Index

The entries for structures in certain categories have been grouped under generic heads: Artery(ies); Ligament(s); Lymphatic System; Muscle(s); Nerve(s); and Vein(s).

Compound terms (in English) are ordered according to their adjectival components but disregarding, for this purpose, adjectives indicating relative size and position, e.g., major, lateral, superficial.

Terms conventionally retained in Latin appear in their official (NAV) forms.

Page references for the first ten (systemic) chapters, which are predominantly based upon the anatomy of the dog, are given without prefix. References to the remaining (topographical) chapters are prefixed by an appropriate initial: C, carnivore; H, horse; R, ruminant; P, pig; and A, avian anatomy. References to secondary features that manifestly pertain to a major indexed structure are commonly not separately listed. References to structures considered in the systemic chapters may not be repeated for species when the specific account does not substantially strengthen, modify, or add relevance to the initial description.

Page numbers followed by f indicate figures, and those followed by t indicate tables.

Abaxial, defined, 2, 3f

Abdomen

conformation and surface anatomy of, C434, H545, R677 defined, 121

lymph nodes of, 260-262, 264 nerves of, R691-692 postnatal development of, R692-693

roof of, H562 topography of, H550, H551f

Abdominal cavity anatomy of, 32, 33f canine/feline, C434, C434f nerves of, 329, 330f overview of, 121-124, 122f, 123f, 124f

Abdominal sac, A802f, A803

Abdominal wall

canine/feline, C435-437 inguinal canal and, 54, 54f, C436,

H549-550, H549f, P765, P766f innervation, vascularization of,

H550, R679-680 muscles of, 52-55, 53f, 54f porcine, P765 structure of, H545-549, R677-679

Abduction, synovial joints and, 20, 20f

Abomasum, R680-681, R681f, R682f, R688-690, R690f, R692-693

Abortions, 207-208

Accessory lobe, 162

Accessory pancreatic duct, C448

Accessory processes, C411

Accessory teats, R723, R727

Acetabulum, 44

Acetylcholine, 128

Acoustic meatus, 346, 347f

Acromion, C476-477

ACTH.

See Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Activin, 187

Adduction, 20, 20f, 95

Adenohypophysis, 217, 304

Adenoids, 116-117, 117f

Adipose tissue. See Fat

Adnexa, overview of, 184-197, 203-205

Adrenal gland avian, A810 canine/feline, C448-449, C448f equine, H562

overview of, 221-222, 221f ruminant, R697

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 217, 219f

Afferent fibers, 29

Afferent pathways, defined, 272

Age determination fetal, C466, C466t, C467t, H577t,

R714t, P775f

teeth and, C389t, C390t, H515-516, H517t, H519f, H520f, R655, R655t, R656f, R656t, P758f

Agonist muscles, defined, 25-26

Air capillaries, A802f, A803

Air sacs, A789, A802f, A803-804

Alar cartilage, 148

Alimentary tract, 100, 101f

Allantoic cavity, 213

Allantoic duct (urachus), 168-169, 168f, 182, C458

Allantoic sac, 147

Allantois, 147, 168

Ameloblasts, 143

Amniotic cavity, 211-213

Amniotic fluid, 211-213

Ampullary gland, 188, 192, 193f, 198, C467-468, H566, H578, R707- 708, R715, P774

Amygdala, 291f

Anal canal, 133f, C456, C456f, H566,

R700

Anal sac, 134, C456-457, C456f, C475

Anal sac gland, 371f

Anastomoses, 14f, 15, 25, 27, 240, 240f, 242-243

Anconeal process, 77f, 78

Androgens, 186-187, 366

Anencephaly, 275

Angiocardiography, C424f, C425

Angiologia, defined, 223

Angle, 42, 42f

Anisodactyl, A786

Antagonist muscles, defined, 25-26

Antebrachiocarpal joint, 82, C484

Anterior commissure, 291

Antibodies, fetal development and, 209-211

Antihelix, C400

Antimullerian hormone, R712

Antitragus, C400, C400f

Antitrochanter, A791

Antlers, 366

Anulus fibrosus, 40-41, 40f

Anus, C456, C456f, H574f, R700, P772

Aorta. See under Artery(ies)

Aortic arch, 224f, 244, 244f, 245f, C432

Aortic hiatus, 51f, 52

Aortic valve, 230, 230f, 233, H543

Apocrine gland, C456-457

Aponeuroses, 119

Apophyses, 72

Apteria, A788

APUD cell system, 222

Aqueous humor, 336, 338, 338f

Arachnoid granulation, 311, 311f

Arachnoid mater, C413

Arachnoid space, 308, 309f

Arbor vitae, 286

Archipallium, 293-295, 294f

Area postrema, 218

Arterioles, 239, 239f

Artery(ies)

distribution patterns of, 241-243, 242f

end-arteries, 242, 242f greater arterial circle of the iris, 344, 344f

innervation of, 241, 241f overview of, 25, 27, 27f, 225f, 238-239, 239f, 244-252 regional

abdomen and, C436-437, C437f, C449-450, H550, P770f adrenal glands and, 222, C449 bladder and, C458 bones and, 14-15, 14f brachiocephalic trunk, 244, C432 brain and, 311-313, 312f clitoris and, 251, 251f costocervical trunk and, 244, 244f

ears and, C401-402, C401f eye and, 344-345, 344f, 345f of forelimb, C481f, H618, R736-738, R737f gastrointestinal tract and, C442, C446, C447f, H558-559, H559f

head and, 230-232, C405, H530,

H530f

heart and, 233f, 234f of hindlimb, C492, C496-497, C497f, H638-639, H639f, R747-748, R747f

horn and, R645-646 intestines and, 134, C446, C447f, C448f, R694

kidneys and, 180-181, 180f, R696, A804-805

liver and, 136-137, R695 lungs and, C425 mammary glands and, C434, C436f

neck and, C405 pancreas and, C448 of pelvis, C475, H564, R698-699, R700f

penis and, 195, 251, 251f, C469, C470f, C471, H580, R717 pulmonary trunk, C432 reproductive organs and, 203-204, 204f, H570-571, R706-707, R709f, P775f skin and, 357 spleen and, C439, C440f stomach and, 126, 128f, C442, R692

tail and, C415, R668

testes and, 185, 188f, 189, 190f, 192f

of thorax, C432, H543-544 thyroid and, 219-220, 247, C405 tonsils and, C393 udder and, H584

uterus and, C462, C463f, H571, R706-707, R709f

Artery(ies) (Continued)

specific

alveolar, 247-248, 247f aorta, 248, C431-432, C437f, C448f, C449-450, R700f, A810

auricular, 247, 247f avian, A810-811 axillary, 245, 246f, H617-618, R736, R737f

basilar, 312, 312f brachial, 245, 246f, H618 bronchoesophageal, 248 cardiac, 228f

carotid, 246-247, 246f, 247f, 248, 311-312, 312f, 314, C405, H525, H530, H530f, H538f, H539, R660-661, R662f celiac, C449, R692, A810 cervical, 244f, 245 ciliary, 344, 344f coronary, 231-232, 232f, 244, 244f, H543 costoabdominal, 248 cubital, 245, 246f digital, 250, 250f epigastric, 245, 249, 250f, C436, H550

ethmoidal, 248, 344f, 345 facial, 247, 247f, C377, C378f, H505, H507f, R648 femoral, 250, 250f, C492, H638, H639f

gastric, C442 gastroduodenal, C446, C447f gastroepiploic, C442 gluteal, 251, 251f, H564 helicine, H581f

hepatic, C442, C450, R695 ileocecal, C450 iliac, 248-250, 250f, 251, 255, C475, H564, R698, R747, R747f

iliolumbar, 251, 251f infraorbital, 248 intercostal, 248 interosseus, 245-246, 246f ischial, A810 jejunal, C450 lacrimal, 344f, 345 laryngeal, 247, 247f lingual, 247, 247f malar, 344f, 345 maxillary, 247, 247f median, 246, 246f, H618, R736-737, R737f mesenteric, C446, C447f, C450, H558-559, H559f, R694, A810

metatarsal, R747, R747f musculophrenic, 244-245 occipital, 247, 247f ophthalmic, 248, 248f, 344, 344f ovarian, C449, H570-571, R706, R709f

Artery(ies) (Continued) palatine, 248 palmar, R737, R737f pancreaticoduodenal, C450 perineal, 251, 251f pharyngeal, 247, 247f phrenic, 248, C449 plantar, R747-748, R747f popliteal, 250, 250f, R747, R747f prostatic, 251, 251f pudendal, 249-250, 250f, 251, 251f, C475, H564, H584, R698-699, R717 pulmonary, 163f, 164, 225f, 243, C432

renal, C449, A804-805, A804f retinal, 344, 344f sacral, 248, R698 saphenous, 250, 250f, C497, H638, H639f

spinal, 312-313, 312f, H536, H536f

splenic, 264, C439, C440f, C442 subclavian, 244, 244f, C432, A810

supraorbital, 344f, 345 temporal, 247, 247f testicular, C449 thoracic, 244, 244f, 245, 246f, C436

tibial, 250, 250f, H638-639, H639f, R747, R747f ulnar, 245, 246, 246f umbilical, 251, 251f, 255, 255f, C475, H564, R698 urethral, 251, 251f uterine, H571, R706-707, R709f vaginal, 251, 251f, H564, H571, R698, R709f

vena cava, C432, C433f vertebral, 244, 244f, 312, 312f vesical, C458

Arthritis, hock joint and, H632 Arthrology, defined, 32

Articular cartilage, 14, 17-18, 36, 36f Articular condyle, 76, 76f

Articular labrum, 19 Articularis coxae, 95f, 96 Articulations.

See Joints Aryepiglottic folds, 154-155 Arytenoid cartilage, 153, 153f, 154, 155, A800

Ascending colon, H557f, H558, H582, R694, R694f, P768, P768f

Ascending reticular activating system, 299

Atlantoaxial joint, 38-39, 39f, C409 Atlantoaxial space, C408-409, C411 Atlantooccipital joint, 38, 39f Atlantooccipital space, 314, C408409, C410f, C411, C414-415

Atlas, 36, 36f, C409, C410t Atrioventricular bundle, 230, 231f Atrioventricular node, 230, 231f, 233 Atrioventricular valve, 231f, 233, 238

Atrophic rhinitis, P754, P756f

Auditory ossicles, 348, 349f

Auditory somatic pathway, 300-301, 300f

Auditory tubes, 116, 349

Aural gland, A787

Auricle, 227f, 347f, C400f, C427f, C429f

Auricles, 226, 346, C399-400, C428 Auricular cartilage, 346, 348f, C400 Auricular surface, 38, 38f Auscultation, 4, 233-234, C425,

C429

Axial, defined, 2, 3f

Axial condensation, 71

Axis, 36, 36f, C409-410, C410t

Back, 32

Baldness, 359

Ball-and-socket joint. See Spheroidal joint

BALT. See Bronchiolar-associated lymphoid tissue

Barbs, A788f, A789

Baroreceptors, 241, 241f

Basal nuclei, 291-292

Basihyoid, H525

Basilar system, 313

Beak, A786, A786f, A794

Bicuspid valve. See Left atrioventricular valve

Bile duct, 132, 138-139, 139f, C447, H560, P767, A799

Bill. See Beak

Billowing, H511

Bladder

canine/feline, C458-459, C458f development of, 168-169 equine, H567, H567f, H568f, H583 overview of, 181-184, 182f, 183f, 192f

palpation of, C475

porcine, P772, P773f, P774f, P776f ruminant, R700, R715f, R716f Blastocyst, R712

Blind dome. See Fundus

Blocks. See Nerve blocks

Blood spavin, H639

Blood supply, 14-15, 14f, 25. See also

Artery(ies); Capillaries;

Vein(s)

Blood-cushions, 240

Bloodfeathers, A789

Body (pubis), 44

Body (stomach), 125

Body of uterus, 199

Bone marrow. See Marrow

Bones. See also Skeleton

air sacs and, A789

biomechanics of, 15-16, 15f classification of, 12, 12f development of, 71-73, 71f of forelimb, 74-81 of hindlimb, 88-91, 89f, 90f, 91f

Bones (Continued)

organization of long, 12-15, 13f, 14f

overview of, 12f, 13f, 14f, 15f, 17f

specialized types of, 16

Botflies, H552

Brachial plexus.

