Abstract
Nervous system is the major communication system in animals. Neurons are the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. There are numerous specialized contact areas known as synapses, which mediate signals from one neuron to others.
Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers liberated at the nerve endings and help to transfer the nerve impulses in the presynaptic neuron to adjacent postsynaptic neurons or muscle or glands. The nervous system has two main subdivisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), which act together in a synchronous pattern with each other. The central nervous system is the major processing center in the body, which is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The sensory receptors are present throughout the body, which continuously monitor the external as well as the internal environment and send the information to the CNS via PNS. The information is then analyzed in the CNS, which sends signals to the target organ through PNS. Then the particular organ takes necessary action according to the need. The two main subdivisions of PNS are somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is associated with the voluntary movement of skeletal muscles, whereas the autonomic nervous system regulates the involuntary functions of organs and tissues.D. Banerjee (X) ∙ P. K. Das ∙ J. Mukherjee
Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of
Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
P. K. Das et al. (eds.), Textbook of Veterinary Physiology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9410-4_11
Graphical Abstract
Description of the graphic: Receptors are sensory structures to detect changes in the internal or external environment (1).
The sensory division of the PNS brings information to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissue and organs (2). Information processing includes the integration and distribution of information in the CNS (3). The motor division of the PNS carries motor commands from the CNS to peripheral tissue and systems (4). Effectors are target organs whose activities change in response to neural commands (5)Keywords
Neuron ∙ Nerves ∙ Central nervous system ∙ Autonomic nervous system ∙ Brain
Learning Objectives
• Structural as well as functional divisions of the nervous system
• Structure, classification, and functions of two major types of cells of nervous system—neuron and glial cells
• Neurotransmitter and synaptic transmission of action potential
• Anatomical structure and functions of the two main
divisions of the nervous system—central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
• Somatic and autonomic nervous systems
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