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The complete list of references can be found at www.expertconsult.com.
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Evaluation of Immunologic Response in Horses
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Failure of Passive Transfer of Maternal Immunity in Foals
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Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia
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30. Wiler R, Leber R, Moore BB, et al: Equine severe combined immunodeficiency: a defect in V(D)J recombination and DNA-dependent protein kinase activity, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:11485, 1995.
31. McGuire TC, Banks KL, Davis WC: Alterations of the thymus and other lymphoid tissue in young horses with combined immunodeficiency, Am J Pathol 84:39, 1976.
32. Shin EK, Perryman LE, Meek K: A kinase-negative mutation of DNA-PK (CS) in equine SCID results in defective coding and signal joint formation, J Immunol 158(8):3565, 1997.
33. Shin EK, Rijkers T, Pastink A, et al: Analyses of TCRB rearrangements substantiate a profound deficit in recombination signal sequence joining in SCID foals: implications for the role of DNA-dependent protein kinase in V(D)J recombination, J Immunol 164:1416, 2000.
34. Yilma T, Perryman LE, McGuire TC: Deficiency of interferon-γ but not interferon-β in Arabian foals with severe combined immunodeficiency, J Immunol 129:931, 1982.
35. Banks KL, McGuire TC: Surface receptors on neutrophils and monocytes from immunodeficient and normal horses, Immunology 28:581, 1975.
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37. Swinburne J, Lockhart L, Scott M, et al: Estimation of the prevalence of severe combined immunodeficiency disease in UK Arab horses as determined by a DNA-based test, Vet Rec 16:79, 1999.
38. Bernoco D, Bailey E: Frequency of the SCID gene among Arabian horses in the USA, Anim Genet 29:41, 1998.
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43. Wyatt DR, Magnuson NS, Perryman LE: Defective thymocyte maturation in horses with severe combined immunodeficiency, J Immunol 139:4072, 1987.
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45. Ardans AA, Trommershausen-Smith A, Osburn BI, et al: Immunotherapy in two foals with combined immunodeficiency, resulting in graft versus host reaction, J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:167, 1977.
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Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome
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12. Lavoie JP, Spensley MS, Smith BP, et al: Absorption of bovine colostral immunoglobulins G and M in newborn foals, Am J Vet Res 50:1598, 1989.
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14. Fox-Clipsham LY, Brown EE, Carter SD, et al: Population screening of endangered horse breeds for the foal immunodeficiency syndrome mutation, Vet Rec 169:655, 2011b.
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Agammaglobulinemia
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Selective IgM Deficiency
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12. Lavoie JP, Spensley MS, Smith BP, et al: Absorption of bovine colostral immunoglobulins G and M in newborn foals, Am J Vet Res 50:1598, 1989.
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Common Variable Immunodeficiency
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Immunosenescence in Horses
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40. Schroder AK, Rink L: Neutrophil immunity of the elderly, Mech Ageing Dev 124:419, 2003.
41. Peters T, Weiss JM, Sindrilaru A, et al: Reactive oxygen intermediate-induced pathomechanisms contribute to immunosenescence, chronic inflammation and autoimmunity, Mech Ageing Dev 130:564, 2009.
42. Lord JM, Butcher S, Killampali V, et al: Neutrophil ageing and immune- senescence, Mech Ageing Dev 122:1521, 2001.
43. Solana R, Tarazona R, Gayoso I, et al: Innate immunosenescence: effect of aging on cells and receptors of the innate immune system in humans, Semin Immunol 24:331, 2012.
44. McFarlane D, McDaniel K: Neutrophil function in healthy aged horses and horses with pituitary dysfunction (abstract), J Vet Intern Med 24:688,
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45. Reber AJ, Chirkova T, Kim JH, et al: Immunosenescence and challenges of vaccination against influenza in the aging population, Aging Dis 3:68,
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46. Muirhead TL, McClure JT, Wichtel JJ, et al: The effect of age on serum antibody titers after rabies and influenza vaccination in healthy horses, J Vet Intern Med 22:654, 2008.
