REFERENCES

The complete list of references can be found at www.expertconsult.com.

REFERENCES

1. Zwahlen RD, Wyder-Walther M, Roth DR: Fc receptor expression, concanavalin A capping, and enzyme content of bovine neonatal neutrophils: a comparative study with adult cattle, J Leukoc Biol 51:264, 1992.

2. Toman M, Psikal I, Mensik J: Phagocytic activity of blood leukocytes in calves from birth to 3 months of age, Vet Med 30:401, 1985.

3. Hauser MA, Koob MD, Roth JA: Variation of neutrophil function with age in calves, Am J Vet Res 47:152, 1986.

4. Moiola F, Spycher M, Wyder-Walther M, et al: Comparative in vitro phagocytosis and F-actin polymerization of bovine neonatal neutrophils, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 41:202, 1994.

5. Dore M, Slauson DO, Neilsen NR: Decreased respiratory burst activity in neonatal bovine neutrophils stimulated by protein kinase C agonists, Am J Vet Res 52:375, 1991.

6. Clifford CB, Slauson DO, Neilsen NR, et al: Ontogeny of inflammatory cell responsiveness: superoxide anion generation by phorbol ester-stimulated fetal, neonatal, and adult bovine neutrophils, Inflammation 13:221, 1989.

7. Griebel PJ, Schoonderwoerd M, Babiuk LA: Ontogeny of the immune response: effect of protein energy malnutrition in neonatal calves, Can J Vet Res 51:428, 1987.

8. Reddy PG, McVey DS, Chengappa MM, et al: Bovine recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhancement of bovine neutrophil functions in vitro, Am J Vet Res 51:1395, 1990.

9. Blecha F, Baker PE: Effect of cortisol in vitro and in vivo on production of bovine interleukin 2, Am J Vet Res 47:841, 1986.

10. Lewis DB, Yu CC, Meyer J, et al: Cellular and molecular mechanisms for reduced interleukin 4 and interferon-gamma production by neonatal T cells, J Clm Invest 87:194, 1991.

11. Ercan N, Tuzcu N, Basbug O, et al: Diagnostic value of serum procal­citonin, neopterin, and gamma interferon in neonatal calves with septicemic colibacillosis, J Vet Diagn Invest 28:180, 2016.

12. Smith AN, Ingram DG: Immunological responses of young animals II. Antibody production in calves, Can Vet J 6:226, 1965.

13. Roden LD, Smith BP, Spier SJ, et al: Effect of calf age and Salmonella bacterin type on ability to produce immunoglobulins directed against Salmonella whole cells or lipopolysaccharide, Am J Vet Res 53:1895,

1992.

14. Olson DP: In vitro migration responses of neutrophils from cows and calves, Am J Vet Res 51:973, 1990.

15. Pollock JM, McNair J, Kennedy S, et al: Effects of dietary vitamin E and selenium on in vitro cellular immune responses in cattle, Res Vet Sci 56:100, 1994.

16. Graham TW: Trace element deficiencies in cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 7:153, 1991.

17. Fecteau G, Van Metre DC, Pare J, et al: Bacteriological culture of blood from critically ill neonatal calves, Can Vet J 38:95, 1997.

18. Hariharan H, Bryenton J, St. Onge J, et al: Blood cultures from calves and foals, Can Vet J 33:56, 1992.

19. Aldridge BM, Garry FB, Adams R: Neonatal septicemia in calves: 25 cases (1985-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1324, 1993.

20. Fecteau G, Smith BP, George LW: Septicemia and meningitis in the newborn calf, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:195, 2009.

21. Lofstedt J, Dohoo JR: A model for the prediction of sepsis in diarrheic neonatal calves, Proc Am Coll Vet Int Med 14:1996.

22. Trefz FM, Lorenz I, Lorch A, et al: Clinical signs, profound acidemia, hypoglycemia, and hypernatremia are predictive of mortality in 1,400 critically ill neonatal calves with diarrhea, PLoS ONE 12:2017.

23. Fecteau G, PareJ, Metre DC, et al: Use of a clinical sepsis score for predicting bacteremia in neonatal dairy calves on a calf rearing farm, Can Vet J 38:101, 1997.

24. Lofstedt J, Dohoo IR, Duizer G: Model to predict septicemia in diarrheic calves, J Vet Intern Med 13:81, 1999.

25. Irmak K, Sen I, Col R, et al: The evaluation of coagulation profiles in calves with suspected septic shock, Vet Res Commun 30:497, 2006.

26. de Craene BA, Deprez P, D’Haese E, et al: Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of calves, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:1991, 1997.

27. Fecteau G, Baillargeon P, Higgins R, et al: Bacterial contamination of colostrum fed to newborn calves in Quebec dairy herds, Can Vet J 43:523,

2002.

28. Dore V, Smith G: Cerebral disorders of calves, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 33:27, 2017.

29. Green SL, Smith LL: Meningitis in neonatal calves: 32 cases (1983-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:125, 1992.

30. Lutsar I, McCracken GH, Jr, Friedland IR: Antibiotic pharmacodynamics in cerebrospinal fluid, Clin Infect Dis 27:1117, 1998.

31. Philip AG: Neonatal meningitis in the new millennium, Neoreviews 4:e73,

2003.

32. Bleul U, Schwantag S, Stocker H, et al: Floppy kid syndrome caused by D-lactic acidosis in goat kids, J Vet Intern Med 20:1003, 2006.

33. Berchtold J: Treatment of calf diarrhea: intravenous fluid therapy, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:73, 2009.

34. Lorenz I: D-lactic acidosis in calves, Vet J 179:197, 2009.

35. Trefz FM, Lorch A, Feist M, et al: Metabolic acidosis in neonatal calf diarrheau—Clinical findings and theoretical assessment of a simple treatment protocol, J Vet Intern Med 26:162, 2012.

36. Roussel AJ, Kasari TR: Using fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy to help diarrheic calves, Vet Med 85:303, 1990.

37. Erskine RJ, Ridell MG, Wolfe DF: Protein-calorie malnutrition in dairy calves fed a poor-quality milk replacer, Agri Practice 14:38, 1993.

38. Trefz PM, Feist M, Lorenz I: Hypoglycaemia in hospitalised neonatal calves: prevalence, associated conditions and impact on prognosis, Vet J 217:103, 2016.

39. Lofstedt J, Collatos C: Disorders of sodium balance in diarrhoeic calves: pathophysiology and treatment, Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 19:S134, 1997.

40. Ollivett TL, McGuirk SM: Salt poisoning as a cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal dairy calves, J Vet Intern Med 27:592, 2013.

41. Pearson EG, Kallfelz FA: A case of presumptive salt poisoning (water­deprivation) in veal calves, Cornell Vet 72:142, 1982.

42. Abutarbush SM, Petrie L: Treatment of hypernatremia in neonatal calves with diarrhea, Can Vet J Rev Vet Can 48:184, 2007.

43. Pringle JK, Berthiaume LMM: Hypernatremia in calves, J Int Vet Med 2:66, 1988.

44. Angelos SM, Metre DC: Treatment of sodium balance disorders: water intoxication and salt toxicity, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 15:587,

1999.

45. Byers SR, Lear AS, Van Metre DC: Sodium balance and the dysnatremias, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 30:333, 2014.

46. Osweiler GD, Carr TF, Sanderson TP, et al: Water-deprivation sodium-ion toxicosis in cattle, J Vet Diagn Invest 7:583, 1995.

47. Angelos SM, Smith BP, George LW, et al: Treatment of hypernatremia in an acidotic neonatal calf, J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1364, 1999.

48. Senturk S, Cihan H: Salt poisoning in beef cattle, Vet Hum Toxicol 46:26,

2004.

49. Tryphonas L, Hamilton GF, Rhodes CS: Perinatal femoral nerve degenera­tion and neurogenic atrophy of quadriceps femoris muscle in calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 164:801, 1974.

50. Thompson PN: Suspected congenital myasthenia gravis in Brahman calves, Vet Rec 143:526, 1998.

51. Doige CE, Townsend HG, Janzen ED, et al: Congenital spinal stenosis in beef calves in western Canada, Vet Pathol 27:16, 1990.

52. Leipold HW, Hiraga T, Dennis SM: Congenital defects of the bovine musculoskeletal system and joints, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 9:93, 1993.

53. Scott PR, Penny CD, Murray LD: A field study of eight ovine vertebral body abscess cases, New Zealand Vet J 39:105, 1991.

54. Sherman DM, Ames TR: Vertebral body abscesses in cattle: a review of five cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:608, 1986.

55. Finley GG: A survey of vertebral abscesses in domestic animals in Ontario, Can Vet J 16:114, 1975.

56. Watt A: Neonatal losses in lambs, In Pract March:5, 1980.

57. Chalmers GA: Swayback (Enzootic Ataxia) in Alberta lambs, Can J Comp Med 38:111, 1974.

58. Norman S, Smith MC: Caprine arthritis-encephalitis: review of the neurologic form in 30 cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1342, 1983.

59. Adams R, Garry FB, Aldridge BM, et al: Hematologic values in newborn beef calves, Am J Vet Res 53:944, 1992.

60. Adams R, Garry FB, Aldridge BM, et al: Physiologic differences between twin and single born beef calves in the first two days of life, Cornell Vet 83:13, 1993.

61. Adams R, Holland MD, Aldridge B, et al: Arterial blood sample collection from the newborn calf, Vet Res Communications 15:387, 1991.

62. Bleul U, Lejeune B, Schwantag S, et al: Blood gas and acid-base analysis of arterial blood in 57 newborn calves, Vet Rec 161:688, 2007.

63. Coghe J, Uystepruyst C, Bureau F, et al: Validation and prognostic value of plasma lactate measurement in bovine respiratory disease, Vet J 160:139,

2000.

64. Jung C, Bostedt H: Thoracic ultrasonography technique in newborn calves and description of normal and pathological findings, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:331, 2004.

65. Ross HM, Hunter AR, Masson AG, et al: Fatal infection of neonatal calves by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, Vet Rec 113:217, 1983.

66. Baker JA, McEntee K, Gillespie JH: Effects of infectious bovine rhino­tracheitis-infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR-IPV) virus on newborn calves, Cornell Vet 50:156, 1960.

67. Gasthuys F, Verschooten F, Parmentier D, et al: Laryngotomy as a treatment for chronic laryngeal obstruction in cattle: a review of 130 cases, Vet Rec 130:220, 1992.

68. Pardon B, Ribbens S, Van Damme L, et al: Use of a national identification database to determine the lifetime prognosis in cattle with necrotic laryngitis and the predictive value of venous pCO(2), J Vet Intern Med 32:1462, 2018.

69. Heppelmann M, Rehage J, Starke A: Diphtheroid necrotic laryngitis in three calves - Diagnostic procedure, therapy and post-operative develop­ment, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 54:390, 2007.

70. Scarratt WK, Bliss E: Collapsed trachea in two calves, Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 7:S45, 1985.

71. Vestweber JG, Leipold HW: Tracheal collapse in three calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:735, 1984.

72. Watt BR: Collapse of the trachea in two calves, Aust Vet J 60:309, 1983.

73. Kasari TR: Weakness in neonatal calves associated with dystocia, Agri Practice 10:19, 1989.

74. Johnston D, Kenny DA, McGee M, et al: Electronic feeding behavioural data as indicators of health status in dairy calves, Irish J Agric Food Res 55:159, 2016.

75. Knauer WA, Godden SM, Dietrich A, et al: The association between daily average feeding behaviors and morbidity in automatically fed group- housed preweaned dairy calves, J Dairy Sci 100:5642, 2017.

76. East NE, DaMassa AJ, Logan LL, et al: Milkborne outbreak of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides infection in a commercial goat dairy, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1338, 1983.

77. Haughey KG: Perinatal mortality - its investigation, causes and control, J South African Vet Assoc 62:78, 1991.

78. Windeyer MC, Leslie KE, Godden SM, et al: Factors associated with morbidity, mortality, and growth of dairy heifer calves up to 3 months of age, Prev Vet Med 113:231, 2014.

79. Hughes KL, Edwards WJ, Hartley WJ, et al: Polyarthritis in calves caused by Mycoplasma spp, Vet Rec 78:276, 1966.

80. Villalba EJ, Poveda JB, Fernandez A, et al: An outbreak caused by Mycoplasma mycoides species in goats in the Canary Islands, Vet Rec 130:330, 1992.

81. Crawford TB, Adams DS: Caprine arthritis-encephalitis: clinical features and presence of antibody in selected goat populations, J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:713, 1981.

82. Cork LC, Hadlow WJ, Gorham JR: Pathology of viral leukoencephalo- myelitis of goats, Acta Neuropathol 29:281, 1974.

83. Cork LC, Hadlow WJ, Crawford TB, et al: Infectious leukoencephalo- myelitis of young goats, J Infect Dis 129:134, 1974.

84. Stalheim OH: Failure of antibiotic therapy in calves with mycoplasmal arthritis and pneumonia, J Am Vet Med Assoc 169:1096, 1976.

85. Walz PH, Mullaney TP, Render JA, et al: Otitis media in preweaned Holstein dairy calves in Michigan due to Mycoplasma bovis, J Vet Diagn Invest 9:250, 1997.

86. Kinde H, Daft BM, Walker RL, et al: Mycoplasma bovis associated with decubital abscesses in Holstein calves, J Vet Diagn Invest 5:194, 1993.

87. Lago A, McGuirk SM, Bennett TB, et al: Calf respiratory disease and pen microenvironments in naturally ventilated calf barns in winter, J Dairy Sci 89:4014, 2006.

88. McCormack WM: Susceptibility of mycoplasmas to antimicrobial agents: clinical implications, Clin Infect Dis 17(Suppl 1):S200, 1993.

89. Maunsell FP, Woolums AR, Francoz D, et al: Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle, J Vet Intern Med 25:772, 2011.

90. Marchal F, Bairam A, Vert P: Neonatal apnea and apneic syndromes, Clin Perinatol 14:509, 1987.

91. Blowey R: Calf feeding practices in relation to calf health, Agri Practice 17:20, 1996.

92. Jayne-Williams DJ: The bacterial flora of the rumen of healthy and bloating calves, J Appl Bacteriol 47:271, 1979.

93. Breukink HJ, Wensing T, Buisman AV, et al: Consequences of failure of the reticular groove reflex in veal calves fed milk replacer, Vet Q 10:126,

1988.

94. Herrli-Gygi M, Steiner A, Doherr MG, et al: Digestive processes in ruminal drinkers characterized by means of the acetaminophen absorption test, Vet J 176:369, 2008.

95. Dirksen GU, Garry FB: Diseases of the forestomachs in calves—part I, Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 9:F140, 1987.

96. Jelinski MD, Ribble CS, Campbell JR, et al: Investigating the relationship between abomasal hairballs and perforating abomasal ulcers in unweaned beef calves, Can Vet J Rev Vet Can 37:23, 1996.

97. Dirksen GU, Garry FB: Diseases of the forestomachs in calves—part II, Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 9:F173, 1987.

98. Marshall TS: Abomasal ulceration and tympany of calves, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:209, 2009.

99. Jelinski MD, Ribble CS, Chirinotrejo M, et al: The relationship between the presence of helicobacter-pylori, clostridium-perfringens type-A, Campylobacter spp, or fungi and fatal abomasal ulcers in unweaned beef-calves, Can Vet J Rev Vet Can 36:379, 1995.

100. Van Immerseel F, Pardon B, Maes S, et al: Isolation of a clonal population of Clostridium perfringens type A from a Belgian blue calf with abomasal ulceration, J Comp Pathol 143:289, 2010.

101. Naylor JM, Bailey JV: A retrospective study of 51 cases of abdominal problems in the calf: etiology; diagnosis and prognosis, Can Vet J 28:657, 1987.

102. Maton PN, Burton ME: Antacids revisited—a review of their clinical pharmacology and recommended therapeutic use, Drugs 57:855, 1999.

103. Ahmed AE, Constable PD, Misk NA: Effect of an orally administered antacid agent containing aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide on abomasal luminal pH in clinically normal milk-fed calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:74, 2002.

104. Dirksen GU: Ulceration, dilatation and incarceration of the abomasum in calves: clinical investigations and experiences, Bovine Pract 0:127, 1994.

105. Ahmed AF, Constable PD, Misk NA: Effect of orally administered cimetidine and ranitidine on abomasal luminal pH in clinically normal milk-fed calves, Am J Vet Res 62:1531, 2001.

106. Ahmed AF, Constable PD, Misk NA: Effect of orally administered omeprazole on abomasal luminal pH in dairy calves fed milk replacer, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 52:238, 2005.

107. Katchuik R: Abomasal disease in young beef-calves—surgical findings and management factors, Can Vet J Rev Vet Can 33:459, 1992.

