REFERENCES
The complete list of references can be found at www.expertconsult.com.
REFERENCES
Female Reproductive Disorders-Nonpathogenic Infertility
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2. Pierson RA, Ginther OJ: Follicular population-dynamics during the estrous- cycle of the mare, Anim Reprod Sci 14:219, 1987.
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4. Hughes JP, Stabenfeldt GH: Conception in a mare with an active corpus- luteum, J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:733, 1977.
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Cystic Follicular Degeneration
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5. Ginther OJ, Wbody CO, Mahajan S, et al: Effect of oxytocin administration on the oestrous cycle of unilaterally hysterectomized heifers, J Reprod Fertil 14:225, 1967.
6. Ribadu AY, Ward WR, Dobson H: Comparative-evaluation of ovarian structures in cattle by palpation per rectum, ultrasonography and plasma progesterone concentration, Vet Rec 135:452, 1994.
7. Moreira ELT, Nascimento EFD, Chquiloff MAG: Morphologic alterations in the ovaries and the uterus of Capra hircus, l. 1: regressive alterations, Arq Esc Med Vet Univ Fed Bahia 14:25, 1991.
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10. Bravo PW, Stabenfeldt GH, Fowler ME, et al: Ovarian and endocrine patterns associated with reproductive abnormalities in llamas and alpacas, J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:268, 1993.
Ovarian Reserve and Anti-Mullerian Hormone
1. Ball BA, Conley AJ, MacLaughlin DT, et al: Expression of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in equine granulosa-cell tumors and in normal equine ovaries, Theriogenology 70(6):968-977, 2008.
2. Claes A, Ball BA, Scoggin KE, et al: The interrelationship between anti- Mullerian hormone, ovarian follicular populations, and age in mares, Eq Vet J 47:537-541, 2015.
3. Claes A, Ball BA, Scoggin KE, et al: The influence of age, antral follicle count, and diestrous ovulation on estrous cycle characteristics of mares, Theriogenology 97:34-40, 2017.
4. de Vet A, Laven JSE, De Jong FH, et al: Anti-Mullerian hormone serum levels: a putative marker for ovarian aging, FertilSteril 77:357-362, 2002.
5. Durlinger ALL, Kramer P, Karels B, et al: Control of primordial follicle recruitment by anti-mullerian hormone in the mouse ovary, Endocrinology 140:5789-5796, 1999.
6. Goksedef BP, Idis N, Gorgen H, et al: The correlation of the antral follicle count and serum anti-mullerian hormone, J Turk-Ger Geynec Assoc 11:212-215, 2010.
7. Durlinger ALL, Visser JA, Themmen APN: Regulation of ovarian function: the role of anti-Mullerian hormone, Reproduction 124:601-609, 2002.
8. Durlinger ALL, Gruijters MJG, Kramer P, et al: Anti-Mullerian Hormone attenuates the effects of FSH on follicle development in the mouse ovary, Endocrinology 142:4891-4899, 2001.
9. Pankhurst MW: A putative role for anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in optimizing ovarian reserve expenditure, J Endocrinol 233:R1-R13, 2017.
10. Pellatt L, Rice S, Dilaver N, et al: Anti-Mullerian hormone reduces follicle sensitivity to follicle-stimulating hormone in human granulosa cells, Fertil Steril 96:1246-1251, 2011.
11. Scheffer GJ, Broekmans FJ, Dorland M, et al: Antral follicle counts by transvaginal ultrasonography are related to age in women with proven natural fertility, Fertil Steril 72:845-851, 1999.
Heat Stress
I. Hansen PJ: To be or not to be—determinants of embryonic survival following heat shock, Theriogenology 68:S40, 2007.
Seasonal Anestrus
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2. Hughes JP, Stabenfeldt GH, Evans JW: Clinical and endocrine aspects of the estrous cycle of the mare, Proc 18th Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Pract 18:119-148, 1972.
3. Osborne VE: An analysis of the pattern of ovulation as it occurs in the annual reproductive cycle of the mare in Australia, Aust Vet J 42:149, 1966.
4. Van Niekerk CH: Patterns of the oestrus cycle of mares, J S Afr Vet Med Assoc 38:295, 1967.
5. Ginther OJ: Reproductive biology of the mare, Cross Plains, WI, 1992, Equiservices.
6. Palmer E, Driancourt MA: Photoperiodic stimulation of the winter anoestrous mare: what is a long day?, Les Colloques de PI.N.R.A. 6:67, 1981.
7. Burkhardt J: Transition from anoestrus in the mare and the effects of artificial lighting, J Agric Sci 37:64, 1947.
8. Murphy BA, Walsh CM, Woodward EM, et al: Blue light from individual light masks directed at a single eye advances the breeding sesason in mares, Eq Vet J 46:601-605, 2014.
9. Wespi B, Sieme H, Wedekind C, et al: Exposure to stallion accelerates the onset of mares’ cyclicity, Theriogenology 62(2):189-194, 2014.
10. Allen WR, Sanderson MW, Greenwood RE, et al: Induction of ovulation in anoestrous mares with a slow-release implant of a GnRH analogue (ICI 118 630), J Reprod Fertil Suppl 35:469, 1987.
II. Hyland JH, Wright PJ, Clarke IJ, et al: Infusion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) induces ovulation and fertile oestrus in mares during seasonal anoestrus, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 35:211, 1987.
12. Fitzgerald BP, Affleck KJ, Loy RG: Investigation of the potential of lhrh or an agonist to induce ovulation in seasonally anoestrous mares with observations on the use of the agonist in problem acyclic mares, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 35:683, 1987.
13. Ginther OJ, Bergfelt DR: Effect of GnRH treatment during the anovulatory season on multiple ovulation rate and on follicular development during the ensuing pregnancy in mares, J Reprod Fertil 88:119, 1990.
14. McCue PM, Troedsson MH, Liu IK, et al: Follicular and endocrine responses of anoestrous mares to administration of native GnRH or a GnRH agonist, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 44:227, 1991.
15. Thorson JF, Allen CC, Amstalden M, et al: Pharmacologic application of native GnRH in the winter anovulatory mare, I: frequency of reversion to the anovulatory state following ovulation induction and cessation of treatment, Theriogenology 81:579-586, 2014.
