REFERENCES
The complete list of references can be found at www.expertconsult.com.
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General Principles for Fluid Therapy in Critical Care
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Critical Care and Fluid Therapy Monitoring Techniques
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16. Moore JN, Garner HE, Shapland JE, et al: Lactic acidosis and arterial hypoxemia during sublethal endotoxemia in conscious ponies, Am J Vet Res 41:1696, 1980.
17. Lumsden JH, Rowe R, Mullen K: Haematology and biochemistry reference values for the light horse, Can J Comp Med 44:32, 1980.
18. Flisinska-Bojanowska A, Gill J, Komosa M: Diurnal changes in lactic and pyruvic acid levels and pH values in foals during the first 13 weeks of their life and in their lactating mothers, Comp Biochem Physiol 99A:113, 1991.
19. Silver M, Fowden AL, Knox J: Sympathoadrenal and other responses to hypoglycemia in the young foal, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 35:607, 1987.
20. Kitchen H, Rossdale PD: Metabolic profiles of newborn foals, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 23:705, 1975.
21. Magdesian KG: Blood lactate levels in neonatal foals: normal values and temporal effects in the post-partum period, J Vet Emerg Crit Care 13:174, 2003.
22. Corley KTT, Donaldson LL, Durando MM, et al: Cardiac output technologies with special reference to the horse, J Vet Intern Med 17:262, 2003.
23. Valverde A, Giguere S, Morey TE, et al: Comparison of noninvasive cardiac output measured by use of partial carbon dioxide rebreathing or the lithium dilution method in anesthetized foals, Am J Vet Res 68:141, 2007.
24. Giguere S, Bucki E, Adin DB, et al: Cardiac output measurement by partial carbon dioxide rebreathing, 2-dimensional echocardiography, and lithium- dilution method in anesthetized neonatal foals, J Vet Intern Med 19:737, 2005.
25. Hallowell GD, Corley KT: Use of lithium dilution and pulse contour analysis cardiac output determination in anaesthetized horses: a clinical evaluation, Vet Anaesth Analg 32:201, 2005.
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27. Corley KT, Donaldson LL, Furr MO, et al: Comparison of lithium dilution and thermodilution cardiac output measurements in anaesthetised neonatal foals, Equine Vet J 34:598, 2002.
28. McConachie E, Barton MH, Rapoport G, et al: Doppler and volumetric echocardiographic methods for cardiac output measurement in standing adult horses, J Vet Intern Med 27:324, 2013.
29. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al: Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients, N Engl J Med 345:1359, 2001.
30. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Milants I, et al: Intensive insulin therapy in mixed medical/surgical intensive care units: benefit versus harm, Diabetes 55:3151, 2006.
31. Klein GW, Hojsak JM, Rapaport R: Hyperglycemia in the pediatric intensive care unit, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 10:187, 2007.
32. Marik PE, Preiser JC: Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis, Chest 137:544, 2010.
33. Kansagara D, Fu R, Freeman M, et al: Intensive insulin therapy in hospitalized patients: a systematic review, Ann Intern Med 154:268, 2011.
34. The NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators: Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients, N Engl J Med 360:1283, 2009.
35. Hollis AR, Boston RC, Corley KT: Blood glucose in horses with acute abdominal disease, J Vet Intern Med 21:1099, 2007.
36. Hollis AR, Furr MO, Magdesian KG, et al: Blood glucose concentrations in critically ill neonatal foals, J Vet Intern Med 22:1223, 2008.
37. Rumbaugh GE, Carlson GP, Harrold D: Urinary production in the healthy horse and in horses deprived of feed and water, Am J Vet Res 43:735, 1982.
38. Groenendyk S, English PB, Abetz I: External balance of water and electrolytes in the horse, Equine Vet J 20:189, 1988.
39. Traver DS, Coffman JR, Moore JN, et al: Urine clearance ratios as a diagnostic aid in equine metabolic disease, 1976, p 177. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Dallas, TX.
40. Traver DS, Salem C, Coffman JR, et al: Renal metabolism of endogenous substances in the horse: volumetric vs. clearance ratio methods, J Equine Med Surg 1:378, 1977.
41. Brewer BD, Clement SF, Lotz WS, et al: Renal clearance, urinary excretion of endogenous substances, and urinary indices in healthy neonatal foals, J Vet Intern Med 5:28, 1991.
42. Grossman BS, Brobst DF, Kramer JW, et al: Urinary indices for differentiation of prerenal and renal azotemia in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:284, 1982.
Fluid Therapy for Specific Diseases and Disorders
Fluid Therapy for Liver Dysfunction and Hepatic Failure in Horses
1. Arai K, Kawamoto M, Yuge O, et al: A comparative study on lactated Ringer and acetated Ringer solution as intraoperative fluid in patients with liver dysfunction, Masui 35:793, 1986.