108. Dennis R: Abomasal displacement and tympany in a nine-week-old calf, Vet Rec 114:218, 1984.

109. Medina-Cruz M, Perezgrovas-Roblesgil A, Garcia-Escamillia MR, et al: Description of abomasal displacements in dairy calves, Bovine Pract 25:95,

1990.

110. Mills KW, Johnson JL, Jensen RL, et al: Laboratory findings associated with abomasal ulcers/tympany in range calves, J Vet Diagn Invest 2:208,

1990.

111. Songer JG, Miskimins DW: Clostridial abomasitis in calves: case report and review of the literature, Anaerobe 11:290, 2005.

112. Roeder BL, Chengappa MM, Nagaraja TG, et al: Isolation of Clostridium perfringens from neonatal calves with ruminal and abomasal tympany, abomasitis, and abomasal ulceration, J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:1550, 1987.

113. Eustis SL, Bergeland ME: Suppurative abomasitis associated with Clostridium septicum infection, J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:732, 1981.

114. DeBey BM, Blanchard PC, Durfee PT: Abomasal bloat associated with Sarcina-like bacteria in goat kids, J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1468, 1996.

115. Vatn S, Tranulis MA, Hofshagen M: Sarcina-like bacteria, Clostridium fallax and Clostridium sordellii in lambs with abomasal bloat, haemorrhage and ulcers, J Comp Pathol 122:193, 2000.

116. Van Kruiningen HJ, Nyaoke CA, Sidor IF, et al: Clostridial abomasal disease in Connecticut dairy calves, Can Vet J Rev Vet Can 50:857, 2009.

117. Edwards GT, Woodger NGA, Barlow AM, et al: Sarcina-like bacteria associated with bloat in young lambs and calves, Vet Rec 163:391, 2008.

118. Roeder BL, Chengappa MM, Nagaraja TG, et al: Experimental induction of abdominal tympany, abomasitis, and abomasal ulceration by intraruminal inoculation of Clostridium perfringens type A in neonatal calves, Am J Vet Res 49:201, 1988.

119. Panciera RJ, Boileau MJ, Step DL: Tympany, acidosis, and mural emphysema of the stomach in calves: report of cases and experimental induction, J Vet Diagn Invest 19:392, 2007.

120. Kumper H: A new treatment for abomasal bloat in calves, Bovine Pract 80:1995.

121. Kumper H: New therapy for acute abomasal tympany in calves, Tierarztl Prax 22:25, 1994.

122. Doll K: Tympany and torsion of the abomasum in calves, Bovine Pract 96:1991.

123. Burgstaller J, Wittek T, Smith GW: Invited review: abomasal emptying in calves and its potential influence on gastrointestinal disease, J Dairy Sci 100:17, 2017.

124. Gorrill ADL, Jones JD, Larmond E, et al: Growth, mortality and meat quality of lambs fed milk replacers containing full-fat soybean flour, Can J Anim Sci 55:731, 1975.

125. Lutnaes B, Simensen E: An epidemiological study of abomasal bloat in young lambs, Prev Vet Med 1:335, 1983.

126. Gorrill A, Nicholson J, MacIntyre TM: Effects of formalin added to milk replacers on growth, feed intake, digestion and incidence of abomasal bloat in lambs, Can J Anim Sci 55:557, 1975.

127. Large RV: The artificial rearing of lambs, J Agric Sci 65:101, 1965.

128. Smith DF, Ducharme NG, Fubini SL, et al: Clinical management and surgical repair of atresia coli in calves: 66 cases (1977-1988), J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1185, 1991.

129. Kilic N, Sarierler M: Congenital intestinal atresia in calves: 61 cases (1999-2003), Rev Med Vet 155:381, 2004.

130. Johnson R: Intestinal atresia and stenosis—a review comparing its etio- pathogenesis, Vet Res Commun 10:95, 1986.

131. Romano JE, Bryan K, Ramos RS, et al: Effect of early pregnancy diag­nosis by per rectum amniotic sac palpation on pregnancy loss, calving rates, and abnormalities in newborn dairy calves, Theriogenology 85:419, 2016.

132. Romano JE, Pinedo P, Bryan K, et al: Comparison between allantochorion membrane and amniotic sac detection by per rectal palpation for pregnancy diagnosis on pregnancy loss, calving rates, and abnormalities in newborn calves, Theriogenology 90:219, 2017.

133. Syed M, Shanks RD: Atresia coli inherited in Holstein cattle, J Dairy Sci 75:1105, 1992.

134. Azizi S, Mohammadi R, Mohammadpour I: Surgical repair and management of congenital intestinal atresia in 68 calves, Vet Surg 39:115, 2010.

135. Dirksen G, Doll K: Ileus and subileus in the young bovine animal, Bovine Pract 21:33, 1986.

136. Acres SD, Saunders JR, Radostits OM: Acute undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea of beef calves: the prevalence of enterotoxigenic E. coli, reo-like (rota) virus and other enteropathogens in cow-calf herds, Can Vet J 18:113,

1977.

137. Bendali F, Bichet H, Schelcher F, et al: Pattern of diarrhoea in newborn beef calves in south-west France, Vet Res 30:61, 1999.

138. Reynolds DJ, Morgan JH, Chanter N, et al: Microbiology of calf diarrhoea in southern Britain, Vet Rec 119:34, 1986.

139. Snodgrass DR, Terzolo HR, Sherwood D, et al: Aetiology of diarrhoea in young calves, Vet Rec 119:31, 1986.

140. Waltner-Toews D, Martin SW, Meek AH: An epidemiological study of selected calf pathogens on Holstein dairy farms in southwestern Ontario, Can J Vet Res 50:307, 1986.

141. Duckmanton L, Carman S, Nagy E, et al: Detection of bovine Torovirus in fecal specimens of calves with diarrhea from Ontario farms, J Clin Microbiol 36:1266, 1998.

142. Hoet AE, Nielsen PR, Hasoksuz M, et al: Detection of bovine torovirus and other enteric pathogens in feces from diarrhea cases in cattle, J Vet Diagn Invest 15:205, 2003.

143. Hoet AE, Smiley J, Thomas C, et al: Association of enteric shedding of bovine torovirus (Breda virus) and other enteropathogens with diarrhea in veal calves, Am J Vet Res 64:485, 2003.

144. Haschek B, Klein D, Benetka V et al: Detection of bovine torovirus in neonatal calf diarrhoea in Lower Austria and Styria (Austria), J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 53:2006.

145. Corapi WV, French TW, Dubovi EJ: Severe thrombocytopenia in young calves experimentally infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus, J Virol 63:3934, 1989.

146. Holland RE, Bezek DM, Sprecher DJ, et al: Investigation of an epizootic of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:1849, 1993.

147. Dinjus U, Liebold R, Methner U, et al: Formation of enterotoxin by bovine Salmonella isolates, Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 105:201, 1992.

148. Acres SD: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in newborn calves: a review, J Dairy Sci 68:229, 1985.

149. Argenzio RA: Pathophysiology of neonatal calf diarrhea, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:461, 1985.

150. Argenzio RA, Liacos J, Berschneider HM, et al: Effect of heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli and theophylline on ion transport in porcine small intestine, Can J Comp Med 48:14, 1984.

151. Foster DM, Smith GW: Pathophysiology of diarrhea in calves, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:13, 2009.

152. Bywater RJ, Logan EF: The site and characteristics of intestinal water and electrolyte loss in Escherichia coli-induced diarrhoea in calves, J Comp Pathol 599:1974.

153. Sellers ZM, Childs D, Chow JYC, et al: Heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli stimulates a non-CFTR-mediated duodenal bicar­bonate secretory pathway, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 288: G654, 2005.

154. Bywater RJ: Evaluation of an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte formulation and amoxicillin for treatment of diarrhea in calves, Am J Vet Res 38:1983, 1977.

155. Fromm D, Gianella RA, Formal SB, et al: Ion transport across isolated ileal mucosa invaded by Salmonella, Gastroenterology 215:1974.

156. Mebus CA, Newman LE, Stair E, Jr: Scanning electron, light, and immunofluorescent microscopy of intestine of gnotobiotic calf infection with calf diarrheal coronavirus, Am J Vet Res 36:1719, 1975.

157. Mebus CA, Stair EL, Rhodes MB, et al: Neonatal calf diarrhea: propagation, attenuation, and characteristics of a coronavirus-like agent, Am J Vet Res 145:1973.

158. Mebus CA, Stair EL, Rhodes MB, et al: Pathology of neonatal calf diarrhea induced by a coronavirus-like agent, Vet Pathol 45:1973.

159. Stair EL, Mebus CA, Twiehaus MJ, et al: Neonatal calf diarrhea. Electron microscopy of intestines infected with a reovirus-like agent, Vet Pathol 155:1973.

160. Moon HW: Mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diarrhea: a review, J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:443, 1978.

161. Woode GN, Smith C, Dennis MJ: Intestinal damage in rotavirus infected calves assessed by D-xylose malabsorption, Vet Rec 102:340, 1978.

162. Ball JM, Tian P, Zeng CQ, et al: Age-dependent diarrhea induced by a rotaviral nonstructural glycoprotein [see comments], Science 272:101, 1996.

163. Lundgren O, Peregrin AT, Persson K, et al: Role of the enteric nervous system in the fluid and electrolyte secretion of rotavirus diarrhea, Science 287:491, 2000.

164. Halpin CG, Caple IW: Changes in intestinal structure and function of neonatal calves infected with reovirus-like agent and Escherichia coli, Aust Vet J 52:438, 1976.

165. Nappert G, Hamilton D, Petrie L, et al: Determination of lactose and xylose malabsorption in preruminant diarrheic calves, Can J Vet Res 57:152,

1993.

166. Blaxter KL, Wood WA: Some observations on the biochemical and physiological events associated with diarrhea in calves, Vet Rec 65:889, 1953.

167. Phillips RW, Lewis LD, Knox KL: Alterations in body water turnover and distribution in neonatal calves with acute diarrhea, Ann New York Acad Sci 176:231, 1971.

168. Naylor JM: Severity and nature of acidosis in diarrheic calves over and under one week of age, Can Vet J 28:168, 1987.

169. Tzipori S, Angus KW, Gray EW, et al: Diarrhea in lambs experimentally infected with cryptosporidium isolated from calves, Am J Vet Res 42:1400,

1981.

170. Naylor JM, Forsyth GW: The alkalinizing effects of metabolizable bases in the healthy calf, Can J Vet Res 50:509, 1986.

171. Schelcher F, Marcillaud S, Braun J-P, et al: Paper. Metabolic acidosis without dehydration and no or minimal diarrhoea in suckler calves is caused by hyper d-lactatemia, Proc World Buiatrics Conference, Sydney 1:371, 1998.

172. Omole OO, Nappert G, Naylor JM, et al: Both L- and D-lactate contribute to metabolic acidosis in diarrheic calves, J Nutr 131:2128, 2001.

173. Ewaschuk JB, Naylor JM, Zello GA, et al: Anion gap correlates with serum D- and DL-lactate concentration in diarrheic neonatal calves, J Vet Intern Med 17:940, 2003.

174. Ewaschuk JB, Naylor JM, Palmer R, et al: D-lactate production and excretion in diarrheic calves, J Vet Intern Med 18:744, 2004.

175. Lorenz I: Influence of d-lactate on metabolic acidosis and on prognosis in neonatal calves with diarrhoea, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 51:425, 2004.

176. Al-Mashat RR, Taylor DJ: Production of enteritis in calves by the oral inoculation of pure cultures of Campylobacter fecalis, Vet Rec 109:97, 1981.

177. Fisher EW: Death in neonatal calf diarrhoea, Br Vet J 121:132, 1965.

178. Fisher EW, McEwan AD: Death in neonatal calf diarrhoea. Part II: the role of oxygen and potassium, Br Vet J 123:4, 1967.

179. Francis DH, Allen SD, White RD: Influence of bovine intestinal fluid on the expression of K99-pili by Escherichia-coli, Am J Vet Res 50:822, 1989.

180. Blanco M, Blanco J, Blanco JE, et al: Enterotoxigenic, verotoxigenic, and necrotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from cattle in Spain, Am J Vet Res 54:1446, 1993.

181. Runnels PL, Moon HW, Schneider RA: Development of resistance with host age to adhesion of K99+ Escherichia coli to isolated intestinal epithelial cells, Infect Immun 28:298, 1980.

182. Runnels PL, Moon HW, Matthews PJ, et al: Effects of microbial and host variables on the interaction of rotavirus and Escherichia coli infections in gnotobiotic calves, Am J Vet Res 47:1542, 1986.

183. Tzipori S, Smith M, Halpin C, et al: Intestinal changes associated with rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in calves, Vet Microbiol 8:35, 1983.

184. Van Zijderveld FG, Moerman A, de Leeuw PW, et al: Epidemiological aspects of enterotoxigenic E. coli infections in calves, Proceedings Twelfth World Congress on Diseases of Cattle, World Association Buiatrics, The Netherlands 1:258, 1982.

185. Kolenda R, Burdukiewicz M, Schierack P: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of pathogenic Escherichia coli of calves and the role of calves as reservoirs for human pathogenic E. coli, Front Cell Infect Microbiol 5:2015.

186. Dean-Nystrom EA, Bosworth BT, Cray WC, Jr, et al: Pathogenicity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the intestines of neonatal calves, Infect Immun 65:1842, 1997.

187. Mahdi Saeed A, Bowersock T, Runnels L, et al: The role of pathogenic Escherichia coli in the etiology of veal calf hemorrhagic enteritis, Prev Vet Med 17:65, 1993.

188. Pospischil A, Mainil JG, Baljer G, et al: Attaching and effacing bacteria in the intestines of calves and cats with diarrhea, Vet Pathol 24:330, 1987.

189. Sherwood D, Snodgrass DR, O’Brien AD: Shiga-like toxin production from Escherichia coli associated with calf diarrhoea, Vet Rec 116:217,

1985.

190. Mainil JG, Duchesnes CJ, Whipp SC, et al: Shiga-like toxin production and attaching effacing activity of Escherichia coli associated with calf diarrhea, Am J Vet Res 48:743, 1987.

191. Pearson GR, Watson CA, Hall GA, et al: Natural infection with an attaching and effacing Escherichia coli in the small and large intestines of a calf with diarrhoea, Vet Rec 124:297, 1989.

192. Mainil JG, Jacquemin ER, Kaeckenbeeck AE, et al: Association between the effacing (eae) gene and the Shiga-like toxin-encoding genes in Escherichia coli isolates from cattle, Am J Vet Res 54:1064, 1993.

193. Janke BH, Francis DH, Collins JE, et al: Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli infection as a cause of diarrhea in young calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:897, 1990.

194. Daniel R, Matthews L, Willshaw G: Isolation of E coli O157 from a calf with dysentery, Vet Rec 143:56, 1998.

195. Kang SJ, Ryu SJ, Chae JS, et al: Occurrence and characteristics of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 in calves associated with diarrhoea, Vet Microbiol 98:323, 2004.

196. Orskov F, Orskov I, Villar JA: Cattle as a reservoir of verotoxin producing Escherichia Coli O157-H7, Lancet 2:276, 1987.

197. Sandhu KS, Gyles CL: Pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in the intestine of calves, Can J Vet Res 66:65, 2002.

198. Karmali MA, Petric M, Louie S, et al: Antigenic heterogeneity of Escherichia coli verotoxins, Lancet 1:164, 1986.

199. Franck SM, Bosworth BT, Moon HW: Multiplex PCR for enterotoxigenic, attaching and effacing, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains from calves, J Clin Microbiol 36:1795, 1998.

200. Tarr PI, Gordon CA, Chandler WL: Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome, Lancet 365:1073, 2005.

201. National Veterinary Services Laboratories. Salmonella and Arizona Serotypes From Animals and Related Sources for the Fiscal Year 1994-1995.

202. Rankin JD, Taylor RJ: The estimation of doses of Salmonella typhimurium suitable for the experimental production of disease in calves, Vet Rec 78:706, 1966.

203. Segall T, Lindberg AA: Experimental oral Salmonella dublin infection in calves a bacteriological and pathological study, J Vet Med B 38:169,

1991.

204. Walker RL, Williams EI: Salmonella dublin infections in cattle in California. In Proceedings of the Twenty Seventh Annual Convention American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 1994.

205. Jones PW: Salmonellosis. In Andrews AH, Blowey RW, Boyd H, et al, editors: Bovine medicine: diseases and husbandry of cattle, St Louis, Mo., 1992, Oxford; Boston; Blackwell Scientific Publications, p 181.

206. Hanson DL, Loneragan GH, Brown TR, et al: Evidence supporting vertical transmission of Salmonella in dairy cattle, Epidemiol Infect 144:962, 2016.

207. Robinson RA, Loken KI: Age susceptibility and excretion of Salmonella typhimurium in calves, J Hygiene 66:207, 1968.

