Index
| A | Afferent branchial arteries in lamprey, 24 |
| Abdomen, 152 Abdominal aorta, 201 Abdominal pores, 37 Abdominal vein in frog, 121, 130 in mudpuppy, 96, 98, 105 in shark, 59 Abdominopelvic cavity, 186-194 Abducens foramina, 28 Abducens nerve (CN VI) in cat, 222 in shark, 65-66, 74 Abductor caudae internus (coccygeus muscle), 165 Abductor cruris caudalis (tenuissimus), 166 Abductor, defined, 40 Accessory nerve (CN XI) in cat, 222 in shark, 74 Accessory process, 142 Accessory urinary duct, 62 Acetabular bone, 147 Acetabular fenestra, 233 Acetabular surface, 33 Acetabulum in cat, 147 in frog, 118 in mudpuppy, 92 in pigeon, 233 Achilles tendon (calcaneal tendon), 170 Acoustic meatus in cat, 138 in pigeon, 234 Acousticolateral area, 73 Acromiodeltoid muscle, 158 Acromion process, 145 Acromiotrapezius, 158 Actinista, 12, 14 Actinopterygii, 11, 13, 14, 77 Adductor, defined, 40 Adductor femoris, 168 Adductor longus (adductor femoris longus), 168 Adductor mandibulae process, 28 Adductor mandibulae, 41 Adrenal gland in cat, 204 in frog, 125 Adrenolumbar artery/vein, 204 | in mudpuppy, 105 in shark, 47, 51 Afferent renal vein, 58 Afferent spiracular artery, 41, 51 Agnathans, 7, 8, 9, 19 Air sacs, 241 Alisphenoid, 135 Alula (bastard wing), 234 Alular quills, 234 Amniota, 15, 16 Amphibia, 12, 15, 16, 89, 113 Ampullae of Lorenzini, 37, 63 Anal fin, 80, 81 Anal glands, 217 Angle of rib, 144 Angular bone in mudpuppy, 90 in perch, 79 in pigeon, 229 Angular process, 139 Angulare, 116 Annular cartilage in frog, 116 in lamprey, 19 Antebrachium (forearm) in cat, 146, 152 in frog, 118 Anterior auricular artery, 199 Anterior auricular vein, 200 Anterior cardinal sinus, 58 Anterior cardinal vein, 24, 26 Anterior chamber, of eye, 67 Anterior commissure, 224 Anterior cornu, 116 Anterior cranial fossa, 138 Anterior, defined, xx Anterior dorsal fin in lamprey, 21 in perch, 80, 81 in shark, 28, 33, 37 Anterior facial vein. see Linguofacial vein Anterior intestinal artery, 55Anterior intestinal vein, 58 Anterior lienogastric vein, 58 Anterior mesenteric artery in cat, 201 in pigeon, 246 |
Anterior mesenteric artery (continued)
in shark, 55
Anterior mesenteric vein, 206
Anterior pancreaticoduodenal artery/vein, 205
Anterior rectal artery/vein, 207
Anterior renal artery, 250
Anterior renal portal vein, 249
Anterior renal vein, 246
Anterior semicircular duct, 67
Anterior splenic artery, 206
Anterior splenic vein, 205
Anterior utriculus, 67
Anterior vena cava
in cat, 185, 195
in frog, 127
in pigeon, 243
Anterior ventrolateral artery, 52 Anterodorsal lateral line nerve, 74 Anteroventral lateral line nerve, 74 Anticlinal vertebra, 142
Antorbital canal (infraorbital canal), 134 Antorbital process
in mudpuppy, 89
in shark, 28
Antorbital shelf, 28
Anura, 113
Anus
in cat, 152, 192
in lamprey, 21
in perch, 82
in shark, 37
Aorta.
see also Dorsal aorta; Ventral aortain cat, 195, 201
in pigeon, 242
Aortic arch
in cat, 195
in pigeon, 242 Apex of heart, 194 Apomorphic traits, 3 Aponeurosis, 153 Appendicular skeleton, 92 Aqueous humor, 67 Arachnoid mater, 218 Arbor vitae, 224 Archinephric duct (Wolffian duct)
in frog, 125
in lamprey, 22
in mudpuppy, 102
in perch, 85
in shark, 62 Arcualia, 20, 23-24 Arm. see Brachium Arterial system
of cat, 195-207
of frog, 125-127
of lamprey, 24
of mudpuppy, 105-107
of perch, 86
of pigeon, 241-250
of shark, 51-55
Arteries. see Arterial system; names of specific arteries
Articular bone
in perch, 79
in pigeon, 229
Articular circumference, of radius, 146 Articularis coxae (capsularis), 168 Arytenoid cartilage, 183
Ascending aorta, 242
Ascending colon, 192
Ascending pharyngeal artery, 199
Ascending ramus of dentary, 139 Astragalus (talus; tibiale), 118, 149 Atlantal foramen, 141
Atlas
in cat, 141
in frog, 117
Atria, of heart
in cat, 194
in frog, 125
in lamprey, 24
in mudpuppy, 102
in perch, 86
in pigeon, 241
in shark, 51
Auditory meatus
in cat, 134
in pigeon, 229
Auditory nerve. see Vestibulocochlear nerve Auditory tube (Eustachian tube)
in cat, 138, 183
in frog, 120
Auricle
of atrium, 195
of cerebellum, 72
Auricular artery, 199
Auricular vein, 199
Aves, 227
Avialae, 227
Axial skeleton, 92
Axillary artery
in cat, 201
in pigeon, 242
Axillary vein
in cat, 163, 201
in pigeon, 243
Axis, 141
Azygos vein, 195
B
Back. see Dorsum
Barbs, of feather, 234
Basal plate
in mudpuppy, 90
in shark, 28
Basal pterygiophore, 33 Basapophysis, 33
Base of heart, 194
Basibranchial bones, 91
Basibranchial cartilages, 28
Basicranium, 134
Basihyal cartilage, 28 Basihyoid bone, 139
Basilic vein, 243
Basioccipital bone
in cat, 134
in pigeon, 229
Basipterygium, 80
Basipterygoid processes, 229
Basisphenoid
in cat, 135
in pigeon, 229
Basitrabecular processes, 28
Bastard wing (alula), 234
Beak (bill), 229, 234
Biceps brachii
in cat, 165
in pigeon, 238
Biceps femoris, 165
Biceps propatagialis.
see Pars propatagialisBiceps slip. see Pars propatagialis
Bicipital groove, 145
Bicipital tuberosity, 146
Bile duct
in cat, 189, 193-194
in mudpuppy, 98
in shark, 49
Bill (beak), 229, 234
Blood vessels. see Arterial system; Venous system Body
of dentary, 138
of ilium, 147
of sternum, 231
of stomach, 49
of uterus, 217
Bones. see Skeletal system; names of specific bones
Brachial artery
in cat, 165, 201
in frog, 127
in mudpuppy, 107
in pigeon, 242
in shark, 47, 51
Brachial vein
in cat, 165, 201
in frog, 128
in mudpuppy, 102
in pigeon, 243
in shark, 59
Brachiocephalic artery
in cat, 195
in pigeon, 242
Brachiocephalic vein, 196
Brachioradialis, 160
Brachium (arm)
in cat, 152
in frog, 118
Brain
in cat, 218-224
in lamprey, 23
in shark, 70-73, 75-76
Branchial adductor muscle, 43, 47
Branchial arches
in perch, 77, 82
in shark, 28, 43
Branchial arteries
in lamprey, 24
in mudpuppy, 105, 107
in shark, 47, 51, 52
Branchial basket, 19
Branchial branches of vagus nerve, 75
Branchial musculature, 40-45
Branchiomeric musculature, 40-43
Branchiostegal rays, 83
Breast, 234
Broad ligament, 217
Bronchi
in cat, 185
in pigeon, 244
Buccal papillae, 20
Bulbourethral glands, 216
Bulbus arteriosus
in mudpuppy, 102, 105
in perch, 86
Bulbus cordis, 125
C
Calamus, 234
Calcaneal tendon, 170
Calcaneum (calcaneus), 149
Calcaneum (fibulare), 118
Canals, of cat skull, 135. see also names of specific canals
Capitulum, of humerus, 145
Capitulum, of rib, 141, 144
Capsularis, 168
Cardiac vein (coronary vein), 195
Cardinal sinus, 58
Cardinal veins
in lamprey, 24, 26
in mudpuppy, 102, 105
in shark, 59
Cardiovascular system
of cat, 194-212
of frog, 125-130
of lamprey, 24
of mudpuppy, 102-107
of perch, 86
of pigeon, 241, 242-244
of shark, 51-59
Carina (keel), 231
Carnassial tooth, 134
Carnivores, 132
Carotid arch, 127
Carotid artery
in cat, 197
in frog, 127
in mudpuppy, 105, 107
in pigeon, 242
in shark, 51
Carotid body, 127
Carpal bones
in cat, 147, 149
in frog, 118
in mudpuppy, 92
in pigeon, 232
Carpometacarpus, 232
Carpus, 147
Cat
brain and cranial nerves, 218-225 cardiovascular system, 194-212 cranial skeleton, 132-140
digestive and respiratory systems, 180-194 excretory system, 212-214
external anatomy, 151-152 female reproductive system, 216-218 forelimb muscles, 154, 158-165 head and trunk muscles, 174-180 hind limb muscles, 155-156, 165-173 male reproductive system, 214-216 postcranial skeleton, 140-151
Caudal artery
in cat, 205
in lamprey, 24
in mudpuppy, 107
in pigeon, 250
in shark, 55
Caudal, defined, xx
Caudal fin
in lamprey, 21
in perch, 80, 81
in shark, 28, 33, 37
Caudal ligament, 62
Caudal peduncle, 81
Caudal vein
in cat, 205
in lamprey, 26
in mudpuppy, 105
in shark, 58
Caudal vertebrae
in cat, 140, 143-144
in mudpuppy, 92
in perch, 80
in pigeon, 229
in shark, 33
Caudata, 89
Caudate lobe, of liver, 188
Caudofemoralis.
