CHAPTER OUTLINE
■ HEART AND PERICARDIUM
Myocardium
Heart Valves
Blood Flow through the Heart
■ BLOOD VESSELS
Blood Circulatory Systems
■ LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
■ SPLEEN
■ CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY
Origin of the Heartbeat
Conduction of the Impulse
Cardiac Cycle
■ ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
Wave Forms
Isoelectric Line
■ HEARTSOUNDS
■ HEART RATE AND ITS CONTROL
Metabolic Rate
Autonomic Nervous System
Autoregulation
Reflexes
■ BLOOD PRESSURE
Pressure Generation and Flow
Systolic and Diastolic Pressures
Measurements
■ BLOOD FLOW
Autoregulation
Cardiac Output and Blood.Diversion Breathing and Blood Flow Circulation Time
■ CAPILLARY DYNAMICS
Diffusion and Bulk Flow
Mechanism of Bulk Flow
Capillary Imbalances
During early embryonic growth, dividing cells receive their nutrients and expel their wastes by diffusion from the uterine fluids that surround them.
With continued development, the innermost cells become too distant from the fluids for diffusional exchange efficiency. The cardiovascular system develops to meet the needs of distant cells for nutrition and excretion. The system consists of a network of joined vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) for circulating the nutrient fluid (blood) and a pump (the heart) to propel the fluid through the vessels. An auxiliary system of vessels (the lymphatics) also develops to assist the return of fluids from the interstitial spaces to the blood.
■