2. Gossett KA, French DD, Cleghorn B, et al: Effect of acute acidemia on blood biochemical variables in healthy ponies, Am J Vet Res 51:1375, 1990.
3. Wilcox CS: Regulation of renal blood flow by plasma chloride, J Clin Invest 71:726, 1983.
4. Waters JH, Gottlieb A, Schoenwald P, et al: Normal saline versus lactated Ringer's solution for intraoperative fluid management in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: an outcome study, Anesth Analg 93:817, 2001.
5. Simpson KW, Center SA, Birnbaum N: Fluid and electrolyte disturbances in gastrointestinal, pancreatic, and hepatic disease. In DiBartola SP, editor: Fluid therapy in small animal practice, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 2000, WB Saunders, p 330.
6. Jones PA, Tomasic M, Gentry PA: Oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of isotonic saline and hydroxyethyl starch solutions in clinically normal ponies, Am J Vet Res 58:541, 1997.
7. Rochwerg B, Alhazzani W, Sindi A, et al: Fluid resuscitation in sepsis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med 161:347, 2014.
8. Sigrist NE, Kalin N, Dreyfus A: Changes in serum creatinine concentration and acute kidney injury (AKI) grade in dogs treated with hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 from 2013-2015, J Vet Intern Med 31:434, 2017.
9. Chandriani S, Skewes-Cox P, Zhong W, et al: Identification of a previously undescribed divergent virus from the Flaviviridae family in an outbreak of equine serum hepatitis, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:E1407, 2013.
10. Divers TJ, Tennant BC, Kumar A, et al: New parvovirus associated with serum hepatitis in horses after inoculation of common biological product, Emerg Infect Dis 24:303, 2018.
Fluid Therapy for Diarrhea and Colitis in Horses
1. Vincent JL, Weil MH: Fluid challenge revisited, Crit Care Med 34:1333, 2006.
2. Gossett KA, French DD, Cleghorn B, et al: Effect of acute acidemia on blood biochemical variables in healthy ponies, Am J Vet Res 51:1375, 1990.
3. Rochwerg B, Alhazzani W, Sindi A, et al: Fluid resuscitation in sepsis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med 161:347, 2014.
4. Jones PA, Tomasic M, Gentry PA: Oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of isotonic saline and hydroxyethyl starch solutions in clinically normal ponies, Am J Vet Res 58:541, 1997.
5. Kramer GC, Elgjo GI, Poli de Figueiredo LF, et al: Hyperosmotic-hyperoncotic solutions, Baillieres Clin Anaesthesiol 11:143, 1997.
6. Rocha e Silva M, Poli de Figueiredo LF: Small volume hypertonic resuscitation of circulatory shock, Clinics 60:159, 2005.
7. Johnson AL, Criddle LM: Pass the salt: indications for and implications of using hypertonic saline, Crit Care Nurse 24:36, 2004.
8. Schmall LM, Muir WW, Robertson JT: Haemodynamic effects of small volume hypertonic saline in experimentally induced haemorrhagic shock, Equine Vet J 22:273, 1990.
9. Bertone JJ, Gossett KA, Shoemaker KE, et al: Effect of hypertonic vs. isotonic saline solution on responses to sublethal Escherichia coli endotoxemia in horses, Am J Vet Res 51:999, 1990.
Fluid Therapy for Sepsis (Peritonitis, Pleuritis, Pneumonia, Metritis, etc.) in Horses
1. Rochwerg B, Alhazzani W, Sindi A, et al: Fluid resuscitation in sepsis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med 161:347, 2014.
2. Vincent JL: Is the current management of severe sepsis and septic shock really evidence based?, PLoS Med 3:1488, 2006.
3. Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, et al: Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, Crit Care Med 32:858, 2004.
4. Choi PTL, Yip G, Quinonez LG, et al: Crystalloid vs. colloids in fluid resuscitation: a systematic review, Crit Care Med 27:200, 1999.
5. Vincent JL, Weil MH: Fluid challenge revisited, Crit Care Med 34:1333, 2006.
6. Cook D, Guyatt G: Colloid use for fluid resuscitation: evidence and spin, Ann Intern Med 135:205, 2001.
7. Schierhout G, Roberts I: Fluid resuscitation with colloid or crystalloid solutions in critically ill patients: a systematic review of randomized trials, BMJ 316:961, 1998.
8. Vincent JL, Gerlach H: Fluid resuscitation in severe sepsis and septic shock: an evidence-based review, Crit Care Med 32:S451, 2004.