47. Adams AA, Sturgill TL, Breathnach CC, et al: Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of old horses following recombinant canarypox virus vaccination and subsequent challenge infection, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 139:128, 2011.
48. Cicin-Sain L, Smyk-Pearson S, Currier N, et al: Loss of naive T cells and repertoire constriction predict poor response to vaccination in old primates, J Immunol 184:6739, 2010.
49. Smith TP, Kennedy SL, Fleshner M: Influence of age and physical activity on the primary in vivo antibody and T cell-mediated responses in men, J Appl Physiol 97:491, 2004.
50. Aberle JH, Stiasny K, Kundi M, et al: Mechanistic insights into the impairment of memory B cells and antibody production in the elderly, Age (Dordr) 35:371, 2013.
51. Petersson KH, Burr DB, Gomez-Chiarri M, et al: The influence of vitamin E on immune function and response to vaccination in older horses, J Anim Sci 88:2950, 2010.
Drug-Induced Immunosuppression
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5. Sweeney CR, Habecker PL: Pulmonary aspergillosis in horses: 29 cases (1974-1997), J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:808, 1999.
6. Edington N, Bridges CG, Huckle A: Experimental reactivation of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV 1) following the administration of corticosteroids, Equine Vet J 17:369, 1985.
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10. Peroni DL, Stanley S, Kollias-Baker C, et al: Prednisone per os is likely to have limited efficacy in horses, Equine Vet J 34:283, 2002.
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14. Lewis SS, Valberg SJ, Nielsen IL: Suspected immune-mediated myositis in horses, J Vet Intern Med 21:495, 2007.
15. White SD, Affolter VK, Dewey J, et al: Cutaneous vasculitis in equines: a retrospective study of 72 cases, Vet Dermatol 20:600, 2009.
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17. Vandenabeele SI, White SD, Affolter VK, et al: Pemphigus foliaceus in the horse: a retrospective study of 20 cases, Vet Dermatol 15:381, 2004.
18. Rush BR, Raub ES, Rhoads WS, et al: Pulmonary function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively, Am J Vet Res 59:1039, 1998.
19. Robinson NE, Jackson C, Jefcoat A, et al: Efficacy of three corticosteroids for the treatment of heaves, Equine Vet J 34:17, 2002.
20. Giguere S, Viel L, Lee E, et al: Cytokine induction in pulmonary airways of horses with heaves and effect of therapy with inhaled fluticasone propionate, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 85:147, 2002.
21. Laan TT, Westermann CM, Dijkstra AV, et al: Biological availability of inhaled fluticasone propionate in horses, Vet Rec 155:361, 2004.
22. Picandet V, Leguillette R, Lavoie JP: Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of isoflupredone and dexamethasone in the treatment of horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction (“heaves”), Eq Vet J 35:419, 2003.
23. Courouce-Malblanc A, Fortier G, Pronost S, et al: Comparison of prednisolone and dexamethasone effects in the presence of environmental control in heaves-affected horses, Vet J 175:227, 2008.
24. Leclere M: Corticosteroids and immune suppressive therapies in horses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 33:17, 2017.
25. Flaminio MJBF, Tallmadge RL, Secor EJ, et al: The effect of glucocorticoid therapy in the immune system of the horse. In Proceedings 8th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium (IVIS), Ouro Preto, Brazil, 2007, p 144. Aug 15 to 19, 2007.
26. Rush BR, Worster AA, Flaminio MJ, et al: Alteration in adrenocortical function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively, Am J Vet Res 59:1044, 1998.
27. Laan TT, Bull S, van Nieuwstadt RA, et al: The effect of aerosolized and intravenously administered clenbuterol and aerosolized fluticasone propionate on horses challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus antigen, Vet Res Commun 30:623, 2006.
28. Leguillette R, Tohver T, Bond SL, et al: Effect of dexamethasone and fluticasone on airway hyperresponsiveness in horses with inflammatory airway disease, J Vet Intern Med 31:1193, 2017.