See Nerve(s) Brachycephalic head, C374, C375f,

C379, C381f

Brachycephalic syndrome, C396, C431 Brachydont, 108

Brachygnathism, C375

Brain

avian, A812

blood supply to, 311-313, R661 development of, 274-277, 274f, 275f

meninges and fluid environment of, 307-311

overview of, 273-274

porcine, P754 topography of, 306-307, 306f, 307f venous drainage of, 313-314

Brainstem, 285f, 286f

Breathing. See Respiration Bristle feathers, A788

Bronchii

avian, A802-803, A802f canine/feline, C424f, C425 development of, 166 equine, H540-541

lungs and, 162-163, 163f ruminant, R673f trachea and, 157-158, 158f Bronchiolar-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), A811-812

Bronchioles, 163

Bronchography, C424f, C425 Bronchopulmonary segment, 163 Bronchoscopy, C425 Brown fat, 11, 11f, 12f

Brunner’s glands, 131

Buccae. See Cheeks

Buccal glands, H518

Bulb (hoof), 361-362, 365f, 366f, 367f, R735, R736f

Bulbourethral gland, 193, 193f, H579, H579f, R716, R716f, P776-777, P777f

Bulbus glandis, C469, C469f

Bulbus oculi. See Eyeballs

Bulbus penis, 194, 194f, C468-469 Bunodont, 112

Bursa, synovial joints and, 24, 24f,

Bursa of Fabricius, 256, A798

Bursa synovialis, 24, 24f

Calamus, A788 Calcaneus, 90, 92f, C498, C498f,

H635, R744

Calcitonin, 220

Canaliculus, 343f, 344

Cancellous bone. See Spongy bone Canine teeth canine/feline, C386, C387f, C389f, C389t, C390t equine, H513, H514f overview of, 111, 111f, 112f ruminant, R654-655, R655t, P755, P758f, P758t

Cannon bone, H595-596, H596f,

R730

Cap horn, H610 Capillaries, 239, 239f, 240. See also

Air capillaries Caponization, A805 Capsule, R735-736 Cardiac gland, 126 Cardiac muscle, defined, 23 Cardiac notch, H540 Cardiac sphincter, H552-553 Cardiovascular system arteriovenous anastomoses of, 240, 240f

capillaries, sinusoids of, 239, 239f collateral circulation and, 242-243 erectile tissue of, 240-241 fetal and neonatal, 253-256 overview of, 223 vascularization and innervation of vessels of, 241, 241f

Carina, C425 Carotenoid pigments, A789

Carotid body, 240 Carotid sinus, 240 Carpal bones avian, A792 canine/feline, C484-486, C487f equine, H595-596, H596f, H598f overview of, 78-79, 78f, 82, 82f, 86-88

porcine, P780, P781f ruminant, R728-729

Carpal glands, 369f, P782f Carpal joint, 82, 82f, H595-598,

H614, P780 Carpal pad, C484 Carpometacarpal joint, 82 Cartilage

alar, 148

articular, 14, 17-18, 36, 36f arytenoid, 153, 153f, 154, 155, A800

auricular, 346, 348f, C400 costal, 42, 42f, 43 cricoid, 153, 153f, A800 of ears, 346, 348f epiglottic, 152, 152f, 153f of hoof, H602f, H603 hyaline, 153 interarytenoid, 153 of larynx, 152-153, 152f, 153f, 154f, 155f

of nose, 148, H501, H502f of ribs, C420-421, C423f synovial joints and, 18, 47 thyroid, 152-153, 153f xiphoid, 42f, 43

Cartilage models, 71-72, 72f Cartilaginous joint, overview of, 17, 17f

Caruncle, 105, R702, R703, R708f Castration, 191-192, H549-550, R715,

R719, P775, P776f, P777f

Cauda equina syndrome, C414

Caudal, defined, 2, 3f

Caudal colliculi, 288

Caudal intestinal portal, 100, 101f

Caudal palatine foramen, 59f, 60

Caudal salivatory nucleus, 283 Caudate nucleus, 291f, 292 Cava peritonaei hepatitis, A799

Caval foramen, 51f, 52

Cavernous tissue.

See Erectile tissue

Cecal sphincter, A798

Cecal tonsil, A798, A812

Cecocolic sphincter, 133, 133f

Cecolic transitional region, H557 Cecum

avian, A797-798 canine/feline, C444f, C445-446, C445f

equine, H555f, H556-557, H556f, H558f

overview of, 129, 133, 133f porcine, P768, P768f ruminant, R694, R694f

Cellulose, digestion of, 124-125 Celom, 34-35

Cement, 109

Central nervous system. See also

Forebrain; Nerve(s); Spinal cord development of, 274-277 hindbrain, 280-287 midbrain, 287-288 overview of, 273-274 somatic afferent pathways of, 295-301

somatic motor pathways of, 301-303

Centric occlusion, 115

Cere, A786

Cerebellar peduncle, 285f, 286-287, 287f

Cerebellomedullary cistern, 308, 309f

Cerebellum, 280, 282f, 285-287, 285f, 303

Cerebrospinal fluid, 308-311, 310f, C409, C413, C414

Cerebrum. See Telencephalon

Cervical sac, A802f, A803

Cervix

canine/feline, C461, C462f equine, H569, H569f, H571f, H573f, H577

estrus and, H573-574 overview of, 199 porcine, P773f, P774f ruminant, R702-703, R702f, R704f, R707f

Chalazae, A808-809

Cheek pouch, 101-102

Cheek teeth, 111, 112, 115, C388,

H514-515, H514f, H515f, R651, R655, R655t, P755

Cheeks, 101 Chemoreceptors, 241, 241f Choanae, 61, 65, A794 Cholecystokinin, 131 Chondrification, 24

Chorda tympani, 61 Chorioallantoic placenta, 208-209,

C464, C464f, H577 Choriovitelline placenta, H577 Choroid, 334-335, H527, H527f Choroid plexus, 291, 310, 310f, 311f Chromaffin cells, 221

Cilia (eyelashes), 342, 343f Ciliary bodies, 334f, 335

Cingulate gyri, 284f, 293 Cingulum, 294

Circadian clock, 218

Circle of Willis, 311

Circulus arteriosus cerebri, 311 Circumanal glands, 370, 370f, C456 Circumduction, synovial joints and,

20-21

Circumferential facet, 77, 77f Circumoral gland, 363f, 367 Circumventricular organs (CVO),

217-218

Clavicle, 74, A792 Clavicular sac, A802f, A803

Claws, 364, 367f, C484, C485-486,

C485f, C486f

Clitoris

canine/feline, C462f, C463, C463f development of, 173, 175f equine, H570, H573f

overview of, 203 porcine, P773f, P774 ruminant, R705

Cloaca, 170, 172f, A798, A799f,

A805f, A806, A807f, A808f

Cloacal bursa, A799f, A812 Cloacal fold, 175f

Cobby, C407

Cochlea, 89, 350, 351f, H630, A813 Cochlear duct, 349-350, 350f, 351f Cochlear nuclei, 284

Cochlear windows, 346 Coffin joint, H601, H604, H608f,

H615, R732

Colic, H555

Collagen, 24, 355-356 Collateral circulation, overview of,

242-243

Collecting tubule, 180 Colliculus seminalis, 192

Colon

canine/feline, C445f, C446 equine, H557f, H558-559 overview of, 133

porcine, P768, P768f ruminant, R694, R694f

Colorectum, A798

Colostrum, 371

Comb, A785, A785f

Compressive stress, bones and, 15, 15f

Computed tomography (CT), 5-6, 7f

Conchae, 149-150, 150f, C379, C382f, H507, H509f, P754, A799-800, A801f

Conchofrontal sinus, H510f

Condylar joint, 21, 22f

Condylar process, 62, 62f

Conjunctiva, 342-343, R658

Contact surfaces, 109

Contour feathers, A788, A788f,

A789

Contracted heel, H612

Contractions, cardiovascular system and, 233, 236f

Conus arteriosus, 228, 229f

Conus medullaris, 277

Convoluted tubule, 178, 180f

Coprodeum, A798, A806, A806f

Coracoid bone, A792

Corium, H609

Cornea, 332, 333-334, 334f, 338, C398, H527, H527f, A813

Corneal reflex, 333

Corniculate process, 153

Corns, H609

Coronary dermis, H611, H612f

Coronary groove, 226

Coronary pillars, R683

Coronet, H609

Corpora lutea, 197, 198f, C463-464, H568

Corpus callosum, 290f, 291f, 293

Corpus cavernosa, 194, 194f, C469, C469f

Corpus luteum, 200f, H572, R707, R709

Corpus spongiosum, 170-171, 194f, C469, H580, H580f, P777

Corpus striatum, 291-292, 291f

Corpuscular ending, 353-354

Cortex, 12-13, 292

Cortex (kidney), 177

Cortex (adrenal), 221

Corticobulbar fibers, 301, 302f

Corticopontine fibers, 301-302, 302f

Corticospinal fibers, 301, 302f

Corticospinal tract, 301-302, 302f Corticotropin, R725 Corticotropin-releasing hormone

(CRH), 217, 219f

Costae.

See Ribs

Costal arch, 42, 42f

Costal cartilage, 42, 42f, 43

Costal pleura, 158, 159f

Costosternal joint, 43 Costotransverse joint, 43, 43f

Costovertebral joint, 43, 43f

Cotyledonary placenta, 209, 210f, 210t, 212f, R712

Cow-hocked, R744

Coxal tuber

canine/feline, H545, H547f equine, H624, H625f overview of, 44, 45f porcine, P780

ruminant, R742, R743f

Cranial, defined, 2, 3f

Cranial cavity, 306-307, 306f

Cranial intestinal portal, 100, 101f Cranium, 56

Cremaster, 190-191

CRH. See Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Cribriform plate, 306f, 307, C392f Cricoid arch, H525

Cricoid cartilage, 153, 153f, A800 Cricopharyngeus, 119

Crop, A795-796, A795f Croup, H624, R742, R743f

Crown (tooth), 108-109, 109f Cruciate sulcus, 292, 292f

Crura cerebri, 288

Crura of the penis, 193-194, H548- 549, H580, R717

Cryptorchidism, 174, C472, H550, H579, P777

Crypts, 130-131, 132

Culpa pleurae, 159, 161f

Cuneate fasciculus, 296

Cuneate nuclei, 280, 280f Cuneiform process, 153

Cupulae, C422, C422f, C424 Cutaneous sensation, 353-354,

354f

CVO. See Circumventricular organs Cysterna chyli, 29f, 134, 260, 264, 264f, C451

Cystic duct, 138

Cysts, C460

Debeaking, A786

Deciduate species, defined, 209, 210t

Deep fascia, 10, 10f

Deferent duct, 188-192, 188f, H579, H579f, A805, A806f

Deglutition (swallowing), 121, 155-156, C393

Dehorning, R645-646

Dendrite, defined, 268

Dens, 36, 40, C409-410

Dental cavity, 109

Dental pad, 102, 103f

Dental papilla, 142

Dentine, 108, 109

Dentition

age estimation and, C389t, C390t, H515-516, H517t, H519f, H520f, P758f

alignment of, 115, 115f canine/feline, 110-111, 111f, 112, 112f, C386-390, C387f, C388f, C389f, C389t, C390t development of, 142, 142f