9. Bridges EJ, Dukes SM: Sepsis shock: pathophysiology, monitoring and treatment, Crit Care Nurse 25:14, 2005.
10. Members of the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference Committee: American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis, Crit Care Med 20:864, 1992.
11. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Warren Seymour C, et al: The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3), J Am Med Assoc 315:801, 2016.
12. Kramer GC, Elgjo GI, Poli de Figueiredo LF, et al: Hyperosmotic-hyperoncotic solutions, Baillieres Clin Anaesthesiol 11:143, 1997.
13. Rocha e Silva M, Poli de Figueiredo LF: Small volume hypertonic resuscitation of circulatory shock, Clinics 60:159, 2005.
14. Johnson AL, Criddle LM: Pass the salt: indications for and implications of using hypertonic saline, Crit Care Nurse 24:36, 2004.
15. Rivers EP, Nguyen HB, Huang DT, et al: Early goal-directed therapy, Crit Care Med 32:314, 2004.
16. Early Goal-Directed Therapy Collaborative Group of Zhejiang Province: The effect of early goal-directed therapy on treatment of critical patients with severe sepsis/septic shock: a multi-center, prospective, randomized, controlled study, Zhongguo Wei Zhong 6:331, 2010.
Fluid Therapy for Renal Failure in Horses
1. Vivrette S, Cowgill LD, Pascoe J, et al: Hemodialysis for treatment of oxytetracycline-induced acute renal failure in a neonatal foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:105, 1993.
2. Gallatin LL, Couetil LL, Ash SR: Use of continuous-flow peritoneal dialysis for the treatment of acute renal failure in an adult horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:756, 2005.
3. Wong DM, Witty D, Alcott CJ, et al: Renal replacement therapy in healthy adult horses, J Vet Intern Med 27:308, 2013.
4. Grauer GF: Fluid therapy in acute and chronic renal failure. Advances in fluid and electrolyte disorders, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 28:609, 1998.
5. Rieser TM: Urinary tract emergencies. Emergency medicine, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 35:359, 2005.
6. Schrier RW: Fluid administration in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:733, 2010.
7. Bouchard J, Soroko SB, Chertown GM, et al: Fluid accumulation, survival and recovery of kidney function in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury, Kidney Int 76:422, 2009.
8. Fielding CL, Balaam J, Sprayberry KA: How to measure central venous pressure in standing adult horses, 2004. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Denver, CO.
9. Magdesian KG, Fielding CL, Rhodes DM, et al: Changes in central venous pressure and blood lactate concentration in response to acute blood loss in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:1458, 2006.
10. Norton JL, Nolen-Watson RD, Underwood C, et al: Comparison of water manometry to 2 commercial electronic pressure monitors for central venous pressure measurement in horses, J Vet Intern Med 25:303, 2011.
11. Marik PE, Baram M, Vahid B: Does central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? A systematic review of the literature and the tale of seven mares, Chest 134:172, 2008.
12. Bayly WM, Brobst DF, Elfers RS, et al: Serum and urinary biochemistry and enzyme changes in ponies with acute renal failure, Cornell Vet 76:306, 1986.
13. Divers TJ, Whitlock RH, Byars TD, et al: Acute renal failure in six horses resulting from haemodynamic causes, Equine Vet J 19:17, 1987.
14. O’Malley CM, Frumento RJ, Hardy MA, et al: A randomized, double-blind comparison of lactated Ringers solution and 0.9% NaCl during renal transplantation, Anesth Analg 100:1518, 2005.
15. Fielding CL, Magdesian KG, Meier CA, et al: Clinical, hematologic, and electrolyte changes with 0.9% sodium chloride or acetated fluids in endurance horses, J Vet Emerg Crit Care 22:327, 2012.
16. Carlson GP, Rumbaugh GE: Response to saline solution of normally fed horses and horses dehydrated by fasting, Am J Vet Res 44:964, 1983.
17. Gossett KA, French DD, Cleghorn B, et al: Effect of acute acidemia on blood biochemical variables in healthy ponies, Am J Vet Res 51:1375, 1990.
18. Rumbaugh GE, Carlson GP: Urinary production in the healthy horse and in horses deprived of feed and water, Am J Vet Res 43:735, 1982.
19. Morris DD, Divers TJ, Whitlock RH: Renal clearance and fractional excretion of electrolytes over a 24-hour period in horses, Am J Vet Res 45:2431,
1984.
20. Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, et al: Acute renal failure—definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group, Crit Care 8:R204, 2004.
21. Johansson AM, Gardner SY, Levine JF, et al: Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects, J Vet Intern Med 17:887, 2003.