208. Smith BP, Oliver DG, Singh P, et al: Detection of Salmonella Dublin mammary gland infection in carrier cows, using an enzyme-linked immu­nosorbent assay for antibody in milk or serum, Am J Vet Res 50:1352, 1989.

209. Hardman PM, Wathes CM, Wray C: Transmission of salmonellae among calves penned individually, Vet Rec 129:327, 1991.

210. Richardson A: The transmission of Salmonella Dublin to calves from adult carrier cows, Vet Rec 92:112, 1973.

211. Nolan LK, Giddings CW, Boland EW, et al: Detection and characterization of Salmonella typhimurium from a dairy herd in North Dakota, Vet Res Commun 19:3, 1995.

212. Jeffrey DJ: Chemicals used as disinfectants: active ingredients and enhancing additives, Rev - Off Int Epizoot 14:57, 1995.

213. Xu Y, Tao S, Hinkle N, et al: Salmonella, including antibiotic-resistant Salmonella, from flies captured from cattle farms in Georgia, USA, Sci Total Environ 616:90, 2018.

214. Davies RH, Wales AD: Salmonella contamination of cereal ingredients for animal feeds, Vet Microbiol 166:543, 2013.

215. Simpson KM, Callan RJ, Van Metre DC: Clostridial abomasitis and enteritis in ruminants, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 34:155, 2018.

216. Songer JG: Clostridial enteric diseases of domestic animals, Clin Microbiol Rev 9:216, 1996.

217. Lilly CW, Hamar DW, Gerlach M, et al: Linking copper and bacteria with abomasal ulcers in beef calves, Vet Med 80:85, 1985.

218. Johnson JL, Lilley CW, Hamar DW, et al: Diagnostic observations of abomasal tympany in range calves, Proc 3rd Int Symp World Assoc Vet Lab Diagn 2:485, 1983.

219. Manteca C, Daube G, Jauniaux T, et al: Study of bovine enterotoxaemia in Belgium. II. Epizootiology, clinical signs and pathology. [French], Ann Med Vet 144:75, 2000.

220. Manteca C, Daube G, Pirson V, et al: Bacterial intestinal flora associated with enterotoxaemia in Belgian Blue calves, Vet Microbiol 81:21, 2001.

221. Griner LA, Bracken FK: Clostridium perfringens (type C) in acute hemorrhagic enteritis of calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 122:99, 1953.

222. Keel MK, Songer JG: The comparative pathology of Clostridium difficile- associated disease, Vet Pathol 43:225, 2006.

223. Hammitt MC, Bueschel DA, Kee AK, et al: A possible role for Clostridium difficile in the etiology of calf enteritis, Vet Microbiol 127:343, 2008.

224. Rodriguez-Palacios A, Stampfli HR, Stalker M, et al: Natural and experimental infection of neonatal calves with Clostridium difficile, Vet Microbiol 124:166, 2007.

225. Al-Mashat RR, Taylor DJ: Campylobacter spp in enteric lesions in cattle, Vet Rec 107:31, 1980.

226. Al-Mashat RR, Taylor DJ: Production of diarrhoea and dysentery in experimental calves by feeding pure cultures of Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni, Vet Rec 107:459, 1980.

227. Al-Mashat RR, Taylor DJ: Production of diarrhoea and enteric lesions in calves by the oral inoculation of pure cultures of Clostridium sordellii, Vet Rec 112:141, 1983.

228. Klein D, Alispahic M, Sofka D, et al: Prevalence and risk factors for shedding of thermophilic Campylobacter in calves with and without diarrhea in Austrian dairy herds, J Dairy Sci 96:1203, 2013.

229. Ganaba R, Belanger D, Dea S, et al: A seroepidemiological study of the importance in cow-calf pairs of respiratory and enteric viruses in beef operations from northwestern Quebec, Can J Vet Res 59:26, 1995.

230. Athanassious R, Marsolais M, Assaf R, et al: Detection of bovine coronavirus and type A rotavirus in neonatal calf diarrhea and winter dysentery of cattle in Quebec: evaluation of three diagnostic methods, Can Vet J 35:163,

1994.

231. Murakami Y, Nishioka N, Watanabe T, et al: Prolonged excretion and failure of cross-protection betwen distinct serotypes of bovine rotavirus, Vet Microbiol 12:1986.

232. Agrawal DK, Singh NP, Chauhan RS: Clinico-pathomorphological studies on rotavirus infection in neonatal calves, Indian J Vet Med 22:2002.

233. Burki F, Schusser G, Szekely H: Clinical, virological and serological evaluation of the efficacy of peroral live rotavirus vaccination in calves kept under normal husbandry conditions, Zbl Vet Med B 30:237, 1983.

234. LecceJG, King MW: Rotaviral antibodies in cow’s milk, Can J Comp Med 46:434, 1982.

235. Bridger JC: A definition of bovine rotavirus virulence, J Gen Virol 75:2807, 1994.

236. Moon HW: Pathophysiology of viral diarrhea. In Kapikian AZ, editor: Viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract, New York, 1994, Marcel Dekker, Inc., pp 27-52.

237. Mebus CA, Stair EL, Underdahl NL, et al: Pathology of neonatal calf diarrhea induced by a reo-like virus, Vet Pathol 8:490, 1971.

238. Tzipori SR, Makin TJ, Smith ML, et al: Clinical manifestations of diarrhea in calves infected with rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, J Clin Microbiol 13:1011, 1981.

239. Chinsangaram J, Akita GY, Castro AE, et al: PCR detection of group A bovine rotaviruses in feces, J Vet Diagn Invest 5:516, 1993.

240. Chinsangaram J, Akita GY, Osburn BI: Detection of bovine group B rotaviruses in feces by polymerase chain reaction, J Vet Diagn Invest 6:302, 1994.

241. Chinsangaram J, Schore CE, Guterbock W, et al: Prevalence of group A and group B rotaviruses in the feces of neonatal dairy calves from California, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 18:93, 1995.

242. Tsunemitsu H, Saif LJ, Jiang BM, et al: Isolation, characterization, and serial propagation of a bovine group C rotavirus in a monkey kidney cell line (MA104), J Clin Microbiol 29:2609, 1991.

243. Chang KO, Parwani AV Smith D, et al: Detection of group B rotaviruses in fecal samples from diarrheic calves and adult cows and characterization of their VP7 genes, J Clin Microbiol 35:2107, 1997.

244. Chasey D, Banks J: The commonest rotaviruses from neonatal lamb diarrhoea in England and Wales have atypical electropherotypes, Vet Rec 115:326, 1984.

245. Estes MK: Rotaviruses and their replication. In Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors: Fields virology, (vol 2). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2001, Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, p 1747.

246. Parwani AV, Hussein HA, Rosen BI, et al: Characterization of field strains of group A bovine rotaviruses by using polymerase chain reaction-generated G and P type-specific cDNA probes, J Clin Microbiol 31:2010, 1993.

247. Carpio M, Bellamy JEC, Babiuk LA: Comparative virulence of different bovine rotavirus isolates, Can J Comp Med 45:38, 1981.

248. Barreiros MAB, Alfieri AF, Medici KC, et al: G and P genotypes of group A rotavirus from diarrhoeic calves born to cows vaccinated against the NCDV (P 1,G6) rotavirus strain, J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 51(104):2004.

249. Saif LJ: Development of nasal, fecal and serum isotype-specific antibodies in calves challenged with bovine coronavirus or rotavirus, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 17:425, 1987.

250. Bulgin MS, Ward A, Barrett DP, et al: Detection of rotavirus and coronavirus shedding in two beef cow herds in Idaho, Can Vet J 30:235,

1989.

251. Kodituwakku SN, Harbour DA: Persistent excretion of rotavirus by pregnant cows, Vet Rec 126:547, 1990.

252. Crouch CF, Acres SD: Prevalence of rotavirus and coronavirus antigens in the feces of normal cows, Can J Comp Med 48:340, 1984.

253. Schusser G, Hinaidy B, Burki F: A follow-up study on bovine rotavirus dissemination among calves of a large dairy herd, Microbiologica 5:321,

1982.

254. Schwers A, Maenhoudt M, Pastoret PP: Repeated bovine rotavirus infection and excretion in calves. [Correspondence], Vet Rec 114:411, 1984.

255. Smith EM, Gerba CP: Survival and detection of rotaviruses in the environ­ment, Proc 3rd Int Symp Neonatal Diarrhea 67, 1980. University of Saskatchewan.

256. Woode GN: Epizootiology of bovine rotavirus infection, Vet Rec 103:44,

1978.

257. Bendali F, Sanaa M, Bichet H, et al: Risk factors associated with diarrhoea in newborn calves, Vet Res 30:509, 1999.

258. Durham PJK, Farquharson BC, Stevenson BJ: Rotavirus and coronavirus associated diarrhoea in calves, N Z Vet J 27:266, 1979.

259. Heckert RA, Saif LJ, Hoblet KH, et al: A longitudinal study of bovine coronavirus enteric and respiratory infections in dairy calves in two herds in Ohio, Vet Microbiol 22:187, 1990.

260. Kapil S, Trent AM, Goyal SM: Excretion and persistence of bovine coronavirus in neonatal calves, Arch Virol 115:1, 1990.

261. Clark MA: Bovine coronavirus, Br Vet J 149:51, 1993.

262. Collins JK, Riegel CA, Olson JD, et al: Shedding of enteric coronavirus in adult cattle, Am J Vet Res 48:361, 1987.

263. Wray C, Roeder PL: Effect of bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus infection on salmonella infection in calves, Res Vet Sci 42:213, 1987.

264. Penny CD, Scott PR, Watt NJ, et al: Necrotic enteritis of unknown aetiology in young beef calves at pasture, Vet Rec 134:296, 1994.

265. Nuttall PA, Stott EJ, Thomas LH: Experimental infection of calves with two strains of bovine virus diarrhoea virus: virus recovery and clinical reactions, Res Vet Sci 28:91, 1980.

266. Castrucci G, Frigeri F, Osburn BI, et al: A study of some pathogenetic aspects of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection, Arch Virol Suppl 3:101,

1991.

267. Corapi WV, Elliott RD, French TW, et al: Thrombocytopenia and hemorrhages in veal calves infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:590, 1990.

268. Bolin SR, Ridpath JF: Differences in virulence between two noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses in calves, Am J Vet Res 53:2157, 1992.

269. Scott FMM, Holliman A, Jones GW, et al: Evidence of torovirus infection in diarrhoeic cattle, Vet Rec 138:284, 1996.

270. Horner G: Bovine torovirus [Breda virus] present in New Zealand, Surveil­lance (Wellington) 21:28, 1994.

271. Koopmans M, Boom U, Woode G, et al: Seroepidemiology of Breda virus in cattle using ELISA, Vet Microbiol 19:233, 1989.

272. Woode GN, Saif LJ, Quesada M, et al: Comparative studies on three isolates of Breda virus of calves, Am J Vet Res 46:1003, 1985.

273. Koopmans M, Horzinek MC: Toroviruses of animals and humans: a review, Adv Virus Res 43:233, 1994.

274. Koopmans M, van Wuijckhuise-Sjouke L, Schukken YH, et al: Association of diarrhea in cattle with torovirus infections on farms, Am J Vet Res 52:1769, 1991.

275. Fagerland JA, Pohlenz JFL, Woode GN: A morphological study of the replication of breda virus (proposed family Toroviridae) in bovine intestinal cells, J Gen Vi,rol 67:1293, 1986.

276. Pohlenz J, Cheville NF, Woode GN, et al: Cellular lesions in intestinal mucosa of gnotobiotic calves experimentally infected with a new unclassified bovine virus (Breda virus), Vet Peathol 21:407, 1984.

277. Vanopdenbosch E, Wellemans G, Oudewater J, et al: Prevalence of torovirus infections in Belgian cattle and their role in respiratory, digestive and reproductive disorders, Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 61:187, 1992.

278. Orr JP: Necrotizing enteritis in a calf infected with adenovirus, Can Vet J 25:72, 1984.

279. Bridger JC, Hall GA, Brown JF: Characterization of a calici-like virus (Newbury agent) found in association with astrovirus in bovine diarrhea, Infect!^ιmmu^,n 43:133, 1984.

280. Durham PJK, Johnson RH, Isles H, et al: Epidemiological studies of parvovirus infection in calves on endemically infected properties, Res Vet Sci 38:234, 1985.

281. Vanopdenbosch E, Wellemans G: Birna-type virus in diarrhoeic calf faeces, Vet Rec 125:610, 1989.

282. Smiley JR, Chang KO, Hayes J, et al: Characterization of an entero- pathogenic bovine calicivirus representing a potentially new calicivirus genus, J Virol 76:10089, 2002. Washington: American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Number of 10089 pp.

283. Gomez DE, Weese JS: Viral enteritis in calves, Can Vet J 58:1267, 2017.

284. Cho Y-I, Han J-I, Wang C, et al: Case-control study of microbiological etiology associated with calf diarrhea, Vet Microbiol 166:375, 2013.

285. Wyatt CR, Riggs MW, Fayer R: Cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 26:89, 2010.

286. Fayer R, Gasbarre L, Pasquali P, et al: Cryptosporidium parvum infection in bovine neonates: dynamic clinical, parasitic and immunologic patterns, Int J Parasitol 28:49, 1998.

287. Santin M, Trout JM, Fayer R: A longitudinal study of cryptosporidiosis in dairy cattle from birth to 2 years of age, Vet Parasitol 155:15, 2008.

288. Fayer R, Santin M, Trout JM: Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in mature dairy cattle on farms in eastern United States compared with younger cattle from the same locations, Vet Parasitol 145:260, 2007.

289. Thompson HP, Dooley JSG, Kenny J, et al: Genotypes and subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in neonatal calves in northern Ireland, Parasitol Res 100:619, 2007.

290. Fayer R, Santin M, Trout JM, et al: Prevalence of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium found in 1-2-year-old dairy cattle in the eastern United States, Vet Parasitol 135:105, 2006.

291. Xiao L: Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update, Exp Parasitol 124:80, 2010.

292. Feng Y, Xiao L: Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in China, Front Microbiol 8:1, 2017.

293. Silverlas C, Bosaeus-Reineck H, Naslund K, et al: Is there a need for improved Cryptosporidium diagnostics in Swedish calves? Int J Parasitol 43:155, 2013.

294. Silverlas C, Emanuelson U, de Verdier K, et al: Prevalence and associated management factors of Cryptosporidium shedding in 50 Swedish dairy herds, Prev Vet Med 90:242, 2009.

295. Bjorkman C, Lindstrom L, Oweson C, et al: Cryptosporidium infections in suckler herd beef calves, Parasitology 142:1108, 2015.

296. Peng MM, Wilson ML, Holland RE, et al: Genetic diversity of Cryp­tosporidium spp. in cattle in Michigan: implications for understanding the transmission dynamics, Parasitol Res 90:175, 2003.

297. Peng MM, Xiao L, Freeman AR, et al: Genetic polymorphism among Cryptosporidium parvum isolates: evidence of two distinct human transmission cycles, Emerg Infect Dis 3:567, 1997.

298. Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U, et al: Cryptosporidium Taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health, Clin Microbiol Rev 17:72,

2004.

299. Quilez J, Sanchez-Acedo C, del Cacho E, et al: Prevalence of Crypto­sporidium and Giardia infections in cattle in aragon (northeastern Spain), Vet Parasitol 66:139, 1996.

300. Graaf DC, Vanopdenbosch E, Ortega-Mora LM, et al: A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals, Int J Parasitol 29:1269, 1999.

301. Gookin JL, Nordone SK, Argenzio RA: Host responses to Cryptosporidium infection, J Vet Intern Med 16:12, 2002.

302. Naciri M, Lefay MP, Mancassola R, et al: Role of Cryptosporidium parvum as a pathogen in neonatal diarrhoea complex in suckling and dairy calves in France, Vet Parasitol 85:245, 1999.

303. Anderson BC, Bulgin MS: Enteritis caused by Cryptosporidium in calves, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 76:865, 1981.

304. Tzipori S: Cryptosporidiosis in animals and humans, Microbiol Rev 47:84,

1983.

305. Jerrett IV, Snodgrass DR: Cryptosporidia associated with outbreaks of neonatal calf diarrhoea, Aust Vet J 57:434, 1981.

306. Olson ME, O’Handley RM, Ralston BJ, et al: Update on Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in cattle, Trends Parasitol 20:185, 2004.

307. Jenkins MC: Advances and prospects for subunit vaccines against protozoa of veterinary importance. (Special issue: Advances in Molecular Parasitol­ogy), Vet Parasitol 101:291, 2001.

308. Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Cranfield MR, et al: Filth flies are transport hosts of Cryptosporidium parvum, Emerg Infect Dis 5:726, 1999.

309. Huetink REC, Giessen JWB, Noordhuizen JPTM, et al: Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis on a dairy farm, Vet Parasitol 102:53, 2001.