29. Gray BP, Biddle S, Pearce CM, et al: Detection of fluticasone propionate in horse plasma and urine following inhaled administration, Drug Test Anal 5:306, 2013.
30. Dauvillier J, Felippe MJ, Lunn DP, et al: Effect of long-term fluticasone treatment on immune function in horses with heaves, J Vet Intern Med 25:549, 2011.
31. Barton AK, Heinemann H, Schenk I, et al: Influence of respiratory tract disease and mode of inhalation on detectability of budesonide in equine urine and plasma, Am J Vet Res 78:244, 2017.
32. Humber KA, Beech J, Cudd TA, et al: Azathioprine for treatment of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:591, 1991.
33. White SD, Maxwell LK, Szabo NJ, et al: Pharmacokinetics of azathioprine following single-dose intravenous and oral administration and effects of azathioprine following chronic administration in horses, Am J Vet Res 66:1578, 2005.
34. Barshes NR, Goodpastor SE, Goss JA: Pharmacologic immunosuppression, Front Biosci 9:411, 2004.
35. Gilger BC, Wilkie DA, Clode AB, et al: Long-term outcome after implantation of a suprachoroidal cyclosporine drug delivery device in horses with recurrent uveitis, Vet Ophthalmol 13:294, 2010.
36. Douglas LC, Yi NY, Davis JL: Ocular toxicity and distribution of subconjunctival and intravitreal rapamycin in horses, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 31:511,
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37. Saulez MN, Schlipf JW, Jr, Cebra CK, et al: Use of chemotherapy for treatment of a mixed-cell thoracic lymphoma in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:733, 2004.
38. Vandenabeele SI, White SD, Affolter VK, et al: Pemphigus foliaceus in the horse: a retrospective study of 20 cases, Vet Dermatol 15:381, 2004.
39. Graca L, Le Moine A, Cobbold SP, et al: Antibody-induced transplantation tolerance: the role of dominant regulation, Immunol Res 28:181, 2003.
40. Sigidin YA, Loukina GV, Skurkovich B, et al: Randomized, double-blind trial of anti-interferon-gamma antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis, Scand J Rheumatol 30:203, 2001.
Immunosuppression Associated With Immune-Mediated Disorders
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2. Durando MM, Alleman AR, Harvey JW: Myelodysplastic syndrome in a Quarter Horse gelding, Equine Vet J 26:83, 1994.
3. Milne EM, Pyrah ITG, Smith KC, et al: Aplastic anemia in a Clydesdale foal: a case report, J Equine Vet Sci 15:129, 1995.
4. Day MJ, Mackin AJ: Immune-mediated haematological disease. In Day MJ, editor: Clinical immunology of the dog and cat, ed 2, London, UK, 2012, Manson Publishing Ltd, pp 94-121.
5. Davis EG, Rush B, Bain F, et al: Neonatal neutropenia in an Arabian foal, Equine Vet J 35:517, 2003.
6. Perkins GA, Miller WH, Divers TJ, et al: Ulcerative dermatitis, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia in neonatal foals, J Vet Intern Med 19:211,
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7. Wong DM, Alcott CJ, Clark SK, et al: Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia and neonatal isoerythrolysis in a Thoroughbred colt, J Vet Diagn Invest 24:219, 2012.
8. McGurrin MKJ, Arroyo LG, Bienzle D: Flow cytometric detection of platelet-bound antibody in three horses with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:83, 2004.
9. Johnsen J: Pathogenesis in immune thrombocytopenia: new insights, Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2012:306, 2012.
10. Semple JW, Italiano JE, Jr, Freedman J: Platelets and the immune continuum, Nat Rev Immunol 11:264, 2011.
11. Feng X, Scheinberg P, Samsel L, et al: Decreased plasma cytokines are associated with low platelet counts in aplastic anemia and immune thrombocytopenic purpura, J Thromb Haemost 10:1616, 2012.