16. Besognet B, Hansen BS, Daels PF: Induction of reproductive function in anestrous mares using a dopamine antagonist, Theriogenology 47:467, 1997.
17. Daels PF, Fatone S, Hansen BS, et al: Dopamine antagoinst-induced reproductive function in anoestrous mares: gonadotropin secretion and the effects of environmental cues, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 56:173, 2000.
18. McCue PM, Buchanan BR, Farquhar VJ, et al: Efficacy of domperidone on induction of ovulation in anestrous and transitional mares, Proc 45th Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Pract 45:217, 1999.
19. Squires EL, Stevens WB, McGlothlin DE, et al: Effect of an oral progestin on the estrous cycle and fertility of mares, J Anim Sci 49:729, 1979.
20. Taylor TB, Pemstein R, Loy RG: Control of ovulation in mares in the early breeding season with ovarian steroids and prostaglandin, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 32:219, 1982.
21. Webel SK, Franklin V, Harland B, et al: Fertility, ovulation and maturation of eggs in mares injected with hcg, J Reprod Fertil 51:337, 1977.
22. Roser JF, McCue PM, Troedsson MHT, et al: The induction of ovulation on seasonally anestrous mares under ambient light conditions using recombinant equine FSH (reFSH), Theriogenology 80:456, 2013.
23. Klump A, Aljarrah A, Sansinena M, et al: Follicular aspiration during transition to advance the onset of cyclicity, Pferdeheilkunde 19: 609, 2003.
24. Squires EL, Ginther OJ: Follicular and luteal development in pregnant mares, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 429, 1975.
25. Allen WR: Factors influencing pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin production, Nature 223:64, 1969.
26. Aguilar J, Luzuriaga I, Chavero VP, et al: Interruption of gestation and reuse of recipient mares in a commercial embryo transfer program, J Eq Vet Sci 32:397-422, 2012.
27. Steiner J, Antczak DF, Wolfsdorf K, et al: Persistent endometrial cups, Anim Reprod Sci 94:274, 2006.
28. Rathwell AC, Asbury AC, Hansen PJ, et al: Reproductive function of mares given pgf-2 alpha daily from day 42 of pregnancy, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 35:507, 1987.
29. Penzhorn BL, Bertschinger HJ, Coubrough RI: Reconception of mares following termination of pregnancy with prostaglandin f2 alpha before and after day 35 of pregnancy, Equine Vet J 18:215, 1987.
Lack of Behavioral Estrus (Silent Estrus)
1. Hughes JP, Stabenfeldt GH: Anestrus in the mare, Proc 23rd Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Pract 89-95, 1977.
Behavioral Nymphomania
1. Van Camp SD: Breeding soundness examination of the mare and common genital abnormalities encountered. In Morrow DA, editor: Current Therapy in Theriogenology, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1986, WB Saunders, pp 654-661.
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3. Hooper RN, Taylor TS, Varner DD, et al: Effects of bilateral ovariectomy via colpotomy in mares; 23 cases (1984-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1043-1046, 1993.
Ruminants-Unobserved or Silent Estrus
1. Ball PJ: Milk progesterone profiles in relation to dairy herd fertility, Br Vet J 138:546, 1982.
2. A.I. Management manual. American Breeders Service, DeForest, WI; 1984..
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Infertility Caused by Abnormalities of the Female
Genital Organs-Abnormalities Caused by Problems With Sexual Differentiation
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2. Kubien EM, Pozor MA, Tischner M: Clinical, cytogenetic and endocrine evaluation of a horse with a 65,xxy karyotype, Equine Vet J 25:333, 1993.
3. Makinen A, Hasegawa T, Makila M, et al: Infertility in two mares with xy and xxx sex chromosomes, Equine Vet J 31:346, 1999.
4. Mayenco-Aguirre AM, Padilla JA, Flores JM, et al: Canine gonadal dysgenesis syndrome: a case of mosaicism (77,xo-78,xx), Vet Rec 145:582, 1999.
5. Dunn HO, Smiley D, Duncan JR, et al: Two equine true hermaphrodites with 64,xx∕64,xy and 63,xo∕64,xy chimerism, Cornell Vet 71:123, 1981.
6. Zhang T, Buoen LC, Seguin BE, et al: Diagnosis of freemartinism in cattle: the need for clinical and cytogenic evaluation, J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1672, 1994.
7. Vainio S, Heikkila M, Kispert A, et al: Female development in mammals is regulated by wnt-4 signalling, Nature 397:405, 1999.
8. Meyers-Wallen VN, Hurtgen J, Schlafer D, et al: Sry-negative xx true hermaphroditism in a pasa fino horse, Equine Vet J 29:404, 1997.
9. Vaughan L, Schofield W, Ennis S: Sry-negative xx sex reversal iln a pony: a case report, Theriogenology 55:1051, 2001.
10. Rey R, Lukas-Croisier C, Lasala C, et al: Amh∕mis: what we know already about the gene, the protein and its regulation, Mol Cell Endocrinol 211:21, 2003.
11. Howden KJ: Androgen insensitivity syndrome in a thoroughbred mare (64, xy-testicular feminization), Can Vet J 45:501, 2004.
12. Vanderwall DK, Peyrot LM, Weber JA, et al 1989. Reproductive efficiency of the aged mare, pp 153-156. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society of Theriogenology.
13. Carnevale EM, Bergfelt DR, Ginther OJ: Aging effects on follicular activity and concentrations of fsh, lh, and progesterone in mares, Anim Reprod Sci 31:287, 1993.
14. Claes A, Ball BA, Scoggin K, et al: The interrelationship between anti- Mullarian hormone, ovarian flollicular populations and age in mares, Eq Vet J 47:537-541, 2015.
15. Carnevale EM, Ginther OJ: Reproductive function in old mares, Proc 40th Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Pract 15-16, 1994.
16. Carnevale EM, Bergfelt DR, Ginther OJ: Follicular activity and concentrations of fsh and lh associated with senescence in mares, Anim Reprod Sci 35:231, 1994.
17. Carnevale EM, Ginther OJ: Defective oocytes as a cause of subfertility in old mares. In Sharp DC, Bazer FW, editors: Equine Reproduction VI, Madison, WI, 1995, Society for the Study of Reproduction, pp 209-214.