Dentition (Continued)

equine, 112, 113f, H512-516, H513f, H514f, H515f, H516f, H519f, H520f

eruption of, 110, 110f muscles and, 115 overview of, 107-112 porcine, 112, 113f, P754-755, P758f ruminant, 114f, R654-656, R655f, R655t, R656f, R656t

tooth anatomy and, 108, 108f

Dermatome, 34, 34f

Dermis

of hoof, H611-612, H612f, H613f, H615f

overview of, 7-8, 9f, 355-356

Descendin, R712

Descending colon, H557f, H558,

H558f, H582-583

Descending pathways. See Efferent pathways

Desmosomes, 355

Desnooding, A785

Developmental anatomy, defined, 1

Dewclaws, 365f, C484, R734, R736 Dewlap, R659f

Diaphragm canine/feline, C421-422, C423f, C427f, C428-429, C428f, C429f, C442

equine, H537, H539, H539f, H560 overview of, 51-52, 51f, 54f, 55 pelvic, 54f, 56, 203, C454, H566, H566f

porcine, P766f urogenital, 56

Diaphragmatic pleura, 158, 159f

Diarthroses, defined, 16

Diastemas, 108

Diencephalon, 288-290, 289f

Digestive apparatus, 100, 121, 140-147. See also Specific elements

Digital bones, muscles acting on, 86-88

Digital cushions, 362

Digital examination, C475

Digital sheath, R733-734

Digitigrade posture, 79, 79f

Diphyodonty, 108

Dirofilaria immitis. See Heartworms

Discoidal placentas, 209, 210t, 211f Disks, 19, 40-41, 40f

Displacement, abomasal, R689-690

Distal, defined, 2, 3f

Distal phalanx, 80, H602-603 Diverticula

cheek pouch, 101-102 pharynx and, P757 preputial, P777-778, P778f stomach and, P767, P767f urethra and, 184, 202, P772 vitelline, A797

Dolichocephalic heads, C374, C375f Dorsal, defined, 2, 3f

Dorsal plane, defined, 2, 3f

Dorsal processes, 36

Dorsal root, anatomy of, 29-30, 30f

Down feathers, A788-789

Dubbing, A785

Ductus arteriosus, C429

Ductus choledochus. See Bile duct

Duodenum

avian, A796, A797 canine/feline, C444-445, C444f,

C448

equine, H554-555, H554f

overview of, 129, 132

palpation of, C453

porcine, P767, P768f ruminant, R693-694, R694f

Dura mater, 307, 309f, C413, C414f

Dysplasia, hip, C491, C492

Ear

avian, A813

canine/feline, C399-402, C399f, C400f, C401f

overview of, 346-351, 347f, 348f, 349f, 350f, 351f

porcine, P753

Ear lobe, A785, A785f

Eardrum, 116

Ecdysis. See Molt

Ectoderm, 71

Effector organs, 268, 269f

Efferent pathways, 29, 272

Eggs, A789, A808-809, A809f

Ejaculatory duct, 188

Elbow

canine/feline, C479-484, C483f equine, H592-595, H594f luxation of, C483

muscles of, 85f, 86, H592-594, H594f, H595f

overview of, 81-82, 81f, 85f, 86 porcine, P780

ruminant, R728 Electromyelography, 26, 26f Ellipsoidal joint, 21, 22f Embalming, 95

Embryos, 100-101, 101f

Enamel, 108, 109, 142-143,

H515-516

Encephalon, 273. See also Brain

End-arteries, 242, 242f

Endocardium, 230

Endocrine gland, 216, 222 Endocrinology, 216

Endoderm, 100

Endolymphatic duct, 349, 350f Endometrial cup, 211, 213f, H576,

H576f

Endometrium, 200, 211, 213f, H574, H576-577, R709

Endomysium, 23

Endoscopy, 4

Enteroception, 354

Enterochromaffin system, 131

Enteroendocrine system, 131

Entropion, C375

Environment, embryo development and, 207

Epaxial division, 47, 47f

Epidermis, overview of, 7-8, 9f, 355

Epididymal duct, 187f, 188 Epididymis, 187f, 189, R716f, A805,

A806f

Epidural anesthesia, C415, H534-536, P762

Epidural space, 307-308, 309f, C413 Epiglottic cartilage, 152, 152f, 153f Epiglottis, 118, 154-156, C391, C393, C393f, C394f, H511, H525

Epimysium, 23

Epinephrine, 222

Epiphysis. See Pineal glands

Epiploic foramen, 123

Epithalamus, 288

Equators (optic), 332, 333f

Erectile tissue, 193, 194f, 240-241 Erection, 195-196, H580, H581-582,

H581f, R719, R719f, R720f, P778 Ergots, 362, 366f

Eructation, R687

Erythroblastosis fetalis, 209-211

Esophageal hiatus, 51f, 52

Esophagus

avian, A794-796, A795f, A796f canine/feline, C403, C427f, C430431, C431f

equine, H529f, H530, H543 overview of, 119-121, 120f porcine, P759

ruminant, R660, R673, R676

Estrogen, 205, R725

Estrus, 197, 202, C463, H572

Estrus cycle, 197, 205-206, 206t, C463-466, R709, R712, P774. See also Pregnancy

Ethmoidal meatuses, 149

Eustachian tubes. See Auditory tubes

Exocrinocytes, 163

Expiration, 52

Extension, synovial joints and, 20, 20f

External capsule, 292

Exteroceptive sensations, 272 Extralemniscal system, 297-298, 297f Extrapyramidal system, 301, 302-303, 302f

Eye adnexa of, 340-344, 340f, 341f,

342f, 343f

avian, A790, A812-813, A813f blood supply of, 344-345, 344f,

345f

canine/feline, C396-399, C397f, C398f, C399f

equine, H503, H503f, H526-529, H527f

fibrous tunic of, 333, 334f internal tunic of, 334f, 337-338 nerve supply of, 345-346 overview of, 332, 333f, 334f

Eye (Continued) porcine, P752-753 refractive media of, 338-340, 338f, 339f, 340f

ruminant, R658, R659f vascular tunic of, 334-336, 334f, 335f, 336f

Eyeball, 332-340, 333f, H527, H527f, R658, A813f

Eyelash. See Cilia

Eyelid, 342-343, 343f, C397-398, H503, H503f, R658, A812-813

Facial crest, H504, H504f

Facial expression, 67-68, 68f, C375376, C375f, H504-505

Falx cerebri, 308

Fascia, 9-11, R677

Fascial compartment, 10, 10f Fasciliculi, 270

Fast twitch (type II) fibers, 24 Fastigial nuclei, 286, 287f

Fat, 9-11, 10f, 11f

Feathers, A784-785, A787-789, A788f

Femoropatellar joint, 92, 94f Femorotibial joint, 91, 94f, C494 Femur

avian, A793 canine/feline, C490 equine, H624 fractures of, C492 ligaments of, 91-92, 94f overview of, 88, 89f

Fermentation, 124-125, H556, R656 Fertilization, 206, A808-809

Fetal membranes, 208-213

Fetlock joint, H601-604, H604f, H608f, H614-615, R730-731, R734

Fetus. See also Placenta; Pregnancy aging of, C466, C466t, C467t, H577t, R714t, P775f circulation in, 253-256 hoof of, H614, H616f porcine, P774f sexing of, C466, C467f

Fibers, muscles and, 25

Fibrocartilaginous articular disks, 112-113

Fibrous joint, overview of, 16-17, 17f

Fibrous tunic (ocular), 333, 334f Fibula, 89-90, 90f, C496, H630,

H631f, R743-744

Filiform papillae, C385, C386f, R653, R653f, R654f

Films, 5. See also Radiography

Fistulous withers, H534

Fixation, R743

Flat bones, overview of, 12

Flehmen reaction. See Lip-curl reaction

Flexion, synovial joints and, 20, 20f Flight feathers. See Contour feathers Floating colon. See Descending colon Flocculonodular lobe, 286, 287, 287f Flying scapula, R728

Foci of calcification, 218

Focus-film/focus-object ratio, 5, 6f, 7f Follicle

avian, A807-808, A807f, A808f canine/feline, 358, 360, 361f, 362f development of, 205-206 equine, H568

overview of, 197, 200f porcine, P772, P773f ruminant, R701, R705f, R707

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 186, 217, 219f

Foot. See also Forelimb

avian, A786-787, A787f bovine, R730, R731f, R732f canine/feline, C487f, C498f overview of, 78-82, 78f, 79f, 80f, 82f, 92f

porcine, P781f

Footpad, 361-362, 364f, 365f, 366f

Foramen lacerum, 61

Foramen magnum, 60, 61f

Foramen ovale, 236, 237f

Foramina, skull and, 59f, 60-61, 60f, 61f

Forebrain

archipallium, 293-295, 294f basal nuclei of, 291-292 development of, 275-277, 278t diencephalon, 288-290, 289f neopallium, 292-293 overview of, 288

paleopallium, 291, 292f telencephalon (cerebrum), 277, 289f, 290-291

Forefoot, nerves of, H623

Foregut, 100, 101f, 143-145, 144f Forelimb

avian, A792-793, A792f, A793f blood vessels of, H617-619, H618f joints of, 81-82, 81f, 82f, H600-604, H603f, H604f

ligaments of, H604-609

lymph nodes of, 259, H619 muscles of, 82-88, 83f, 87f,

H598-600

nerves of, 321-322, 321f, H620-623, H621f, H622f

porcine, P780

skeleton of, 74-81, H595-598, H600-604

tendons of, H604-609 terminology of, 74f

Forestomach (proventriculus),

R680-681, R681f, R682f, A796 Fornix, 201, 201f, 294-295, 295f, 343 Forsell’s operation, H529 Fossa ovalis, 227, 228f

Founder, H611

Fourth ventricle, 280-283

Freemartins, 174, R705, R712, P766f,

P776

Frenulum, C470-471

Frequency, wavelength and, 6-7 Frog, 361-362, 364, 366f, H610-612,

H611f, H612f

Frontal lobe, 293, 293f

Frontal sinus, 152-153, H508, H510f,

R651-652, R651f, R652f

FSH. See Follicle-stimulating hormone

Fulcrums, 25-26, 26f Fundic gland. See Proper gastric

gland

Fundus

canine/feline, C398-399, C398f,

C399f, C440, C441-442, C441f equine, H527f, H528, H552 overview of, 125, 334-335, 335f ruminant, R659f

Gallbladder

avian, A798, A799 canine/feline, C447 equine, H560 overview of, 131, 136, 144, 144f porcine, P768-769

Galls, H604

GALT. See Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Galvayne’s groove, H516, H518f Gametes, 170

Ganglia, defined, 270 Gaping, 115

Gasterophilus. See Botflies Gastric glands, 126

Gastric mucosa, 126

Gastric pits, 126, 127f

Gastric volvulus, C442-443 Gastrin, 128, 131, 222 Gastroduodenojejunitis, H554 Gastrointestinal tract, 122-123, 126f Genital tubercle, 170, 172f, 173,

175f

Germinal center. See Lymph nodule Gingiva. See Gums

Girdle, muscles of, 82-84, 83f Gizzard, A796-797, A796f, A797f Glandular mucosa, R689

Glans, 194, 194f, H570, H573f, H580,

H580f, H581, H581f Glans penis, C469, R715f Glaucoma, 338-339 Glenoid concavity, C478 Glomerulus, 177-178, 180f Glomus caroticum. See Carotid body Glottic cleft, 154, 155, 155f, 156,

R657-658

Glottis, A794, A800 Glucagon, 222

Gnathotheca, A786

GnRH. See Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone

Gomphosis, 17 Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone

(GnRH), 217, 219f

Gonadotropins, 187, H574, H576 Gonocytes, 169-170

Goose-rumped, H624 Gracile fasciculus, 296 Gracile nuclei, 280, 280f Granulosa cells, 200f Greater circulation, defined, 26, 27f Greater omentum

canine/feline, C437-438, C437f, C442-443

overview of, 123, 123f, 144 porcine, P766f, P767 ruminant, R690-691, R692f GRH. See Growth hormone-releasing hormone

Growth (somatotrophic) hormone (STH), 217, 219f

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH), 217, 219f

Guard hairs, 357-359, 359f Gubernaculum, 171, P765, P766f, P776

Gubernaculum testis, 173-174, 176f, 177f

Gullet. See Esophagus Gums, 108, 108f Gustatory organ, 352-353 Gut, 100, 101f Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), A811-812

Guttural pouch, 349, H522-525, H523f, H524f

Habenular commissure, 289 Habenular stria, 289

Hair, 357-361, 359f, 361f, 362f, 363f, 364f

Hair follicle, 9f Hamular process, 64f, 65 Hard palate, 61, 63, 102, 103f, C383, C392f, H510-511, R652-653, P757f