22. Ho KM, Power BM: Benefits and risks of furosemide in acute kidney injury, Anaesthesia 65:283, 2010.
23. Denton MD, Chertow GM, Brady HR: “Renal-dose” dopamine for the treatment of acute renal failure: scientific rationale, experimental studies and clinical trials, Kidney Int 50:4, 1996.
24. Kellum JA, Decker MJ: Use of dopamine in acute renal failure: a metaanalysis, Crit Care Med 29:1526, 2001.
25. Cantarovich F, Rangoonwala B, Lorenz H, et al: High dose furosemide for established ARF: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial, Am J Kidney Dis 44:402, 2004.
26. Pereira CN, Machado FR, Guimaraes HP, et al: Hemodynamics and renal function during administration of low-dose dopamine in severely ill patients, Sao Paulo Med J 122:141, 2004.
Fluid Therapy for Horses With Hypoproteinemia
1. Jones PA, Bain FT, Byars DT, et al: Effect of hydroxyethyl starch infusion on colloid oncotic pressure in hypoproteinemic horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1130,
2001.
2. DeWitt SF, Paradis MR: Use of human albumin as a colloidal therapy in the hypoproteinemic equine, J Vet Intern Med 18:394, 2004 (abstract).
3. Greatorex JC: Diagnosis and treatment of “verminous aneurysm” formation in the horse, Vet Rec 101:184, 1977.
4. Rochwerg B, Alhazzani W, Sindi A, et al: Fluid resuscitation in sepsis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med 161:347, 2014.
5. Chang R, Holcomb JB: Choice of fluid therapy in the initial management of sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock, Shock 46:17, 2016.
6. Jones PA, Tomasic M, Gentry PA: Oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of isotonic saline and hydroxyethyl starch solutions in clinically normal ponies, Am J Vet Res 58:541, 1997.
Fluid Therapy for Hemorrhagic Shock
1. Alam HB: An update on fluid resuscitation, Scand J Surg 95:136, 2006.
2. Rhee P, Burris D, Kaufmann C, et al: Lactated Ringer’s solution resuscitation causes neutrophil activation after hemorrhagic shock, J Trauma 44:313, 1998.
3. Ayuste EC, Chen H, Koustova E, et al: Hepatic and pulmonary apoptosis following hemorrhagic shock in swine can be reduced through modifications of conventional Ringer's solutions, J Trauma 60:52, 2006.
4. Rhee P, Wang D, Ruff P: Human neutrophil activation and increased adhesion by various resuscitation fluids, Crit Care Med 28:74, 2000.
5. Bahrami S, Zimmermann K, Szelenyi Z, et al: Small volume fluid resuscitation with hypertonic saline prevents inflammation but not mortality in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock, Shock 25:283, 2006.
6. Pascual JL, Ferri LE, Seely AJ, et al: Hypertonic saline resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock diminishes neutrophil rolling and adherence to endothelium and reduces in vivo vascular leakage, Ann Surg 236:634, 2002.
7. Murao Y, Loomis W, Wolf P, et al: Effect of dose of hypertonic saline on its potential to prevent lung tissue damage in a mouse model of hemorrhagic shock, Shock 20:29, 2003.
8. Murao Y, Hata M, Ohnishi K, et al: Hypertonic saline resuscitation reduces apoptosis and tissue damage of the small intestine in a mouse model of hemorrhagic shock, Shock 20:23, 2003.
9. Stanton K, Koustova E, Alam H, et al: Effect of hypertonic saline dextran solution on human neutrophil activation, Shock 5(Suppl):79, 2001.
10. Rocha e Silva M, Poli de Figueiredo LF: Small volume hypertonic resuscitation of circulatory shock, Clinics 60:159, 2005.
11. Boldt J, Muller M, Heesen M, et al: Influence of different volume therapies on platelet function in the critically ill, Intensive Care Med 22:1075, 1996.
12. Omar MN, Shouk TA, Khaleq MA: Activity of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis during and after hydroxyethyl starch (HES) colloidal volume replacement, Clin Biochem 32:269, 1999.
13. Strauss RG, Pennell BJ, Stump DC: A randomized, blinded trial comparing the hemostatic effects of pentastarch versus hetastarch, Transfusion 42:27,
2002.
14. Stump DC, Strauss RG, Henriksen RA, et al: Effects of hydroxyethyl starch on blood coagulation, particularly factor VIII, Transfusion 25:349, 1985.
15. Treib J, Baron JF: Hydroxyethyl starch: effects on hemostasis, Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 17:72, 1998.
16. Rafie AD, Rath PA, Michell MW, et al: Hypotensive resuscitation of multiple hemorrhages using crystalloids and colloids, Shock 22:262, 2004.