18. Maher JM, Squires EL, Voss JL, et al: Effect of anabolic steroids on reproductive function of young mares, J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:519,
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19. Skelton KV, Dowsett KF, McMeniman NP: Ovarian activity in fillies treated with anabolic steroids prior to the onset of puberty, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 44:351, 1991.
20. Daels PF, McCue PM, DeMoraes MJ, et al: Persistence of the luteal phase following ovulation during altrenogest treatment in mares, Theriogenology 46:799, 1996.
21. Johnson CA, Thompson DLJ, Kulinski KM, et al: Prolonged interovulatory interval and hormonal changes in mares following the use of ovuplant to hasten ovulation, J Equine Vet Sci 20:331, 2000.
22. McCue PM, Farquhar BS, Squires EL: Effect of the GnRH agonist deslorelin acetate on pituitary function and follicular development in the mare, Proc 46th Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Pract 355-356, 2000.
23. McCue PM, Niswender KD, Farquhar VJ: Induction of ovulation with deslorelin: options to facilitate implant removal, J Equine Vet Sci 22:54,
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24. Beech J: Treatment of hypophysial adenomas, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 16:921, 1994.
25. Kolk JHVD: Equine Cushing’s disease, Eq Vet Educ 9:209, 1997.
26. Daels PF, Hughes JP: The abnormal estrous cycle. In McKinnon AO, Voss JL, editors: Equine reproduction, Philadelphia, 1993, Lea & Febiger, pp 144-160.
27. Asa CS, Ginther OJ: Glucocorticoid suppression of oestrus, follicles, LH and ovulation in the mare, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 32:247, 1982.
28. McNeill-Wiest DR, Thompson DL, Wiest JJ: Gonadotropin secretion in ovariectomized pony mares treated with dexamethasone or progesterone and subsequently with dihydrotestosterone, Domest Anim Endocrinol 5:149, 1988.
29. Pope NS, Sargent GF, Kesler DJ: The dexamethasone-induced suppression of androgen secretions suppressed estrous behavior in pony mares during the winter, J Equine Vet Sci 15:119, 1995.
30. Berghold P, Mostl E, Aurich C: Effects on reproductive status and management on cortisol secretion and fertility of oestrous mares, Anim Reprod Sci 102:276-285, 2007.
31. Willis D, Mason H, GillingSmith C, et al: Modulation by insulin of folliclestimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone actions in human granulosa cells of normal and polycystic ovaries, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:302,
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32. Vick MM, Sessions DR, Murphy BA, et al: Obesity is associated with altered metabolic and reproductive activity in the mare: effects of metformin on insulin sensitivity and reproductive cyclicity, Reprod Fert Dev 18:609,
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35. Burns TA: Effects of common equine endocrine diseases of reproduction, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 32:435-449, 2016.
36. Sessions-Bresnahan DR, Carnevale EM: The effect of equine metabolic syndrome on the ovarian follicular environment, J Anim Sci 92:1484-1493, 2014.
37. Sessions-Bresnahan DR, Schauer KL, Heuberger AL, et al: Effect of obesity on the preovulatory follicle and lipid fingerprint of equine oocytes, Biol Reprod 94:15, 2016. 1-12.
38. Fitzgerald BP, McManus CJ: Photoperiodic versus metabolic signals as determinants of seasonal anestrus in the mare, Biol Reprod 63:335-340, 2000.
39. Frank N, Geor RJ, Bailey SR, et al: Equine metabolic syndrome, J Vet Med 24:467-475, 2010.
40. Frank N: Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 27(1):73-92, 2011. Burns TA.
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41. Rowan JA, Hague WM, Gao W, et al: Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes, N Eng J Med 358:2003-2015, 2008.
Abnormally Enlarged Ovaries
1. Panciera RJ, Slusher SA, Hayes KEN: Ovarian teratoma and granulosa-cell tumor in 2 mares, Cornell Vet 81:43, 1991.
2. Meagher DM, Wheat JD, Hughes JP, et al: Granulosa cell tumors in mares—a review of 78 cases, Proc 23rd Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Pract 23:133, 1977.
3. Gift LJ, Gaughan EM, Schoning P: Metastatic granulosa-cell tumor in a mare, J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1525, 1992.
4. Baumann LE, Sillerud CL, Spolar-Kilroy CR: Equine granulosa cell tumors: A review of fifteen cases, Minn Vet 25:52, 1985.
5. Gee EK, Dicken M, Archer RM, et al: Granulosa theca cell tumour in a pregnant mare: concentrations of inhibin and testosterone in serum before and after surgery, N Z Vet J 60:160, 2012.
6. McCue PM, Leblanc MM, Akita GY, et al: Granulosa-cell tumors in 2 cycling mares, J Equine Vet Sci 11:281, 1991.
7. Stabenfeldt GH, Hughes JP: Clinical aspects of reproductive endocrinology in the horse, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 9:678, 1987.
8. McCue PM: Equine granulosa cell tumors, Proc 38th Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Pract 38:587-593, 1992.
9. Bailey MT, Christman SA, Wheaton JE, et al: Inhibin localization in equine granulose-cell tumours and inhibin forms in tumour fluid, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 56:247, 2000.
10. Bailey MT, Troedsson MH, Wheato JE: Inhibin concentrations in mares with granulosa cell tumors, Theriogenology 57:1885, 2002.
11. Almeida J, Ball BA, Conley AJ, et al: Biological and clinical significance of anti-mullerian hormone determination in blood serum of the mare, Theriogenology 76:1393, 2011.
12. Ellenberger C, Bartmann CP, Hoppen HO, et al: Histomorphological and immunohistochemical characterization of equine granulosa cell tumours, J Comp Pathol 136:167, 2007.
13. Watson ED, Heald M, Tsigos A, et al: Plasma FSH inhibin a and inhibin isoforms containing pro- and -alphaC during winter anoestrus, spring transition and the breeding season in mares, Reproduction 123:535, 2002.
14. Nyack B, Johnson AD: A mammoth granulosa-cell tumor in a mare, Vet Med Sm Anim Clin 78:218, 1983.
15. Meyers PJ: Ovary and oviduct. In Kobluk CM, Ames TR, Geor RJ, editors: The horse, Philadelphia, PA, 1995, WB Saunders, pp 999-1004.