Hardware disease. See Traumatic reticuloperitonitis

Haustral flow, H555, H556 Head

avian, A785f, A786f

conformation and external features of, C374-376, H501-504, R644-647, P752-753, P754f, P755f, P756f, P758f joints of, 65 lymph nodes of, 258 muscles of, 65-70, C418, C418f nerves of, 314-320 plan and development of, 56-65 superficial structures of, C376-379, H502f, H504-507, R647-650 Heart

avian, A810

canine/feline, C428-430, C429f development of, 223, 234-238, 236f, 237f, 238f

equine, H538f, H542-543

Heart (Continued)

functional anatomy of, 233-234, 236f

general anatomy of, 226-230 overview of, 223-224

pericardium and topography of, 224-226

porcine, P763, P764f, P766f ruminant, R672-673 structure of, 230

vessels and nerves of, 230-233, 233f, 234f, 235f

Heartworms, C429

Heat. See Estrus

Hemal arches, C412

Hemal nodes, 257, 258f

Hemal processes, R669, R669f Hemolytic disease, 209-211 Hemorrhages, pulmonary, H541 Hepatic duct system, 138-139, 139f Hernias, 34-35, C422, P765, P776 Herniated discs, C418

Heterodonty, 107

Hindbrain, 275-277, 278t, 280-287 Hindgut, 100, 145-147, 147f Hindlimb

avian, A793-794

joints of, 91-93, 92f, 93f lymph nodes of, 263-265 muscles of, 93-99, 94f, 95f, 98f nerves of, 323-325, 324f porcine, P780-781

skeleton of, 88-91, 89f, 90f, 91f terminology of, 74f

Hinge joint, 21, 22f

Hip bone, 44, 45f

Hip joint

canine/feline, C491 equine, H624

overview of, 91, 93f, C490-491, C491f, C492

porcine, P781 ruminant, R742

Hippocampus, 293f, 294, 295f, 306 Hippomanes, H577

Hock joint

canine/feline, C497-498, C498f, C499f

equine, H630-632, H631f overview of, 93

passive-stay apparatus and, H637 porcine, P782

ruminant, R744

Homunculi, 273

Hoof

equine, H609-614, H611f, H612f, H613f, H614f, H615f

of newborn, H614, H616f overview of, 364-365, 365f, 367f, 368f, 369f

porcine, P780, P781f

ruminant, R734-736, R735f, R736f, R737f

Hook (tooth), H516, H518f Horizontal septum, A809

Horn

bovine, R644-646, R648f overview of, 200, 365-366, 367f, 368f, 369f

of sheep and goats, R646-647 Horn (hoof), R736, R737f Horn glands, 367-368, 369f Horner syndrome, H524-525 Humerus

avian, A792

canine/feline, C476, C480, C482f equine, H589

overview of, 74-76, 76f

porcine, P780 ruminant, R728

Humoral pathway, 304 Hunter’s bumps, H624 Hyaline cartilage, 153 Hymen, 172-173

Hyoid apparatus, 62, 63f, 65, 152f, C394, C394f, H522f, H525 Hyopenna, A788

Hyopharyngeus, 119 Hypaxial division, 47, 47f, 48 Hypodermis. See Subcutis Hypoglossal nucleus, 282 Hypophysis. See Pituitary gland Hypothalamus, 288, 303-304 Hypseledont, 108

Hypsodont, 108

IgG (Immunoglobulin G). See Immunoglobulin G

Ileal papilla, 240

Ileocecolic junction, C445, C445f Ileum, 129-130, 131f, C444, C445f, H555, P768f, A797

Iliac crests, 44 Ilium, 44, 45f, C490 Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 209-211 Implantation, 207

Incisive bone, 64, 64f

Incisor teeth

canine/feline, C387-388, C387f, C389f, C389t, C390t

equine, H512-513, H513f overview of, 110-111, 111f porcine, P754-755, P758f, P758t ruminant, R653, R653f, R654-655, R655t, R656f, R656t Incontinence, C458-459 Incus, 348

Infarcts, 242 Infracardiac bursa, C428 Infraglottic cavity, 154, 155 Infraorbital foramen, 59f, 60, 63 Infraorbital pouch gland, 368, 369f Infraorbital sinus, A800 Infundibulum, 198, 201f, 304, C460, A808f-809f

Inguinal canal, 54, 54f, C436, H549-550, H549f, P765, P766f Inguinal pouch gland, 370, 370f Inguinal ring, C436, C475, R713

Inhibin, 187

Insertion, defined, 26

Insulin, 222

Insulinomas, C448 Interarytenoid cartilage, 153 Interchondral joint, 43 Intercostal space, C420-421 Interdigital pouch gland, 368-370, 369f Internal tunic (ocular), 334f, 337-338 Internal vertebral plexus, R668,

R668f

Interneurons, 271, 296 Interpeduncular fossa, 274, 281f Intersternal joint, 43

Interthalamic adhesion, 289, 289f, 291f

Intertubercular groove, 76, 76f Intervenous tubercle, 227, 228f Intervertebral articulations, 40, 40f Intervertebral disc, C407, C412-413,

H533

Intestine. See also Large intestine;

Small intestine

avian, A797-798, A797f, A798f canine/feline, C444-446, C444f, C445f, C447f

development of, 147f

equine, H553-558, H554f, H555f, H556f, H558f

overview of, 129-135, 129f, 130f, 131f, 132f, 133f, 134f, 135f

palpation of, C453

porcine, P766f, P767-769, P767f, P768f

ruminant, R693-695, R694f Intraperitoneal organs, defined, 121-122

Intumescentiae, 277, 279f Intussusception, H555 Iris, 334f, 336, A813

Ischial arch, 44, 45f, H569f, H570

Ischial spine, 44, 45f

Ischial tuber

equine, H624, H625f

overview of, 44, 45f, 46

porcine, P772

ruminant, R742, R743f, R744f Ischiorectal fossa, C454 Ischium, 44, 45f, C490 Islet cells, 222

Islets of Langerhans, 139, 222

Isthmus, 199, A796, A809

Ivory, 108, 109

Jaws, articulations of, 112-113 Jejunum

avian, A797

canine/feline, C444, C445f

equine, H554

overview of, 129-130, 130f palpation of, C453

porcine, P766f, P768-769, P768f,

P771

ruminant, R694

Joint(s), 18f cartilaginous, 17, 17f development of, 73 fibrous, 16-17, 17f of forelimb, 81-82, 81f, 82f,

H600-604, H603f, H604f of hindlimb, 91-93, 92f, 93f jaw and, 112-113 nose and, 153 overview of, 16 of pelvic girdle, 45f, 46 synovial, 17-21, 18f, 19f, 20f, 22f of trunk, 35-48

Jugal arch, A790, A790f Juxtaglomerular complex, 176, 222

Keel, A791 Kemp, 360

Keratin dust, A788-789 Keratinization, 355 Keratinocytes, 361 Kidney

avian, A804-805, A804f, A805f canine/feline, C447, C449, C449f,

C457-458, C457f development of, 167, 168f equine, H560-561, H561f overview of, 174-181 palpation of, C453, C474 porcine, P766f, P769-770, P770f ruminant, R696-697, R696f, R697f Koilin, A796-797

Labia, 173, 175f, C462f, C463 Labrum, 19

Lacrimal apparatus, 343-344 Lacrimal gland, 343f, C397, H526- 527, H527f, R658, P753

Lacrimal lake, 343f, 344 Lacrimal sac, 60f, 343f, 344

Lacteals, 134 Lactiferous duct, H584, H584f,

R721-723

Lactiferous sinus, 371, 372f, R723 Lactogen, 211

Lamina propria-submucosa, R685, R686f

Lamina terminalis grisea, 289, 290 Laminar dermis, H611, H612f Laminectomy, C418-419

Laminitis. See Founder Language. See Terminology Lanolin, 366

Laparotomy, P765 Large intestine

equine, H555-558, H558f overview of, 129, 132-135, 132f, 133f, 134f, 135f

porcine, P768-769

Laryngeal hemiplegia. See Roaring Laryngeal mound, A794 Laryngopharynx, 117-118, 118f,

C403, H521f, H522, R657, R657f

Larynx articulations, ligaments, membranes of, 153

avian, A795f, A800 canine/feline, C393-396, C394f cartilages of, 152-153, 152f, 153f, 154f, 155f

cavity of, 154-155, 155f, 156f development of, 165-166 equine, H525-526, H526f mechanism of, 155-156 musculature of, 153-154, 154f overview of, 152 porcine, P757 ruminant, R657-658, R657f Lateral, defined, 2, 3f Lateral vesical folds, 182 LDA. See Left displacement of the abomasum

Left displacement of the abomasum (LDA), R690

Lemniscal system, 296, 296f Lenses, 339-340, 339f, 340f Lentiform nucleus, 291f, 292 Lesser circulation, 26, 27f, 243-244 Lesser omentum, 123, 123f, C439,

C440, C447, R691 Lesser sciatic notch, 44, 45f Leydig cells, 170, 186, 187f LH. See Luteinizing hormone Ligament(s) regional

abdominal wall and, C436-437, C439

of back and neck, H533-534, H535f

carpal joint and, 82, 82f claws and, C485, C486f coffin joint and, H604 elbow and, 81, 81f, C483, H592 eyes and, 342 femur and, 91-92, 94f, H624 fetlock joint and, H603, H604f of foreleg, H596 of forelimb, H604-609, H606f of head and neck, C411 of hindlimb, R744 hip joint and, 93, C490, H624 intervertebral discs and, C413 larynx and, 153 lungs and, C425 ovaries and, C460 pastern joint and, H604 of pelvic girdle, 45f, 46 penis and, 193, R719 reproductive organs and, 203 stifle joint and, C494-496, C496f, H628-630, H629f synovial joints and, 19 uterus and, C461

of vertebral column, 41, 41f specific

accessory, H624, H636 annular, H606-607 apical, R719

Ligament(s) (Continued)

broad, C461 cardiovascular, 225, 226f dorsoscapular, H534, H535f falciform, C436-437 gastrosplenic, C439 hepatoduodenal, hepatogastric,

C439

inguinal, H548-549 intercapital, 43, 43f, C413 longitudinal, C413 nuchal, C411, H533-534, H535f,

R665f, R666

palmar, H603, H604 patellar, H628, R742 periodontal, 109, 110 phrenopericardial, 225, 226f sacrosciatic, 46, 46f, R711 sacrotuberous, 46, 46f sesamoid, 16, H604 sternopericardial, 225, 226f Ligamentum arteriosum, C429 Limb buds, 71 Limbic system, 295f Limbus, 333, 333f Line of pleural reflection. See Pleural

reflection, line of Linea alba, 34, C436, H546, H546f,

R677

Lip-curl (Flehmen) reaction, 352,

353f, C383-385, C385f, H504 Lips, 100-101

Liver

avian, A798-799 canine/feline, C446-448 development of, 144-145, 144f equine, H559-560, H560f overview of, 135-139, 137f, 138f, 139f

palpation of, C452 porcine, P768-769, P769f ruminant, R695

Long bones, 12-15, 12f, 13f, 14f,

71-72, 71f Longitudinal fissure, 290 Loop of Henle, 178 Lower motor neuron pathways, 301 Lumbar puncture, C414 Lumbar trunks, 264 Lumbosacral disk, R666 Lumbosacral plexus, 30 Lumbosacral space, 308, 309f,

C408-409, C415, P762 Lumina, intestinal, 130, 131f Lung

avian, A802-804, A802f canine/feline, C425, C426f development of, 165f, 166 equine, H538f, H539-541, H540f overview of, 160-165, 162f, 163f, 164f, 165f

porcine, P763, P764f ruminant, R670-671 species variations in, 164 Luteinizing hormone (LH), 186, H574