310. Atwill ER, Johnson E, Klingborg DJ, et al: Age, geographic, and temporal distribution of fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in cow-calf herds, Am J Vet Res 60:420, 1999.

311. Xiao L: Giardia infection in farm animals, Parasit Today 10:436, 1994.

312. Sturdee AP, Bodley-Tickell AT, Archer A, et al: Long-term study of Cryptosporidium prevalence on a lowland farm in the United Kingdom, Vet Parasitol 116:97, 2003.

313. Scott CA, Smith HV, Mtambo MMA, et al: An epidemiological study of Cryptosporidium parvum in two herds of adult beef cattle, Vet Parasitol 57:277, 1995.

314. Atwill ER, Hoar B, das Graςas Cabral Pereira M, et al: Improved quantita­tive estimates of low environmental loading and sporadic periparturient shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum in adult beef cattle, Appl Environ Microbiol 69:4604, 2003.

315. Faubert GM, Litvinsky Y: Natural transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum between dams and calves on a dairy farm, J Parasitol 86:495, 2000.

316. Kenney DG, Robbins SC, Prescott JF, et al: Development of reactive arthritis and resistance to erythromycin and rifampin in a foal during treatment for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia, Equine Vet J 26:246, 1994.

317. Robertson LJ, Campbell AT, Smith HV: Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts under various environmental pressures, Appl Environ Microbiol 58:3494, 1992.

318. Anderson BC: Effect of drying on the infectivity of cryptosporidia-laden calf feces for 3- to 7-day-old mice, Am J Vet Res 47:2272, 1986.

319. Ong C, Moorehead W, Ross A, et al: Studies of Giardia spp. and Cryp­tosporidium spp. in two adjacent watersheds, Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2798,

1996.

320. Olson ME, Goh J, Phillips M, et al: Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidium oocyst survival in water, soil, and cattle feces, J Environ Qual 28:1991, 1999.

321. Merry RJ, Mawdsley JL, Brooks AE, et al: Viability of Cryptosporidium parvum during ensilage of perennial ryegrass, J Appl Microbiol 82:115,

1997.

322. Atwill ER, Camargo SM, Phillips R, et al: Quantitative shedding of two genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum in California ground squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi), Appl Environ Microbiol 67:2840, 2001.

323. Fayer R, Morgan U, Upton SJ: Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification, Int J Parasitol 30:1305, 2000.

324. Anderson BC: Cryptosporidiosis in Idaho lambs: natural and experimental infections, J Am Vet Met Assoc 181:151, 1982.

325. Mitchell G, Linklater K: Differential diagnosis of scouring in lambs, In Pract 5:6, 1983.

326. Tzipori S: Cryptosporidium, notes on epidemiology and pathogenesis, Parasitology Today 1:159, 1985.

327. Tzipori S, Larsen J, Smith M, et al: Diarrhoea in goat kids attributed to cryptosporidiosis infection, Vet Rec 111:35, 1982.

328. Reif JS, Wimmer L, Smith JA, et al: Human cryptosporidiosis associated with an epizootic in calves, Am J Public Health 79:1528, 1989.

329. O’Handley RM, Cockwill C, McAllister TA, et al: Duration of naturally acquired giardiosis and cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves and their association with diarrhea, J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:391, 1999.

330. Xiao L, Herd RP, Rings DM: Concurrent infections of Giardia and Cryptosporidium on two Ohio farms with calf diarrhea, Vet Parasitol 51:41, 1993.

331. O’Handley RM, Cockwill C, Jelinski M, et al: Effects of repeat fenbendazole treatment in dairy calves with giardiosis on cyst excretion, clinical signs and production, Vet Parasitol 89:209, 2000.

332. Nydam DV, Wade SE, Schaaf SL, et al: Number of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts or Giardia spp cysts shed by dairy calves after natural infection, Am J Vet Res 10:1612, 2001.

333. Ralston BJ, McAllister TA, Olson ME: Prevalence and infection pattern of naturally acquired giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in range beef calves and their dams, Vet Parasitol 114:113, 2003.

334. Becher KA, Robertson ID, Fraser DM, et al: Molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in dairy calves originating from three sources in Western Australia, Vet Parasitol 123:1, 2004.

335. O’Handley RM, Ceri H, Anette C, et al: Passive immunity and serological immune response in dairy calves associated with natural Giardia duodenalis infections, Vet Parasitol 113:89, 2003.

336. Quilez J, Ares-Mazas E, Sanchez-Acedo C, et al: Comparison of oocyst shedding and the serum immune response to Cryptosporidium parvum in cattle and pigs, Parasitol Res 82:529, 1996.

337. Taylor MA, Catchpole J: Coccidiosis of domestic ruminants, Appl Parasitol 35:73, 1994.

338. Marshall RN, Catchpole J, Green JA, et al: Bovine coccidiosis in calves following turnout, Vet Rec 143:366, 1998.

339. Svensson C: Excretion of Eimeria alabamensis oocysts in grazing calves and young stock, J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 47:105, 2000.

340. Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Epe C, Wirtherle N, et al: Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of Eimeria infections in first-year grazing cattle, Vet Parasitol 136:2006.

341. Step DL, Streeter RN, Kirkpatrick JG: Bovine coccidiosis—a review, Bovine Pract 2:126, 2002.

342. Parker RJ, Jones GW: Destruction of bovine coccidial oocysts in simulated cattle yards by dry tropical winter weather, Vet Parasitol 35:269, 1990.

343. Holliman A: Overview of coccidiosis—recent observations, Cattle Pract 8:83, 2000.

344. Parker RJ,Jones GW, Ellis KJ, et al: Post-weaning coccidiosis in beef calves in the dry tropics: experimental control with continuous monensin supplementation via intra-ruminal devices and concurrent epidemiological observations, Trop Anim Health Prod 18:198, 1986.

345. Mylrea PJ: Digestion in young calves fed whole milk ad lib. and its relation­ship to calf scours, Res Vet Sci 7:407, 1966.

346. Nocek JE, Braund DG: Performance, health, and postweaning growth on calves fed cold, acidified milk replacer ad libitum, J Dairy Sci 69:1871,

1986.

347. Johnston WS, Maclachlan GK: Digestive illness in the calf associated with non-coagulation of cows’ milk, Vet Rec 101:325, 1977.

348. Johnston WS, Maclachlan GK, Hopkins GF: The association of non­clotting of cow’s milk with scour in the single suckled beef calf, Vet Rec 106:174, 1980.

349. Johnston WS, Hopkins GF, Maclachlan GK: Impaired clotting ability of milk in dairy cows in the north of Scotland, Vet Rec 118:637, 1986.

350. Kertz AF: Calf health, performance and experimental results under a commercial-research facility and program, J Dairy Sci 60:1006, 1977.

351. Bellamy J, Acres SD: A comparison of histopathological changes in calves associated with K99- and K99+ strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Can J Comp Med 47:143, 1983.

352. Levine MM: Escherichia coli that cause diarrhea: enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorrhagic, and enteroadherent, J Inf Dis 155:377, 1987.

353. Bywater RJ: Some effects of Escherichia coli enterotoxin on net fluid, glucose and electrolyte transfer in calf small intestine, J Comp Pathol 80:565, 1970.

354. Nussbaum DJ, Salord JR, Rimmele DD: Evaluation of quantitative latex agglutination for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum, E. coli K99, and rotavirus in calf feces, J Vet Diagn Invest 11:314, 1999.

355. Thorns CJ, Bell MM, Chasey D, et al: Development of monoclonal antibody ELISA for simultaneous detection of bovine coronavirus, rotavirus serogroup A, and Escherichia coli K99 antigen in feces of calves, Am J Vet Res 53:36, 1992.

356. Lintermans P, Pohl P: Detection of bovine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: a comparative study of a direct fluorescent antibody technique and conventional culturing methods, Br Vet J 140:44, 1984.

357. Fukushima H, Tsunomori Y, Seki R: Duplex realtime SYBR green PCR assays for detection of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in stools, J Clin Microbiol 41:5134, 2003.

358. Ganaba R, Bigras-Poulin M, Fairbrother JM, et al: Importance of Escherichia coli in young beef calves from Northwestern Quebec, Can J Vet Res 59:20, 1995.

359. Janke BH, Francis DH, Collins JE, et al: Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli infections in calves, pigs, lambs, and dogs, J Vet Diagn Invest 1:6,

1989.

360. Hyatt DR, Galland JC, Gillespie JR: Usefulness of a commercially available enzyme immunoassay for Shiga-like toxins I and II as a presumptive test for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle feces, J Vet Diagn Invest 13:71, 2001.

361. Segura-Alvarez M, Richter H, Conraths FJ, et al: Evaluation of enzyme- linked immunosorbent assays and a PCR test for detection of Shiga toxins for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in cattle herds, J Clin Microbiol 12:5760, 2003.

362. Kerr P, Ball H, China B, et al: Use of a monoclonal antibody against an Escherichia coli O26 surface protein for detection of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic strains, Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 6:610, 1999.

363. Ball HJ, Finlay D, Burns L, et al: Application of monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISAs to detect verotoxins in cattle faeces, Res Vet Sci 57:225,

1994.

364. China B, Pirson V, Mainil J: Prevalence and molecular typing of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli among calf populations in Belgium, Vet Microbiol 63:249, 1998.

365. Montenegro MA, Bulte M, Trumpf T, et al: Detection and characterization of fecal verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli from healthy cattle, J Clin Microbiol 28:1417, 1990.

366. Bueschel DM, Jost BH, Billington SJ, et al: Prevalence of cpb2, encoding beta2 toxin, in Clostridium perfringens field isolates: correlation of genotype with phenotype, Vet Microbiol 94:121, 2003.

367. Garmory HS, Chanter N, French NP, et al: Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens beta2-toxin amongst animals, determined using genotyping and subtyping PCR assays, Epidemiol Infect 124:61, 2000.

368. Manteca C, Daube G, Jauniaux T, et al: A role for the Clostridium perfringens beta2 toxin in bovine enterotoxaemia? Vet Microbiol 86:191,

2002.

369. Kokai-Kun JF, Songer JG, Czeczulin JR, et al: Comparison of Western immunoblots and gene detection assays for identification of potentially enterotoxigenic isolates of Clostridium perfringens, J Clin Microbiol 32:2533, 1994.

370. Johnson DD: Necropsy of the suckling calf, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2:85, 1986.

371. House JK, Smith BP: Current strategies for managing salmonella infections in cattle, Vet Med August:756, 1998.

372. Mee JF: Terminal gangrene and osteitis in calves attributed to Salmonella dublin infection, Ir Vet J 48:22, 1995.

373. Anderson RA, House JK, Smith BP, et al: Epidemiologic and biological characteristics of salmonellosis in three dairy herds, J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:310, 2001.

374. Zee H, Huis in’t Veld JHJ: Methods for the rapid detection of Salmonella. In Wray C, Wray A, editors: Salmonella in domestic animals, Wallingford, UK, 2000, CABI Publishing, pp 373-391.

375. Fecteau M, House JK, Kotarski SF, et al: Efficacy of ceftiofur for treatment of experimental salmonellosis in neonatal calves, Am J Vet Res 64:918,

2003.

376. Clark KJ, Tamborello TJ, Xu Z, et al: An unusual group-A rotavirus associated with an epidemic of diarrhea among three-month-old calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:552, 1996.

377. Dea S, Roy RS, Begin ME: Bovine coronavirus isolation and cultivation in continuous cell lines, Am J Vet Res 41:30, 1980.

378. Flewett TH: Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of infectious diarrhea, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:538, 1978.

379. Czerny CP, Eichhorn W: Characterization of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to bovine enteric coronavirus: establishment of an efficient ELISA for antigen detection in feces, Vet Microbiol 20:111, 1989.

380. Reynolds DJ, Chasey D, Scott AC, et al: Evaluation of ELISA and electron microscopy for the detection of coronavirus and rotavirus in bovine faeces, Vet Rec 114:397, 1984.

381. Smith DR, Nielsen PR, Gadfield KL, et al: Further validation of antibody­capture and antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for determining exposure of cattle to bovine coronavirus, Am J Vet Res 59:956,

1998.

382. Smith DR, Tsunemitsu H, Heckert RA, et al: Evaluation of two antigen­capture ELISAs using polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies for the detection of bovine coronavirus, J Vet Diagn Invest 8:99, 1996.

383. Verbeek A, Dea S, Tijssen P: Detection of bovine enteric coronavirus in clinical specimens by hybridization with cDNA probes, Mol Cell Probes 4:107, 1990.

384. Verbeek A, Tijssen P: Polymerase chain reaction for probe synthesis and for direct amplification in detection of bovine coronavirus, J Virol Methods 29:243, 1990.

385. Tsunemitsu H, Smith DR, Saif LJ: Experimental inoculation of adult dairy cows with bovine coronavirus and detection of coronavirus in feces by RT-PCR, Arch Virol 144:167, 1999.

386. Decaro N, Elia G, Campolo M, et al: Detection of bovine coronavirus using a TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR assay, J Virol Methods 151:167,

2008.

387. Escutenaire S, Mohamed N, Isaksson M, et al: SYBR Green real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for the generic detection of coronaviruses, Arch Virol 152:41, 2007.

388. Kapil S, Richardson KL, Radi C, et al: Factors affecting isolation and propagation of bovine coronavirus in human rectal tumor-18 cell line, J Vet Diagn Invest 8:96, 1996.

389. Cho KO, Hasoksuz M, Nielsen PR, et al: Cross-protection studies between respiratory and calf diarrhea and winter dysentery coronavirus strains in calves and RT-PCR and nested PCR for their detection, Arch Virol 12:2401, 2001.

390. Park S, Jeong C, Yoon S, et al: Detection and characterization of bovine coronaviruses in fecal specimens of adult cattle with diarrhea during the warmer seasons, J Clin Microbiol 44:3178, 2006.

391. Varshney KC, Bridger JC, Parsons KR, et al: The lesions of rotavirus infection in 1- and 10-day-old gnotobiotic calves, Vet Pathol 32:619, 1995.

392. Chauhan RS, Singh NP: Rotavirus infection in calves: diagnosis by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, Indian J Anim Sci 63:1, 1993.

393. Benfield DA, Stotz IJ, Nelson EA, et al: Comparison of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with electron microscopy, fluorescent antibody, and virus isolation for the detection of bovine and porcine rotavirus, Am J Vet Res 45:1998, 1984.

394. Wilhelmi I, Colomina J, Martin-Rodrigo D, et al: New immunochro­matographic method for rapid detection of rotaviruses in stool samples compared with standard enzyme immunoassay and latex agglutination techniques, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 20:741, 2001.

395. Gutierrez-Aguirre I, Steyer A, Boben J, et al: Sensitive detection of multiple rotavirus genotypes with a single reverse transcription-real-time quantitative PCR assay, J Clin Microbiol 46:2547, 2008.

396. Rhodes MB, Stair EL, McCullough RA, et al: Comparison of results using electron microscope, immunodiffusion and fluorescent antibody analyses to detect rotavirus in diarrheic fecal samples of calves, Can J Comp Med 43:84, 1979.

397. Ellens DJ, Leeuw PW, Straver PJ, et al: Comparison of five diagnostic methods for the detection of rotavirus antigens in calf faeces, Med Microbiol Immunol 166:157, 1978.

398. McNulty MS, Allan GM, Curran WL, et al: Comparison of methods for diagnosis of rotavirus infection of calves, Vet Rec 98:463, 1976.

399. Munier K, Kibenge FSB: Analysis of infectious salmon anaemia virus by real-time RT-PCR, J Virol Methods 117:37, 2004.

400. Fulton RW, Saliki JT, Burge LJ, et al: Neutralizing antibodies to type 1 and 2 bovine viral diarrhea viruses: detection by inhibition of viral Cytopathology and infectivity by immunoperoxidase assay, Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 4:380, 1997.

401. Saliki JT, Fulton RW Hull SR, et al: Microtiter virus isolation and enzyme immunoassays for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle serum, J Clm Microbiol 35:803, 1997.

402. Zimmer GM, Van Maanen C, De Goey I, et al: The effect of maternal antibodies on the detection of bovine virus diarrhoea virus in peripheral blood samples, Vet Microbiol 100:145, 2004.

403. Njaa BL, Clark EG, Janzen E, et al: Diagnosis of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection by immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed skin biopsy specimens, J Vet Diagn Invest 12:393, 2000.

404. Saliki JT, Huchzermeier R, Dubovi EJ: Evaluation of a new sandwich ELISA kit that uses serum for detection of cattle persistently infected with BVD virus, Ann N Y Acad Sci 916:358, 2000.