16. McKinnon AO: Ovarian abnormalities. In Rantanen NW, McKinnon AO, editors: Equine diagnostic ultrasonography, Baltimore, MD, 1997, Williams & Wilkins, pp 233-251.
17. Pierson RA: Folliculogenesis and ovulation. In McKinnon AO, Voss JL, editors: Equine reproduction, Philadelphia, PA, 1993, Lea & Feibiger, pp 161-171.
18. Kolling M, Allen W: Anovulatory haemorrhagic follicles (ahf’s) and ovulation failures in the mare, Reprod Domest Anim 41:308, 2006.
19. Lefranc AC, Allen WR: Incidence and morphology of anovulatory haemorrhagic follicles in the mare, Pferdeheilkunde 19:611, 2003.
20. Riley SC, Gibson AH, Leask R, et al: Secretion of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases into follicular fluid during follicle development in equine ovaries, Reproduction 121:553, 2001.
21. Ellenberger C, Muller K, Schoon HA, et al: Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of equine anovulatory haemorrhagic follicles (ahfs), Reprod Domest Anim 44:395, 2009.
22. McCue PM, Squires EL: Persistent anovulatory follicles in the mare, Theriogenology 58:541, 2002.
23. Ginther OJ, Gastal EL, Gastal MO, et al: Conversion of a viable preovulatory follicle into a hemorrhagic anovulatory follicle in mares, Anim Reprod 3:29,
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24. Hughes JP, Stabenfeldt GH, Evans JW: Estrous cycle and ovulation in the mare, J Am Vet Med Assoc 161:1367, 1972.
25. Daels PF, Hughes JP: The abnormal estrous cycle. In McKinnon AO, Voss JL, editors: Equine reproduction, Philadelphia, PA, 1993, Lea & Febiger, pp 144-160.
26. Betteridge KJ, Renard A, Goff AK: Uterine prostaglandin release relative to embryo collection, transfer procedures and maintenance of the corpus luteum, Equine Vet J Suppl 3:25, 1985.
27. Hughes JP, Stabenfeldt GH, Kindahl H, et al: Pyometra in the mare, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 321, 1979.
28. Ellsworth-Swihart M, Archbald LF, Ingraham RH, et al: Effect of phenylbutazone (pbz) on luteolysis in the mare induced by uterine biopsy, Theriogenology 23:381, 1985.
29. Vanderwall DK, Rasmussen DM, Carnahan KG, et al: Effect of administration of oxytocin during diestrus on corpus luteum function and endometrial oxytocin receptor concentration in cycling mares, J Equine Vet Sci 32:536,
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30. Stout TAE, Lamming GE, Allen WR: Oxytocin administration prolongs luteal function in cyclic mares, J Reprod Fertil 116:315, 1999.
31. Ginther OJ: Prolonged luteal activity in mares—a semantic quagmire, Equine Vet J 22:152, 1990.
32. Bergfelt DR, Pierson RA, Ginther OJ: Regression and resurgence of the cl following PGF(2 alpha) treatment 3 days after ovulation in mares, Theriogenology 65:1605, 2006.
33. Hurtgen JP, Whitmore HL: Effects of endometrial biopsy, uterine culture, and cervical dilatation on equine estrous-cycle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:97,
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34. Douglas RH, Burns PJ, Hershman L: Phisiological and commercial parameters for producing progeny from subfertile mares by embryo transfer, Equine Vet J Suppl 3:111, 1985.
35. Daels PF, Stabenfeldt GH, Hughes JP, et al: Evaluation of progesterone deficiency as a cause of fetal death in mares with experimentally induced endotoxemia, Am J Vet Res 52:282, 1991.
36. Gunthle LM, McCue PM, Farquhar VJ, et al: Effect of prostaglandin administration post-ovulation on corpus luteum formation in the mare, Proc Ann Meeting Soc Theriogenol 139-140, 2000.
37. Troedsson MH, Ababneh MM, Ohlgren AF, et al: Effect of periovulatory prostaglandin f2alpha on pregnancy rates and luteal function in the mare, Theriogenology 55:1891, 2001.
38. Brendemuehl JP: Effect of oxytocin and cloprostenol on luteal formation, function and pregnancy rates in mares, Theriogenology 58:623, 2002.
39. Nie GJ, Johnson KE, Wenzel JGW, et al: Effect of periovulatory ecbolics on luteal function and fertility, Theriogenology 58:461, 2002.
40. Barber JA, Troedsson MH: Mummified fetus in a mare, J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:1438, 1996.
Ovarian Tumors-Granulosa Cell Tumor
1. Kitahara G, Nambo Y, Ali HE, et al: AntTmullerian hormone profiles as a novel biomarker to diagnose granulosa-theca cell tumors in cattle, J Reprod Develop 58:98, 2012.
Infertility Caused by Abnormalities of the
Female Tubular Genitalia
1. Saltiel A, Paramo R, Murcia C, et al: Pathologic findings in the oviducts of mares, Am J Vet Res 47:594, 1986.
2. Zent WW, Liu IKM, Spirito MA Oviduct flushing as a treatment for infertility in the mare, Proc Third Equine Embryo Transfer Meeting 47-48,
1992.
3. Allen WE, Kessy BM, Noakes DE: Evaluation of uterine tube function in pony mares, Vet Rec 105:364, 1979.
4. Arnold CE, Love CC: Laparoscopic evaluation of oviductal patency in the standing mare, Anim Reprod Sci 121S:S86, 2010.
5. Kelly EF, Renton JP, Munro CD: Assessment of oviduct potency in the cow, Vet Rec 108:357, 1981.
6. Eilts BE, Seguin BE, Fahning ML: Evaluation of oviduct patency in donor cows using the phenosulfonphthalein oviduct patency test, Theriogenology 17:87, 1982.
7. Coe PH: Uterine flush as therapy for repeat breeder cows, Agri-Practice 5:29-37, 1984.
Uterine Abnormalities
1. Burns SJ, Judge NG, Martin JE, et al: Management of retained placenta in mares, Proc 23rd Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Pract 23:381-390, 1977.
2. Paisley LG, Mickelsen WD, Anderson PB: Mechanisms and therapy for retained fetal membranes and uterine infections of cows: a review, The- riogenology 25:353, 1986.