see Gluteofemoralis Caudolateral process, 231Caval fold, 185
Cecum, 192
Celiac artery
in cat, 201
in frog, 127
in pigeon, 246
in shark, 53
Celiacomesenteric artery
in frog, 127
in mudpuppy, 107
Celom, 47
Central canal of spinal cord, 76
Central tendon, 188
Centrum, of vertebral body
in cat, 140
in perch, 80
in shark, 31
Cephalic vein, 158, 197 Cephalochordata, 1, 5, 6
Ceratobranchial bones, 91
Ceratobranchial cartilages, 28
Ceratohyal bone, 91
Ceratohyal cartilage, 28
Ceratohyoid bone, 139
Ceratotrichia, 33
Cerebellar hemispheres, 222
Cerebellar peduncles, 224
Cerebellar ventricle, 76
Cerebellum
in cat, 218
in shark, 72
Cerebral aqueduct
in cat, 224
in shark, 76
Cerebral hemispheres
in cat, 218
in shark, 71
Cerebral peduncle, 224
Cerebrum
in cat, 218
in shark, 71
Cervical artery, deep, 201
Cervical vertebrae
in cat, 140
in mudpuppy, 92
in pigeon, 229
Cervix, of uterus, 217
Chimaeras, 27
Choanae
in cat, 134, 183
in frog, 120
in mudpuppy, 95
Choanata, 12, 14, 15 Chondrichthyes, 10, 12, 27 Chondrocranium
in lamprey, 19
in mudpuppy, 89, 90
in shark, 28
Chordata, 2, 4-5, 6
Choroid, 66
Choroid plexus, 72
Ciliary body, 66
Circulatory system. see Cardiovascular system
Circumflex artery/vein, 168
Circumflex iliac artery/vein, 204
Clades, 1
Cladogram, 3
Clasper, 27, 33, 37, 62
Classification, 1-4
Clavicle
in cat, 145
in frog, 118
Clavobrachialis, 158
Clavotrapezius, 158
Claw, 152
Cleidomastoid muscle, 160
Cleithrum, 80
Clitoris, 217
Cloaca
in frog, 119, 125
in lamprey, 21
in mudpuppy, 94
in pigeon, 234
in shark, 37
Cloacal arteries, 107
Cloacal gland, 94, 102
Cloacal papillae, 94, 102
Cloacal vein, 59
Coccygeofemoralis. see Gluteofemoralis Coccygeus muscle, 165
Cochlea tibiae, 148
Coelom, 22
Colic artery, 207
Colic ceca, 242, 246
Colic vein, 207
Collector loop of gills, 51
Colon.
see also Large intestinein cat, 192
in shark, 49
Columbia livia, 227
Columella
in frog, 116, 120 in mudpuppy, 90
Commissural artery (hypobranchial artery), 51
Common bile duct
in cat, 189, 193 in mudpuppy, 98
Common cardinal sinus, 58
Common cardinal vein, 102
Common carotid artery
in cat, 197
in pigeon, 242
Common iliac arteries, 127
Common iliac vein
in cat, 205
in mudpuppy, 105
in pigeon, 246
Condyles
of femur, 147
of humerus, 145
of tibia, 148
Condyloid canal, 138
Condyloid process, 139
Conjunctiva, 63
Connective tissue, types of, 153
Constrictor muscles, 41
Contour feathers, 234
Conus arteriosus
in mudpuppy, 102
in shark, 51
Coracoarcual muscles, 44
Coracobrachial muscles, 44
Coracobrachialis muscle, 165 Coracohyoid muscles, 44
Coracoid bar, 33
Coracoid cartilage, 92
Coracoid process, 144
Coracomandibular muscles, 44
Cornea, 66
Coronary artery
in cat, 194-195
in shark, 52
Coronary ligament, 188
Coronary sulcus, 195
Coronary vein (cardiac vein), 195 Coronoid fossa, 145 Coronoid process
in cat, 139, 146 in frog, 116
Corpora cavernosa penis, 216 Corpora quadrigemina, 222 Corpus callosum, 218, 224 Corpus spongiosum penis, 216 Costal cartilage, 144 Costal demifacet, 141 Costal facet, 142
Costocervical artery/vein, 201 Costocervical + vertebral trunk, 196 Coverts, 234
Coxal bones, 233 Cranial cavity, 138 Cranial, defined, xx Cranial fossae, 138 Cranial nerves. see also names of specific nerves
in cat, 220, 224
in shark, 70-71, 72-75
Cranial skeleton
of cat, 132-140 of frog, 113-116 of mudpuppy, 89-92 of perch, 77-79 of pigeon, 227-229 of shark, 28-30 Craniata, 1, 5, 6, 7-8 Cremasteric pouches, 214 Cribriform plate, 136 Cricoid cartilage, 183 Cricothyroid muscle, 183 Crop, 236 Crus of penis, 216 Crus (shank)
in cat, 152 in frog, 118 Ctenoid scale, 81 Cuboid bones, 149 Cucullaris muscle, 41 Cuneiform bones, 147, 149 Cutaneous artery, 127 Cutaneous vein, 102 Cyclostome, 19 Cystic duct
in cat, 193 in mudpuppy, 98
D
Deep cervical artery, 201 Deep circumflex iliac artery/vein, 204 Deep femoral artery/vein, 168, 205 Deep ophthalmic nerve, 64, 65, 74 Deltoid ridge, 145 Deltoideus major, 238 Deltoideus minor, 241 Deltoideus, 236
Dens, 141
Dentary bone
in cat, 138-139
in frog, 116 in mudpuppy, 90 in perch, 79 in pigeon, 229
Dentary teeth, 96
Denticles (placoid scales), 35 Dermal skull, 89
Descending colon, 192 Deuterostomata, phylogeny of, 2, 4-7 Diaphragm, 184, 188
Diaphysis
of femur, 147
of fibula, 149
Diastema, 134 Diencephalon
in cat, 220-222
in shark, 71
Digastric muscle, 178, 180
Digestive system
of cat, 180-184, 188-194 of frog, 124-125 of lamprey, 22, 23
of mudpuppy, 98 of perch, 85-86 of pigeon, 242 of shark, 45-50
Digitiform gland, 49
Digitiform gland (rectal gland), 62 Digits
in cat, 147 in frog, 118
Dipnoi, 12, 14
Distal, defined, xx Dogfish shark.