Fluid Therapy in Acute Neurologic Injury
1. Stiver SI, Manley GT: Prehospital management of traumatic brain injury, Neurosurg Focus 25(4):E5, 2008.
2. Stocchetti N, Furlan A, Volta F: Hypoxemia and arterial hypotension at the accident scene in head injury, J Trauma 40:764-767, 1996.
3. Marmarou A, Anderson RL, Ward JD, et al: Impact of ICP instability and hypotension on outcome in patients with severe head trauma, Spec Suppl.75(1S):S59-S66, 1991.
4. Stein DM, Hu PF, Brenner M, et al: Brief episodes of intracranial hypertension and cerebral hypoperfusion are associated with poor functional outcome after severe traumatic brain injury, J Trauma 71(2):364-373, 2011.
5. Eker C, Asigeirsson B, Grande PO, et al: Improved outcome after severe head injury with a new therapy based on principles for brain volume regulation and preserved microcirculation, Crit Care Med 26:1881, 1998.
6. Rosner MJ, Daughton S: Cerebral perfusion pressure management in head injury, J Trauma 30:933, 1990.
7. Chestnut RM, Marshall LF, Klauber MR, et al: The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury, J Trauma 34:216, 1993.
8. Morris S-A, Jones WH, Proctor MR, et al: Emergent treatment of athletes with brain injury, Neurosurgery 75:S96—S105, 2014.
9. Falk JL: Fluid resuscitation in brain-injured patients, Crit Care Med 23:4, 1995 (editorial).
10. Zornow MH, Prough MD: Fluid management in patients with traumatic brain injury, New Horiz 3:488, 1995.
11. Brasel KJ, Bulger E, Cook AJ, et al: Hypertonic resuscitation: design and implementation of a prehospital intervention trial, J Am Coll Surg 206(2):220-232, 2008.
12. Carney N, Totten AM, O’Reilly C, et al: Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition, Neurosurgery 0:1-10, 2016.
13. Tommasino C, Moore S, Todd MM: Cerebral effects of isovolemic hemodilution with crystalloid or colloid solutions, Crit Care Med 16:862, 1988.
14. Van Aken HK, Kampmeier TG, Ertmer C, et al: Fluid resuscitation in patient with traumatic brain injury: what is a SAFE approach?, Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 25:563, 2012.
15. Torre-Healy A, Marko NF, Weil RJ: Hyperosmolar therapy for intracranial hypertension, Neurocrit Care 17:117, 2012.
16. Mortazavi MM, Romeo AK, Deep A, et al: Hypertonic saline for treating raised intracranial pressure: literature review with meta-analysis, J Neurosurg 116:201, 2012.
17. Jagannath AT, Sriganesh K, Devi I, et al: The salt versus sugar debate: urinary sodium losses following hypertonic saline administration curtails its superior osmolar effect in comparison to mannitol in severe traumatic brain injury, Neurosurgery 63(S1):212, 2016.
18. Adamides AA, Winter CD, Lewis PM, et al: Current controversies in the management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury, ANZ J Surg 76:163, 2006.
19. Ciesla DJ, Moore EE, Zallen G, et al: Hypertonic saline attenuation of polymorphonuclear neutrophil cytotoxicity: timing is everything, J Trauma 48:388, 2000.
20. Sumas M, Legos JL, Nathan D, et al: Tonicity of resuscitative fluids influences outcome after spinal cord injury, Neurosurgery 48:167, 2001.
21. Rovlias A, Kotsou S: The influence of hyperglycemia on neurologic outcome in patients with severe head injury, Neurosurgery 46:335, 2000.
22. Lam AM, Winn HR, Cullen BF, et al: Hyperglycemia and neurologic outcome in patients with head injury, J Neurosurg 75:545, 1991.
23. Van den Berge G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al: Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU, N Engl J Med 354:449, 2006.
24. Shutter L: Glucose control in traumatic brain injury: extra sweetness required, Crit Care Med 40:1995, 2012.
25. Vespa P, McArthur DL, Stein N, et al: Tight glycemic control increases metabolic distress in traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled within-subjects trial, Crit Care Med 40:1923, 2012.
26. The NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators: Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients, N Engl J Med 360:1283, 2009.
27. Sheline CT, Wei L: Free radical-mediated neurotoxicity may be caused by inhibition of mitochondrial dehydrogenases in vitro and in vivo, Neuroscience 140:235, 2006.
28. Polderman KH, Bloemers FW, Peerdeman SM, et al: Hypomagnesemia and hypophosphatemia at admission in patients with severe head injury, Crit Care Med 28:2022, 2000.