3. Beagley JC, Whitman KJ, Baptiste KE, et al: Physiology and treatment of retained fetal membranes in cattle, J Vet Intern Med 24:261, 2010.
4. Miller BJ, Lodge JR: Postpartum oxytocin treatment for prevention of retained placentas, Theriogenology 22:385, 1984.
5. Hickey GJ, White ME, Wickenden RP, et al: Effects of oxytocin on placental retention following dystocia, Vet Rec 114:189, 1984.
6. Pimentel S, Evans G, Wagner WC: Placental synthesis of estrogens at parturition and during placental retention in the cow, Theriogenology 28:755,
1987.
7. Studer E, Holtan A: Treatment of retained placentas in dairy cattle with prostaglandin, Bovine Pract 21:159, 1986.
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32. Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Hurtgen JP, et al: Bilateral seminal vesiculitis and ampullitis in a stallion, J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:525, 1988.
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35. Bridges EE: The use of ivermectin to treat genital cutaneous habronemiasis in a stallion, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 7:S94, 1985.
36. Herd RP, Donham RC: Efficacy of ivermectin against cutaneous Draschia and Habronema infections (summer sores) in horses, Am J Vet Res 42:1953, 1981.
37. Stick JA: Amputation of the equine urethral process affected with habro- nemiasis, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 74:1453, 1979.
38. Pascoe RR: The effect of equine coital exanthema on the fertility of mares covered by stallions exhibiting the clinical disease, Aust Vet J 57:111, 1981.
39. Bryans JT, Allen GP: In vitro and in vivo studies of equine “coital” exanthema, Proc Third Int Conf Eq Infect Diseases 322-336, 1973.
40. Gibbs EPJ, Roberts MC, Morris J: Equine coital exanthema in the United Kingdom, Equine Vet J 4:74, 1970.
41. Bryans JT: Herpesviral diseases affecting reproduction in the horse, Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 2:303, 1980.
42. Blanchard TL, Kenney RM, Timoney PJ: Venereal disease, Vet Clin in North Am (Equine Pract) 8:191, 1992.
43. Bowen JM, Tobin N, Simpson RB, et al: Effects of washing on the bacterial flora of the stallion’s penis, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 32:41, 1982.
44. Burns SJ, Simpson RB, Snell JR: Control of microflora in stallion semen with a semen extender, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 23:139, 1975.
45. Cooper WL: Methods of determining the site of bacterial infections in the stallion reproductive tract, Proc Soc Theriogenol 1-4, 1979.
46. Kenney RM, Bergman RV, Cooper WL, et al: Minimum contamination techniques for breeding mares: technique and preliminary findings, Proc 21st Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Prac 21:327-336, 1975.
47. Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Love CC, et al: Use of a semen extender containing antibiotic to improve fertility of a stallion with seminal vesiculitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Theriogenology 28:541, 1987.
48. Johnson TL, Kenney RM, McGee WR, et al: Pseudomonas infection in a stallion: a case report, Proc 26th Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Pract 26:111-116,
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49. Studdert MH, Barker CAV, Savan M: Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) virus infection of bulls, Am J Vet Res 25:303, 1964.
50. van Oirschot JT: Bovine herpesvirus 1 in semen of bulls and the risk of transmission; a brief review, Vet Quart 17:29, 1995.
51. Wang J, O’Keefe J, Orr D, et al: An international inter-laboratory ring trial to evaluate a real-time PCR assay for the detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 in extended bovine semen, Vet Microbiol 126:11, 2008.
52. Grewal AS, Wells R: Vulvovaginitis of goats due to a herpesvirus, Aust Vet J 63:79, 1986.
53. Tarigan S, Webb RF, Kirkland D: Caprine herpesvirus from balanoposthitis, Aust Vet J 64:321, 1987.
54. Uzal FA, Woods L, Stillian M, et al: Abortion and ulcerative posthitis associated with caprine herpesvirus-1 infection in goats in California, J Vet Diagn Invest 16:478, 2004.
55. McCoy MH, Montgomery DL, Bratanich AC, et al: Serologic and reproductive findings after a herpesvirus-1 abortion storm in goats, J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1236, 2007.
56. Carrol EJ, Aanes WA, Ball L: Persistent penile frenulum in bulls, J Am Vet Med Assoc 144:747, 1964.
57. Seidel GE,Jr, Foote RH: Motion picture analysis of ejaculation in the bull, J Reprod Fertil 20:313, 1969.
58. Cotchin E: A general survey of tumours in the horse, Equine Vet J 9:16, 1977.
59. Sundberg JP, Burnstein T, Page EH, et al: Neoplasia in equidae, J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:150, 1977.
60. Olson C: Cutaneous papillomatosis and sarcoid. In Catcott EJ, Smithcors JF, editors: Equine Medicine and Surgery, Santa Barbara, CA., 1972, American Veterinary Publications, pp 71-77.
61. Fortier LA, Harg MAM: Topical use of 5-fluorouracil for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the external genitalia of horses: 11 cases (1988-1992), J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:1183, 1994.
62. Markel MD, Wheat JD, Jones K: Genital neoplasms treated by en bloc resection and penile retroversion in horses: 10 cases (1977-1986), J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:396, 1988.
63. Olson C, Robl MG, Larson LL: Cutaneous and penile fibropapillomatosis and its control, J Am Vet Med Assoc 153:1189, 1968.
64. Olson D, Jr, Segre D, Skidmore LV: Further observations on immunity to bovine cutaneous papillomatosis, Am J Vet Res 21:233, 1960.
65. Turner CE, Walbornn SR, Blanchard TL, et al: The effect of two levels of hemospermia on stallion fertility, Theriogenology 86:1399-1402, 2016.
66. McDonnell SM: Ejaculation: physiology and dysfunction, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 8:57, 1992.
67. Althouse GC, Seager SW, Varner DD, et al: Diagnostic aids for the detection of urine in the equine ejaculate, Theriogenology 31:1141, 1989.
68. Griggers S, Paccamonti DL, Thompson RA, et al: The effect of pH, osmolarity and urine contamination on equine spermatozoal motility, Theriogenology 56:613, 2001.
69. Romano JE, Brinsko S: Reproductive physiology in the male. In Klein DG, editor: Cunningham Textbook of Veterinary Physiology, ed 5, St. Louis, MO, 2013, Elsevier Saunders, pp 451-459.