see Shark Dorsal aortain frog, 127 in lamprey, 24 in mudpuppy, 105 in shark, 51, 52
Dorsal, defined, xx
Dorsal fins
in lamprey, 21 in perch, 80, 81 in shark, 28, 33, 37
Dorsal gastric artery, 55
Dorsal hyoid constrictor muscles, 41
Dorsal interarcual muscles, 43
Dorsal oblique muscle, 64
Dorsal rectus muscle, 64
Dorsal superficial constrictor muscles, 41 Dorsolumbar vein, 130
Dorsum (back)
in cat, 152
in pigeon, 234
Ductus deferens, 213, 214 Duodenocolic ligament, 192 Duodenum
in cat, 192 in frog, 125 in mudpuppy, 98
in perch, 85
in pigeon, 246
in shark, 49
Dura mater, 218
E
Ear
in cat, 137
middle, 137, 229
in pigeon, 229
in shark, 67-68
Echinodermata, 1, 2, 4 Ectotympanic bone, 137 Efferent branchial artery
in lamprey, 24
in mudpuppy, 107
in shark, 51, 52
Efferent ductules, of testis, 62
Efferent renal vein
in mudpuppy, 105
in shark, 59
Efferent spiracular artery, 51
Elasmobranchii, 10, 11
Embryonic development, 4-5
Endolymph, 67
Endolymphatic duct, 67
Endolymphatic foramina, 28 Endolymphatic fossa, 28
Endolymphatic pores, 37 Endotympanic bone, 138 Epaxial musculature, 40
Epibranchial bones, 91
Epibranchial cartilages, 28
Epibranchial musculature, 41 Epicondyles
of femur, 148
of humerus, 145
Epididymis
in cat, 214
in shark, 62
Epigastric arteries, 107. see also Ventrolateral arteries Epiglottal cartilage, 183
Epiglottis, 183
Epihyoid bone, 139
Epimysium, 153
Epiphyseal foramen, 28
Epiphysis, 71
Epiploic foramen, 191
Episternum, 118
Epithalamus
in cat, 220
in shark, 72
Epitrochlearis, 160
Epurals, 80
Esophagus
in cat, 183
in frog, 120, 125
in perch, 85
in pigeon, 236, 242
in shark, 49
“Esophagus,” in lamprey, 22, 23
Ethmoid bone, 136
Ethmoid foramen, 135
Ethmoid plate, 90
Eugnathostomata, 9-10
Eustachian tube (auditory tube), 120, 138, 183
Eutheria, 131-132
Excretory system. see Urogenital system
Exoccipital bones
in cat, 134
in mudpuppy, 90
Expansor secundariorum, 238
Extensor digitorum lateralis (peroneus tertius), 171
Extensor digitorum longus, 171
External acoustic meatus, 234
External anatomy
of cat, 151-152
of frog, 118-120
of lamprey, 20-21
of mudpuppy, 94-95
of perch, 81-82
of pigeon, 234-235
of shark, 35-38
External auditory meatus, 134
External carotid artery
in cat, 199
in frog, 127
in mudpuppy, 105, 107
in shark, 51
External gills, 94
External iliac artery
in cat, 168, 204
in pigeon, 250
External iliac vein, 168, 205
External jugular vein
in cat, 158, 196
in frog, 127
External nares
in cat, 132
in frog, 119
External oblique, 158
External pharyngeal slits, 20
External pudendal artery/vein, 168
External yolk sac, 63
Eye
in cat, 152
in frog, 119
in lamprey, 20
in mudpuppy, 94
in perch, 81
in pigeon, 234
in shark, 37, 63-67
Eye muscles, 64
Eyeball, 63
Eyelids. see Palpebrae
F
Facial artery, 199
Facial nerve (CN VII)
in cat, 180, 222
in shark, 74
Facial vein, 180, 199
Falciform ligament
in cat, 188
in frog, 122
in mudpuppy, 96
in shark, 49
Fallopian tube (uterine tube), 216
False vocal cords, 184
Fascia, 153
Fascia lata, 166
Fat body, 122
Feathers, 234
Felis domestica, 131
Female reproductive system
of cat, 216-218
of frog, 122, 124, 125
of mudpuppy, 102
of perch, 84
of pigeon, 216
of shark, 62-63
Femoral artery
in cat, 168, 205
in frog, 127
in mudpuppy, 107
in pigeon, 250
in shark, 55
Femoral nerve, 168
Femoral vein
in cat, 168, 205
in frog, 130
in pigeon, 249
in shark, 59
Femur
in cat, 147-148, 152
in frog, 118
in mudpuppy, 92
in pigeon, 233
Fenestra cochlea (round window), 137
Fenestra vestibuli (oval window), 137
Fibrous tunic, 66
Fibula
in cat, 149
in frog, 118
in mudpuppy, 92
in pigeon, 233
Fibular facet, 148-149
Fibulare, 118
Fibularis brevis (peroneus brevis), 171
Fibularis longus (peroneus longus), 171
Filiform papillae, 181
Fimbriae, 216
Fin rays
in lamprey, 21
in perch, 80
Fin spine, 33
Fins
in lamprey, 21
in mudpuppy, 94
in perch, 80, 81-82
in shark, 28, 33, 37
Fishes, phylogeny of, 9-12, 77
Flexor digitorum longus, 173
Flexor digitorum superficialis (plantaris), 173
Flocculonodular lobe, 222
Folia, of metencephalon, 222
Foliate papillae, 181
Follicles, ovarian, 102, 246
Foramen magnum
in cat, 134
in frog, 116
in mudpuppy, 90
in pigeon, 229
in shark, 28
Foramen of Monro, 72, 76
Foramen ovale
in cat, 136
in frog, 116
Foramen rotundum, 136
Foramina, of cat skull, 135. see also names of specific foramina
Forearm. see Antebrachium
Forelimb
in cat, 144-147, 154, 158-165
in frog, 118
in mudpuppy, 92, 94
in pigeon, 231-232, 234
Fornix of corpus callosum, 224
Fourth ventricle, 72, 76
Fovea, 146
Frog
cardiovascular system, 125-130
external anatomy, 118-120
mouth, oral cavity, and pharynx, 120
pleuroperitoneal cavity, viscera, and urogenital system, 120-125
postcranial skeleton, 117-118
skull, mandible, hyoid apparatus, 113-117
Frontal bones
in cat, 134
in mudpuppy, 89
in perch, 77
in pigeon, 229
Frontal, defined, xxi
Frontoparietal bones, 114 Fungiform papillae, 181 Furcula, 231
G
Gall bladder
in cat, 188
in frog, 122
in mudpuppy, 98
in perch, 83
in shark, 49
Gastric artery
in cat, 205
in mudpuppy, 107
in shark, 53, 55
Gastric vein
in cat, 205
in frog, 130
in shark, 56
Gastrocnemius, 170 Gastroduodenal artery/vein, 205
Gastroepiploic artery/vein, 205, 206
Gastrohepatic artery, 53
Gastrohepatic ligament, 98
Gastrohepatoduodenal ligament (lesser omentum), 49
Gastrosplenic artery, 55
Gastrosplenic ligament
in cat, 191
in mudpuppy, 98
in shark, 49
Gastrosplenic vein
in cat, 205
in mudpuppy, 98, 105
Gemellus caudalis (gemellus inferior), 168
Gemellus cranialis (gemellus superior), 170
Geniculate ganglion, 74
Genioglossus muscle, 179
Geniohyoid muscle, 179
Genital ducts, 22
Genital pore, 21, 22
Genu of corpus callosum, 224
Gill filaments, 82
Gill lamellae, 37, 46
Gill rakers
in perch, 82
in shark, 46
Gill rays, 47
Gills
in mudpuppy, 94
in perch, 82
in shark, 46
Gizzard, 242, 246
Glans penis, 216
Glenoid fossa
in cat, 144
in frog, 118
in mudpuppy, 92
in pigeon, 231
Glenoid surface, 33
Glossopharyngeal foramen, 28
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
in cat, 222
in shark, 75
Glottis
in cat, 183
in frog, 120
in mudpuppy, 96
Gluteobiceps. see Gluteofemoralis
Gluteofemoralis (caudofemoralis, coccygeofemoralis, gluteobiceps), 165
Gluteus medius, 165
Gluteus profundus (gluteus minimus), 168
Gluteus superficialis (gluteus maximus), 165 Gnathostomata, 7-8, 9-10
Gonads. see Ovary; Testis
Gracilis, 167
Grades, 4
Greater cornua of hyoid apparatus, 139
Greater curvature of stomach, 188
Greater omentum. see also Mesogaster
in cat, 189, 191
in mudpuppy, 98
Greater trochanter, of femur, 147
Greater tuberosity, of humerus, 145
Gubernaculum, 214
Gyrus, 218
H
Habenula, 221
Habenular commissure, 221, 224