405. Cavanagh D, Horzinek MC: Genus torovirus assigned to the coronaviridae, Arch Virol 128:395, 1993.

406. Horzinek MC, Weis M: Toroviruses. In Saif LJ, Theil KW, editors: Viral diarrheas of man and animals, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, CRC Press, pp 253-262.

407. Woode GN, Reed DE, Runnels PL, et al: Studies with an unclassified virus isolated from diarrheic calves, Vet Microbiol 7:221, 1982.

408. Koopmans M, Cremers H, Woode G, et al: Breda virus (Toroviridae) infection and systemic antibody response in sentinel calves, Am J Vet Res 51:1443, 1990.

409. Ernst JV, Benz GW: Intestinal coccidiosis in cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2:283, 1986.

410. House JK, Smith BP, VanMetre DC, et al: Ancillary tests for assessment of the ruminant digestive system, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 8:203, 1992.

411. Daugschies A, Najdrowskii M: Eimeriosis in cattle: current understanding, J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 52:417, 2005.

412. Busato A, Lentze T, Hofer D, et al: A case control study of potential enteric pathogens for calves raised in cow-calf herds, J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 45:519, 1998.

413. Ernst JV, Ciordia H, Stuedemann JA: Coccidia in cows and calves on pasture in North Georgia (U.S.A.), Vet Parasitol 15:213, 1984.

414. O’Handley RM, Buret AG, McAllister TA, et al: Giardiasis in dairy calves: effects of fenbendazole treatment on intestinal structure and function, Int J Parasitol 31:73, 2001.

415. Souza DS, Barreiros JT, Papp KM, et al: Comparison between immu- nomagnetic separation, coupled with immunofluorescence, and the techniques of Faust et al. and of Lutz for the diagnosis of Giardia lamblia cysts in human feces, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 45:339, 2003.

416. Aretio R, Perez MJ, Martin E: Evaluation of 2 immunologic techniques (ELISA, DIF) for the diagnosis of Giardia lamblia in feces, Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 12:337, 1994.

417. Caccio SM: New methods for the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, Parassitologia 46:151, 2004.

418. Lee SH, VanBik D, Kim HY, et al: Prevalence and molecular charac­terisation of Giardia duodenalis in calves with diarrhoea, Vet Rec 178:

2016.

419. Olson ME, Thorlakson CL, Deselliers L, et al: Giardia and Cryptospo­ridium in Canadian farm animals, Vet Parasitol 68:375, 1997.

420. Appelbee AJ, Frederick LM, Heitman TL, et al: Prevalence and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from beef calves in Alberta, Canada, Vet Parasitol 112:289, 2003.

421. Sanford SE, Josephson GKA: Bovine cryptosporidiosis: clinical and pathological findings in forty-two scouring neonatal calves, Can Vet J 23:343, 1982.

422. Castro-Hermida JA, Gonzalez-Losada YA, Mezo-Menendez M, et al: A study of cryptosporidiosis in a cohort of neonatal calves, Vet Parasitol 106:11, 2002.

423. Lindsay DS, Upton SJ, Owens DS, et al: Cryptosporidium andersoni n. sp. (apicomplexa: cryptosporiidae) from cattle, bos taurus, J Eukaryot Microbiol 47:91, 2000.

424. Fayer R, Santin M, Xiao LH: Cryptosporidium bovis n. sp. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae) in cattle (bos taurus), J Parasitol 91:624, 2005.

425. Santin M, Trout JM, Xiao L, et al: Prevalence and age-related variation of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in dairy calves, Vet Parasitol 122:103, 2004.

426. Slapeta J: Cryptosporidium species found in cattle: a proposal for a new species, Trends Parasitol 22:469, 2006.

427. Feng Y, Ortega Y, He G, et al: Wide geographic distribution of Cryp­tosporidium bovis and the deer-like genotypes in bovines, Vet Parasitol 144:1, 2007.

428. Anderson BC: Patterns of shedding of cryptosporidial oocysts in Idaho calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:982, 1981.

429. Casemore DP, Armstrong M, Sands RL: Laboratory diagnosis of cryp­tosporidiosis, J Clin Pathol 38:1337, 1985.

430. Baxby D, Blundell N, Hart CA: The development and performance of a simple, sensitive method for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faeces, J Hyg (Lond) 93:317, 1984.

431. Ma P, Soave R: Three-step stool examination for cryptosporidiosis in 10 homosexual men with protracted watery diarrhea, J Infect Dis 147:824, 1983.

432. Henriksen SA, Pohlenz JF: Staining of cryptosporidia by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique, Acta Vet Scand 22:594, 1981.

433. Pohjola S: Negative staining method with nigrosin for the detection of cryptosporidial oocysts: a comparative study, Res Vet Sci 36:217, 1984.

434. Anusz KZ, Mason PH, Riggs MW, et al: Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in bovine feces by monoclonal antibody capture enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay, J Clin Microbiol 28:2770, 1990.

435. Pereira MD, Atwill ER, Jones T: Comparison of sensitivity of immuno- fluorescent microscopy to that of a combination of immunofluorescent microscopy and immunomagnetic separation for detection of Crypto­sporidium parvum oocysts in adult bovine feces, Appl Environ Microbiol 65:3236, 1999.

436. Llorente MT, Clavel A, Varea M, et al: Evaluation of an immunochro­matographic dip-strip test for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in stool specimens, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21:624, 2002.

437. Cho Y, Kim W, Liu S, et al: Development of a panel of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for simultaneous detection of major agents causing calf diarrhea in feces, J Vet Diagn Invest 22:509, 2010.

438. Sivula NJ, Ames TR, Marsh WE, et al: Descriptive epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in Minnesota dairy heifer calves, Prev Vet Med 27:155, 1996.

439. Patterson D, Bellows R, Burfening P, et al: Occurrence of neonatal and postnatal mortality in range beef cattle. I: calf loss incidence from birth to weaning, backward and breech presentation and effects of calf loss on subsequent pregnancy rates of dams, Theriogenology 28:557, 1987.

440. Azzam SM, Kinder JE, Nielsen MK, et al: Environmental effects on neonatal mortality of beef calves, J Animal Sci 71:282, 1993.

441. Dutil L, Fecteau G, Bouchard E, et al: A questionnaire on the health, management, and performance of cow-calf herds in Quebec, Can Vet J 40:649, 1999.

442. Muggli NE, Hohenboken WD, Cundiff LV, et al: Inheritance of maternal immunoglobulin G1 concentration by the bovine neonate, J Anim Sci 59:39, 1984.

443. Odde KG: Survival of the neonatal calf, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 4:501, 1988.

444. Wittum TE, Salman MD, King ME, et al: Individual animal and maternal risk factors for morbidity and mortality of neonatal beef calves in Colorado, USA, Prev Vet Med 19:1, 1994.

445. McDermott JJ, Allen OB, Martin SW, et al: Patterns of stillbirth and dystocia in Ontario cow-calf herds, Can J Vet Res 56:47, 1992.

446. Zaborski D, Grzesiak W, Szatkowska I, et al: Factors affecting dystocia in cattle, Reprod Domest Anim 44:540, 2009.

447. Thompson JR, Pollak EJ, Pelissier CL: Interrelationships of parturition problems, production of subsequent lactation, reproduction, and age at first calving, J Dairy Sci 66:1119, 1983.

448. Arnett DW, Holland GL, Totusek R: Some effects of obesity in beef females, J Anim Sci 33:1129, 1971.

449. Bellows RA, Short RE: Effects of precalving feed level on birth weight, calving difficulty and subsequent fertility, J Anim Sci 46:1522, 1978.

450. Kroker GA, Cummins LJ: The effect of nutritional restriction on Hereford heifers in late pregnancy, Aust Vet J 55:467, 1979.

451. Odde KG: Reducing neonatal calf losses through selection, nutrition and management, Agri Practice 17:12, 1996.

452. Schumann FJ, Townsend HG, Naylor JN: Risk factors for mortality from diarrhea in beef calves in Alberta, Can J Vet Res 54:366, 1990.

453. Clement JC, King ME, Salman MD, et al: Use of epidemiologic principles to identify risk factors associated with the development of diarrhea in calves in five beef herds, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1334, 1995.

454. Perino LJ, Wittum TE: Effects of various risk factors on plasma protein and serum immunoglobulin concentrations of calves at postpartum hours 10 and 24, Am J Vet Res 56:1144, 1995.

455. Bradley JA, Niilo L, Dorward WJ: Some observations on serum gam­maglobulin concentrations in suckled beef calves, Can Vet J 20:227, 1979.

456. Cole JB, Goodling RC, Wiggans GR, et al: Genetic evaluation of calving ease for Brown Swiss and Jersey bulls from purebred and crossbred calvings, J Dairy Sci 88:1529, 2005.

457. Frank NA, Kaneene JB, Schumann FJ, et al: Management risk factors associated with calf diarrhea in Michigan dairy herds risk factors for mortality from diarrhea in beef calves in Alberta, J Dairy Sci 76:1313, 1993.

458. Garber LP, Salman MD, Hurd HS, et al: Potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in dairy calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:86, 1994.

459. Losinger WC, Heinrichs AJ: Management practices associated with high mortality among preweaned dairy heifers, J Dairy Res 64:1, 1997.

460. Logan EF, Gibson T: Serum immunoglobulin levels in suckled beef calves, Vet Rec 97:229, 1975.

461. McGuire TC, Pfeiffer NE, Weikel JM, et al: Failure of colostral immu­noglobulin transfer in calves dying from infectious disease, J Am Vet Med Assoc 169:713, 1976.

462. McBeath DG, Logan EF: Influence of neonatal management on serum immunoglobulin levels of suckled calves, Vet Rec 95:466, 1974.

463. Gay CC, McGuire TC, Parish SM: Seasonal variation in passive transfer of immunoglobulin G1 to newborn calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:566, 1983.

464. Besser TE, Gay CC, Pritchett L: Comparison of three methods of feeding colostrum to dairy calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:419, 1991.

465. Filteau V, Bouchard E, Fecteau G, et al: Health status and risk factors associated with failure of passive transfer of immunity in newborn beef calves in Quebec, Can Vet J 44:907, 2003.

466. Toombs RE, Grotelueschen DM, Glock RD, et al: Postnatal calf losses in beef herds: causes and epidemiological characteristics, Large Animal Practice 19:16, 1998.

467. Arsenopoulos K, Theodoridis A, Papadopoulos E: Effect of colostrum quantity and quality on neonatal calf diarrhoea due to Cryptosporidium spp. infection, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 53:50, 2017.

468. Morin DE, McCoy GC, Hurley WL: Effects of quality, quantity, and timing of colostrum feeding and addition of a dried colostrum supplement on immunoglobulin G1 absorption in Holstein bull calves, J Dairy Sci 80:747, 1997.

469. Leeuw P, Ellens DJ, Straver PJ, et al: Rotavirus infections in calves in dairy herds, Res Vet Sci 29:135, 1980.

470. Snodgrass DR, Wblls PW: The influence of colostrum on neonatal rotaviral infections, Ann Rech Vet 9:335, 1978.

471. Woode GN, Jones J, Bridger J: Levels of colostral antibodies against neonatal calf diarrhoea virus, Vet Rec 97:148, 1975.

472. Acres SD, Isaacson RE, Babiuk LA, et al: Immunization of calves against enterotoxigenic colibacillosis by vaccinating dams with purified K99 antigen and whole cell bacterins, Infect Immun 25:121, 1979.

47 3. Fisher EW, Martinez AA, Trainin Z, et al: Studies of neonatal calf diarrhoea. II. Serum and faecal immune globulins in enteric colibacillosis, Br Vet J 402:1975.

474. Radostits OM, Acres SD: The prevention and control of epidemics of acute undifferentiated diarrhea of beef calves in Western Canada, Can Vet J 21:243, 1980.

475. Radostits OM: The role of management and the use of vaccines in the control of acute undifferentiated diarrhea of newborn calves, Can Vet J 32:155, 1991.

476. Curtis CR, Erb HN, Scarlett JM, et al: Path model of herd-level risk factors for calfhood morbidity and mortality in New York Holstein herds, Prev Vet Med 16:1993.

477. Losinger WC, Heinrichs AJ: Factors associated with high scours mortality among preweaned dairy heifers, Arch Zootech 46:311, 1997.

478. Mohammed HO, Wade SE, Schaaf S: Risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium parvum infection in dairy cattle in southeastern New York State, Vet Parasitol 83:1, 1999.

479. Trotz-Williams LA, Martin SW, Leslie KE, et al: Association between management practices and within-herd prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum shedding on dairy farms in southern Ontario, Prev Vet Med 83:11, 2008.

480. Trotz-Williams LA, Wayne Martin S, Leslie KE, et al: Calf-level risk factors for neonatal diarrhea and shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum in Ontario dairy calves, Prev Vet Med 82:12, 2007.

481. Smith DR, Grotelueschen DM, Knott T, et al: Prevention of neonatal calf diarrhea with the sandhills calving system. In Smith RA, editor: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual Conference, American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Forth Worth, TX, USA, 2004, American Association of Bovine Practitioners, p 166.

482. Osborne AD, Pearson H, Linton AH, et al: Epidemiology of Salmonella infection in calves: the source of calfhood infection by Salmonella dublin, Vet Rec 101:513, 1977.

483. Giles N, Hopper SA, Wray C: Persistence of S. typhimurium in a large dairy herd, Epidemiol Infect 103:235, 1989.

484. Jenkins MB, Bowman DD, Fogarty EA, et al: Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation in three soil types at various temperatures and water potentials, Soil Biol Biochem 34:1101, 2002.

485. Donahue M, Godden S, Bey R, et al: Heat treatment of colostrum on commercial dairy farms decreases colostrum microbial counts while maintaining colostrum immunoglobulin G concentrations, J Dairy Sci 95:2697, 2012.

486. Godden SM, Smolenski DJ, Donahue M, et al: Heat-treated colostrum and reduced morbidity in preweaned dairy calves: results of a randomized trial and examination of mechanisms of effectiveness, J Dairy Sci 95:4029, 2012.

487. Prokop A, Humphrey AE: Kinetics of disinfection. In Benarde ME, editor: Disinfection, New York, 1970, M. Dekker, pp 61-83.

488. Dennehy PH: Transmission of rotavirus and other enteric pathogens in the home, Pediatr Infect Dis J 19:S103, 2000.

489. Donaldson AI: Factors influencing the dispersal, survival and deposition of airborne pathogens of farm animals, Vet Bull 48:83, 1978.

490. Campbell I, Tzipori S, Hutchison G, et al: Effect of disinfectants on survival of Cryptosporidium oocysts, Vet Rec 111:414, 1982.

491. Weber DJ, Rutala WA: The emerging nosocomial pathogens Crypto­sporidium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Helicobacter pylori, and hepatitis C: epidemiology, environmental survival, efficacy of disinfection, and control measures, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 22:306, 2001.

492. Shahiduzzaman M, Dyachenko V, Keidel J, et al: Combination of cell culture and quantitative PCR (cc-qPCR) to assess disinfectants efficacy on Cryptosporidium oocysts under standardized conditions, Vet Parasitol 167:43, 2010.

493. Chauret C, Nolan K, Chen P, et al: Aging of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in river water and their susceptibility to disinfection by chlorine and monochloramine, Can J Microbiol 44:1154, 1998.

494. Anonymous. 1981. The cleansing and disinfection of calf houses. Leaflet 645, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, UK:1.

495. Scarlett CM, Mathewson GK: Terminal disinfection of calf houses by formaldehyde fumigation, Vet Rec 101:7, 1977.

496. Tablante N, Jr, Lane VM: Wild mice as potential reservoirs of Salmonella dublin in a closed dairy herd, Can Vet J 30:590, 1989.

497. Radostits OM, Acres SD: The control of acute undifferentiated diarrhea of newborn beef calves, Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 5:143, 1983.

498. Larson RL, Tyler JW, Schultz LG, et al: Management strategies to decrease calf death losses in beef herds, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:42, 2004.

499. Jensen MB: The early behaviour of cow and calf in an individual calving pen, Appl Anim Behav Sci 134:92, 2011.

500. Smith DR 2007. I. Basic Principles Used in the “Sandhills Calving System” and How They Apply to Other Production Environments.

501. Collins NF, Halbur T, Schwenck WH, et al: Duration of immunity and efficacy of an oil emulsion Escherichia coli bacterin in cattle, Am J Vet Res 49:674, 1988.

502. Valente C, Fruganti G, Tesei B, et al: Vaccination of pregnant cows with K99 antigen of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and protection by colostrum in newborn calves, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 11:189, 1988.

503. Snodgrass DR: Evaluation of a combined rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vaccine in cattle, Vet Rec 119:39, 1986.

504. Contrepois MG, Girardeau JP: Additive protective effects of colostral antipili antibodies in calves experimentally infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Infect Immun 50:947, 1985.