70. Shore MD, Bretzlaff KN, Thompson JA, et al: Outcome of scrotal hydrocele in bulls, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:757, 1995.
71. Abbitt B, Fiske RA, Craig TM, et al: Scrotal hydrocele secondary to ascites in 28 bulls, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:753, 1995.
72. Craig T: Seasonal transmission of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes in Texas Gulf Coast, J Am Vet Med Assoc 174:844, 1979.
73. Blanchard TL: Identification and treatment of scrotal abnormalities in large animals, Vet Med 85:82, 1990.
74. Love CL: Ultrasonographic evaluation of the testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord of the stallion, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 8:167, 1992.
75. Hopkins SM, Larsen RE, Drost M, et al: Unilateral castration as treatment for hydrocele in a bull, J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:837, 1981.
76. Gerona GR, Sikes JO: Effects of elevated scrotum temperature on spermatogenesis and semen characteristic (abstract), J Dairy Sci 53:659, 1970.
77. Ross AD, Entwistle KW: The effect of scrotal insulation on spermatozoal morphology and the rates of spermatogenesis and epididymal passage of spermatozoa in the bull, Theriogenology 11:111, 1979.
78. Ibrahim NM, Romano JE, Troedsson MH, et al: Effect of scrotal insulation on clusterin positive cells in ram semen and their relationship to semen quality, J Androl 22:863, 2001.
79. McEntee K: Pathology of the testis of the bull and stallion, Proc Soc Theriogenol 80-91, 1979.
80. Gygax AP, Donawick WJ, Gledhill BL, et al: Haematocele in a stallion and recovery of fertility following unilateral castration, Equine Vet J 5:128, 1973.
81. Hoagland TA, Ott KM, Dinger JE, et al: Effects of unilateral castration on morphologic characteristics of the testis in one-, two-, and three-year-old stallions, Theriogenology 26:397, 1986.
82. Faulkner LC, Hopwood ML, Masken JF, et al: Scrotal frostbite in bulls, J Am Vet Med Assoc 152:602, 1967.
83. Watt DA: Testicular pathology of Merino rams, Aust Vet J 54:473, 1978.
84. Squires EL, Berndtson WE, Hoyer JH, et al: Restoration of reproductive capacity of stallions after suppression with exogenous testosterone, J Anim Sci 53:1351, 1981.
85. Squires EL, Todter GE, Berndtson WE, et al: Effect of anabolic steroids in reproductive function of young stallions, J Anim Sci 54:576, 1982.
86. Blanchard TL, Elmore RG, Youngquist RS, et al: The effects of stanozolol and boldenone undecylenate on scrotal width, testis weight, and sperm production in pony stallions, Theriogenology 20:121, 1983.
87. Deschamps JC, Ott RS, McEntee K, et al: Effects of zeranol on reproduction in beef bulls: Scrotal circumference, serving ability, and pathological changes of the reproductive organs, Am J Vet Res 48:137, 1987.
88. Ott RS: Current thinking on breeding soundness examination of bulls, Proc Soc Theriogenol 14-31, 1987.
89. Ott RS: Scrotal circumference: how small is too small?, Proc Soc Theriogenol 1-13, 1987.
90. Veeramachaneni DNR, Ott RS, Heath EH, et al: Pathophysiology of small testes in beef bulls: relationship between scrotal circumference, histopathologic features of testes and epididymides, seminal characteristics, and endocrine profiles, Am J Vet Res 47:1988-1999, 1986.
91. Kimberling CV, Parsons GA: Breeding soundness evaluation and surgical sterilization of the ram. In Youngquist RS, Trelfall WR, editors: Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1988, Saunders Elsevier, pp 620-628.
92. Coulter GH, Foote RH: Bovine testicular measurements as indicators of reproductive performance and their relationship to productive traits in cattle: a review, Theriogenology 11:297, 1979.
93. Hopkins FM, Spitzer JC: The new Society for Theriogenology Breeding Soundness evaluation system, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 13:283, 1997.
Cryptorchidism
1. Bishop MSH, David JSE, Messery A: Cryptorchidism in the stallion, Proc Royal Soc Med 59:769, 1966.
2. Leipold HW, DeBowes RM, Bennetts B, et al: Cryptorchidism in the horse: genetic implications, Proc 32nd Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Pract 32:579-589, 1985.
3. Hayes HM: Epidemiological features of 5009 cases of equine cryptorchidism, Equine Vet J 18:468, 1986.
4. Warwick BL: Selection against cryptorchidism in Angora goats, J Anim Sci 20:10, 1961.
5. Wheat JD: Cryptorchidism in Hereford cattle, J Hered 52:244, 1961.
6. Kimberling CV: Diseases of rams. In Jensen and Swift' Diseases of Sheep, ed 3, Philaelphia, 1988, Lea and Febiger, pp 3-21.
7. Stickl RL, Fessler JF: Retrospective study of 350 cases of equine cryptorchidism, J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:343, 1978.
8. The Technical Development Committee: Cryptorchidism, with special reference to the condition in the dog, Vet Rec 66:482, 1954.
9. Kenney RM: Clinical fertility evaluation of the stallion, Proc 21st Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Pract 21:336-355, 1975.
10. Blanchard TL, Schumacher J, Taylor TS, et al: Detecting unilateral and bilateral cryptorchidism in large animals, Vet Med 85:395, 1990.
11. Cox JE, Williams JH: Some aspects of the reproductive endocrinology of the stallion and cryptorchid, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 23:75, 1975.
12. Cox JE, Redhead PH, Dawson FE: Comparison of the measurement of plasma testosterone and plasma oestrogens for the diagnosis of cryptorchidism in the horse, Equine Vet J 18:179, 1986.
13. Claes AN, Ball BA, Almeida J, et al: Detection of serum anti-mullerian hormone concentrations as a method for diagnosis of cryptorchidism in the horse, Proc 57th Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Pract 57:56, 2011.
Testicular Degeneration
1. Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Bretzlaff KN, et al: Testicular degeneration in large animals. I, Causes and pathologic changes, Vet Med 86:531, 1991.
2. Johnston JE, Naelappa H, Frye JB, et al: Physiological responses of Holstein, Brown Swiss, and Red Sindhi crossbred bulls to high temperatures and humidities, J Anim Sci 22:432, 1963.