Luteolysis, 211

Luxation, C483, C491, C492, R743 Lymph centers

axillary, 259 bronchial, 260, P763f, P764 celiac, 262

cervical, 258-259, 263f, P760-761, P760f, P761f

defined, 28

of head and neck, P759-761, P761f iliac, R697

iliosacral, 264 inguinal, 263-264 intercostal, 263f ischial, 263 lumbar, 260-262 mandibular, 258, P759-760, P760f mediastinal, 259-260, 263f mesenteric, 262

parotid, 258 popliteal, 263 retropharyngeal, 258, P760, P760f,

P761f

thoracic, 259, P763-764, P763f tracheobronchial, 263f

Lymph nodes. See also Lymph centers lymphoreticular tissue and, 257 overview of, 28-29, 256-257, 259f, 260f

palpable, 262f, R720 regional

of abdomen, C450-451, R697, P770-771, P770f, P771f

of forelimb, C476, C478f, H619, R738-739

gastrointestinal tract and, H559 of head and neck, C405-406, C406f, H506, H530, H531f, R662-663, R663f, P760f

of hindlimb, H639, R749, R749f, P781, P782f

intestines and, C446, R694-695 mammary glands and, C434-435, C436f, R723, R723f

of pelvis, H564-565, P778-779 stomach and, R692

of thorax, 259, C432-433, H544, R676f, P763-764, P763f tonsils and, C393 tracheal ducts and, 259 specific

accessory, P760, P761f

aortic, P770

axillary, 259, R738-739 cervical, C406, C406f, C476, C478f, H619, R662-663, R663f

cervicothoracic, P764 coxal, R749, R749f cubital, H619 gastric, C451 hepatic, C451

hypogastric, C451 iliac, C451, P770 iliofemoral, C451

Lymph nodes (Continued) inguinal, C434-435, C451,

H564-565, H584, H639,

R720

intercostal, C432, H544, R675,

R676f

ischial, R749, R749f lumbar, P764 lumbar aortic, C450 mandibular, C376-377, C406,

C406f, R650, R662, R663f,

P761f

mediastinal, 165, C433, H544,

R675-676, R676f, P764 mesenteric, C451, R695 pancreaticoduodenal, C451 parotid, C376-377, C405, C406f,

R662, R663f, P760, P761f popliteal, H639, R749, R749f renal, P770 retropharyngeal, C406, C406f,

H531, H531f, R662, R663f sacral, C451 splenic, C451 sternal, C432-433, R675, R676f subiliac, H639, R749, R749f thoracic, 259, C433 tracheal, C433 tracheobronchial, 165, C433,

H544

vagus, R673-674 topography of drainage, 258-264

Lymph nodules, 29f, 131, 131f, C444,

A811-812

Lymphatic drainage avian, A811-812 of forelimb, H619 of head and neck, R663f of hindlimb, H639, P783 of lungs, 165, H541 of mammary glands, R723, R723f overview of, 262f, 264f small intestine and, 134 of spleen, C439 of thorax, C433, H544, R671-672, R674-676, R676f, P764 topology of, 258-264

Lymphatic nodules, 256-257

Lymphatic vessels

afferent and efferent, 257 cysterna chyli, 29f, 134, 260, 264, 264f, C451

formation of, 257 lumbar trunk of, 264 overview of, 28, 29f thoracic duct, 134, 260, 263f, C433,

R676f, P764

tracheal duct, 259, R662, R663f Lymphocytes, 28, 256

Lymphoid tissue, A811-812

Macula, H528, R658 Maculae, 349, 350f

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),

8, 8f

Magnification, radiography and, 5, 6f, 7f

Magnum, A809

Mamillary processes, C411, C412

Mammary gland

canine/feline, C434-435, C436f equine, H584-585

overview of, 371-373, 372f, 373f porcine, P765, P766f

ruminant, R721-725, R726f

Mandible, 61-62, 62f, 64f, 65, 114-115, A790f, A791

Mandibular gland canine/feline, C384f, C390-391,

C391f

equine, H518 overview of, 106, 106f, 107f porcine, P755

ruminant, R650, R656

Mandibular symphysis, 65

Manubrium, 42f, 43, H537, A791-792

Manus, 79, 79f

Marek’s disease, A812

Margo plicatus, H552, H553f

Marrow, 13-15

Master gland. See Pituitary gland

Mastication, 66, 67t, 107-115,

H516-520, H518f, R655-656

Masticatory surface. See Occlusal surface

Mastitis, R720

Mating behavior, C472-474, C474f

Maxillary foramen, 59f, 60

Maxillary sinus

canine/feline, C381-382 equine, H508-509, H510f, H511f overview of, 152-153 porcine, P754

ruminant, R651, R651f

of sheep and goats, R652

MCV. See Medial part of the caudoventral thalamic nucleus

Meckel diverticulum, A797

Medial, defined, 2, 3f

Medial lemniscus, 284-285, 288f, 296

Medial malleolus, 89

Medial part of the caudoventral thalamic nucleus (MCV), 296, 296f, 297

Median eminence, 218

Median plane, defined, 2, 3f

Mediastinal pleura, 158, 159f

Mediastinum

canine/feline, C425-427, C426f equine, H538f, H541-542, H542f overview of, 159-160, 225 porcine, P762-763

ruminant, R670-673, R672f

Medulla (adrenal), 221

Medulla (kidney), 177

Medulla oblongata, 280-281, 282f

Medulla spinalis. See Spinal cord Medullary bone, A789

Medullary sinus, 28

Medullary vela, 280

Melanin, 361, A789

Melanocytes, 361

Membranous labyrinthes, 349, 350f

Membranous tentorium cerebelli, 308, 309f

Meniscus, synovial joints and, 19 Meridians (optic), 332, 333f Mesaticephalic head, C374, C375f Mesencephalic nucleus of the

trigeminal nerve, 284

Mesencephalon. See Midbrain

Mesenchyme, 71

Mesenteries, 122

Mesobronchus, A802, A802f

Mesocolon, 122

Mesogastrium, 122, 144

Mesoileum, 122

Mesojejunum, 122

Mesonephric duct, 167, 170, 171-172, 173f

Mesonephric tubule, 171

Mesorchium, 189

Mesorectum, 122, R700

Mesosalpinx, H568

Mesovarium, 122

Metacarpal bones canine/feline, C484-486, C487f equine, H601-602, H602f, H622f overview of, 79-80, 79f, 80f ruminant, R747

Metanephros, 167, 168f

Metatarsal bones, R747

Metencephalon, 285f 4-Methylimidazole toxicity, 127f

Metritis, H570

Microcotyledons, H577

Microscopic anatomy, defined, 1

Micturition, C458

Midbrain (mesencephalon), 275-277, 278t, 287-288, 287f, 288f

Middle cerebellar peduncles, 280

Middle fossa, 306f, 307

Middle phalanx, 80, H602

Midgut, 100, 101f, 145, 146f

Mimetic musculature, 67-68, 67t, 68f Mineralization, C465, C466t

Mitral valves. See Left atrioventricular valve

Molar teeth, 111, 111f

Molt, A789, A805

Monosynaptic reflex arcs, 271, 271f

Monotocous, defined, 197

Motor fibers. See Efferent fibers

Motor units, defined, 25

Mouth

canine/feline, C382-386 development of, 140-143, 141f,

142f

equine, H510-512 overview of, 100-107 porcine, P754-755, P757f ruminant, R652-653, R652f, R653f,

R654f

MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging

Mucosa, 131, 133, 157. See also Nasal mucosa

Mucous gland, 155

Mucous membrane, 155 Multiparous, defined, 197 Muscle(s)

actions of, 25-26, 26f

blood, nerve supply of, 25 craniolateral group, 97, 98f of deglutition, C393 development of, 73 electromyelography and, 26, 26f of facial expression, 67-68, 68f, C375-376, C375f, H504-505 of flight, A793f of head movement, C418f of mastication, 113-115, 114f, C376, H516-520, H518f organization of skeletal, 23, 23f overview of, 21-23 red, A794 regional

of abdomen, H548-549, H548f, H549f, R677-679, R678f abdominal wall and, 52-55, 53f, 54f, C436

of arm, H592-595

of back and neck, H534, H534f bladder and, 183-184 of breast, A792, A794 diaphragm and, 54f, 55-56 of elbow, H592-595, H593f, H594f

esophagus and, 119-120 eyeball and, 341-342, 341f, 342f

of forelimb, 82-88, 83f, C482, C483-484, H586-589, H598-600, H600f, R728, R729-730, R729f

of girdle, H586-589, H588f, H589f, H590f

of hindlimb, C492, H625-628, H626f, H632-636, H635f, H636f, R742, R743f, R744-747

of hip joint, 93-97

larynx and, 153-154, 154f, 156, C395

of leg, H632-636, H635f, H636f of mouth, 100-101 of neck and back, C402-403, C415-418, H529, H529f of pelvic cavity, 54f, 55-56 penis and, 194-196, C469, C470, C474-475, H566, H566f, H580, R717-718, R717f perineum and, R704f reproductive organs and, 203 scapula and, C476 shoulder and, C478-479, C479f, H590-591, H590f, H591f soft palate and, 119

Muscle(s) (Continued) stifle joint and, 97 stomach and, 125-126 tarsal, digital joints and, 97-99 of thorax, 48-52, 49f, C420,

H537

tongue and, 104, 105f of trunk, 47-56, 47f, 49f, 50f urethra and, 184, 192 vaginal, 201

vertebral column and, 47-48, 47f vestibule, vulva and, R706 respiration and, C422-423, A804 specific

abdominal oblique, 49f, 53,

H548f

abdominis, R678-679, R678f adductor, 95-96, 95f, H627,

H627f

anconeus, H594 arrector pili, 9f, 358 arytenoideus transversus, 154,

154f atrial, 230 auricular, 346 biceps, H592-593, H593f, H594f,

H595f, H626, H626f, R742 biceps brachii, 85f, 86 biventer, C417 brachialis, 85f, 86, H593, H594f,

H595f brachiocephalicus, 83-84, 83f,

C404 brachiocephalus, 69, 70f, H587,

H588f, H589f, R728 brachioradialis, 86 buccinator, 67, 68f, H505, H505f bulbospongiosus, 194, 196, C470,

C474, H580, R716, R716f cardiac, 228-230 coccygeus, 54f, 55-56 common digital extensor, 86-87, 87f

complexus, C417 coracobrachialis, 85, 85f, H591,

H591f

cremasteric, C466-467 cricoarytenoideus, 154, 154f cricothyroideus, 154, 154f cutaneous, 47, 69, R677 deep digital flexor, 87f, 88, 98-99, 98f

deep division, 68 deltoid, C478 deltoideus, 85, 85f, H590, H591f depressor labii inferioris, H505,

H505f

diagastricus, 114, 114f, H517,

H518f

digital extensor, H598, H599f, H633-634, H635f, H636f digital flexor, 87f, 88, 98, 98f,

H600, H600f, H635, H635f, H636f, R745-746 epaxial, C415-417, C420

Muscle(s) (Continued)

extensor, H594, H598-599 extensor carpi, 86, 87f, H598, H599, H599f

facial, 66-67, H504-505, H505f, H507f

feather, A788

flexor, H592-594, H599-600 flexor carpi, 87, 87f, H600, H600f

gastrocnemius, 97-98, 98f, H634-635, H635f, H636f, R745-746

gemelli, 96 geniohyoideus, 104, 105f gluteal, H625-626, H626f gluteobiceps, R742 gluteus medius, 94, 95f, H625- 626, H626f

gluteus profundus, 94-95, 95f, H626, H626f

gluteus superficialis, 93-94, 95f, H625, H626f

gracilis, 95, 95f, H627, H627f hamstring, H626-627, H626f, P781

hyoglossus, 104, 105f hypaxial, C417-418 iliacus, 40f, 55, C417-418 iliocostalis, C416 iliopsoas, C417-418 infraspinatus, 85-86, H590, H591f

intercostal, 48, 50f interosseus, 88, 98f, 99, H607- 609, R732

interspinales, C417 intertransversarii, C417 ischiocavernosus, 194, C470,

H580, H580f

ischiorectal fossa, 56 lacertus fibrosus, H592-593 lateral column (iliocostalis), 48 lateral digital extensor, 87f, 97, 98f

lateral flexor, H636 latissimus dorsi, 83f, 84, H587, H588f

levator ani, 54f, 55-56 levator labii superioris, 67, 68f, H504, H505f

levator nasolabialis, 67, 68f levator palpebrae superioris, 341f, 342

long digital extensor, 97, 98f longissimus, C416, P762 longus capitis, 48, 50f, C417 longus colli, 48, 50f, C417 masseter, 114, 114f, H516 medial column (transversospinalis system), 48, 49f medial digital extensor, 87, 87f mesovarium, 203 middle column (longissimus), 48, 49f