505. Nagy LK, MacKenzie T, Painter KR: Re-vaccination of cows with E coli K99∕rotavirus vaccine in early gestation, Proc 4th Int Symp Neonatal Diarrhea, Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan 448:1983.

506. Sherman DM, Acres SD, Sadowski PL, et al: Protection of calves against fatal enteric colibacillosis by orally administered Escherichia coli K99 specific monoclonal antibody, Infect Immun 42:653, 1983.

507. Meyer H, Koch H, Methner U, et al: Vaccines in salmonellosis control in animals, Int J Med Microbiol Virol Parasitol Infect Dis 278:407, 1993.

508. Steinbach G, Meyer H: Efficacy of subcutaneous inoculation of calves with “Murivac” inactivated salmonellosis vaccine, Tierarztl Prax 22:529, 1994.

509. Bairey MH: Immunization of calves against salmonellosis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:610, 1978.

510. Cameron CM, Fuls W: Immunization of mice and calves against Salmonella dublin with attenuated live and inactivated vaccines, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 43:31, 1976.

511. Aitken MM, Jones PW, Brown G: Protection of cattle against experimentally induced salmonellosis by intradermal injection of heat-killed Salmonella dublin, Res Vet Sci 32:368, 1982.

512. Aitken MM: Salmonellosis-chemotherapy or vaccination, Irish Vet News 18:3, 1986.

513. Smith BP, Habasha FG, Reina-Guerra M, et al: Immunization of calves against salmonellosis, Am J Vet Res 41:1947, 1980.

514. Robertsson JA, Lindberg AA, Hoiseth S, et al: Salmonella typhimurium infection in calves: protection and survival of virulent challenge bacteria after immunization with live or inactivated vaccines, Infect Immun 41:742, 1983.

515. Baljer G, Hoerstke M, Dirksen G, et al: Efficacy of a local and/or parenteral immunization against salmonellosis in calves with inactivated vaccines, J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 33:206, 1986.

516. House JK, Ontiveros MM, Blackmer NM, et al: Evaluation of an autogenous Salmonella bacterin and a modified live Salmonella serotype Choleraesuis vaccine on a commercial dairy farm, Am J Vet Res 62:1897, 2001.

517. Wilson GS: The hazards of immunization, London, 1967, Athlone Press, pp 265-280.

518. Emery D, Straub D, Slinden L, et al: Effect of a novel Salmonella Vaccine on performance in a large expansion dairy, Proc Proceedings of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners Annual Conference, Stillwater 185:2002.

519. Bullen DJ, Griffiths E: Iron binding proteins and host defense. In Bullen DJ, Griffiths E, editors: Iron and infection: molecular and infection: molecular, physiological, and clinical aspects, New York, 1999, John Wiley & Sons, p 327.

520. Smith GW, Alley ML, Foster DM, et al: Passive immunity stimulated by vaccination of dry cows with a Salmonella bacterial extract, J Vet Intern Med 28:1602, 2014.

521. Sigwart DF, Stocker BA, Clements JD: Effect of a purA mutation on efficacy of Salmonella live-vaccine vectors, Infect Immun 57:1858, 1989.

522. Stocker BA: Auxotrophic Salmonella typhi as live vaccine, Vaccine 6:141,

1988.

523. Smith BP, Reina-Guerra M, Stocker B, et al: Aromatic-dependent Sal­monella dublin as a parenteral modified live vaccine for calves, Am J Vet Res 45:2231, 1984.

524. Mukkur TKS, McDowell GH, Stocker BAD, et al: Protection against experimental salmonellosis in mice and sheep by immunisation with aromatic-dependent Salmonella typhimurium, J Med Microbiol 24:11,

1987.

525. Brown RF, Stocker BA: Salmonella typhi 205aty, a strain with two attenuating auxotrophic characters, for use in laboratory teaching, Infect Immun 55:892, 1987.

526. McFarland WC, Stocker BA: Effect of different purine auxotrophic mutations on mouse-virulence of a Vi-positive strain of Salmonella dublin and of two strains of Salmonella typhimurium, Microb Pathog 3:129, 1987.

527. Baljer G, Hoerstke M, Dirksen G, et al: Comparative studies of the effectivity of oral immunization with heat-inactivated and live, avirulent (Gal E-) S. typhimurium bacteria against salmonellosis in calves, Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 28:759, 1981.

528. Cameron CM: Immunity to Salmonella infections, J S Afr Vet Assoc 47:89,

1976.

529. Jones PW Dougan G, Hayward C, et al: Oral vaccination of calves against experimental salmonellosis using a double aro mutant of Salmonella typhimurium, Vaccine 9:29, 1991.

530. Rankin JD, Newman G, Taylor RJ: The protection of calves against infection with Salmonella typhimurium by means of Salmonella dublin (strain 51) vaccine, Vet Rec 78:765, 1966.

531. Smith BP, Reina-Guerra M, Stocker BA, et al: Aromatic-dependent Salmonella dublin as a parenteral modified live vaccine for calves, Am J Vet Res 45:2231, 1984.

532. Wray C, Sojka WJ, Morris JA, et al: The immunization of mice and calves with gal E mutants of Salmonella typhimurium, J Hygiene 79:17,

1977.

533. Hormaeche CE, Joysey HS, Desilva L, et al: Immunity conferred by Aro- Salmonella live vaccines, Microb Pathog 10:149, 1991.

534. Collins FM: Vaccines and cell-mediated immunity, Bacteriol Rev 38:371,

1974.

535. Clarke MA: Bovine coronavirus, Br Vet J 149:51, 1993.

536. Kapila S, Richardsona KL, Maaga TR, et al: Characterization of bovine coronavirus isolates from eight different states in the USA, Vet Microbiol 67:221, 1999.

537. Hoshino Y, Sereno MM, Midthun K, et al: Independent segregation of two antigenic specificities (VP3 and VP7) involved in neutralization of rotavirus infectivity, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:8701, 1985.

538. Estes MK: Rotaviruses and their replication. In Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors: Fields virology, Philadelphia, 1996, Lippincott-Raven.

539. Van Zaane D, Ijzerman J, De Leeuw PW: Intestinal antibody response after vaccination and infection with rotavirus of calves fed colostrum with or without rotavirus antibody, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 11:45, 1986.

540. Crouch CF, Bielefeldt Ohmann H, Watts TC, et al: Chronic shedding of bovine enteric coronavirus antigen-antibody complexes by clinically normal cows, J Gen Virol 66(Pt 7):1489, 1985.

541. Thurber ET, Bass EP, Beckenhauer WH: Field trial evaluation of a reo-coronavirus calf diarrhea vaccine, Can J Comp Med 41:131, 1977.

542. Brussow H, Walther I, Fryder V, et al: Cross-neutralizing antibodies induced by single serotype vaccination of cows with rotavirus, J Gen Virol 69(Pt 7):1647, 1988.

543. Besser TE, Gay CC, McGuire TC, et al: Passive immunity to bovine rotavirus infection associated with transfer of serum antibody into the intestinal lumen, J Virol 62:2238, 1988.

544. Archambault D, Morin G, Elazhary Y, et al: Immune response of pregnant heifers and cows to bovine rotavirus inoculation and passive protection to rotavirus infection in newborn calves fed colostral antibodies or colostral lymphocytes, Am J Vet Res 49:1084, 1988.

545. Castrucci G, Frigeri F, Angelillo V, et al: Field trial evaluation of an inactivated rotavirus vaccine against neonatal diarrhea of calves, Eur J Epidemiol 3:5, 1987.

546. Crouch CF: Vaccination against enteric rota and coronaviruses in cattle and pigs: enhancement of lactogenic immunity, Vaccine 3:284, 1985.

547. Castrucci G, Frigeri F, Ferrari M, et al: The efficacy of colostrum from cows vaccinated with rotavirus in protecting calves to experimentally induced rotavirus infection, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 7:11, 1984.

548. Acres SD, Babiuk LA: Studies on rotaviral antibody in bovine serum and lacteal secretions, using radioimmunoassay, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:555,

1978.

549. Hjerpe CA: Neonatal enteric disease vaccines, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 6:234, 1990.

550. Burki F, Mostl K, Spiegl E, et al: Reduction of rotavirus-, coronavirus- and E. coli-associated calf-diarrheas in a large-size dairy herd by means of dam vaccination with a triple-vaccine, Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 33:241, 1986.

551. Hudson D: Rota-coronavirus vaccination of pregnant cows, Mod Vet Pract 62:626, 1981.

552. Waltner-Toews D, Martin SW, Meek AH, et al: A field trial to evaluate the efficacy of a combined rotavirus-coronavirus/Escherichia coli vaccine in dairy cattle, Can J Comp Med 49:1, 1985.

553. Snodgrass DR: Enteric viral vaccines for calves, Bovine Pract 30:40, 1996.

554. Rager K, House JK, DePeters E: Calf nutrition, Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 2002.

555. Jamaluddin AA, Carpenter TE, Hird DW, et al: Economics of feeding pasteurized colostrum and pasteurized waste milk to dairy calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:751, 1996.

556. Connor EE, Wall EH, Bravo DM, et al: Reducing gut effects from Cryptosporidium parvum infection in dairy calves through prophylactic glucagon-like peptide 2 therapy or feeding of an artificial sweetener, J Dairy Sci 100:3004, 2017.

557. Moran AW, Al-Rammahi M, Zhang C, et al: Sweet taste receptor expression in ruminant intestine and its activation by artificial sweeteners to regulate glucose absorption, J Dairy Sci 97:4955, 2014.

558. Glasziou PP, Mackerras DEM: Vitamin A supplementation in infectious diseases: a meta-analysis, Br Med J 306:366, 1993.

559. Holland RE, Boyle SM, Herdt TH, et al: Malabsorption of vitamin A in preruminating calves infected with Cryptosporidium parvum, Am J Vet Res 53:1947, 1992.

560. Magalhaes VJA, Susca F, Lima FS, et al: Effect of feeding yeast culture on performance, health, and immunocompetence of dairy calves, J Dairy Sci 91:1497, 2008.

561. Brewer MT, Anderson KL, Yoon I, et al: Amelioration of salmonellosis in pre-weaned dairy calves fed Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products in feed and milk replacer, Vet Microbiol 172:248, 2014.

562. Jensen GS, Patterson KM, Yoon I: Yeast culture has anti-inflammatory effects and specifically activates NK cells, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 31:487, 2008.

563. Harris TL, Liang Y, Sharon KP, et al: Influence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products, SmartCare in milk replacer and Original XPC in calf starter, on the performance and health of preweaned Holstein calves challenged with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, J Dairy Sci 100:7154, 2017.

564. Taschuk R, Griebel PJ: Commensal microbiome effects on mucosal immune system development in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract, Anim Health Res Rev 13:129, 2012.

565. Chase CCL: Enteric immunity: happy gut, healthy animal, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 34:1, 2018.

566. Lukas F, Koppova I, Kudrna V, et al: Postnatal development of bacterial population in the gastrointestinal tract of calves, Folia Microbiol (Praha) 52:99, 2007.

567. Malmuthuge N, Griebel PJ, Guan LL: The gut microbiome and its potential role in the development and function of newborn calf gastro­intestinal tract, Front Vet Sci 2:1, 2015.

568. Malmuthuge N, Li M, Goonewardene LA, et al: Effect of calf starter feeding on gut microbial diversity and expression of genes involved in host immune responses and tight junctions in dairy calves during weaning transition, J Dairy Sci 96:3189, 2013.

569. Gomez DE, Arroyo LG, Costa MC, et al: Characterization of the fecal bacterial microbiota of healthy and diarrheic dairy calves, J Vet Intern Med 31:928, 2017.

570. Mayer M, Abenthum A, Matthes JM, et al: Development and genetic influence of the rectal bacterial flora of newborn calves, Vet Microbiol 161:179, 2012.

571. Frizzo LS, Zbrun MV, Soto LP, et al: Pathogen translocation and histo­pathological lesions in an experimental model of Salmonella dublin infection in calves receiving lactic acid bacteria and lactose supplements, J Vet Sci 13:261, 2012.

572. Signorini ML, Soto LP, Zbrun MV, et al: Impact of probiotic administration on the health and fecal microbiota of young calves: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of lactic acid bacteria, Res Vet Sci 93:250, 2012.

573. Uyeno Y, Shigemori S, Shimosato T: Effect of probiotics/prebiotics on cattle health and productivity, Microbes Environ 30:126, 2015.

574. Foster JC, Glass MD, Courtney PD, et al: Effect of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability, Food Microbiol 20:351, 2003.

575. Travers MA, Florent I, Kohl L, et al: Probiotics for the control of parasites: an overview, J Parasitol Res 2011, 2011.

576. von Buenau R, Jaekel L, Schubotz E, et al: Escherichia coli Strain Nissle 1917: significant reduction of neonatal calf diarrhea, J Dairy Sci 88:317,

2005.

577. Foditsch C, Van Vleck Pereira R, Ganda EK, et al: Oral administration of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii decreased the incidence of severe diarrhea and related mortality rate and increased weight gain in preweaned dairy heifers, PLoS ONE 10:1, 2015.

578. Weese J, Rousseau J: Evaluation of Lactobacillus pentosus WE7 for prevention of diarrhea in neonatal foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:2031,

2005.

579. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB: Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics, J Nutr 125:1401, 1995.

580. Wolfswinkel TL: The effects of feeding prebiotics, antibiotics, and alterna­tive proteins during the preweaning period to dairy calves on growth, health, and the gastrointestinal microbiota, In: In ProQuest Dissertations and Theses 202, 2017.

581. Castro JJ, Gomez A, White B, et al: Changes in the intestinal bacterial community, short-chain fatty acid profile, and intestinal development of preweaned Holstein calves. 2. Effects of gastrointestinal site and age1, J Dairy Sci 99:9703, 2016.

582. Quigley JD, Drewry JJ, Murray LM, et al: Body weight gain, feed efficiency, and fecal scores of dairy calves in response to galactosyl-lactose or antibiot­ics in milk replacers, J Dairy Sci 80:1751, 1997.

583. Quigley JD, Kost CJ, Wolfe TA: Effects of spray-dried animal plasma in milk replacers or additives containing serum and oligosaccharides on growth and health of calves, J Dairy Sci 85:413, 2002.

584. Heinrichs AJ, Jones CM, Elizondo-Salazar JA, et al: Effects of a prebiotic supplement on health of neonatal dairy calves, Livestock Science 125:149,

2009.

585. Marcondes MI, Pereira TR, Chagas JCC, et al: Performance and health of Holstein calves fed different levels of milk fortified with symbiotic

complex containing pre- and probiotics, Trop Anim Health Prod 48:1555,

2016.

586. Morrison SJ, Dawson S, Carson AF: The effects of mannan oligosaccharide and Streptococcus faecium addition to milk replacer on calf health and performance, Livestock Science 131:292, 2010.

587. Rybarczyk J, Kieckens E, De Zutter L, et al: Effects of lactoferrin treatment on Escherichia coli O157:H7 rectal colonization in cattle, Vet Microbiol 202:38, 2017.

588. Turin CG, Zea-Vera A, Pezo A, et al: Lactoferrin for prevention of neonatal sepsis, Biometals 27:1007, 2014.

589. Prenner ML, Prgomet C, Sauerwein H, et al: Effects of lactoferrin feeding on growth, feed intake and health of calves, Arch Anim Nutr 61:20, 2007.

590. Van Leeuwen P, Oosting SJ, Mouwen JMVM, et al: Effects of a lacto­peroxidase system and lactoferrin, added to a milk replacer diet, on severity of diarrhoea, intestinal morphology and microbiology of digesta and faeces in young calves, J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 83:15, 2000.

591. Trefz FM, Constable PD, Lorenz I: Effect of intravenous small-volume hypertonic sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and glucose solutions in decreasing plasma potassium concentration in hyperkalemic neonatal calves with diarrhea, J Vet Intern Med 31:907, 2017.

592. Constable PD, Walker PG, Morin DE, et al: Clinical and laboratory assessment of hydration status of neonatal calves with diarrhea, J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:991, 1998.

593. Naylor JM: A retrospective study of the relationship between clinical signs and severity of acidosis in diarrheic calves, Can Vet J 30:577, 1989.

594. Constable PD, Stampfli HR, Navetat H, et al: Use of a quantitative strong ion approach to determine the mechanism for acid-base abnormali­ties in sick calves with or without diarrhea, J Vet Intern Med 19:2005.

595. Lorenz I: Investigations on the influence of serum D-lactate levels on clinical signs in calves with metabolic acidosis, Vet J 168:323, 2004.

596. Abeysekara S, Naylor JM, Wassef AWA, et al: D-lactic acid-induced neurotoxicity in a calf model, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293:E558,

2007.

597. Trefz FM, Constable PD, Sauter-Louis C, et al: Hyperkalemia in neonatal diarrheic calves depends on the degree of dehydration and the cause of the metabolic acidosis but does not require the presence of acidemia, J Dairy Sci 96:7234, 2013.