3. Friedman R, Scott M, Heath SE, et al: The effects of increased testicular temperature on spermatogenesis in the stallion, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 44:127, 1991.
4. Ott RS, Heath EH, Bane A: Abnormal spermatozoa, testicular degeneration and varicocele in a ram, Am J Vet Res 43:241, 1982.
5. Threlfall WR, Carleton CL, Robertson J, et al: Recurrent torsion of the spermatic cord and scrotal testis in a stallion, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1641, 1990.
6. McEntee K: Pathology of the testis of the bull and stallion, Proc Soc Theriogenol 80-91, 1979.
7. Garcia MC, Ganjam VK, Blanchard TL, et al: The effects of stanozolol and boldenone undecylenate on plasma testosterone and gonadotropins and on testis histology in pony stallions, Theriogenology 28:109, 1987.
8. Hahn J, Foote RH, Seidel GE, Jr: Quality and freezability of semen from growing and aged dairy bulls, J Dairy Sci 52:1843, 1969.
9. Mickelsen WD, Paisely LG, Dahmen JJ: The effect of scrotal circumference and sperm motility and morphology in the ram on conception rates and lambing percentage in the ewe, Theriogenology 16:53, 1981.
10. Thompson DL, Jr, Pickett BW Squires EL, et al: Testicular measurements and reproductive characteristics in stallions, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 27:13, 1979.
11. Burns PJ, Douglas RH: Reproductive hormone concentrations in stallions with breeding problems: case studies, J Equine Vet Sci 5:40, 1985.
12. Byers SW, Glover TD: Effect of scrotal insulation on the pituitary-testicular axis of the ram, J Reprod Fertil 71:23, 1984.
13. Threlfall W: Testicular biopsy, Proc Soc Theriogenol 65-73, 1987.
14. Varner DD, Blanchard TL, Brinsko SP, et al: Techniques for evaluating selected reproductive disorders of stallions, Anim Reprod Sci 60-61:493, 2000.
15. Brinsko SP, Squires EL, Pickett BW, et al: Gonadal and pituitary responsiveness of stallions is not down-regulated by prolonged pulsatile administration of GnRH, J Androl 19:100, 1998.
16. Blue BJ, Pickett BW, Squires EL, et al: Effect of pulsatile and continuous administration of GnRH on reproductive function of stallions, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 44:145, 1991.
Orchitis
1. Kasaback CM, Rashmir-Raven AM, Black SS: Theriogenology question of the month: Septic orchitis-periorchitis and epididymitis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:787-789, 1999.
2. Van Camp SD: Common causes of infertility in the bull, Vet Clin N Amer: Food An Pract 13:203-231, 1997.
3. Gouletsou PG, Fthenakis GC: Microbial diseases of the genital system of rams or bucks, Vet Microbiol 181:130-135, 2015.
Testicular Neoplasia
1. Cotchin E Neoplasms of domesticated mammals: a review, No 4. Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Health, Bucks, England, 1956.
2. Innes JR: Neoplastic diseases of the testis in animals, J Path Bact 54:485, 1942.
3. Moulton JE: Tumors in domestic animals, ed 2, Berkeley, CA., 1978, University of California Press.
4. Brinsko SP: Neoplasia of the male reproductive tract, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 14:517, 1998.
5. Seminoma in the horse: report of two cases, J Equine Med Surg 3:213, 1979.
6. Gelberg HB, McEntee K: Equine testicular interstitial cell tumors, Vet Pathol 24:231, 1987.
7. Stick JA: Teratoma and cyst formation of the equine cryptorchid testicle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:211, 1980.
8. Dunn HD, McEntee K: Semen quality and fertility in bulls with testicular tumors, Int J Fertil 9:613, 1964.
Infertility Caused by Diseases of the Spermatic Cord-Torsion of the Spermatic Cord
1. Horney FD, Barker CAV: Torsion of the testicle in a Standardbred, Can Vet J 16:272, 1975.
2. Kenney RM: Clinical fertility evaluation of the stallion, Proc 21st Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Pract 21:336-355, 1975.
3. Pascoe JR, Ellenburg TV, Culbertson MR, Jr, et al: Torsion of the spermatic cord in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:242, 1981.
4. Wyatt JK, Mundy AB: Torsion of the testicle: a clinical review of 20 cases, Canad Med Assoc J 107:971, 1972.
Varicocele
1. Ott RS, Heath EH, Bane A: Abnormal spermatozoa, testicular degeneration and varicocele in a ram, Am J Vet Res 43:241, 1982.
2. Ezzi A, Ladds PW, Hoffman D, et al: Pathology of varicocele in the ram, Aust Vet J 65:11, 1988.
3. Watson PF: Varicocele in the ram affecting spermatogenesis and sperm maturation, Vet Rec 95:343, 1974.
Infertility Caused by Diseases of the Epididymis and Accessory Sex Glands-Epididymitis
1. McEntee K Pathology of the epididymis.VIII International Congress on Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Kracow, Poland. 1976, 1186-1188.
2. Brinsko SP, Varner DD, Blanchard TL, et al: Bilateral infectious epididymitis in a stallion, Equine Vet J 24:325, 1992.
3. Walker RL, LeaMaster BR, Stellflug JN, et al: Association of age of ram with distribution of epididymal lesions and etiologic agent, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:393, 1986.
4. Biberstein EL, McGowan B, Olander H, et al: Epididymitis in rams: studies on pathogenesis, Cornell Vet 54:27, 1964.
5. Blue MG, McEntee K: Epididymal sperm granuloma in a stallion, Equine Vet J 17:248, 1985.
6. Bagley CV, Burrell WC, Esplin GM, et al: Effect of epididymitis on semen quality of rams, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:876, 1984.
7. Walker RL, LeaMaster BR, Biberstein EL, et al: Serodiagnosis of Histophilus ovis-associated epididymitis in rams, Am J Vet Res 49:208, 1988.
8. Dargatz DA, Smith A, Knight JA, et al: Antimicrobial therapy for rams with Brucella ovis infection of the urogenital tract, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:605, 1990.
Seminal Vesiculitis (Vesicular Adenitis)
1. Ball L, Young S, Carroll EJ: Seminal vesiculitis syndrome: lesions in genital organs of young bulls, Am J Vet Res 29:1173, 1968.