Muscle(s) (Continued)

multifidus, C417 mylohyoideus, 105, 105f oblique, 341, 341f, R678, R678f obliquus capitis, C418, C418f obturator externus, 96 obturator internus, 95f occipitomandibularis, H517, H518f

omnotransversarius, 83, 83f, H587, H588f

omohyoideus, 70, H529, H529f orbicular, C398

orbicularis oculi, 67, 68f orbicularis oris, 67, 68f parotidoauricularis, 68 pectineus, 95, 95f, H627, H627f pectoralis, 83f, 84, H587-588, H588f, H589, H589f, H590f peroneus longus, 97, 98f peroneus tertius, H632-633, H635f

popliteus, H634, H635f, R747 pronator quadratus, 86, 87f pronator teres, 86, 87f psoas, 40f, 55, C417-418, P762 pterygoid, 114, 114f, H516-517, H518f

quadratus femoris, 96 quadratus lumborum, 40f, 55, C418

quadriceps femoris, H627-628 rectus, 341, 341f rectus abdominus, 49f, 53-54, H549

rectus capitis, 48, 50f, C418, C418f

rectus sheath, 53f, 54, C436 rectus thoracis, 48-51, 49f retractor, C470 retractor bulbi, 341, 341f retractor penis, 194-195, H580, H580f, H581-582 rhomboideus, 83f, 84, H588, H588f, H590f, R664, R728 rotator, C417 sartorius, 96 scalenus, 48, 50f, 51 semimembranosus, H626-627, H626f

semispinalis capitis, C417 semitendinosus, H626, H626f serratus dorsalis, 49f, 51 serratus ventralis, 83f, 84, H588-589, H588f, H590f, R728

short digital, 99

spinalis capitis, C417 spinalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis, C416-417

splenius, 48, 49f, C415-416 sternocephalicus, 69, 70f, C401 sternocephalis, H529, H529f sternohyoideus, 70, H529,

H529f

Muscle(s) (Continued) sternoocipitalis, C403 sternothyroideus, 70, H529,

H529f

subclavius, H588f, H589, H590f, R728

subscapularis, 85, 85f, H590-591, H591f

superficial division, 67-68, 68f superficial pectoral, 83f, 84 supinator, 86 supracoracoideus, A792 supraspinatus, 85-86, 85f, H590,

H591f

syringeal, A801 temporalis, 114, 114f, H516-517,

H518f

tensor, 85f, C478-479, H625 tensor fasciae antebrachii, 86,

H594

tensor fasciae latae, 95, 95f teres, 85, 85f, C478, H590-591,

H591f

thyroarytenoideus, 154, 154f tibialis caudalis, H636, H636f tibialis cranialis, 97, 98f, H632,

H635f

trabecula septomarginalis, 228 transversospinalis system, 47f, C416-417

transversus abdominus, 50f, 53, H549

transversus thoracis, 48 trapezius, 83, 83f, H623-624 triceps, 85f, 86, H594 trigeminal, 66 ulnaris lateralis, 86, 87f, H598-

599, H599f

ventricular, 230 tendons and, 24-25, 24f variations in architecture of, 23-24, 23f

white, A794

Musculofibrous layer, 342

Muzzle, 148, 149f. See also Nose Myelin, 269

Myelinization, 277

Myelography, C412f, C414-415 Myoblast, 73

Myocardium, 230

Myoglobin, 24

Myology, defined, 32

Myometrium, 200, 206, 213f, R709

Myotactic reflex, 301f

Myotomes, 32, 34f

Nails, 362-364, 367f

Nasal bone, 64, 64f, A790

Nasal cartilage, H501, H502f

Nasal cavity

avian, A799-800 canine/feline, C379-380, C380f equine, H501, H507-508 overview of, 148-149

Nasal cavity (Continued)

porcine, P754 ruminant, R650-652

Nasal gland, A801

Nasal mucosa, 150

Nasal plate, 148, 149f, C379, R646

Nasal recesses, C381-382

Nasal septum, 148, C392f

Nasoincisive notch, H501, H504f

Nasolabial plate, 148, R644 Nasolacrimal duct, 148, 343f, 344,

C379, C381f, H503, H527, H527f

Nasopharyngeal polyp, C391 Nasopharynx, 116f, 118f, C392f,

H518, H521f, R650, R657, R657f

NAV. See Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria

Navicular bone, H603, H604, H605f, H606f, H607f, H612, H614f, H616f, R732. See also Sesamoid bones

Neck

avian, A795f canine/feline, C374, C402-405,

C407

conformation and surface features of, C374-376, C407, H532, R644-650, R664, P752-753, P754f, P755f

lymph nodes of, 258-259 muscles associated with, 65-70, 69f, 70f, C415-418

ventral, 56-70, 69f, 70f, H528-530, R659-661, R660f, R661f, P757-759, P760f

Needle teeth, P755

Neonates, 214-215, 214f, 215f

Neopallium, 292-293

Neospinothalamic tract, 297

Nephrogenic cord, 168f

Nephrons, 177-180, 180f, A804

Nerve(s)

bones and, 15

brachial plexus, 30, 31f, 321-323, H620-623, R739, R739f, A812

muscles and, 25 myotomes and, 32, 34f regional

of abdomen, 329, 330f, H550, H562, R679f, R680f, R691-692

adrenal glands and, 222 artery, vein walls and, 241, 241f

bladder and, 184, C458 cerebellum and, 285-287 diaphragm and, 52 ears and, C401 esophagus and, 121 eye and, 345-346 forebrain and, 288-295 of forefoot, H623

Nerve(s) (Continued)

of forelimb, 321-322, 321f, C486-491, C488f, C489f, H587f, H620-623, H620f, H621f, H622f, R739-741, R739f, R740f

gastrointestinal tract and, H559, H562f

guttural pouch and, H522 heart and, 230-233, 233f, 234f, 235f, 314-320

of hindlimb, 323-325, 324f, C498-500, C500f, H639-643, H640f, H641f, R749-751, R750f

horns and, R645, R648f hypothalamus and, 303-304 intestines and, 134-135, A812 kidney and, A804f larynx and, 320, C395, H544 lumbosacral plexus and, 323-324, H563, R749, R750f

lungs and, 165

midbrain and, 287-288 of pelvis, H563-564, H564f,

R699-700, R701f

skin and, 353-354, 354f, 357, H623, H624f, R649f

soft palate and, 119 spinal column and, 30, 30f, 320-325

stomach and, 127-128 teeth and, 110

of thorax, 322, 323, 329, R673-674

thyroid and, 220 tongue and, 105

udder and, H584-585, H585f, R723 specific

abducent, 317, 345

accessory, 320 alveolar, 316f, 317

auricular, 318, 320 auriculopalpebral, 318-319,

H506, R647-648 auriculotemporal, 316f, 317 axillary, 321f, 322, C487, C488f, H620-621, H621f

buccal, 316f, 317, 318 cardiac, 231f, 232-233, 235f, 320 carotid, 319, 329

cauda equina, C414, C414f chorda tympani, 316f, 317, 318, 327

cornual, R645-646, R648f cranial, 281-284, 286t, 287f, 288, 288f, 314-320

cutaneous, R646f

depressor, 320

dorsal rami, 320-321, R679 ethmoidal, 316, 316f

facial, 100, 283, 316f, 317-319, 318f, 345, 351, C377-379, C378f, H506, H506f, H507f, R647, P753

Nerve(s) (Continued)

femoral, 324, 324f, 325, C498, C500f, H640, H640f, R749, R750f

frontal, 316, 316f geniculate ganglion, 317 genitofemoral, 323, H585 glossopharyngeal, 319, 327 gluteal, 324, 324f, H640, H640f

hypoglossal, 320 iliohypogastric, 323 ilioinguinal, 323 infraorbital, 316, 316f, H506, P753

infratrochlear, 316, 316f lacrimal, 316, 316f lingual, 316f, 317, 319 long ciliary, 316, 316f lumbar, 329

lumbosacral, 324, 324f mandibular, 316-317, 316f masseteric, 316f, 317 maxillary, 316, 316f, 345 medial, 321f, 323 median, C487-488, C488f, H622, R739, R739f

mental, 316f, 317, H506 musculocutaneous, 321f, 322, C486-487, C488f, H620, H621f, R740

mylohyoid, 316f, 317 nasal, 316, 316f nasociliary, 316, 316f obturator, 324, 324f, H640f, H641, R699, R749, R750f, R751f

oculomotor, 315, 345 olfactory, 315

ophthalmic, 316, 316f, 345 optic, 315, 333, 345 palatine, 316, 316f palmar, H623 pectoral, 321f, 322 pelvic, 324f, 325, C456 perineal, 324f, 325, C499, C500f, H640f, H641-642, H643, R750f, R751, R751f peripheral, 29-31, 30f, 31f,

A812

petrosal, 316f, 327 pharyngeal, 319, 320 phrenic, 321

plantar, 324f, 325, H641f,

H642

pterygoid, 316f, 317 pterygopalatine, 316, 316f, 327 pudendal, 324f, 325, H563-564, R699, R701f

radial, 321f, 322-323, C488, C488f, H621, H621f, H623f, R739f, R740

rectal, 324f, 325, H564, R699-700

salivatory, 327

Nerve(s) (Continued) saphenous, 324, 324f, C498-499,

C500f, H640-641, H640f sciatic, 324f, 325, C499, C500f,

H640f, H641, R699, R749,

R750f, A812 splanchnic, 329, R695 stapedial, 317 sublingual, 316f, 317 subscapularis, 321f, 322 supraorbital, H506 suprascapular, 321f, 322, H620,

H621f, R739, R739f temporal, 316f, 317 thoracic, 321f thoracodorsal, 321f, 322 tibial, 324f, 325, C500, C500f,

H642, H643, R749-751,

R750f

trigeminal, 283, 284, 288, 288f, 315-317, 316f, 345, H506 trochlear, 315, 345 tympanic, 319 ulnar, 321f, 323, C488, C488f,

H621f, H622-623, R739-740, R739f

vagal, 127-128, R695 vagus, 319-320, 327, A812 ventral rami, 321-325, R679 vestibulocochlear, 319, 351 zygomatic, 316, 316f vagosympathetic trunk, R661 Nerve blocks

abdominal, R679 cattle and, R741 cutaneous nerve and, R648 dehorning and, R645 forefoot and, H623 hindlimb and, H642-643 penis and, R718

Nervous system. See also Central nervous system; Visceral nervous system

female reproductive tract and, 204-205

larynx and, 155 overview of, 268 salivary glands and, 107 stimulus-response apparatus and, 270-272

structural elements of, 268-270 subdivisions of, 272-273 Neuroglial cells, overview of, 269 Neurohypophysis, 217, 304 Neurolemmocytes, 269, 270f Neurons, overview of, 268, 269f Neuropeptides, 269 Neuropores, 274, 275f Neurotransmitters, 269 Neutering, C472

Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV), 2

Nondeciduate species, defined, 209, 210t

Norepinephrine, 221

Nose, 148-152, 149f, 150f, 151f, C379, P756f. See also Snout

Nose ring, P752, P754f

Nostril, 148, 149f, H501-503, H502f, A799

Notarium, A791

Nuchal surface, 60f, 61

Nuclei interpositi, 286, 287f

Nucleus ambiguus, 283

Nucleus pulposus, 40-41, 40f

Nulliparous, defined, 197

Oblique septum, A809

Obturator foramen, 44

Occipital lobes, 293, 293f

Occlusal surface, 109

Odontoblast, 109, 143

Oil gland. See Uropygial gland

Olecranon, 78, C479, C480, H545, H592

Olfactory bulb, 291, 292f, A812

Olfactory mucosa, 352

Olfactory placores, 140-141

Olfactory system, 351-352, 352f, 353f

Oligohydramnios, 213

Olivary nuclear complex, 284, 287f

Omasal canal, R688

Omasoabomasal opening, R688 Omasum, R680-681, R681f, R682f,

R687-688, R688f

Omenta, R683f, R685f, R690-691, P766f, P767. See also Greater omentum; Lesser omentum