Hagfishes, 19
Hagfishes, phylogeny, 7-8
Hair, 151
Hallux, 233
Hamulus, 135
Hard palate, 134
Head
of cat, 151, 175-176, 178-179
of femur, 147
of fibula, 149
of humerus, 145
of lamprey, 20
of mudpuppy, 94
of perch, 77, 81
of radius, 146
of shark, 37, 40-42
Head kidney, 83-84
Heart
in cat, 194-195
in frog, 125
in lamprey, 24
in mudpuppy, 102
in perch, 83, 86
in pigeon, 241
in shark, 51
Hemal arches
in cat, 143
in mudpuppy, 92
in shark, 33
Hemal canal, 33
Hemal plate, 33
Hemal processes, 144
Hemal spine, 33, 80
Hemibranch, 46
Hemichordata, 1, 2, 7
Hepatic artery
in cat, 189, 205
in shark, 53
Hepatic ducts
in cat, 193
in mudpuppy, 98
Hepatic portal system
in cat, 202, 205
in shark, 55-58
Hepatic portal vein
in cat, 205
in frog, 130
in lamprey, 24
in mudpuppy, 98, 105
in pigeon, 246
in shark, 56
Hepatic sinus
in mudpuppy, 102
in shark, 58
Hepatic veins
in cat, 201
in frog, 129
in mudpuppy, 105
in shark, 58 Hepatocavopulmonary ligament, 98 Hepatoduodenal ligament
in cat, 189
in mudpuppy, 98
in shark, 49
Hepatogastric ligament
in cat, 189
in shark, 49 Hepatorenal ligament, 193 Herbivores, 131-132 Hilus of kidney, 212
Hind limb
in cat, 147-150, 155-156, 165-173
in mudpuppy, 92, 94
in pigeon, 233
Holobranch
in perch, 83
in shark, 46 Homoplasic traits, 3-4 Hook of clasper, 33 Horizontal skeletogenous septum, 40 Horny teeth, 20-21
Humerotriceps, 238
Humerus
in cat, 145
in frog, 118
in mudpuppy, 92
in pigeon, 231 Hyoglossus muscle, 179 Hyoid apparatus
in cat, 139
in frog, 116
in mudpuppy, 89, 91
in pigeon, 229
Hyoid arch
in mudpuppy, 96
in shark, 28, 43
Hyoid constrictor muscles, 41 Hyoidean sinus, 58
Hyomandibular bone, 79 Hyomandibular branch of facial nerve, 74
Hyomandibular cartilage, 28 Hyomandibular foramen, 28 Hyomandibular nerve, 41 Hypaxial musculature, 40 Hypobranchial artery, 51 Hypobranchial cartilages, 28 Hypobranchial musculature, 43-45 Hypobranchial nerve, 75 Hypogastric artery
in frog, 127
in mudpuppy, 107 Hypoglossal canal, 138 Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
in cat, 199, 222
in shark, 74, 75 Hypohyal bone, 91
| Hypophyseal pouch, 24 Hypophysis in cat, 220 in shark, 76 Hypotarsus, 233 Hypothalamus in cat, 220 in shark, 72 Hypurals, 80 | Intercondyloid fossa, 148 Intercostal arteries, 195, 197, 201 Intercostal muscles, 174 Intercostal veins, 195 Interhyoideus muscle, 42 Interiliac anastomosis, 250 Interior iliac vein, 250 Intermandibularis muscle, 41 Intermediate mass, 221 Internal acoustic meatus, 138 | |||
| I | Internal carotid artery in cat, 199 | |||
| Ileum, 192 Iliac arteries in cat, 168, 204-205 in frog, 127 in mudpuppy, 107 in pigeon, 250 in shark, 55 Iliac artery, deep circumflex, 204 Iliac crest in cat, 147 in frog, 118 in pigeon, 233 Iliac process, 33 Iliac veins in cat, 168, 204-205 deep circumflex, 204 in frog, 130 in mudpuppy, 105 in pigeon, 246, 250 Iliocostalis muscle, 178 Ilioischiadic foramen, 233 Iliopsoas muscle, 168 Ilium in cat, 147 in frog, 118 in mudpuppy, 92 in pigeon, 233 Incisor teeth, 134 Incus, 137 Inferior colliculi, 222 Inferior jugular vein in lamprey, 24 in shark, 58 Infraorbital canal, 134 Infraorbital nerve, 65, 74 Infraspinatus muscle, 163 Infraspinous fossa, 145 Infundibulum of hypothalamus, 76, 220 of uterine tube, 216 Inguinal canal, 216 Innominate bones, 147 Innominate vein, 127 Integument in frog, 119 in shark, 35 Interarcual muscles, 43 Interbranchial muscle, 43, 47 Interbranchial septa, 37, 43, 46 Intercalary plates, 33 | in frog, 127 in mudpuppy, 107 in pigeon, 242 in shark, 51 Internal carotid ligament, 199 Internal choanae in cat, 183 in frog, 120 in mudpuppy, 95 Internal iliac artery in cat, 204 in pigeon, 250 Internal iliac vein, 205 Internal jugular vein in cat, 196 in frog, 127 Internal mammary artery, 196, 201 Internal mammary vein, 195 Internal oblique, 174 Internal spermatic artery/vein, 204 Internal yolk sac, 63 Interneural arch (intercalary plates), 33 Interoperculum, 77 Interosseus crest, 146 Interparietal bone, 134 Interpterygoid vacuities, 114 Intersegmental arteries, 55 Intersegmental veins, 59 Interventricluar foramen (foramen of Monro), 72, 76 Interventricular foramen, 224 Interventricular groove, 195 Intervertebral foramen, 140 Intestinal artery, 55 Intestinal vein in frog, 130 in shark, 58 Intestines in cat, 189, 192 in frog, 125 in lamprey, 22 in mudpuppy, 98 in perch, 83 in pigeon, 242, 246 Invagination, 5 Iris, 66 Ischiac cartilage, 92 Ischiadic artery, 247 Ischiadic nerve, 168 Ischiadic vein, 247 | |||
| Ischial tuberosity, 147 Ischiofemoral anastomosis, 250 Ischiopubic fenestra, 233 Ischium in cat, 147 in frog, 118 in mudpuppy, 92 in pigeon, 233 Islets of Langerhans, 194 Isthmus of pancreas, 49 | in mudpuppy, 98 in pigeon, 242 Laryngeal prominence, 120 Laryngopharynx, 182 Lateral abdominal vein, 59 Lateral circumflex artery/vein, 168 Lateral condyle of femur, 147 of tibia, 148 Lateral, defined, xx Lateral epicondyle, of femur, 148 | |||
| J | Lateral interarcual muscles, 43 Lateral ligaments, 189 | |||
| Jejunum, 192 Jugal bone, 229 Jugular foramen, 138 Jugular process, 134 Jugular vein in cat, 158, 178, 196, 197 in frog, 127 in lamprey, 24 in mudpuppy, 102 in pigeon, 243 in shark, 58 | Lateral line, 81 Lateral line canal, 37, 63 Lateral line nerves, 74 Lateral line system in lamprey, 21 in shark, 37, 63 Lateral malleolus, 149 Lateral olfactory stria, 220 Lateral rectus muscle, 64 Lateral semicircular duct, 67 Lateral vein, 105 Lateral ventricles | |||
| K | in cat, 224 in shark, 72, 76 | |||
| Keel (carina), 231 Kidney in cat, 192, 212, 214 in frog, 125, 127 in lamprey, 22 in mudpuppy, 102 in perch, 84, 86 in pigeon, 246 in shark, 49, 59, 62 | Latissimus dorsi in cat, 158 in pigeon, 241 Left colic artery/vein, 207 Left gastric artery/vein, 205 Lens, 66 Lesser cornua of hyoid apparatus, 139 Lesser curvature of stomach, 188 Lesser omentum, 189. see also Gastrohepatoduodenal ligament | |||
| L | Lesser peritoneal cavity, 191 Lesser trochanter, of femur, 147 | |||
| Labia (lips) in cat, 151, 181 in mudpuppy, 94 Labial cartilage, 28 Labial fold, 37 Labial pocket, 37 Lacrimal bone in cat, 134 in perch, 79 Lacrimal canal, 134 Lagena, 68 Lamina quadrigemina, 222, 224 Lamina terminalis, 224 Lamina, vertebral, 140 Lamprey external anatomy, 20-21 phylogeny, 7-8 pleuroperitoneal cavity and viscera, 21-22 sagittal section, 22-26 skeletal system, 19-20 Large intestine. see also Colon in cat, 192 in frog, 125 | Lesser tuberosity, of humerus, 145 Levator hyomandibulae muscle, 40 Levator palatoquadrati muscle, 40 Levator scapulae ventralis, 158 Leydig’s gland, 62 Lienogastric ligament. see Gastrosplenic ligament Lienogastric vein, 58 Lienomesenteric vein, 56 Ligamentum arteriosum, 195 Linea alba, 40 Linea aspera, 147 Lingual artery, 199 Lingual cartilage, 19, 23 Lingual frenulum, 181 Lingual nerve, 180 Lingual vein, 102, 199 Lingualis proprius, 179 Linguofacial vein (anterior facial vein), 180, 199 Lips. see Labia Liver in cat, 188 in frog, 122 in lamprey, 22 | |||