29. Sen AP, Gulati A: Use of magnesium in traumatic brain injury, Neurother 7:91, 2010.
30. Muir KW: New experimental and clinical data on the efficacy of pharmacologic magnesium infusions in cerebral infarcts, Magnes Res 11:43, 1998.
Fluid Therapy for Horses With Rhabdomyolysis
1. Koterba A, Carlson GP: Acid base and electrolyte alterations in horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:202, 1982.
2. Perkins G, Valberg SJ, Madigan JE, et al: Electrolyte disturbances in foals with severe rhabdomyolysis, J Vet Intern Med 12:173, 1998.
3. Valberg SI, Mickelson JR, Gallant EM, et al: Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds: one syndrome, multiple aetiologies, Equine Vet J Suppl 30:533, 1999.
4. Cho YS, Lim H, Kim SH: Comparison of lactated Ringer’s solution and 0.9% saline in the treatment of rhabdomyolysis induced by doxylamine intoxication, Emerg Med J 24:276, 2007.
5. Scharman EJ, Troutman WG: Prevention of kidney injury following rhabdomyolysis: a systematic review, Ann Pharmacother 47:90, 2013.
6. Dranchak PK, Valberg SJ, Onan GW, et al: Inheritance of recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in thoroughbreds, J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:762, 2005.
7. Ward TL, Valberg SJ, Adelson DL, et al: Glycogen branching enzyme (GBE1) mutation causing equine glycogen storage disease IV, Mamm Genome 15:570, 2004.
8. McDiarmid A: Possible familial basis to equine polysaccharide storage myopathy, Vet Rec 156:95, 2005.
9. Lentz LR, Valberg SJ, Herold LV, et al: Myoplasmic calcium regulation in myotubes from horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, Am J Vet Res 63:1724, 2002.
Fluid Therapy for Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
1. Naylor JM: Equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis: review and implications, Can Vet J 35:279, 1994.
2. Beech J, Lindborg S: Prophylactic efficacy of phenytoin, acetazolamide and hydrochlorothiazide in horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, Res Vet Sci 59:95, 1995.
3. Bertone JJ, Gossett KA, Shoemaker KE, et al: Effect of hypertonic vs. isotonic saline solution on responses to sublethal Escherichia coli endotoxemia in horses, Am J Vet Res 51:999, 1990.
Fluid Therapy for Competitive Endurance Horses
1. Fielding CL, Meier CA, Balch OK, et al: Risk factors for the elimination of endurance horses from competition, J Am Vet Med Assoc 239:493, 2011.
2. Nagy A, Murray JK, Dyson SJ: Descriptive epidemiology and risk factors for eliminations from Federation Equestre Internationale endurance rides due to lameness and metabolic reasons (2008-2011), Equine Vet J 46:38, 2014.
3. Barton MH, Williamson L, Jacks S, et al: Body weight, hematologic findings, and serum and plasma biochemical findings of horses competing in a 48-, 83-, or 159-km endurance ride under similar terrain and weather conditions, Am J Vet Res 64:746, 2003.
4. Schott HC, Marlin D, Geor R, et al: Changes in selected physiological and laboratory parameters in elite horses competing in a 160 km endurance race, Equine Vet J Suppl 36:37, 2006.
5. Trigo P, Castejon F, Riber C, et al: Use of biochemical parameters to predict metabolic elimination in endurance rides, Equine Vet J Suppl 38:142, 2010.
6. Fielding CL, Magdesian KG, Meier CA, et al: Clinical, hematologic, and electrolyte changes with 0.9% sodium chloride or acetated fluids in endurance horses, J Vet Emerg Crit Care 22:327, 2012.
7. Fielding CL, Magdesian KG: A comparison of hypertonic (7.2%) and isotonic (0.9%) saline for fluid resuscitation in horses: a randomized, double-blinded, clinical trial, J Vet Intern Med 25:1138, 2011.
8. Viu J, Jose-Cunilleras E, Armengou L, et al: Acid-base imbalances during a 120 km endurance race compared by traditional and simplified strong ion difference methods, Equine Vet J Suppl 38:76, 2010.
9. Fielding CL, Magdesian KG, Rhodes DM, et al: Clinical and biochemical abnormalities in endurance horses eliminated from competition for medical complications and requiring emergency medical treatment: 30 cases (2005-2006), J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19:473, 2009.
10. Aguilera-Tejero E, Estepa JC, Lopez I, et al: Plasma ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone concentrations in horses after endurance rides, J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:488, 2001.
11. Flaminio MJ, Rush BR: Fluid and electrolyte balance in endurance horses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 14:147, 1998.