Omental bursa, R691

Omental veil, C438

Omphaloplacentas, 208

Omphalovitelline. See Yolk sac

Oocytes, 200f, 205

Operculum, A799

Optic axis, 332, 333f

Optic lobes, A812

Optical canal, 60, 60f

Optical disc, 335f, 337, H528

Ora serrata, 334f, 337

Orbit, 59-60, 60f, 62-63, C396-399, R658

Orbital fasciae, 340-341, 340f

Orbital fissures, 60, 60f

Orbital septum, 341, 341f

Organogenesis, 207

Origin, defined, 26

Oropharynx

avian, A794, A794f canine/feline, C391-392, C393f equine, H521-522, H521f overview of, 116, 117, 117f,

118f

ruminant, R657, R657f

Os penis, 194, C469, C471

Ossa cordis, 230f

Ossa coxarum, 44

Osseous labyrinthes, 349-350, 350f

Ossicles. See Auditory ossicles

Ossification

of forelimb skeleton, C477t of hindlimb skeleton, C493t,

C496

of humerus, C477t, C482 long bones and, 12 overview of, 71 progression of, 215f, C410t,

C491-492

short bones and, 12

sutures and, 16

tendons and, 24

Osteofascial compartments, 10, 10f

Osteology, defined, 32

Osteone, 12-13, 13f, 15-16

Ostium, 236, 237f, A808-809

Otitis media, C402

Ovarian bursa, 203 Ovariohysterectomy, C459-460,

C462

Ovary

arteries and, 203, 204f

avian, A807-808, A807f, A808f canine/feline, C459-460, C460f, C461f

development of, 171, 173f, 205, H574f

equine, H568, H571f, H573f overview of, 197, 198f, 199f, 200f,

201f

porcine, P772, P773f, P774f ruminant, R701, R704f, R705f,

R706f

vascularization of, R706-707 Oviducts, A808-809, A808f Ovulation, 205-206, 206t, C463,

R712

Ovulation fossa, H568

Oxytocin, 211, 217, 219f, 305

Palate, 141f, C385-386, C391-392, A794. See also Soft palate

Palatine bone, A790-791, A790f

Palatine tonsil, 257, 257f, C392, C393f

Palatoglossal arch, 104, 104f Palatopharyngeal arch, 116 Palatopharyngeus, 118

Paleopallium, 291, 292f Paleopulmo, A803

Pallium (cortex), 291

Palmar, defined, 2, 3f

Palmate, A786

Palpation

abdominal, C451-453, C465, C474-475

rectal, C474-475, R720-721, P779 regional anatomy and, 4 of shoulder, C476

of stifle joint, C494

Palpebral conjunctiva, 342

Palpebral fissure, 342

Pampiniform plexus, 189, 190f, 192f,

R715

Pancreas

avian, A799

canine/feline, C448

development of, 145, 145f

equine, H560, H560f

overview of, 139-140, 139f, 140f porcine, P770

ruminant, R695-696

Pancreatic duct, 132, C448 Pancreatic islets, 139, 222 Panniculus adiposus, 10, 11f Papillae

dermal, 9, A788, A789f

of oropharyngeal wall, A794

renal, 177, 180f, P770, P770f ruminal, R685, R686, R686f,

R687f

of stomach, A796

tongue, R653, R653f, R654f, P754, P757f

Papillary duct, 180, 180f, 371, 372f, R726f, R727

Parabronchi, A803

Paracentesis, C436, P763

Paraconal groove, 227, 227f, C427f,

C428, H610, H611f

Paracondylar processes, 59, 60f, 64, 64f

Parafollicular cells, 220 Paramedian plane, defined, 2, 3f Paramesonephric duct, 171-172, 173f, 175f

Paranasal sinus

canine/feline, C380-382

equine, H508-510

overview of, 148-149, 151, 151f porcine, P754

ruminant, R651-652, R651f Parasympathetic nervous system, 273, 326f, 327-328, 328f

Parasympathetic nucleus of the vagus, 283

Parathyroid gland, 220-221, C405, R660, A810

Parathyroid hormone, 221 Parenchyma, 177, 186f Parenchymatous zone, 197 Parietal lobe, 293, 293f Parietal pleura, 158, 159f Parotid duct, R650 Parotid gland, C391f

canine/feline, C384f, C390, C391f equine, H517-518

overview of, 101, 105-106, 106f, 107f

porcine, P753, P755, P755f

ruminant, R656

Parous, defined, 197

Parovarian cysts, C460

Pars longa, C469

Parturition, 213-214, C465, R711-712, R712f, P775

Passive stay-apparatus, H614-617, H617f, H628, H636-638, H637f Pastern, H616f

Pastern joint, H601, H604, H608f, H615, R731

Patella

canine/feline, C494, C495-496, C495f

equine, H628-630, H629f

overview of, 88

passive-stay apparatus and, H637-638

porcine, P780

ruminant, R742-743

as sesamoid bone, 16 Patellar reflex, 271, 271f Pecten of the pubis, 44 Pectoral girdle, 74, 75f Pectus excavatum, C420 Pedicles, 35-36 Pelvic cavity, 32, 33f, C454, H563,

R698-700, R699f

Pelvic diaphragm, 54f, 55, 56, 203, C454, H566, H566f

Pelvic girdle, 43-46, 45f, C454, R742 Pelvic outlet, muscles of, 55-56 Pelvic symphysis, 46

Penis

canine/feline, C468-474, C469f, C470f, C471f, C472f, C473f

development of, 170-171, 172f equine, H580-582, H580f, H581f erection of, 195-196

overview of, 193-195, 194f, 195f porcine, P776f, P777, P778f ruminant, R715f, R717-718, R717f,

R718f, R719f, R720f Pepsin, 126 Peptides, 217f Percussion, 4, C425 Periaqueductal gray matter, 288 Pericardiocentesis, R673 Pericardium, overview of, 224-226, 226f

Perichondrium, 72 Perikarya, overview of, 268, 269f, 270

Perimetrium, 200 Perimysium, 23 Perineal body, defined, 55 Perineal region, defined, 55 Perineum, 55, C454, H563, R698 Periople, H609, H611, H612f, R734 Periorbita, 340f

Periosteum, 14, 72 Peripheral blood vessels, 26-28, 27f, 28f

Peripheral nervous system

anatomy of, 29-31, 30f, 31f overview of, 325-327, 331t parasympathetic, 326f, 327-328,

328f

sympathetic, 326f, 328-331, 328f Peristalsis, 128, 134-135 Peritoneal cavity, overview of,

121-124, 122f, 123f, 124f Peritoneal process. See Vaginal tunic Peritoneal sac, 121 Peritoneal sheath, H550

Peritoneum, 122, 122f, 125, 136, 185, 192, H550, H567f, H568f Periventricular grey, 298 Perosis, A793

Persistent ductus arteriosus, C429 Peyer’s patches, 131f Phagocytes, 28

Phallus, A806-807, A806f, A806f-807f

Pharyngeal arch, 56-57, 57t Pharyngeal pouch, 267 Pharyngeal tonsil, 116-117, 117f, 257 Pharyngotubal opening, H509f, H522, H525

Pharynx

canine/feline, C391-393 development of, 143, 143f equine, H512f, H518-522, H521f, H522f

overview of, 115-119, 116f, 117f, 118f porcine, P757, P759f

ruminant, R657, R657f Pheromones, 366 Phimosis, C470, H580 Phrenicoabdominal origin, 248 Pia mater, 308, 309f, C413 Pigment granules, 361 Pig’s ear, R691 Pineal gland, 218, 288-289 Pinfeathers, A789 Pinna. See Auricles Piriform lobe, 291f, 292f Piriform recesses, 118, 118f Pituitary gland (hypophysis), 216-218, 218f, 219f, 304, 304f, A810, A811f

Pivot joint, 21, 22f Placenta. See also Fetus chorioallantoic, 208-209, C464, C464f, H577

choriovitelline, H577 cotyledonary, 209, 210f, 210t, 212f, R712

development of, H577-578, R709-711

discoidal, 209, 210t, 211f equine, H577 omphalo-, 208 overview of, 208-213, 210f, 210t, 211f, 212f

zonary, 209, 210t Plane joint, 21, 22f Plantar, defined, 2, 3f Plantigrade posture, 79, 79f Pleura, 158-160, 159f, 161f, C424, H539, R670

Pleural effusions, 161f Pleural fluid, H540 Pleural reflection, line of, C422f, C424 Pleural sac, 159, 160

Plica venae cavae, 159, 161f PMSG. See Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin

Pneumatic bones, 16 Pneumatization, A789

Pneumothorax, 159, C424

Poll evil, H534

Polycerate, R647

Polyestrus, P774 Polyhydramnios, 213

Polyphyodonty, 108

Polytocous, defined, 197

Pons, 280-281

Porphyrins, A789

Preen gland. See Uropygial gland Pregnancy

canine/feline, C463-466, C464f, C465f

duration of, 206t

overview of, 206-213

porcine, P774-775

radiography and, C465, C465f reproductive organs and, H574-577, R709-713

ruminant, R709-713, R711f twinning and, 174, H574-575,

H575f, R705, R709f, R712-713

ultrasonography and, C465, H575, H575f, R710f, P774, P774f

uterus and, 206-207, C464-465, C465f, H575-576, H575f, R710, R721f

Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG), 211, 213f

Premolar teeth, 111, 111f, C387, H513-514, H514f

Prepuce, 194, C470, R717-718,

P777-778, P778f

Preputial glands, 370

Primary bronchus, A802, A802f Prime mover muscles. See Agonist muscles

Primitive choanae, 141, 141f Proctodeum, 140, A798, A806, A806f Proestrus, 197, C463, C466

Progesterone, 206, R725

Prolactin, 217, R725

Prolapse, rectal, P772

Pronephros, 167, 168f

Propatagium, A793

Proper gastric gland, 126

Proprioceptic sensation, 272 Proprioception, 354

Prosencephalon. See Forebrain Prostaglandins, 211

Prostate

canine/feline, C467-468, C468f development of, 170

equine, H579, H579f

overview of, 193

palpation of, C475

ruminant, R715-716, R716f Proventriculus. See Forestomach Proximal, defined, 2, 3f Pseudopregnancy, C464 Pterygopalatine region, 65 Pterygopharyngeus, 118

Pterylae, A788

PTH. See Parathyroid hormone

Pubis, 44, 45f

Pudendoepigastric trunk, 249-250, 250f

Puerperal period, 213-214 Pulmonary circulation. See Lesser circulation

Pulmonary pleura. See Visceral pleura Pulmonary valve, 229, 230f, 233,

H543

Pulp, 108, 109, R658

Puncta lacrimalia, 343f, 344, C398 Puncta maxima, H543

Pupil, 336f, C398-399, C399f, H527f, H528, A813

Pupillary reflex pathway, 300f Purring, C396

Pyloric antrum, 125, 125f

Pyloric canal, 125, P767

Pyloric gland, 126

Pyloric sphincter, H553

Pylorus, 128, C440

Pyometra, C460

Pyramidal system, 301-302, 302f Pyramids, 280, 284, 287f

Quadrate bone, A790f, A791

Quill, A788

Radiography, 4-5, C465, C465f Radius, 77-78, 77f, C479-481, H592, R728-729

Ramp retina, 337-338

Ramus, 62, 62f

RDA. See Right displacement of the abomasum

Rectum

avian, A798

canine/feline, C456

digital examination of, C474-475 equine, H565-566, H567f exploration of, H582-583, P779 overview of, 133

palpation of, R720-721

porcine, P772, P774f

ruminant, R700, R702f

Red pulp, 264

Referred pain, 354

Reflexes, 271, 271f

Regional anatomy, 1, 3-8

Remiges. See Wing feathers

Renal corpuscle, 177-178

Renal lobes, 177, A804

Renal pelvis, 177, 179f, 181, 181f

Renal sinus, 177, 179f Reproductive organs age and changes in female, 205-213

development of, 169-173 growth and changes of, 169-170, 170f, C463-466, H572-574, R707-709, R718-719

pregnancy and, H574-577, R709-713

Respiration, 52, 151, C422-423, A803-804

Respiratory apparatus, 148, 165-166, A799-804

Respiratory distress syndrome, 166 Retia, 243, 243f

Reticular formation, 284, 287f, 298-299

Reticular groove, R684 Reticulo-omasal orifice, R688 Reticulospinal system, 303 Reticulum, R680-681, R681f, R682,

R682f, R686, R686f, R692-693. See also Ruminoreticulum Retina, 334f, 337-338, 338f, H528- 529, R658, A813