| Liver (continued) in mudpuppy, 96 in perch, 83 in pigeon, 241, 242 in shark, 47, 49 Long tendon, 236 Longissimus capitis, 178 Longissimus dorsi, 178 Longitudinal cerebral fissure, 218 Longus colli, 174 Loose connective tissue, 153 Lumbar vertebrae in cat, 140, 142 in pigeon, 229 Lumbodorsal fascia, 158 Lung in cat, 184, 185-186 in frog, 120, 125 in mudpuppy, 98 in pigeon, 241 Lymph nodes, 180 | in frog, 118, 119 Massa intermedia, 224 Masseter muscle, 180 Masseteric fossa, 139 Mastoid bone, 136, 137 Mastoid process, 137 Maxilla in cat, 134 in pigeon, 229 in frog, 114 in perch, 79, 81 Maxillae, 229 Maxillary artery, 199 Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve, 74 Maxillary groove, 120 Maxillary teeth, 114, 120 Maxillary vein (posterior facial vein), 180, 199 Meckel’s cartilage in frog, 116 in mudpuppy, 90 in shark, 28 Medial condyle | |||
| M | of femur, 147 of tibia, 148 | |||
| Magnum, 147 Malar (zygomatic bone), 134, 138 Male reproductive system of cat, 214-216 of frog, 122, 125 of mudpuppy, 102 of perch, 84-85 of pigeon, 216 of shark, 62 Malleus, 137 Mammalia, 15, 16, 17, 131 Mammary artery, 196, 201 Mammary glands, 217 Mammary vein, 195 Mammillary body, 220, 224 Mammillary processes, 142 Mandible in cat, 138-139 in frog, 116 in mudpuppy, 89, 90 in perch, 81 in pigeon, 229 Mandibular arch in mudpuppy, 96 in shark, 28, 43 Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve, 74 Mandibular cartilage. see Meckel’s cartilage Mandibular duct, 180 Mandibular foramen in cat, 139 in pigeon, 229 Mandibular fossa, 136 Mandibular gland, 158, 180 Mandibular nerve, 66 Mandibular symphysis, 138 Manubrium, 144 Manus in cat, 147, 152 | Medial, defined, xx Medial epicondyle, of femur, 148 Medial malleolus, 149 Medial olfactory stria, 220 Medial rectus muscle, 64 Median caudal artery/vein, 250 Median ligament in cat, 189 in mudpuppy, 98 Median sacral artery/vein, 205 Mediastinal septum, 185 Mediastinum, 185 Medulla oblongata in cat, 222 in shark, 72 Medullary velum, 222, 224 Membranous labyrinth, 67 Meninges, 218 Mental foramina, 138 Mentomeckalian, 116 Mesencephalon in cat, 222 in shark, 71 Mesenteric arteries in cat, 201, 204, 207 in frog, 127 in mudpuppy, 107 in pigeon, 246, 250 in shark, 55 Mesenteric lymph nodes, 193 Mesenteric veins in cat, 206, 207 in mudpuppy, 105 in pigeon, 246 Mesentery in cat, 193 in mudpuppy, 98 in shark, 49 | |||
Mesethmoid bone, 136, 229
Mesocolon, 192
Mesoduodenum, 192
Mesogaster (greater omentum), 49 Mesometrium, 217
Mesopterygium, 33
Mesorchium
in cat, 214
in frog, 125
in mudpuppy, 102
in shark, 62
Mesorectum
in cat, 192
in mudpuppy, 98
in shark, 49 Mesosalpinx, 217 Mesotubarium
in mudpuppy, 102
in shark, 62
Mesovarium
in cat, 217
in frog, 124
in mudpuppy, 102
in shark, 62 Metacarpal bones
in cat, 147
in frog, 118
in mudpuppy, 92
in pigeon, 232
Metacarpus, 147
Metacromion process, 145 Metapterygium, 33 Metapterygoid bone, 79
Metatarsal bones
in cat, 149
in frog, 118
in mudpuppy, 92
in pigeon, 233 Metatheria, 131 Metencephalon
in cat, 222
in shark, 71
Middle colic artery, 207
Middle cranial fossa, 138
Middle ear
in cat, 137
in pigeon, 229
Middle lateral line nerve, 75
Monophyletic groups, 1, 3 Monotremata, 131
Mouth
of cat, 152, 181
of frog, 120
of lamprey, 21
of mudpuppy, 94, 95-96
of perch, 81, 82
of shark, 37, 46
Mudpuppy
cardiovascular system, 102-107
external anatomy, 94-95
mouth, oral cavity, and pharynx, 94, 95-96 pleuroperitoneal cavity and viscera, 96-98 skeletal system, 89-94 urogenital system, 98-102
Multifidus muscle, 178
Musculature. see also names of specific muscles
of cat, 153-180
of eye, 64
of forelimb, in cat, 154, 158-165
of head and trunk, in cat, 174-180
of hind limb, in cat, 155-156, 165-173
of lamprey, 23
of pigeon, 236-240
of shark, 39-45
Musculocutaneous vein, 121, 128
Myelencephalon
in cat, 222
in shark, 71
Mylohyoid muscle, 178
Myomeres
in lamprey, 21
in shark, 40
Myosepta
in lamprey, 21
in shark, 40
N
Nares (nostrils)
in cat, 132, 152
in frog, 119
in lamprey, 21
in mudpuppy, 94
in perch, 81
in pigeon, 234
in shark, 28, 37
Nasal aperture, 132
Nasal bones
in cat, 134
in frog, 114
in perch, 79
in pigeon, 229
Nasal capsules, 28
Nasopharynx, 182
Navicular bone, 149
Neck
in cat, 151
in mudpuppy, 94
in pigeon, 234
Necturus maculosus, 89
Nerves. see names of specific nerves
Nervous system. see also Brain; Cranial nerves; Spinal
nerves
of cat, 218-225
of lamprey, 23-24
of shark, 70-76
Neural arch
in cat, 140
in mudpuppy, 92
in shark, 33
Neural canal
in cat, 140
in mudpuppy, 92
in shark, 33
Neural crest, 8
Neural plate, 31
Neural process, 92
Neural spine
in cat, 140
in perch, 80
in shark, 31
Neurogenic placodes, 8
Nictitating membrane
in cat, 152
in frog, 119
Nidamental gland, 63
Nose, 63
Nostrils. see Nares
Notochord, 5, 20, 23
O
Obturator foramen
in cat, 147
in mudpuppy, 92
in pigeon, 233
Obturatorius externus, 170
Obturatorius internus, 165
Occipital artery, 199
Occipital bone
in cat, 134
in frog, 116
in pigeon, 229
Occipital condyle
in cat, 134
in frog, 116
in mudpuppy, 90
in pigeon, 229
in shark, 28
Occipital nerve, 75
Occipitovertebral artery, 127
Octaval nerve. see Vestibulocochlear nerve
Oculomotor foramina, 28
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
in cat, 222
in shark, 65, 74
Olecranon, 146
Olecranon fossa, 145
Olecranon process, 231 Olfactory bulbs
in cat, 218
in shark, 71
Olfactory nerve (CN I), 74
Olfactory sac
in lamprey, 24
in shark, 37, 63
Olfactory stria, 220
Olfactory tract
in cat, 220
in shark, 71
Omental bursa, 189, 191
Omentum, greater. see also Mesogaster
in cat, 189, 191
in mudpuppy, 98
Omentum, lesser, 189. see also Gastrohepatoduodenal ligament
Omosternum, 118
Operculum
in perch, 77
in pigeon, 234 Ophthalmic nerve
deep, 65, 74 superficial, 63-64, 65
Opisthotic bones, 89
Optic canal, 136
Optic chiasma
in cat, 220, 224
in shark, 76
Optic foramen, 28
Optic lobes, 72
Optic nerve (CN II)
in cat, 220
in shark, 64, 74 Optic pedicle, 28, 64 Optic ventricle, 76 Oral cavity
in cat, 180-181
in frog, 120
in lamprey, 23
in mudpuppy, 95-96
in perch, 82-83
in shark, 46
Oral cecum, 23
Oral funnel, 19, 20
Oral papillae, 181
Orbit
in cat, 132
in frog, 114
in perch, 77
in pigeon, 229
in shark, 28, 63
Orbital fissure, 136
Orbital process, 28
Orbital sinus, 58 Orbitosphenoid bone, 135 Oropharynx, 182