598. Meganck V, Hoflack G, Opsomer G: Advances in prevention and therapy of neonatal dairy calf diarrhoea: a systematical review with emphasis on colostrum management and fluid therapy, Acta Vet Scand 56:2014.

599. Naylor JM: Oral fluid therapy in neonatal ruminants and swine, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 6:51, 1990.

600. Lorenz I, Gentile A: D-Lactic acidosis in neonatal ruminants, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 30:317, 2014.

601. Peiro JR, Borges AS, Goncalves RC, et al: Evaluation of a portable clinical analyzer for the determination of blood gas partial pressures, electrolyte concentrations, and hematocrit in venous blood samples collected from cattle, horses, and sheep, Am J Vet Res 71:515, 2010.

602. Smith GW, Berchtold JF: Fluid therapy in calves, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 30:409, 2014.

603. Phillips RW, Knox KL: Diarrheic acidosis in calves, J Comp Lab Med 3:1, 1969.

604. Naylor JM: Oral electrolyte therapy, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 15:487, 1999.

605. Naylor JM, Petrie L, Rodriguez MI, et al: A comparison of three oral electrolyte solutions in the treatment of diarrheic calves, Can Vet J 31:753,

1990.

606. Naylor JM: Evaluation of the total carbon dioxide apparatus and pH meter for the determination of acid-base status in diarrheic and healthy calves, Can Vet J 28:1, 1987.

607. Kasari TR, Naylor JM: Clinical evaluation of sodium bicarbonate, sodium L-lactate, and sodium acetate for the treatment of acidosis in diarrheic calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:392, 1985.

608. Radostits OM: Treatment and control of neonatal diarrhea in calves, J Dairy Sci 58:464, 1975.

609. Walker PG, Constable PD, Morin DE, et al: Comparison of hypertonic saline-dextran solution and lactated Ringer’s solution for resuscitating severely dehydrated calves with diarrhea, J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:113, 1998.

610. Senturk S: Effects of a hypertonic saline solution and dextran 70 combina­tion in the treatment of diarrhoeic dehydrated calves, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 50:57, 2003.

611. Prechtl J, Berchtold J, Brunner B: Word Doc. Simplified intravenous (IV) fluid therapy of calves in practice, Proc 22nd World Buiatrics Conference, Hannover, Germany 2002. Poster presentation.

612. BerchtoldJF, Constable PD, Smith GW, et al: Effects of intravenous hyperosmotic sodium bicarbonate on arterial and cerebrospinal fluid acid-base status and cardiovascular function in calves with experimentally induced respiratory and strong ion acidosis, J Vet Intern Med 19:2005.

613. Iwabuchi S, Suzuki K, Abe I, et al: Comparison of the effects of isotonic and hypertonic sodium bicarbonate solutions on acidaemic calves experimentally induced by ammonium chloride administration, J Vet Med Sci 65:1369, 2003.

614. Constable PD, Thomas E, Boisrame B: Comparison of two oral electrolyte solutions for the treatment of dehydrated calves with experimentally- induced diarrhoea, Vet J 162:129, 2001.

615. Smith GW: Treatment of calf diarrhea: oral fluid therapy, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:55, 2009.

616. Bhan MK, Mahalanabis D, Fontaine O, et al: Clinical trials of improved oral rehydration salt formations: a review, Bull World Health Organ 72:945,

1994.

617. Sen I, Constable PD, Marshall TS: Effect of suckling isotonic or hypertonic solutions of sodium bicarbonate or glucose on abomasal emptying rate in calves, Am J Vet Res 67:1377, 2006.

618. Nouri M, Constable PD: Comparison of two oral electrolyte solutions and route of administration on the abomasal emptying rate of Holstein- Friesian calves, J Vet Intern Med 20:2006.

619. Constable PD, Gruenberg W, Carstensen L: Comparative effects of two oral rehydration solutions on milk clotting, abomasal luminal pH, and abomasal emptying rate in suckling calves, J Dairy Sci 92:296, 2009.

620. Fettman MJ, Brooks PA, Burrows KP, et al: Evaluation of commercial oral replacement formulas in healthy neonatal calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:397, 1986.

621. Bachmann L, Homeier T, Arlt S, et al: Influence of different oral rehydra­tion solutions on abomasal conditions and the acid-base status of suckling calves, J Dairy Sci 92:1649, 2009.

622. Kirchner D, Schwedhelm L, Wenge J, et al: Ultrasonographic imaging of abomasal milk clotting and abomasal diameter in healthy and diarrheic calves, Anim Sci J 86:929, 2015.

623. Marshall T, Constable P, Crochik S, et al: Effect of oral electrolyte solution formulation on abomasal emptying rate in Holstein calves, Proc 23rd World Buiatrics Congress, Quebec 112:2004.

624. Turner A, Rees G, Barrett DC, et al: Does inclusion of glutamine in oral rehydration solutions improve recovery from mild to moderate diarrhoea in preweaned calves? Vet Rec 179:283, 2016.

625. Demigne C, Remesy C, Chartier F, et al: Effect of acetate or chloride anions on intestinal absorption of water and solutes in the calf, Am J Vet Res 92:1356, 1981.

626. Demigne C, Remesy C, Chartier F, et al: Utilization of volatile fatty acids and improvement of fluid therapy for treatment of dehydration in diarrheic calves, Annales de Recherches Veterinaires 14:541, 1983.

627. Bywater RJ, Dupe RJ, Groddard M: Osmolality of solutionsfor oral rehydration in calves, XIII World Veterinary Congress Abstract 10:1, 1987.

628. Guard CL, Tennant BC: Rehydration of neonatal calves with experimental colibacillosis: oral v. intravenous fluids, Proceedings of the 14th World Congress on Diseases of Cattle, Dublin 1:356, 1986.

629. Cebra ML, Garry FB, Cebra CK, et al: Treatment of neonatal calf diarrhea with an oral electrolyte solution supplemented with psyllium mucilloid, J Vet Intern Med 12:449, 1998.

630. Naylor JM, Liebel T: Effect of psyllium on plasma concentration of glucose, breath hydrogen concentration, and fecal composition in calves with diarrhea treated orally with electrolyte solutions, Am J Vet Res 56:56,

1995.

631. McLean DM, Bailey LF: The effectiveness of three treatments for scouring in calves, Aust Vet J 48:336, 1972.

632. Constable PD: Paper. The treatment of the diarrheic calf: an update, Proc 22nd World Buiatrics Conference, Hannover, Germany 361:2002.

633. Heath SE, Naylor JM, Guedo BL, et al: The effects of feeding milk to diarrheic calves supplemented with oral electrolytes, Can J Vet Res 53:477,

1989.

634. Garthwaite BD, Drackley JK, McCoy GC, et al: Whole milk and oral rehydration solution for calves with diarrhea of spontaneous origin, J Dairy Sci 77:835, 1994.

635. Gonggrijp MA, Santman-Berends IMGA, Heuvelink AE, et al: Prevalence and risk factors for extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in dairy farms, J Dairy Sci 99:9001, 2016.

636. Walker WL, Epperson WB, Wittum TE, et al: Characteristics of dairy calf ranches: morbidity, mortality, antibiotic use practices, and biosecurity and biocontainment practices, J Dairy Sci 95:2204, 2012.

637. Urie NJ, Lombard JE, Shivley CB, et al: Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: part I. Descriptive characteristics of preweaned heifer raising practices, J Dairy Sci 2018.

638. Smith G: Antimicrobial decision making for enteric diseases of cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 31:47, 2015.

639. Berge ACB: Evaluation of the effects of oral colostrum supplementation during the first fourteen days on the health and performance of preweaned calves, J Dairy Sci 92:286, 2009.

640. Gomez DE, Arroyo LG, Poljak Z, et al: Implementation of an algorithm for selection of antimicrobial therapy for diarrhoeic calves: impact on antimicrobial treatment rates, health and faecal microbiota, Vet J 226:15,

2017.

641. Isaacson RE, Moon HW, Schneider RA: Distribution and virulence of Escherichia coli in the small intestines of calves with and without diarrhea, Am J Vet Res 39:1750, 1978.

642. Morin M, Lariviere S, Lallier R: Pathological and microbiological observations made on spontaneous cases of acute neonatal calf diarrhea, Can J Comp Med 40:228, 1976.

643. Youanes YD, Herdt TH: Changes in small intestinal morphology and flora associated with decreased energy digestibility in calves with naturally occurring diarrhea, Am J Vet Res 48:719, 1987.

644. Fecteau G, Metre DC, Pare J, et al: Bacteriological culture of blood from critically ill neonatal calves, Can Vet J 38:95, 1997.

645. Mohler VL, Izzo MM, House JK: Salmonella in calves, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:37, 2009.

646. Smith HW: Observations on the aetiology of neonatal diarrhoea (scours) in calves, J Pathol Bacteriol 84:147, 1962.

647. Constable PD: Antimicrobial use in the treatment of calf diarrhea, J Vet Intern Med 8:2004.

648. Glantz PJ, Kradel DC, Seward SA: Escherichia coli and Salmonella newport in calves: efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic treatment, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 77:1974.

649. Boyd JW, Baker JR, Leyland A: Neonatal diarrhoea in calves, Vet Rec 310:1974.

650. Bywater RJ, Palmer GH, Wanstall SA: Discrepancy between antibiotic (amoxycillin) resistance in vitro and efficacy in calf diarrhoea, Vet Rec 102:150, 1978.

651. Hoyle DV Knight HI, Shaw DJ, et al: Acquisition and epidemiology of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in a cohort of newborn calves, J Antimicrob Chemother 53:867, 2004.

652. Berge ACB, Moore DA, Sischo WM: Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella enterica in preweaned calves from dairies and calf ranches, Am J Vet Res 67:1580, 2006.

653. Berge AC, Hancock DD, Sischo WM, et al: Geographic, farm, and animal factors associated with multiple antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from cattle in the western United States, J Am Vet Med Assoc 236:1338, 2010.

654. Donaldson SC, Straley BA, Hegde NV, et al: Molecular epidemiology of ceftiofur-resistant escherichia coli isolates from dairy calves, Appl Environ Microbiol 72:3940, 2006.

655. Berge AC, Moore DA, Sischo WM: Field trial evaluating the influence of prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial administration on antimi­crobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli in dairy calves, Appl Environ Microbiol 72:3872, 2006.

656. Tragesser LA, Wittum TE, Funk JA, et al: Association between ceftiofur use and isolation of Escherichia coli with reduced susceptibility to cef­triaxone from fecal samples of dairy cows, Am J Vet Res 67:1696,

2006.

657. DeFrancesco KA, Cobbold RN, Rice DH, et al: Antimicrobial resistance of commensal Escherichia coli from dairy cattle associated with recent multi-resistant salmonellosis outbreaks, Vet Microbiol 98:55, 2004.

658. Sato K, Bartlett PC, Saeed MA: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from dairy farms using organic versus conventional production methods, J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:589, 2005.

659. Catry B, Dewulf J, Maes D, et al: Effect of antimicrobial consumption and production type on antibacterial resistance in the bovine respiratory and digestive tract, PLoS ONE 11:1, 2016.

660. Awosile B, McClure J, Sanchez J, et al: Salmonella enterica and extended- spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli recovered from Holstein dairy calves from 8 farms in New Brunswick, Canada, J Dairy Sci 101:3271,

2018.

661. Dolejska M, Jurcickova Z, Literak I, et al: IncN plasmids carrying blaCTX-M-1 in Escherichia coli isolates on a dairy farm, Vet Microbiol 149:513, 2011.

662. Mylrea PJ: Passage of antibiotics through the digestive tract of normal and scouring calves and their effect upon the bacterial flora, Res Vet Sci 9:5, 1968.

663. Awosile BB, Smith BA: Risk assessment modelling of fecal shedding caused by extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli transmitted through waste milk fed to dairy pre-weaned calves, J Dairy Sci 100:9667,

2017.

664. Jiang X, Yang H, Dettman B, et al: Analysis of fecal microbial flora for antibiotic resistance in ceftiofur-treated calves, Foodborne Pathog Dis 3:355,

2006.

665. Pereira RV, Siler JD, Ng JC, et al: Effect of on-farm use of antimicrobial drugs on resistance in fecal Escherichia coli of preweaned dairy calves, J Dairy Sci 97:7644, 2014.

666. Maynou G, Bach A, Terre M: Feeding of waste milk to Holstein calves affects antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida isolated from fecal and nasal swabs, J Dairy Sci 100:2682, 2017.

667. Watson E, Jeckel S, Snow L, et al: Epidemiology of extended spectrum beta-lactamase E. coli (CTX-M-15) on a commercial dairy farm, Vet Microbiol 154:339, 2012.

668. Kaneene JB, Warnick LD, Bolin CA, et al: Changes in tetracycline susceptibility of enteric bacteria following switching to nonmedicated milk replacer for dairy calves, J Clin Microbiol 46:1968, 2008.

669. Kaneene JB, Warnick LD, Bolin CA, et al: Changes in multidrug resistance of enteric bacteria following an intervention to reduce antimicrobial resistance in dairy calves, J Clin Microbiol 47:4109, 2009.

670. Liu J, Zhao Z, Orfe L, et al: Soil-borne reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are established following therapeutic treatment of dairy calves, Environ Microbiol 18:557, 2016.

671. Snow LC, Warner RG, Cheney T, et al: Risk factors associated with extended spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli (CTX-M) on dairy farms in North West England and North Wales, Prev Vet Med 106:225, 2012.

672. Liebana E, Batchelor M, Hopkins KL, et al: Longitudinal farm study of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-mediated resistance, J Clin Microbiol 44:1630, 2006.

673. Daniels JB, Call DR, Hancock D, et al: Role of ceftiofur in selection and dissemination of blaCMY-2-mediated cephalosporin resistance in Sal­monella enterica and commensal Escherichia coli isolates from cattle, Appl Environ Microbiol 75:3648, 2009.

674. Sawant AA, Hegde NV, Straley BA, et al: Antimicrobial-resistant enteric bacteria from dairy cattle, Appl Environ Microbiol 73:156, 2007.

675. Seiffert SN, Hilty M, Perreten V, et al: Extended-spectrum cephalosporin- resistant gram-negative organisms in livestock: an emerging problem for human health? Drug Resist Updat 16:22, 2013.

676. Meunier D, Jouy E, Lazizzera C, et al: Plasmid-borne florfenicol and ceftiofur resistance encoded by the floR and blaCMY-2 genes in Escherichia coli isolates from diseased cattle in France, J Med Microbiol 59:467, 2010.

677. Valenzuela JR, Sethi AK, Aulik NA, et al: Antimicrobial resistance patterns of bovine Salmonella enterica isolates submitted to the Wisconsin Vet­erinary Diagnostic Laboratory: 2006-2015, J Dairy Sci 100:1319, 2017.

678. Langlois BE, Dawson KA, Cromwell GL, et al: Antibiotic resistance in pigs following a 13 year ban, J Anim Sci 62:18, 1986.

679. Dorado-Garcfa A, Graveland H, Bos MEH, et al: Effects of reducing antimicrobial use and applying a cleaning and disinfection program in veal calf farming: experiences from an intervention study to control livestock-associated MRSA, PLoS ONE 10:1, 2015.

680. Hoelzer K, Soyer Y, Rodriguez-Rivera LD, et al: The prevalence of multidrug resistance is higher among bovine than human Salmonella enterica serotype Newport, Typhimurium, and 4,5,12:i: - Isolates in the United States but differs by serotype and geographic region, Appl Environ Microbiol 76:5947, 2010.

681. Perlin MH, Clark DR, McKenzie C, et al: Protection of Salmonella by ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli in the presence of otherwise lethal drug concentrations, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276:3759, 2009.

682. Cummings KJ, Warnick LD, Elton M, et al: The effect of clinical outbreaks of salmonellosis on the prevalence of fecal Salmonella shedding among dairy cattle in New York, Foodborne Pathog Dis 7:815, 2010.

683. Kaneene JB, Miller R, May K, et al: An outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Oranienburg in Michigan dairy calves, Foodborne Pathog Dis 7:1193, 2010.

684. Cobbold RN, Rice DH, Davis MA, et al: Long-term persistence of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Newport in two dairy herds, J Am Vet Med Assoc 585, 2006.

685. Giles N, Hopper S, Wray C: Persistence of S. typhimurium in a large herd, Epidemiol Infect 103:235, 1989.

686. Habing GG, Lo YJ, Kaneene JB: Changes in the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella isolated from the same Michigan dairy farms in 2000 and 2009, Food Res Int 45:919, 2012.

687. Shull JJ, Frederick HM: Adverse effect of oral antibacterial prophylaxis and therapy on incidence of neonatal calf diarrhea, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 73:924, 1978.