12. Gozal Y: Calcium administration in rhabdomyolysis may be detrimental, Anesth Analg 82:437, 1996.
13. Yamashita K, Tsubakishita S, Futaok S, et al: Cardiovascular effects of medeto- midine, detomidine and xylazine in horses, J Vet Med Sci 62:1025, 2000.
14. Steffey EP, Kelly AB, Farver TB, et al: Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of acetylpromazine and xylazine on halothane-anesthetized horses, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 8:290, 1985.
15. Nunez E, Steffey EP, Ocampo L, et al: Effects of alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists on urine production in horses deprived of food and water, Am J Vet Res 65:1342, 2004.
16. Rijtema M, Mosig D, Drukker A: The effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on renal function of the newborn rabbit, Biol Neonate 76:355, 1999.
17. Gallatin LL, Couetil LL, Ash SR: Use of continuous-flow peritoneal dialysis for the treatment of acute renal failure in an adult horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:756, 2005.
18. Melli G, Chaudhry V, Cornblath DR: Rhabdomyolysis: an evaluation of 475 hospitalized patients, Medicine (Baltimore) 84:37, 2005.
19. Mansmann RA, Carlson GP, White NA, et al: Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 164:265, 1974.
20. Fielding CL, Dechant JE: Colic in competing endurance horses presenting to referral centres: 36 cases, Equine Vet J 44:472, 2012.
Fluid Therapy for Burn (Thermal) Injury in Horses
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3. Mitra B, Fitzgerald M, Cameron P, et al: Fluid resuscitation in major burns, ANZ J Surg 76:35, 2006.
4. Bortolani A, Governa M, Barisoni D: Fluid replacement in burned patients, Acta Chir Plast 38:132, 1996.
5. Schertel ER, Tobias TA: Hypertonic fluid therapy: burn shock. In DiBartola SP, editor: Fluid therapy in small animal practice, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 2000, WB Saunders, p 501.
6. Barret JP, Gomez PA: Disseminated intravascular coagulation: a rare entity in burn injury, Burns 31:354, 2005.
Fluid Therapy for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Horses
1. Vasudevan A, Lodha R, Kabra SK: Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, Indian J Pediatr 71:743, 2004.
2. Lewis CA, Martin GS: Understanding and managing fluid balance in patients with acute lung injury, Curr Opin Crit Care 10:13, 2004.
3. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network: Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury, N Engl J Med 354:2564, 2006.
4. Dunkel D: Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in foals, Clin Tech Equine Pract 5:127, 2006.
5. Sibbald WJ, Driedger AA, Wells GA, et al: The short-term effects of increasing plasma colloid osmotic pressure in patients with noncardiac pulmonary edema, Surgery 93:620, 1983.
6. Martin GS, Moss M, Wheeler AP, et al: A randomized, controlled trial of furosemide with or without albumin in hypoproteinemic patients with acute lung injury, Crit Care Med 33:1681, 2005.
7. Lum H, Siflinger-Bimboim A, Bumenstock F, et al: Serum albumin decreases transendothelial permeability to macromolecules, Microvasc Res 42:91, 1991.
8. Zoellner H, Hou JY, Lovery M, et al: Inhibition of microvascular endothelial apoptosis in tissue explants by serum albumin, Microvasc Res 57:162, 1999.
9. Dull RO, Jo H, Sill H, et al: The effect of varying albumin concentration and hydrostatic pressure on hydraulic conductivity and albumin permeability of cultured endothelial monolayers, Microvasc Res 41:390, 1991.
10. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, et al: Pulmonary- artery versus central venous catheter to guide treatment of acute lung injury, N Engl J Med 354:2213, 2006.
Fluid Therapy for Horses With Metabolic Acidosis
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2. De Backer D: Lactic acidosis, Intensive Care Med 29:699, 2003.
3. Luchette FA, Jenkins WA, Friend LA: Hypoxia is not the sole cause of lactate production during shock, J Trauma 52:415, 2002.
4. Vail DM, Ogilvie GK, Fettman MJ, et al: Exacerbation of hyperlactatemia by infusion of lactated Ringer's solution in dogs with lymphoma, J Vet Intern Med 4:228, 1990.
5. Narins RG, Cohen JJ: Bicarbonate therapy for organic acidosis: the case for its continued use, Ann Intern Med 106:615, 1987.
6. Stacpoole PW: Lactic acidosis: the case against bicarbonate therapy, Ann Intern Med 105:276, 1986.
7. Graf H, Leach W, Arieff AI: Evidence for a detrimental effect of bicarbonate therapy in hypoxic lactic acidosis, Science 227:754, 1985.
8. Gossett KA, French DD, Cleghorn B, et al: Blood biochemical response to sodium bicarbonate infusion during sublethal endotoxemia in ponies, Am J Vet Res 51:1370, 1990.