Os penis, 216 Osteichthyes, 11, 13
Ostium
in cat, 216
in frog, 125
in mudpuppy, 102
in pigeon, 246
Ostium tubae
in cat, 216
in shark, 62
Otic capsules
in mudpuppy, 89, 90
in shark, 28
Otic lateral line nerve, 74
Oval window, 137
Ovarian artery
in cat, 204
in mudpuppy, 107
in shark, 53
Ovarian duct, 84
Ovarian follicles, 102, 246 Ovarian ligament, 216
| Ovarian vein in cat, 204 in frog, 129 in mudpuppy, 105 Ovary in cat, 216 in frog, 122 in lamprey, 22 in mudpuppy, 102 in perch, 84 in pigeon, 246 in shark, 49, 62 Oviduct in frog, 124 in mudpuppy, 102 in pigeon, 246 in shark, 62 Ovisac, 125 | in mudpuppy, 90 in pigeon, 229 Parietal bones in cat, 134 in mudpuppy, 89 in pigeon, 229 Parietal pericardium in cat, 186 in mudpuppy, 102 in shark, 51 Parietal peritoneum in cat, 187 in perch, 83 in shark, 47 Parietal pleura, 185 Parietal tunica vaginalis, 214 Paroccipital process, 229 Parotid duct, 180 Parotid gland, 158, 180 |
| P | Pars propatagialis (biceps slip, biceps propatagialis, patagial accessory), 236, 238 |
| Palatal rugae, 181 Palatal teeth, 82 Palate, 134, 182 Palatine bones in cat, 134 in frog, 114 in pigeon, 229 Palatine branch of facial nerve, 74 Palatine canal, 134 Palatine fissure, 134 Palatine tonsils, 181 Palatoglossal arches, 181 Palatoquadrate cartilages, 28 Palpebrae (eyelids), 152 Pampiniform plexus, 216 Pancreas in cat, 191, 192, 193-194 in frog, 125 in mudpuppy, 98 in perch, 86 in pigeon, 246 in shark, 49 Pancreatic duct, 194 Pancreaticoduodenal artery/vein in cat, 205, 207 in pigeon, 246 Pancreaticomesenteric artery, 53 Pancreaticomesenteric vein, 56 Papillae buccal, 20 cloacal, 94, 102 of esophagus, 49 of oral cavity, 181 remigeal, 232 renal, 214 urinary, 37, 63 urogenital, 21, 37, 62 Parachordal plate, 90 Parasagittal, defined, xxi Parasphenoid bone in frog, 116 | Patagial accessory. see Pars propatagialis Patella in cat, 148 in pigeon, 233 Patellar trochlea, 148 Pectineus muscle, 168 Pectoantebrachialis muscle, 160 Pectoral abductor muscle, 40 Pectoral adductor muscle, 40 Pectoral arteries, 241 Pectoral fins in perch, 81 in shark, 28, 33, 37 Pectoral girdle in frog, 117-118 in mudpuppy, 92 in perch, 80 in pigeon, 231 in shark, 28, 33 Pectoral limb. see Forelimb Pectoral ridge, 145 Pectoral vein, 241, 243 Pectoralis major, 160 Pectoralis minor, 160 Pectoralis, 236 Pedicle, vertebral, 140 Pelvic canal, 216 Pelvic fins in perch, 82 in shark, 28, 33, 37 Pelvic girdle in frog, 117, 118 in mudpuppy, 92 in perch, 80 in pigeon, 233 in shark, 28, 33 Pelvic limb. see Hind limb Pelvic vein in frog, 130 in mudpuppy, 105 |
Pelvis
in cat, 147, 152
in frog, 118
Penis, 152, 214, 216
Perca flavens, 77
Perch
external anatomy, 81-82
mouth, oral cavity, and pharynx, 82-83 pleuroperitoneal cavity and viscera, 83-87
skeleton, 77-80
Pericardial artery, 52
Pericardial cartilage, 19
Pericardial cavity
in cat, 186, 194
in frog, 125
in mudpuppy, 102
in shark, 47
Pericardioperitoneal canal, 51 Pericardium
in cat, 186, 194
in frog, 122, 125
in mudpuppy, 102
in shark, 51
Perilymphatic foramina, 28
Peritoneal cavity, 191
Peritoneum
in cat, 187
in perch, 83
in shark, 47
Peroneus brevis, 171
Peroneus longus, 171
Peroneus tertius, 171
Pes
in cat, 149-150, 152
in frog, 118, 119
in pigeon, 233
Petromyzon marinus, 19
Petromyzontoidea, 8, 10
Petrosal bone, 136
Petrosal ganglion, 75
Phalanges
in cat, 147, 149
in frog, 118
in mudpuppy, 92
in pigeon, 232, 233
Pharyngeal artery, 199
Pharyngeal slits, 5, 8
in lamprey, 20
in mudpuppy, 94
in shark, 37
Pharyngeal teeth, 82
Pharyngobranchial cartilages, 28 Pharyngoesophageal artery, 52
Pharynx
in cat, 182
frog, 120
in mudpuppy, 95-96
in perch, 82, 83
in shark, 37, 46
Phrenic nerve, 185, 198
Phylogeny
classification and, 1-4
of Deuterostomata, 4-7
of vertebrates, 8-17
Pia mater, 218
Pigeon
body cavity, viscera, and vessels, 241-250 external anatomy, 234-235 musculature, 236-240 skeleton, 227-234
Pineal body, 224 Pineal complex, 21
Pineal eye complex, 24
Pineal gland, 221 Pinnae, 152 Piriform lobe, 220
Piriformis, 170
Pisiform bone, 147
Piston cartilage (lingual cartilage), 19, 23
Piston (tongue), 23 Placodermi, 9, 10, 12 Placoid scales (denticles), 35
Plantaris, 173 Plesiomorphic traits, 3
Pleura, 185 Pleurapophyses, 142 Pleuroperitoneal cavity
of frog, 120-125
of lamprey, 21-22
of mudpuppy, 96-98
of perch, 83-87
of shark, 47-50 Polypteriformes, 11, 13 Pons, 222, 224 Popliteal notch, 148 Popliteus muscle, 173 Portal veins. see Hepatic portal vein; Renal portal vein
Postcleithrum, 80 Postcranial skeleton
of cat, 140-151
of frog, 117-118
of mudpuppy, 92-94
of perch, 80-81
of pigeon, 229-233
of shark, 31-33
Posterior auricular artery, 199
Posterior cardinal vein
in lamprey, 24, 26
in mudpuppy, 105
in shark, 59
Posterior (caudal), defined, xx Posterior chamber, of eye, 67 Posterior commissure, 224 Posterior cornua, 116 Posterior cranial fossa, 138 Posterior dorsal fin
in lamprey, 21
in perch, 80, 81
in shark, 28, 33, 37
Posterior facial vein. see Maxillary vein
Posterior intestinal artery, 55
Posterior intestinal vein, 58
Posterior lateral line nerve, 75
Posterior lienogastric vein, 58
Posterior mesenteric artery
in cat, 204, 207
in pigeon, 250
in shark, 55
Posterior mesenteric vein
in cat, 207
in pigeon, 246
Posterior pancreaticoduodenal artery/vein, 207
Posterior renal portal vein, 247
Posterior renal vein, 247
Posterior semicircular duct, 67
Posterior splenic artery/vein, 206
Posterior utriculus, 67
Posterior vena cava
in cat, 185, 195, 201
in frog, 125, 129
in mudpuppy, 98
in pigeon, 243
Posterior ventrolateral artery, 55
Postorbital process
in cat, 134
in pigeon, 229
in shark, 28
Postotic lateral line nerves, 74
Postpatagium, 236
Posttemporal bone, 80
Posttrematic artery, 47
Posttrematic gill filaments, 83
Postzygapophysis
in cat, 140
in mudpuppy, 92
Precerebral cavity, 28
Precerebral fenestra, 28
Prehallux, 118
Premaxilla
in cat, 134
in pigeon, 229
in frog, 114
in mudpuppy, 89
in perch, 79, 81
Premaxillary teeth
in frog, 114, 120
in mudpuppy, 95
Premolar teeth, 134
Preoperculum, 77
Preorbitalis muscle, 65
Preotic lateral line nerves, 74
Prepollex, 118
Presphenoid bone, 135
Pretrematic artery, 47
Pretrematic gill filaments, 83
Prezygapophysis
in cat, 140
in mudpuppy, 92
Primary gill lamellae, 46
Primary tongue, 46
Procoracoid bone
in frog, 118
in perch, 80
in pigeon, 231 Procoracoid cartilage, 92 Prootic bone
in frog, 116
in mudpuppy, 89 Propatagium, 236 Propterygium, 33 Prostate gland, 216 Protostomata, 2, 4 Proventriculus, 242, 246 Proximal, defined, xx Pseudobranch, 37 Pterygiophore
in perch, 80
in shark, 33
Pterygoid blades, 134 Pterygoid bone
in frog, 116
in mudpuppy, 89