2. Klug E, Deegen E, Liesk R, et al: The effect of vesiculectomy on seminal characteristics in the stallion, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 27:61, 1979.
3. Sojka JE, Carter GK: Hemospermia and seminal vesicle enlargement in a stallion, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 7:S587, 1985.
4. Vandeplassche M, Devoss A: Excretion of Brucella abortus in the semen of a stallion, Vlaams Diergeneesk Tijschr 29:199, 1960.
5. Hoover TR: Bacterial seminal vesiculitis in bulls, Proc Soc Theriogenol 92-98, 1979.
6. Jones TH, Osborne AD, Ashdown RR: Seminal vesiculitis in bulls associated with infection of Actinobacillus actinoides, Vet Rec 76:24, 1964.
7. Blom E, Christensen NO: Seminal vesiculitis in the bull caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes, Nord Vet Med 17:435, 1965.
8. Blom E, Erno H: Mycoplasmosis: infections of the genital organs of bulls, Acta Vet Scand 8:186, 1967.
9. Galloway DB: A study of bulls with the clinical signs of seminal vesiculitis. Clinical, bacteriological and pathological aspects, Acta Vet Scand 5:1, 1964.
10. Karlson AG, Boyd WL: Orchitis and seminal vesiculitis associated with Trichomonas foetus and Corynebacterium pyogenes in a bull, Cornell Vet 31:311, 1941.
11. Morgan BL, Johansoon KR, Emerson EZ: Some Corynebacterium isolated from the genital tract of the bull, MSC Vet 6:68, 1946.
12. Moro EMP, Weiss RDN, Friedich RSC, et al: Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from cases of bovine seminal vesiculitis in south Brazil, J Vet Diagn Invest 11:189, 1999.
13. Blom E: Studies on seminal vesiculitis in the bull. I. Semen examination methods and post-mortem findings, Nord Vet Med 31:193, 1979.
14. Grotelueschen DM, Mortimer RG, Ellis RP: Vesicular adenitis syndrome in beef bulls, J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:874, 1994.
15. Storz J, Carroll EJ, Ball L, et al: Isolation of a psittacosis agent (Chlamydia) from semen and epididymis of bulls with seminal vesiculitis syndrome, Am J Vet Res 29:549, 1968.
16. Mare J, van Rensburg SJ: The isolation of viruses associated with infertility in cattle: a preliminary report, JS Afr Vet Med Assoc 32:201, 1961.
17. Morris DL: Prevention/control of vesicular adenitis in bulls, Proc 15th Tech Conf Art Insem Reprod 15:82-87, 1994.
18. Larson LL, Bartlett DE, Parker WC: Disease incidence in bulls: 1. when examined for use in artificial insemination. II. In environment of a large artificial insemination study, Proc 8th Int Congr Anim Reprod Art Insem 8(-):1473-1478, 1972.
19. Blom E: Studies on seminal vesiculitis in the bull. II. Malformation of the pelvic genital organs as a possible predisposing factor in the pathogeneses of seminal vesiculitis, Nord Vet Med 31:241, 1979.
20. Linhart RD, Parker WC: Seminal vesiculitis in bulls, Comp Cont Edu Vet Pract 10:1428, 1988.
21. Varner DD, Blanchard TL, Brinsko SP: Techniques for evaluating selected reproductive disorders of stallions, Anim Reprod Sci 60-61:493-509, 2000.
22. Ball L, Griner LA, Carroll EJ: The bovine seminal vesiculitis syndrome, Am J Vet Res 25:291, 1964.
23. Weber JA, Hilt CJ, Woods GL: Ultrasonography appearance of bull accessory sex glands, Theriogenology 29:1347, 1988.
24. Mickelsen WD, Weber JA, Memon MA: Use of transrectal ultrasound for the detection of seminal vesiculitis in a bull, Vet Rec 135:14, 1994.
25. Faulkner LC, Hopwood ML, Wiltbank JN: Seminal vesiculectomy in bulls. II. Seminal characteristics and breeding trials, J Reprod Fertil 16:171, 1968.
26. King GJ, McPherson JW: Influence of seminal vesiculectomy on bovine semen, J Dairy Sci 52:1837, 1969.
27. Romano JE New aseptic technique of semen collection for microbiological culture in bulls. Proceedngs, World Buiatric Conference (Sapporo-Japan). 2018 (in press).
28. Winningham DG, Nemoy NJ, Stamey TA: Diffusion of antibiotics from plasma into prostatic fluid, Nature 219:139, 1968.
29. Hull BL, Monke DR, Rohde R: A new technique for seminal vesiculectomy, Proc 14th Tech ConfArt Insem Reprod 14:100-103, 1992.
30. Hooper RN, Taylor TS, Blanchard TL, et al: Ventral pararectal approach to the seminal vesicles of bulls, JAm Vet Med Assoc 205:596, 1994.
31. Monke DR: Bovine seminal vesiculitis, Proc 10th Tech ConfArt Insem Reprod 10:54-61, 1984.
32. Hoover TR: A technique for injecting into the seminal vesicles of the bull, Am J Vet Res 35:1135, 1974.
33. Martinez MF, Barth AD: Early detection and treatment of vesicular adenitis in bulls, Anim Reprod Sci 101:252, 2007.
34. Martinez MF, Arteaga AA, Barth AD: Intraglandular injection of antibiotics for the treatment of vesicular adenitis in bulls, Anim Reprod Sci 104:201, 2008.
35. Larson RL: Diagnosing and controlling seminal vesiculitis in bulls, Vet Med 92:1073, 1997.
36. Alexander FCM, Zemjanis R, Graham EF, et al: Semen characteristics and chemistry from bulls before and after seminal vesiculectomy and after vasectomy, J Dairy Sci 54:1530, 1971.
Blockage of the Efferent Ducts (Sperm Stasis)
1. Little TV, Woods GL: Ultrasonography of accessory sex glands in stallions, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 35:87, 1987.
2. Klug E, Deegen E, Lazarz B, et al: Effect of adrenergic neurotransmitters upon the ejaculatory process in the stallion, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 32:31, 1982.
3. Held JP, Prater P, Toal RL, et al: Sperm granuloma in a stallion, JAm Vet Med Assoc 194:267, 1989.