomatous lymphangitis in a dog. JAm Vet Med Assoc 1987; 190: 427-430.

7. Van Kruiningen HJ, Lees GE, Hayden DW Lipogranulomatous lym­phangitis in canine intestinal lymphangiectasia. Vet Pathol 1984; 21: 377-383.

8. Cotchin E. Some tumors of dogs and cats of comparative veterinary and human interest. Vet Rec 1959; 71: 1040-1050.

9. Head KW Tumors of the lower alimentary tract. Bull WHO 1976; 53: 167-186.

10. Birchard SJ, Couto CG, Johnson S. Nonlymphoid intestinal neopla­sia in 32 dogs and 14 cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1986; 22: 533­537.

11. Bruecker KA, Withrow SJ. Intestinal leiomyosarcoma in six dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1988; 24: 281-284.

12. Freeman LM. The role of cytokines in cardiac cachexia. Proc 14th Ann Vet Med Forum 1996; 240-242.

Figure 2.4:

Fecal scoring system. This figure shows an example for a scoring system that can be used by dog owners to evaluate fecal consistency (based on a scoring system used by the Iams Company, Dayton, OH, USA).

Fecal Score "Mucous". Stool of any score can be accompanied by mucus that can be clear or bloody. The mucus may cover the entire stool sample or only a small portion of it.