9. Mitchell JH, Wildenthal K, Johnson RL: The effects of acid-base disturbances on cardiovascular and pulmonary function, Kidney Int 1:375, 1972.
Fluid Therapy for Heart Failure
1. Bonagura JD, Lehmkuhl LB, Autran de Morais H: Fluid and diuretic therapy in heart failure. In DiBartola SP, editor: Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders in small animal practice, ed 3, St. Louis, MO, 2006, WB Saunders, p 490.
Fluid Therapy in Ruminants
1. National Research Council: Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle, ed 7 (revised), Washington, DC, 2001, National Academy Press.
2. Roussel AJ, Cohen ND, Holland PS, et al: Alterations in acid-base and serum electrolyte concentrations in cattle: 632 cases (1984-1994), J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1769, 1998.
3. Shkolnik A, Maltz E, Choshniak I: The role of the ruminant’s digestive tract as a water reservoir. In Ruckebusch Y, Thivend P, editors: Digestive physiology and metabolism in ruminants, Lancaster, UK, 1991, MTP Press, pp 731-742.
4. Carter RR, Grovum WL: A review of the physiologic significance of hypertonic body fluid on feed intake and ruminal function: salivation, motility, and microbes, J Anim Sci 68:2811, 1990.
5. Dodson A, Sellers AF, Gatewood VH: Dependence of Cr-EDTA absorption from the rumen on luminal osmotic pressure, Am J Physiol 231:1595, 1976.
6. Owens FN, Secrist DS, Hill WJ, et al: Acidosis in cattle: a review, J Anim Sci 76:275, 1998.
7. Roussel AJ, Taliaoferro L, Navarre CB, et al: Catheterization of the auricular vein in cattle: 68 cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:905, 1996.
8. Constable PD, St-Jean G, Hull BL, et al: Preoperative prognostic indicators in cattle with abomasal volvulus, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:2077, 1991.
9. Roussel AJ, Cohen ND, Hooper RN: Abomasal displacements and volvulus in beef cattle: 19 cases (1988-1998), J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:730, 2000.
10. Brobst D: Review of the pathophysiology of alterations in potassium homeostasis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:1019, 1986.
11. Constable P: Fluid and electrolyte therapy in ruminants, Vet Clin Food Anim 19:557, 2003.
12. Sweeney RW: Treatment of potassium balance disorders, Vet Clin Food Anim 15:609, 1999.
13. Schweigel M, Freyer M, Leclercq S, et al: Luminal hyperosmolarity decreases Na transport and impairs barrier function of sheep rumen epithelium, J Comp Physiol B 175:575, 2005.
14. Andersen PH, Hesselholt M, Jarlov N: Endotoxin and arachidonic acid metabolites in portal, hepatic, and arterial blood of cattle with acute ruminal acidosis, Acta Vet Scand 35:223, 1994.
15. Divers TJ: Blood component transfusions, Vet Clin Food Anim 21:615, 2005.
16. Marx G, Pedder D, Smith L, et al: Attenuation of capillary leakage by hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.42) in a porcine model of septic shock, Crit Care Med 34:3005, 2006.
17. Jones PA, Tomasic M, Gentry PA: Oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of isotonic saline and hydroxyethyl starch solutions in clinically normal ponies, Am J Vet Res 58:541, 1997.
18. Smith GW, Constable PD, Morin DE: Ability of hematologic and serum biochemical variables to differentiate gram-negative and gram-positive mastitis in dairy cows, J Vet Intern Med 15:394, 2001.
19. Katholm J, Andersen PH: Acute coliform mastitis in dairy cows: endotoxin and biochemical changes in plasma and colony-forming units in milk, Vet Rec 131:513, 1992.
20. Coffer NJ, Frank N, Elliott SB, et al: Effects of dexamethasone and isoflupredone acetate on plasma potassium concentrations and other biochemical measurements in dairy cows in early lactation, Am J Vet Res 67:1251, 2006.
21. Grunberg W, Morin DE, Drackley JK, et al: Effect of rapid intravenous administration of 50% dextrose solution on phosphorus homeostasis in postparturient dairy cows, J Vet Intern Med 20:1471, 2006.
22. Wagner SA, Schimek DE: Evaluation of the effect of bolus administration of 50% dextrose solution on measures of electrolyte and energy balance in postpartum dairy cows, Am J Vet Res 71:1074, 2010.
23. George JW, Hird DW, George LW: Serum biochemical abnormalities in goats with uroliths: 107 cases (1992-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:101, 2007.
24. Reiser TM: Urinary tract emergencies. Emergency medicine, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 35:359, 2005.