in pigeon, 229 Pterygoid muscle, 180 Pterygoid processes, 135 Pterygoid ridge, 120 Pterygoid teeth, 95 Pubic artery, 249 Pubic cartilage, 92 Pubic symphysis, 147 Pubic vein, 249 Pubis
in cat, 147
in frog, 118
in pigeon, 233 Puboischiadic bar, 33 Puboischiadic plate, 92 Pudendal artery/vein, 168 Pulmocutaneous arch, 127 Pulmonary arteries
in cat, 195
in frog, 127
in mudpuppy, 107
in pigeon, 243 Pulmonary ligament
in cat, 185
in mudpuppy, 98 Pulmonary trunk
in cat, 195
in pigeon, 243
Pulmonary veins
in cat, 195
in frog, 128
in pigeon, 244 Pupil, 66 Pygostyle, 230 Pyloric cecum, 85 Pyloric region of stomach, 49 Pyloric sphincter
in cat, 188
in mudpuppy, 98
| Pylorus, 49 Pyramids, 222 Pyriformis (piriformis), 170 | Renal veins in cat, 202 in frog, 129 in mudpuppy, 105 |
| Q | in pigeon, 246, 247 in shark, 58, 59 |
| Quadrate bone in mudpuppy, 89 in perch, 79 in pigeon, 229 Quadrate cartilage, 90 Quadratojugal bone in frog, 114 in pigeon, 229 Quadratus femoris, 168 R Radial bones, 80 Radial fossa, 145 Radial notch, 146 Radial pterygiophores, 33 Radiale, 232 Radices, 105 Radio-ulna, 118 Radius in cat, 146-147 in frog, 118 in mudpuppy, 92 in pigeon, 231 Ramus of dentary, 139 Rana catesbeiana, 113 Raphes, 41 Ratfish, 27 Rays, 27 Rectal artery/vein, 207 Rectal gland (digitiform gland), 49 Rectrices, 234 Rectum in cat, 192 in perch, 85 in shark, 49 Rectus abdominis, 174 Rectus femoris, 168 Rectus muscles of eye, 64 Remigeal papillae, 232 Remiges, 234 Renal artery in cat, 202 in mudpuppy, 107 in pigeon, 250 Renal capsule, 212 Renal cortex, 214 Renal medulla, 214 Renal papilla, 214 Renal pelvis, 214 Renal portal system, 58 Renal portal vein in frog, 130 in mudpuppy, 105 in pigeon, 247, 249 in shark, 58 Renal pyramid, 214 Renal sinus, 214 | Reproductive system. see Urogenital system Reptilia, 4, 15, 16, 17 Respiratory system of cat, 182-185 of pigeon, 241 of shark, 45-50 Respiratory tube (“pharynx”), 23 Retina, 66 Rhachis, 234 Rhamphotheca, 234 Rhinal sulcus, 220 Rhinarium, 152 Rhipidistia, 12, 14 Rhomboideus capitis, 163 Rhomboideus profundus, 241 Rhomboideus superficialis, 241 Rhomboideus, 163 Ribs in cat, 144 in mudpuppy, 92 in perch, 80 in pigeon, 230-231 in shark, 33 Rostral carina, 28 Rostral, defined, xx Rostral fenestra, 28 Rostrum in cat, 134 in shark, 28 Round ligament, 188, 217 Round window, 137 Rugae of stomach in cat, 188 in shark, 49 S Sacculus, 67 Sacral artery, 205 Sacral foramina, 143 Sacral vein, 205 Sacral vertebrae in cat, 140, 142-143 in frog, 117 in mudpuppy, 92 in pigeon, 229 Sagittal crest, 134 Sagittal, defined, xx Salamanders, 89 Salivary glands, 180 Saphenous artery, 168 Saphenous nerve, 168 Saphenous vein, 168 Sarcopterygii, 12, 13, 14 Sartorius, 165 Scalenus, 174 |
Scales
in perch, 81
in pigeon, 234
in shark, 35
Scapholunar bone, 147
Scapula
in cat, 144
in mudpuppy, 92
in frog, 117
in perch, 80
in pigeon, 231
Scapular artery, 201
Scapular process, 33
Scapular spine, 144
Scapular vein, 163, 197 Scapulotriceps, 238
Sciatic artery, 127
Sciatic vein, 130
Sclera, 66
Sclerotic ring, 229 Scrotum, 152, 214
Sella turcica, 138
Semicircular ducts, 67 Semimembranosus muscle, 165
Seminal vesicle, 62
Semispinalis capitis, 178 Semispinalis cervicis, 178
Semitendinosus, 165
Sensory organs, 63-69
Septum pellucidum, 224
Serratus dorsalis caudalis, 174
Serratus dorsalis cranialis, 174
Serratus ventralis, 163
Shaft
of feather, 234
of femur, 147
of fibula, 149
of humerus, 145
of rib, 144
Shank. see Crus
Shark
brain and cranial nerves, 70-76 cardiovascular system, 51-59 digestive and respiratory systems, 45-50 external anatomy, 35-38 muscular system, 39-45 sensory organs, 63-69 skeletal system, 27-35 urogenital system, 59-63
Shell gland (nidamental gland), 63
Sinus venosus
in frog, 125
in lamprey, 24
in mudpuppy, 102
in perch, 86
in pigeon, 241
in shark, 51
Siphon, 40, 62
Skates, 27
Skeletal system
of cat, 132-151
of frog, 113-118
of lamprey, 19-20
of mudpuppy, 89-94
of perch, 77-80
of pigeon, 227-234
of shark, 27-35
Skeletogenous septum, horizontal, 40
Skin. see Integument
Skull
in cat, 132-138
in frog, 113-116
in mudpuppy, 89-90
in perch, 77-79
in pigeon, 227-229
Small intestine
in cat, 192
in frog, 125
in mudpuppy, 98
in perch, 83
in pigeon, 242, 246
Snout, of shark, 37
Soft palate, 182
Soleus muscle, 170
Somatic motor columns, 72
Somatic sensory column, 73
Somitichordata, 2, 5, 6
Sperm sac, 62
Spermatic artery, 204
Spermatic cord, 216
Spermatic vein
in cat, 204
in frog, 129
Sphenethmoid bone, 114
Sphenoid bone, 135
Sphenopalatine foramen, 135
Spinal cord, in lamprey, 23
Spinal nerves, 75
Spinalis dorsi, 178
Spine of clasper, 33
Spinodeltoid, 158
Spinotrapezius, 158
Spiracle, 37, 46
Spiracular artery, 41, 51
Spiracular valve, 37
Spiracularis muscle, 40
Spiral valve, 49
Splanchnocranium, 28
Spleen
in cat, 188
in frog, 125
in mudpuppy, 98
in perch, 83
in pigeon, 246
in shark, 49
Splenial bone, 90
Splenial teeth, 96
Splenic artery, 206
Splenic vein, 205-206
Splenium of corpus callosum, 224
Splenius, 163
Squalus acanthias, 27
Squamosal bones
in cat, 136
in frog, 116
in mudpuppy, 89
in pigeon, 229
Stapedial artery, 51
Stapes, 137
Statoacoustic nerve (CN VIII), 74
Stegocephali, 12, 14, 15
Sternal notch, 231
Sternal rib, 230
Sternebrae, 144
Sternohyoid muscle, 174, 178
Sternomastoid muscle, 158
Sternum
in cat, 144
in frog, 118
in pigeon, 229, 231
Stomach
in cat, 188
in frog, 124
in mudpuppy, 98
in perch, 83
in pigeon, 242, 246
in shark, 49
Styloform process, 138
Styloglossus muscle, 179
Stylohyoid bone, 139
Stylohyoid muscle, 179 Styloid process, 146, 147 Stylomastoid foramen, 137 Stylus of columella, 90
Subclavian artery
in cat, 195, 197, 200-201
in frog, 127
in mudpuppy, 107
in pigeon, 242
in shark, 52
Subclavian vein
in cat, 196, 200-201
in frog, 127
in mudpuppy, 102
in pigeon, 243
in shark, 58
Sublingual gland, 180
Suboperculum, 77
Subscapular artery, 201
Subscapular fossa, 144
Subscapular vein
in cat, 201
in frog, 127
in shark, 59
Subscapularis, 165
Sulcus, 218, 222
Superficial constrictor muscles, 41
Superficial ophthalmic branch of ADLLN, 74
Superficial ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve, 74
Superficial ophthalmic foramina, 28
Superficial ophthalmic nerve, 63-64, 65
Superficial temporal artery, 199
Superficial temporal vein, 200
Superior colliculi, 222
Supra-angular bone, 229 Suprachoroidea, 66 Supracleithrum, 80
Supracondyloid foramen, of humerus, 146 Supracoracoideus muscle, 231, 239 Supraoccipital bone, 134
Supraorbital crest, 28 Suprascapula, 118 Suprascapular cartilage
in mudpuppy, 92