12. Scott DW, Miller WH, Jr: Equine dermatology, ed 2, Maryland Heights, MO, 2011, Elsevier-Saunders.
13. Tizard IR: Veterinary immunology, ed 9, St. Louis, MO, 2013, Elsevier Saunders.
14. Geor RJ, Clark EG, Haines DM, et al: Systemic lupus erythematosus in a filly, J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1989, 1990.
15. Gatto M, Zen M, Ghirardello A, et al: Emerging and critical issues in the pathogenesis of lupus, Autoimmun Rev 12:523, 2012.
16. Giri JK, Magdesian G, Gaffney PM: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus associated with presumed autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome in a mare, Can Vet J 52:506, 2011.
17. Muller LMAJ, Gorter KJ, Hak E, et al: Increased risk of common infections in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, Clin Infect Dis 41:281, 2005.
18. Rajagopalan S: Serious infections in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus, Clin Infect Dis 40:990, 2005.
Immunosuppression Associated With Leukoproliferative Disorders
1. Perryman LE, Wyatt DR, Magnuson NS: Biochemical and functional characterization of lymphocytes from a horse with lymphosarcoma and IgM deficiency, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 7:53, 1984.
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3. Furr MO, Crisman MV, Robertson J, et al: Immunodeficiency associated with lymphosarcoma in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:307, 1992.
4. Biberstein EL, Jang SS, Hirsh DC: Nocardia asteroides infection in horses: a review, J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:273, 1985.
5. Dopson LC, Reed SM, Roth JA, et al: Immunosuppression associated with lymphosarcoma in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1239, 1983.
6. Kelton DR, Holbrook TC, Gilliam LL, et al: Bone marrow necrosis and myelophthisis: manifestations of T-cell lymphoma in a horse, Vet Clin Pathol 37:403, 2008.
7. Raidal SL, Clark P, Raidal SR: Angiotrophic T-cell lymphoma as a cause of regenerative anemia in a horse, J Vet Intern Med 20:1009, 2006.
8. Lester GD, Alleman AR, Raskin RE, et al: Pancytopenia secondary to lymphoid leukemia in three horses, J Vet Intern Med 7:360, 1993.
9. Edwards DF, Parker JW, Wilkinson JE, et al: Plasma cell myeloma in the horse, J Vet Intern Med 7:169, 1993.
10. Oken MM: Multiple myeloma, Med Clin North Am 68:757, 1984.
11. Matus RE, Leifer CE: Immunoglobulin-producing tumors, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 15:741, 1985.
12. Dasanu CA: Immune alterations in untreated and treated multiple myeloma, J Oncol Pharm Pract 18:257, 2012.
13. Kent JE, Roberts CA: Serum protein changes in four horses with monoclonal gammopathy, Equine Vet J 22:373, 1990.
14. Traub-Dargatz J, Bertone A, Bennett D: Monoclonal aggregating immunoglobulin cryoglobulinemia in a horse with malignant lymphoma, Equine Vet J 17:470, 1985.
15. Badial PR, Tallmadge RL, Miller S, et al: Applied protein and molecular techniques for characterization of B cell neoplasms in horses, Clin Vaccine Immunol 22:1133, 2015.
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17. Searcy GP, Orr JP: Chronic granulocytic leukemia in a horse, Can Vet J 22:148, 1981.
18. Johansson AM, Skidell J, Lilliehook I, et al: Chronic granulocytic leukemia in a horse, J Vet Intern Med 21:1126, 2007.
19. Clark P, Cornelisse CJ, Schott HC, et al: Myeloblastic leukaemia in a Morgan horse mare, Equine Vet J 31:446, 1999.
20. Spier SJ, Madewell BR, Zinkl JG: Acute myelomonocytic leukemia in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:861, 1986.
21. Mori T, Ishida T, Washizu T, et al: Acute myelomomonocytic leukemia in a horse, Vet Pathol 28:344, 1991.
22. Monteith CN, Cole D: Monocytic leukemia in a horse, Can Vet J 36:765, 1995.
23. Morris DD, Bloom JC, Roby KA, et al: Eosinophilic myeloproliferative disorder in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:993, 1984.