688. Rollin RE, Mero KN, Kozisek PB, et al: Diarrhea and malabsorption in calves associated with therapeutic doses of antibiotics: absorptive and clinical changes, Am J Vet Res 47:987, 1986.

689. Aslan V, Nizamlioglu M, Kalaycioglu L, et al: Effect of antibiotic treatment of young calves on glucose absorption and some plasma components, Br Vet J 145:170, 1989.

690. Murley WR, Jacobsen NL, Allen RS: The effect of aureomycin supple­mentation on growth and feed utilization of young dairy calves, J Dairy Sci 35:846, 1952.

691. Pankhurst JW, Diaz M, Zeri A: The treatment of disease in the young calf with apramycin, Proceedings 20th World Veterinary Congress, Thessaloniki Greece 1891:1975.

692. Thomas E, Gruet P, Davot J, et al: Field evaluation of efficacy of mar- bofloxacin bolus in the treatment of naturally occurring diarrhea in the new born calf. In XX World Association of Buiatrics Congress, Sydney, 1998, p 3.

693. Jacks TM, Schleim KD, Judith FR, et al: Cephamycin C treatment of induced enterotoxigenic colibacillosis (scours) in calves and piglets, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 18:397, 1980.

694. Navetat H, Rizet C, Biron P, et al: The therapeutic efficacy of Baytril tablets in the treatment of experimental gastroenteritis by Escherichia coli K99 in calves. In XXth World Buiatrics Congress, 1998, p 391.

695. Osborne JC, Mochrie RD, Batte EG: Microbiological and therapeutic aspects in calf enteritis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 124:173, 1959.

696. van der Walt K, Jenkins WL, Botes HJW: The therapeutic control of calf paratyphoid, J S Afr Vet Med Assoc 38:425, 1967.

697. Radostits OM, Rhodes CS, Mitchell ME, et al: A clinical evaluation of antimicrobial agents and temporary starvation in the treatment of acute undifferentiated diarrhea in newborn calves, Can Vet J 16:219, 1975.

698. Palmer GH, Bywater RJ, Francis ME: Amoxycillin: distribution and clinical efficacy in calves, Vet Rec 100:487, 1977.

699. Daniels LB, Fineberg D, Cockrill JM, et al: Use of trimethoprim-sulfa­diazine in controlling calf scours, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 72:93, 1977.

700. White G, Piercy D, Gibbs HA: Use of a calf salmonellosis model to evaluate the therapeutic properties of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine and their mutual potentiation in vivo, Res Vet Sci 31:27, 1981.

701. Guard CL, Schwark WS, Friedman DS, et al: Age-related alterations in trimethoprim-sulfadiazine disposition following oral or parenteral administration in calves, Can J Vet Res 50:342, 1986.

702. Osborne AD, Nazer A, Shimeld C: Treatment of experimental calf salmonel­losis with amoxycillin, Vet Rec 103:233, 1978.

703. Groothuis DG, Miert A, Van-Miert A: Salmonellosis in veal calves. Some therapeutic aspects, Vet Q 9:91, 1987.

704. Grimshaw WTR, Collman PJ, Petrie L: Efficacy of sulbactam-ampicillin in the treatment of neonatal calf diarrhoea, Vet Rec 121:162, 1987.

705. White DG, Johnson CK, Cracknell V: Comparison of danofloxacin with baquiloprim/sulphadimidine for the treatment of experimentally induced Escherichia coli diarrhoea in calves, Vet Rec 143:273, 1998.

706. Sunderland SJ, Sarasola P, Rowan TG, et al: Efficacy of danofloxacin 18% injectable solution in the treatment of Escherichia coli diarrhoea in young calves in Europe, Res Vet Sci 74:171, 2003.

707. Silva DG, Silva PRL, Fagliari JJ: Efficacy of florfenicol and intravenous fluid therapy for treatment of experimental salmonellosis in newborn calves, Arq Bras Med Vet Zoo-tec 62:499, 2010.

708. Lobell RD, Varma KJ, Johnson JC, et al: Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol following intravenous and intramuscular doses to cattle, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 17:253, 1994.

709. (USDA) USDoA: Salmonella, listeria and campylobacter on US dairy operations, 1996-2007, Fort Collins (CO), 2007, USDAAPHIS-VS-CEAH.

710. Holschbach CL, Peek SF: Salmonella in dairy cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 34:133, 2018.

711. Habing GG, Harris K, Schuenemann GM, et al: Lactoferrin reduces mortality in preweaned calves with diarrhea, J Dairy Sci 100:3940, 2017.

712. Joachim A, Krull T, Schwarzkopf J, et al: Prevalence and control of bovine cryptosporidiosis in German dairy herds, Vet Parasitol 112:277, 2003.

713. Lefay D, Naciri M, Poirier P, et al: Efficacy of halofuginone lactate in the prevention of cryptosporidiosis in suckling calves, Vet Rec 148:108, 2001.

714. Peeters JE, Villacorta I, Naciri M, et al: Specific serum and local antibody responses against Cryptosporidium parvum during medication of calves with halofuginone lactate, Infect Immun 61:4440, 1993.

715. Naciri M, Mancassola R, Yvore P, et al: The effect of halofuginone lactate on experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infections in calves, Vet Parasitol 45:199, 1993.

716. Villacorta I, Peeters JE, Vanopdenbosch E, et al: Efficacy of halofuginone lactate against Cryptosporidium parvum in calves, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35:283, 1991.

717. McDonald V, Stables R, Warhurst DC, et al: In vitro cultivation of Cryptosporidium parvum and screening for anticryptosporidial drugs, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34:1498, 1990.

718. Klein P: Preventive and therapeutic efficacy of halofuginone-lactate against Cryptosporidium parvum in spontaneously infected calves: a centralised, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Vet J 177:429,

2008.

719. Niine T, Dorbek-Kolin E, Lassen B, et al: Cryptosporidium outbreak in calves on a large dairy farm: effect of treatment and the association with the inflammatory response and short-term weight gain, Res Vet Sci 117:200,

2018.

720. Grinberg A, Markovics A, Galindez J, et al: Controlling the onset of natural cryptosporidiosis in calves with paromomycin sulphate, Vet Rec 151:606, 2002.

721. Fayer R, Ellis W: Paromomycin is effective as prophylaxis for cryptosporidi­osis in dairy calves, J Parasitol 79:771, 1993.

722. Elitok B, Elitok OM, Pulat H: Efficacy of azithromycin dihydrate in treatment of cryptosporidiosis in naturally infected dairy calves, J Vet Intern Med 19:2005.

723. Redman DR, Fox JE: The effect of varying levels of Deccox R on experimental cryptosporidia infections in Holstein bull calves, Proceedings of the Annual Convention, American Association of Bovine Practitioners 159:157, 1994.

724. Moore DA, Atwill ER, Kirk JH, et al: Prophylactic use of decoquinate for infections with Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged neonatal calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:839, 2003.

725. Castro-Hermida JA, Gonzalez-Losada Y, Freire-Santos F, et al: Evaluation of beta-cyclodextrin against natural infections of cryptosporidiosis in calves, Vet Parasitol 101:85, 2001.

726. Silverlas C, Bjorkman C, Egenvall A: Systematic review and meta-analyses of the effects of halofuginone against calf cryptospordiosis, Prev Vet Med 91:73, 2009.

727. De Waele V Speybroeck N, Berkvens D, et al: Control of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves: use of halofuginone lactate in two different calf rearing systems, Prev Vet Med 96:143, 2010.

728. Moon HW, Woode GN, Ahrens FA: Attempted chemoprophylaxis of cryptosporidiosis in calves, Vet Rec 110:1982.

729. Xiao L, Saeed K, Herd RP: Efficacy of albendazole and fenbendazole against Giardia infection in cattle, Vet Parasitol 61:165, 1996.

730. Berchtold JF, Constable PD: Antibiotic treatment of diarrhea in preweaned calves. In Current veterinary therapy, ed 5, 2009, p 520. food animal practice.

731. Philipp H, Schmidt H, During F, et al: Efficacy of meloxicam (Metacam(R)) as adjunct to a basic therapy for the treatment of diarrhoea in calves, Acta Vet Scand 44:P95, 2003.

732. Todd CG, Millman ST, McKnight DR, et al: Nonsteroidal anti­inflammatory drug therapy for neonatal calf diarrhea complex: effects on calf performance, J Anim Sci 88:2019, 2010.

733. Barnett SC, Sischo WM, Moore DA, et al: Evaluation of flunixin meglumine as an adjunct treatment for diarrhea in dairy calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1329, 2003.

734. Hudson S, Mullord M, Whittlestone WG, et al: Plasma corticoid levels in healthy and diarrheic calves from birth to 20 days of age, Br Vet J 132:551, 1976.

735. Goldenburg MM, Honkamp LJ, Castellin AW, et al: The antidiarrhael action missing of bismuth subsalicylate in the mouse and rat, Am J Dig IM 20:955, 1975.

736. Ericsson CD, Evans DG, DuPont HL, et al: Bismuth subsalicylate inhibits activity of crude toxins of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae, J Infect Dis 136:693, 1977.

737. Berge ACB, Lindeque P, Moore DA, et al: A clinical trial evaluating prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotic use on health and performance of preweaned calves, J Dairy Sci 88:2166, 2005.

738. Teixeira AGV, Ribeiro BL, Junior PRM, et al: Prophylactic use of a standardized botanical extract for the prevention of naturally occurring diarrhea in newborn Holstein calves, J Dairy Sci 100:3019, 2017.

739. Teixeira AGV, Stephens L, Divers TJ, et al: Effect of crofelemer extract on severity and consistency of experimentally induced enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea in newborn Holstein calves, J Dairy Sci 98:8035, 2015.

740. Dickson J: Saline injections in the treatment of severe cases of scour in young suckled calves, Vet Rec 83:428, 1968.

741. Larouche Y, Black WD: A survey of calves treated for calf diarrhea at the Ontario Veterinary College 1966-1971, Can Vet J 307:1973.

742. Peters AR: Some husbandry factors affecting mortality and morbidity on a calf-rearing unit, Vet Rec 119:355, 1986.

743. Smith BP, Spier S: How to approach control of S. dublin on a dairy, ACVIM Proc 561, 1988.

744. Van Pelt RW, Langham RF, Sleight SD: Lesions of infectious arthritis in calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 149:303, 1966.

745. Van Pelt RW: Infectious arthritis in cattle caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes, J Am Vet Med Assoc 156:457, 1970.

746. Firth EC, Kersjes AW, Dik KJ, et al: Haematogenous osteomyelitis in cattle, Vet Rec 120:148, 1987.

747. Divers TJ: Acquired spinal cord and peripheral nerve disease, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 20:231, 2004.

748. Finley GG: Survey of vertebral abscesses in domestic-animals in ontario, Can Vet J Rev Vet Can 16:114, 1975.

749. Shewen PE: Chlamydial infection in animals: a review, Can Vet J 21:2, 1980.

750. Rodriquez JL, Poveda JB, Gutierrez C, et al: Polyarthritis in kids associated with Mycoplasma putrefaciens, Vet Rec 135:406, 1994.

751. Stipkovits L, Rady M, Glavits R: Mycoplasmal arthritis and meningitis in calves, Acta Vet Hung 41:1, 1993.

752. Francoz D, Desrochers A, Fecteau G, et al: Synovial fluid changes in induced infectious arthritis in calves, J Vet Intern Med 19:2005.

753. Rohde C, Anderson DE, Desrochers A, et al: Synovial fluid analysis in cattle: a review of 130 cases, Vet Surg 29:2000.

754. Huffel X, Steenhaut M, Imschoof J, et al: Carpal joint arthrodesis as a treatment for chronic septic carpitis in calves and cattle, Vet Surg 18:304, 1989.

755. Munroe GA, Cauvin ER: The use of arthroscopy in the treatment of septic arthritis in two highland calves, Br Vet J 150:439, 1994.

756. Shoaf SE, Schwark WS, Guard CL, et al: Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim/ sulfadiazine in neonatal calves: influence of synovitis, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 9:446, 1986.

757. Guard CL, Byman KW, Schwark WS: Effect of experimental synovitis on disposition of penicillin and oxytetracycline in neonatal calves, Cornell Vet 79:161, 1989.

758. Brown MP, Gronwall RR, Pattio N, et al: Pharmacokinetics and synovial fluid concentrations of cephapirin in calves with suppurative arthritis, Am J Vet Res 52:1438, 1991.

759. Brown MP, Mayo MB, Gronwall RR: Serum and synovial fluid concentra­tions of ampicillin trihydrate in calves with suppurative arthritis, Cornell Vet 81:137, 1991.

760. Hamed KA, Tam JY, Prober CG: Pharmacokinetic optimisation of the treatment of septic arthritis, Clin Pharmacokinet 31:156, 1996.

761. Verschooten F, De Moor A, Steenhaut M, et al: Surgical and conservative treatment of infectious arthritis in cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 165:271, 1974.

762. Ruegsegger F, Steffen F, Nuss KA: Partial brachial plexus paresis in three calves, Vet Rec 171:401, 2012.

763. Svensson C, Lundborg K, Emanuelson U, et al: Morbidity in Swedish dairy calves from birth to 90 days of age and individual calf-level risk factors for infectious diseases, Prev Vet Med 58:179, 2003.

764. Hathaway SC, Bullians JA, Johnstone AC, et al: A pathological and microbiological evaluation of omphalophlebitis in very young calves slaughtered in New Zealand, N Z Vet J 41:166, 1993.

765. Mee JF: Newborn dairy calf management, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 24:1, 2008.

766. Trent AM, Smith DF: Surgical management of umbilical masses with associated umbilical cord remnant infections in calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:1531, 1984.

767. O’Brien RT, Forrest LJ: A retrospective study of umbilical sonography in calves, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 37:1996.

768. Watson E, Mahaffey MB, Crowell W, et al: Ultrasonography of the umbilical structures in clinically normal calves, Am J Vet Res 55:773, 1994.

769. Diefenderfer DL, Brightling P: Dysuria due to urachal abscessation in calves diagnosed by contrast urography, Can Vet J 24:218, 1983.

770. Trent AM: Pollakiuria due to urachal abscesses in two heifers, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:984, 1984.

771. Steiner A, Lischer CJ, Oertle C: Marsupialization of umbilical vein abscesses with involvement of the liver in 13 calves, Vet Surg 22:184, 1993.

772. Raleigh RJ, Wallace JP: Theinfluence of iron and copper on hematologic values and on body weight of range calves, Am J Vet Res 23:276, 1962.

773. Tennant B, Harrold D, Reina-Guerra M, et al: Hematology of the neonatal calf. III. Frequency of congenital iron deficiency anemia, Cornell Vet 65:543,

1975.

774. McGillivray SR, Searcy GP, Hirsch VM: Serum iron, total iron binding capacity, plasma copper and hemoglobin types in anemic and poikilocytic calves, Can J Comp Med 49:286, 1985.

775. Katunguka-Rwakishaya E, Larkin H, Kelly WR: Blood values of neonatal calves, and blood values and liveweight gains of calves fed on different levels of milk replacer, Br Vet J 143:184, 1987.

776. Fenger CK, Hoffsis GF, Kociba GJ: Idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a calf, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:97, 1992.

777. Tizard I: Hemolytic disease of the newborn. In Veterinary immunology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1987, WB Saunders Co, p 299.

778. Scruggs DW, Fleming SA, Maslin WR, et al: Osteopetrosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and marrow necrosis in beef calves naturally infected with bovine virus diarrhea virus, J Vet Diagn Invest 7:1995.

779. Van der Jagt E: Fever. In Hackelman RA, editor: Primary pediatric care, ed 1, St. Louis, 1987, The CV Mosby Co, p 956.

780. Krotje LJ: Cyanosis: physiology and pathogenesis, Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 9:271, 1987.

781. Comline RS, Silver M: A comparitive study of blood gas tensions, oxygen affinity, and red cell 2,3 DPG concentrations in fetal and maternal blood in the mare, cow, and sow, J Physiol 242:805, 1977.

782. Millar M, Scholes S, Bazeley K, et al: Bleeding disorders in calves, Vet Rec 179:632, 2016.

783. Olson DP, Bull RC, Kelley KW, et al: Effects of maternal nutritional restriction and cold stress on young calves: clinical condition, behavioral reactions, and lesions, Am J Vet Res 42:758, 1981.

784. Bull RC, Dickinson KK, Everson DO, et al: Evaluation of blood metabolite profiles to predict crude protein consumption in pregnant beef cattle, J Anim Sci 66(Suppl 1):509, 1988.

785. Bull RC: Personal communication, Moscow, ID, 1988, University of Idaho.

29a.Scott PR, Penny CD: A field study of meningoencephalitis in calves with particular reference to analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, Vet Rec 133:119, 1993.