in shark, 33 Supraspinatus muscle, 163 Supraspinous fossa, 145 Supratemporal lateral line nerve, 75 Suspensory ovarian ligament, 217 Swim bladder, 83, 86 Sympathetic trunk, 198-199 Symplesiomorphic traits, 3 Synapomorphic traits, 3 Synapsida, 15, 16 Synotic tectum, 90 Synsacrum, 230 Syrinx, 244 Systemic arch, 127
T
Tail
of cat, 152
of lamprey, 21
of mudpuppy, 94
of perch, 77, 81
of pigeon, 234 postanal, 5 of shark, 37 Tail fin, 94 Talus (astragalus), 149 Tarsal bones
in cat, 149
in mudpuppy, 92
in pigeon, 233
Tarsometatarsus, 233
Taxonomy, 1-4
Tectum, 222
Teeth
in cat, 134
in frog, 114, 120
horny, in lamprey, 20-21 in mudpuppy, 90, 95, 96 in perch, 82
in shark, 46
Tela choroidea
in cat, 221, 222, 224
in shark, 72 Telencephalon
in cat, 218-220
in shark, 71
Teleost fishes, 77 Teleostomi, 10, 11, 13 Temporal artery, 199 Temporal bone, 134, 136, 137 Temporal fossa, 133
Temporal lines, 134 Temporal vein, 200 Temporalis muscle, 180 Tendons, defined, 153 Tensor fasciae latae, 166 Tentorium, 138 Tenuissimus, 166 Teres major, 163 Teres minor, 163 Terminal nerve, 72, 74 Testicular artery
in mudpuppy, 107
in shark, 53
Testicular duct, 84 Testicular vein, 105 Testis
in cat, 214
in frog, 125
in lamprey, 22
in mudpuppy, 102
in pigeon, 84, 246
in shark, 49, 62 Tetrapoda, 12, 15, 16 Thalamus
in cat, 221
in shark, 72
Theria, 131
Third ventricle
in cat, 220
in shark, 72, 76
Thoracic aorta, 195
Thoracic vertebrae
in cat, 140, 141-142
in pigeon, 229
Thorax, 152, 184-185 Thyrocervical artery, 201 Thyrohyoid bone, 139 Thyrohyoid muscle, 178 Thyroid cartilage, 183 Tibia
in cat, 148-149
in frog, 118
in mudpuppy, 92
Tibial crest, 148
Tibial tuberosity, 148
Tibiale (astragalus), 118
Tibialis anterior (tibialis cranialis), 173 Tibialis posterior (tibialis caudalis), 173 Tibio-fibula, 118
Tibiotarsus, 233
Tongue
in frog, 120
in lamprey, 23
in mudpuppy, 96
in shark, 46 Tonsillar pits, 181 Tori, 152 Trabeculae, 90 Trabecular horns, 90 Tracheal cartilages, 184 Transverse colon, 192 Transverse, defined, xxi
Transverse facial artery, 199
Transverse facial vein, 200
Transverse foramina, 141
Transverse jugular vein, 178, 197, 199
Transverse process, vertebral
in cat, 140
in frog, 117
in mudpuppy, 92
Transverse scapular artery, 201
Transverse scapular vein, 163, 197
Transverse septum
in lamprey, 24
in mudpuppy, 102
in perch, 83
in shark, 47, 51
Transversus abdominis, 174
Transversus costarum, 174
Transversus thoracis, 174
Trapezium, 147
Trapezoid body, 222
Trapezoid bone, 147
Triceps brachii, 158, 165
Triceps surae, 171
Trigeminal foramen, 116
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
in cat, 222
in shark, 74
Trigeminofacial foramen, 28
Triosseal canal, 231
Trochanteric fossa, 147
Trochlea, of humerus, 145
Trochlea tali, 149
Trochlear foramen, 28
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
in cat, 222
in shark, 66, 74
Trochlear notch, 146
Truncus arteriosus, 125
Trunk
in cat, 151, 174-178
in mudpuppy, 94
of perch, 77, 81
in shark, 37, 39-40
Trunk vertebrae
in mudpuppy, 92
in perch, 80
Tuber cinereum, 220
Tuberculum, of rib, 142, 144
Tunica vaginalis, 214
Turbinate bones, 136
Tympanic bullae, 134, 137-138
Tympanic membrane, 116, 119
Tympanohyoid bone, 139
Typhlosole, 22
U
Ulna
in cat, 146
in frog, 118
in mudpuppy, 92
in pigeon, 231
Ulnare, 232
Umbilical artery/vein, 205
Unciform, 147
Uncinate processes, 230
Ureter, 246
Urethra, 213
Urethral orifice, 217
Urinary bladder
in cat, 189, 213
in frog, 125
in mudpuppy, 97
in perch, 84
Urinary duct, accessory, 62
Urinary papilla, 37, 63
Urochordata, 1, 2, 5-6, 7
Urogenital aperture
in cat, 152, 217
in perch, 82
Urogenital arteries, 127
Urogenital papilla
in lamprey, 21
in shark, 37, 62
Urogenital sinus
in cat, 217
in shark, 62
Urogenital system
of cat, 212-218
of frog, 120-125
of lamprey, 21-22
of mudpuppy, 98-102
of perch, 84-85
of pigeon, 246
of shark, 59-63
Uroneurals, 80
Uropygial gland, 234
Uropygium, 234
Urostyle, 117
Uterine body, 217
Uterine horn, 213, 216
Uterine tube (fallopian tube), 216
Uterus, 63
Utriculus, 67
V
Vagina, 217
Vaginal cavity, 214
Vagosympathetic trunk, 198
Vagus foramen, 28
Vagus nerve (CN X)
in cat, 185, 198, 222
in shark, 75
Vallate papillae, 181
Valvular intestine, 49
Vanes, of feather, 234
Vas deferens, 246
Vascular sac, 76
Vascular tunic, 66
Vastus intermedius, 168
Vastus lateralis, 168
Vastus medialis, 168
Veins. see names of specific veins; Venous system
Velum, 19, 23
Vena cava
in cat, 185, 195, 201
in frog, 125, 127, 129
in mudpuppy, 98
in pigeon, 243
Venous system
of cat, 195-207
of frog, 127-130
of lamprey, 24, 26
of mudpuppy, 102-105
of perch, 86
of pigeon, 241-250
of shark, 55-59
Venter, 234 Ventral abdominal vein
in frog, 121, 130
in mudpuppy, 96, 98, 105
Ventral aorta
in lamprey, 24
in shark, 51
Ventral, defined, xx Ventral fissure, 222
Ventral gastric artery, 55
Ventral hyoid constrictor muscles, 41 Ventral oblique muscle, 64
Ventral rectus muscle, 64
Ventral superficial constrictor muscles, 41 Ventricles, of brain
in cat, 220, 224
in shark, 72, 76 Ventricles, of heart
in cat, 194
in frog, 125
in lamprey, 24
in mudpuppy, 102
in perch, 86
in pigeon, 241
in shark, 51
Ventrolateral arteries, 52, 55 Vermis, 222
Vertebrae
in cat, 140-141
in mudpuppy, 92
in perch, 80
in shark, 31-33
in frog, 117
in pigeon, 229-230
Vertebral arch
in mudpuppy, 92
in shark, 33 Vertebral artery
in cat, 201
in mudpuppy, 105
Vertebral canal. see Neural canal Vertebral column
in cat, 140-144
in frog, 117
in shark, 28
Vertebral rib
in cat, 144
in pigeon, 230
Vertebral vein, 196
Vertebrata
early evolution of, 8
phylogeny, 1, 6, 7-8
subgroups, 8-17 Vertebrochondral ribs, 144 Vertebrosternal ribs, 144 Vesicular vein, 98, 105 Vessels. see Arterial system; Venous system Vestibular window (oval window), 137 Vestibule, 181
Vestibulocochlear nerve, 222. see also Statoacoustic
nerve
Vibrissae (whiskers), 152
Viscera
of frog, 120-125
of lamprey, 21-22
of mudpuppy, 96-98
of perch, 83-86
of pigeon, 241-250
vessels of, in cat, 205
Visceral arches, 28, 42-43
Visceral branch of vagus nerve, 75
Visceral motor column, 73 Visceral pericardium
in cat, 186
in mudpuppy, 102
in shark, 51
Visceral peritoneum
in cat, 187
in perch, 83
in shark, 47
Visceral pleura, 185
Visceral sensory columns, 73
Visceral tunica vaginalis, 214 Vitreous chamber, of eye, 67
Vitreous humor, 67
Vocal cords, 184
Vomer
in cat, 136
in frog, 114
in mudpuppy, 89
Vomerine teeth
in frog, 120
in mudpuppy, 95
Vulva (urogenital aperture), 152, 217
W
Whiskers. see Vibrissae
Wing of ilium, 147
Wolffian duct (archinephric duct)
in frog, 125
in lamprey, 22
in mudpuppy, 102
in perch, 85
in shark, 62
X
Xiphihumeralis, 160
Xiphisternum
in cat, 144
in frog, 118
Xiphoid cartilage, 144
Y
Yolk sac, 63
Z
Zygomatic arch
in cat, 133
in pigeon, 229
Zygomatic bone, 134, 138