24. Lester GD, Alleman AR, Raskin RE, et al: Malignant histiocytosis in an Arabian filly, Equine Vet J 25:471, 1993.
25. Buechner-Maxwell V, Zhang C, Robertson J, et al: Intravascular leukostasis and systemic aspergillosis in a horse with subleukemic acute myelomonocytic leukemia, J Vet Intern Med 8:258, 1994.
Immunosuppression Associated With Infectious
Agents or Processes
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2. Perryman LE: Primary immunodeficiencies of horses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:105, 2000.
3. Wiler R, Leber R, Moore BB, et al: Equine severe combined immunodeficiency: a defect in V(D)J recombination and DNA-dependent protein kinase activity, Proc Natl Acad Sci 92:11485, 1995.
4. Weldon AD, Zhang C, Antczak DF, et al: Selective IgM deficiency and abnormal B-cell response in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1396, 1992.
5. Fox-Clipsham LY, Carter SD, Goodhead I, et al: Identification of a mutation associated with fatal foal immunodeficiency syndrome in the Fell and Dales pony, PLoS Genet 7:e1002133, 2011.
6. Butler CM, Westermann CM, Koeman JP, et al: The Fell pony immunodeficiency syndrome also occurs in the Netherlands: a review and six cases, Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 131:114, 2006.
7. Perryman LE, McGuire TC, Banks KL: Animal model of human disease. Infantile X-linked Agammaglobulinemia. Agammaglobulinemia in horses, Am J Pathol 111:125, 1983.
8. Deem DA, Traver DS, Thacker HL, et al: Agammaglobulinemia in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 175:469, 1979.
9. Sellon DC: Secondary immunodeficiencies of horses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:117, 2000.
10. McClure JJ, Addison JD, Miller RI: Immunodeficiency manifested by oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia in foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:1195,
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11. Perkins GA, Miller WH, Divers TJ, et al: Ulcerative dermatitis, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia in neonatal foals, J Vet Intern Med 19:211, 2005.
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13. Cohn LA: The influence of corticosteroids on host defense mechanisms, J Vet Intern Med 5:95, 1991.
14. Schaffner A, Schaffner T: Glucocorticoid-induced impairment of macrophage antimicrobial activity: mechanisms and dependence on the state of activation, Rev Infect Dis 9(Suppl 5):S620, 1987.
15. Kono Y, Hirasawa K, Fukunaga Y, et al: Recrudescence of equine infectious anemia by treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) 16:8, 1976.
16. Mair TS: Bacterial pneumonia associated with corticosteroid therapy in three horses, Vet Rec 138:205, 1996.
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22. Bryans JT, Swerczek TW, Darlington RW, et al: Neonatal foal disease associated with perinatal infection by equine herpesvirus 1, J Equine Med Surg 1:20, 1977.
23. Williams KJ, Maes R, Del Piero F, et al: Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis: a newly recognized herpesvirus-associated fibrotic lung disease, Vet Pathol 44:849, 2007.
24. Wong M, Belgrave RL, Williams KJ, et al: Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in five horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 15:898, 2008.
25. Hart KA, Barton MH, Williams KJ, et al: Multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, pancytopenia and equine herpesvirus-5 infection in a Thoroughbred gelding, Equine Vet Educ 20:470, 2008.
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Diseases Caused by Allogeneic Incompatibilities and Neonatal Isoerythrolysis (Horses and Ruminants)
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16. Lazary S, Gerber H, Glatt PA, et al: Equine leucocyte antigens in sarcoid- affected horses, Equine Vet J 17:283, 1985.
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37. Bowling AT, Egglestone-Stott ML, Byrns G, et al: Validation of microsatellite markers for routine horse parentage testing, Anim Genet 28:247, 1997.
38. Tozaki T, Kakoi H, Mashima S, et al: Population study and validation of paternity testing for Thoroughbred horses by 15 microsatellite loci, J Vet Med Sci 63:1191, 2001.
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45. Bailey E, Conboy HS, McCarthy PF: Neonatal isoerythrolysis of foals: an update on testing, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 33:341, 1987.
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