Retrices. See Tail feathers

Retroarticular process, 59, 60f Retroperitoneal space, R691 Reverberations, ultrasonography and,

Rhampotheca, A786

Rhesus factors, 211

Rhinencephalon, 291

Rhinotheca, A786 Rhombencephalon. See Hindbrain Ribs

avian, A791

canine/feline, C420-421, C423f equine, H537

overview of, 41-43, 42f

porcine, P762

respiration and, 52

thoracic vertebrae and, 37

Right atrioventricular valves, 228 Right atrium, overview of, 227, 228f

Right displacement of the abomasum (RDA), R690

Right ventricle, overview of, 227-229, 229f

Rima glottidis. See Glottic cleft Roaring, H524, H526

Rostral alar foramen, 60, 60f

Rostral colliculi, 288

Rostral fossa, 306, 306f

Rostral plate, 148

Rostrum. See Snout

Rugae, 102, 103f, 126, C441, C443 Rumen, R680-681, R681f, R682,

R682f, R692-693

Ruminal pillar, R683 Ruminoreticular contractions, R686 Ruminoreticular fold, R683 Ruminoreticular mucosa, R684-685 Ruminoreticulum, R681-687, R687f

Sacculus, 349, 350f

Saccus cecus, H552 Sacral tuber, H624, H625f, R742,

R743f

Sacrocaudal space, C415 Sacroiliac joint, 45, 46, 46f, R698 Sacrum, 37-38, 39f, C412

Saddle joint, 21, 22f

Saddle thrombus, C450

Saggital plane, defined, 2, 3f Saliva, 107, A794

Salivary gland

canine/feline, C376-377, C382-383, C383f, C390-391, C391f

equine, H517-518

overview of, 101, 105-107, 106f, 107f, 142

ruminant, R656-657

Salivary mucocele, C391

Salivary nuclei, 283

Salt gland. See Nasal gland

Scales, A786-787

Scapha, C400 Scapula, 74, 75f, C476-479, C478f,

H589, R728, A792

Scapular spine, C476, C479f Schwann cells, 269, 270f Sciatic notch, 44, 45f

Sclera, 333, H527, H527f, R658, A813 Sclerotome, 32, 34f

SCN. See Suprachiasmatic nucleus Scrotum

canine/feline, C466, C467f equine, H578, H578f, H579 overview of, 184, 189-191, 190f,

191f

porcine, P775, P776f

ruminant, R713-715, R714f, R716f Sebaceous gland, 9f, 359f, 366-370, C385, C456, A787

Semen, 196

Semicircular duct, 349 Seminal vesicles. See Vesicular gland Seminiferous tubule, 186, 187f Semiplume feathers, A788

Sensory fibers. See Afferent fibers Septa, avian body cavity and, A809 Septum, nasal, 149, 149f Septum primum, 236, 237f Septum telencephali, 294-295 Serous membrane, 119, 122, 200, 203.

See also Pleura

Sertoli cells, 170, 187, 195 Sesamoid bones, 16, 24, 80-81, 88,

C485, H601, H604, R730, R744.

See also Navicular bone Shedding, 359-360 Shell gland, A809 Short bones, overview of, 12 Shoulder

canine/feline, C476-479

equine, H589-592, H590f, H591f, H592f

joints of, 81, 81f, H589-590

muscles of, 84-86, 85f overview of, 81, 81f, 84-86, 85f passive-stay apparatus and, H614,

H615-617

porcine, P780

ruminant, R728, R729f Sialography, C383, C383f Sigmoid flexure, R717, R717f

Sinuatrial node, 230, 231f, 233 Sinus paranasales. See Anal sac Sinusoid, overview of, 239

Skeleton. See also Ossification

avian, A790f, A792f canine/feline, C408f, C409f development of, C477t equine, H533f, H591f, H602f,

H625f

overview of, 33f, 35-48

ruminant, R665f, R666f

Skin

avian, A785-788, A793 canine/feline, C375-376, C376f development of, 357, 358f innervation of, H623, H624f overview of, 8-9, 9f, 355-357, 356f, 357f, 358f

redundant, C375, C375f segmental innervation of, 32-34, 34f

sensation and, 353-354, 354f

Skin gland, 366. See also Sebaceous gland; Sweat gland

Skull

avian, A789-791, A790f

bovine, 65, 66f, R645f

breed differences and, C374-375, C375f, C377f, C381f

canine, 59-62, 59f, 60f, 61f, 63f, 65f

canine/feline, C374-375, C375f, C376, C389f

comparative features of, 62-65 equine, 64f, 65f, H503f

feline, 63f

overview of, 57-59, 58f

porcine, P752, P758f

of sheep and goats, R646, R649f

sutures and, 16, 17f

Slow twitch (type I) fibers, 24

Small colon. See Descending colon Small intestine, 129-132, 130f, 131f,

C444, H554-555, P767-768 Smegma, 370, H580

Smell. See Olfactory system

Smooth muscle, defined, 23 Snap joint, H592

Sneezing, C393

Snood, A785, A785f

Snout, P752, P753, P754f, P755f Sockets, 108-110

Soft palate, 61, 103f, 116, 119, C393, H511, H522f, P759f

Sole, H609, H611, H611f, H612f, R735, R736f

Solitary tracts, 283-284

Somatic afferent pathways, 272, 284, 295-301

Somatic efferent pathways, 273, 282-283, 301-303

Somatic system, defined, 272 Somatostatin (SS), 217, 219f Somatotopy, 273

Somatotrophic hormone. See Growth

hormone

Somatotropin, R725

Somites, 32, 34f, 56, 56f Spastic paresis, R746, R747f,

R749-751

Spavin, H632, H639

Special somatic afferent pathways,

272, 284

Special visceral afferent pathways, 273 Spermatic cord, C466-467, C475,

H550, H578, H578f, R715 Spermatic fascia, 190-191 Spermatogenesis, 170, 174, 185, 187f,

191, 195-196, C472 Spermatogonia, 170 Sphenopalatine foramen, 59f, 60 Spheroidal joint, 21, 22f Sphincters, 120, 133, 133f, H552-553,

A798

Spina bifida, 275

Spinal cord

arterial blood supply to, 311-313 avian, A812

canine/feline, 320-325, C413-414,

C414f

equine, H534-536, H535f, H536f fibers of, 272f

meninges and fluid environment of, 307-311

overview of, 29-30, 30f, 35, 276f, 277-280, 277f, 279f, 280f

ruminant, R667, R667f topography of, 306-307 venous drainage of, 313-314

Spine. See Vertebral column Spinocerebellar tract, 280f Spinocervicothalamic system, 297 Spinoreticulothalamic tract, 298-299 Spinothalamic tract, 297

Spinous processes. See Dorsal process Spiral ganglion, 350, 351f

Spiraling, R719, R720f Splanchnic bone, 16

Splanchnology, 100

Spleen

avian, A796f

canine/feline, C437f, C438f, C439, C439f, C440f

equine, H550-552, H552f, H560f overview of, 264-265, 266f palpation of, C452

porcine, P765-767, P766f ruminant, R680, R682f Splenectomy, C439 Splenial sulcus, 284f, 292 Splenomegaly, C453

Splints, H596 Spongy bone, 13, 15-16, 15f Spraying, C472, C473f

Spur, A787, A787f

SS. See Somatostatin

Stapes, 348

Sternebrae, 42f

Sternum, 42f, 43, A791

STH. See Growth hormone

Stifle joint canine/feline, C492-497, C495f equine, H628-630, H629f overview of, 91, 93, 94f, 96-97 passive-stay apparatus and, H637-638

porcine, P781-782 ruminant, R742-743, R745f

Stigma, A807-808 Stimulus-response apparatus, 270-272 Stomach

avian, A796-797, A796f, A797f canine/feline, C440-443, C442f, C443f

development of, 143-144, 144f, R692-693

equine, H552-553, H553f, H560f overview of, 124-129, 125f, 126f, 127f, 128f

palpation of, C452 porcine, P766f, P767 ruminant, R680-693

Stomodeum, 140

Streptococcus equi, H524 Stroma, 200f

Styloid process, 77f, 78 Subarachnoid space, C414 Subcapsular sinus, 28 Subcommissural organ, 218 Subcutis, 8, 9-11, 9f, 11f, 356-357,

H611, H612f

Subfornical organ, 218

Sublingual gland, 106-107, 106f, 107f, C391, H518, R656-657

Sublumbar fascia, 177

Submucosa, 126

Subsinuosal groove, 227, 227f, C428 Substantia nigra, 288, 290f Subthalamus, 289-290

Suburethral diverticula, 202 Sudden death syndrome, P763 Superficial fascia. See Subcutis Supernumerary teats, 371 Supracallosal gyri, 284f, 293 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 218 Surfactant, pulmonary, 163, 166 Sustentacular cells. See Sertoli cells Suture, overview of, 16, 17f Swallowing. See Deglutition Sweat gland, 8-9, 9f, 359f, 370-371,

C456, C485, A787

Sweetbread, R695-696 Swings, 20, 20f

Sylvian sulcus, 292f Sympathetic nervous system, 326f,

328-331, 328f

Symphysis, 17, 17f, 113 Synapses, 268-269

Synarthroses, 16 Synchondroses, 17. See also

Cartilaginous joint

Syndesmology, defined, 32 Syndesmoses, 17

Synergists, 26

Synovia, overview of, 18-19

Synovial fossae, 18

Synovial joint

nose and, 153

overview of, 17-21, 18f, 19f, 20f, 22f

sesamoid bones and, 16

vertebral column and, 41

Synovial membrane, 17-19, 19f, 93

Synovial pads, 19-20

Synsacrum, A791

Synsarcosis, 74, 82

Syrinx, A800-802, A801f

Systemic anatomy, defined, 1

Systemic circulation. See Greater circulation

Tactile hairs, 354, 359f, 363f

Tail, C415, R667f, R668-669, R669f, P762

Tail feathers, A788

Tail gland, 370, 370f

Talus, 90, 92f, C498, C498f, H630-

631, H631f, H634f, R744

Tapetum, R658

Tapetum lucidum, 335, A813

Tarsal bones

avian, A793

canine/feline, C498, C498f equine, H630-631, H631f, H634f overview of, 90-91, 92f

porcine, P782f

ruminant, R744

Tarsal glands, 342, 343f, H503, H503f

Tarsocrural joint, C497, H643 Tarsometatarsus, A793

Tarsus, 342

Tartar, 107

Taste buds, 352-353, 353f

Teat sinuses, 371, 372f

Teats

porcine, P765, P766f

ruminant, R721, R722f, R723, R723f, R724f, R726f, R727, R727f

Tectrices. See Contour feathers

Tectum, 287-288, 288f

Teeth. See Dentition

Tegmentum, 288

Telencephalon (cerebrum), 277, 289f, 290-291

Temporal lobes, 293f

Temporomandibular joint, 112, 115, C388-389, C390f, C392f, H504

Tendons

abdominal, H546-547, H546f, H547f

deep flexor, H606, H607f, H609f diaphragm and, 51-52 digital flexor, H605-606, H607f,

H609f

extensor, H605f, H607f, R732-733,

R734f

flexor, R733, R734f

Tendons (Continued)

of forelimb, H604-609, H607f, R728, R732-734, R734f healing of, 25

of hindlimb, R744-745 infraspinatus, R728 muscles and, 24-25, 24f ossification, 24

prepubic, H546-547, H546f, H547f scapula and, C476

sesamoid bones and, 16 shoulder joint and, 81, 81f

Tensile stress, bones and, 15, 15f Terminal crest, 227, 228f

Terminal line, H565f Terminology, overview of, 2-3

Testes

avian, A805-806, A805f canine/feline, C466, C467f development of, 169-171, C472 equine, H578-579, H578f function of, 191-192 overview of, 184-187, 187f porcine, P775-776, P776f process of descent of, 173-174, 176f, 177f

ruminant, R713-715, R715f, R716f Testicond, 185

Testosterone, 170, 171 Thalamus, 289-290, 289f

Theca cells, 200f Thecodonty, 108

Third eyelids, 343, 343f Thoracic sac, A802f, A803

Thoracic wall

canine/feline, C420-424 equine, H537-539, H538f joints of, 43, 43f muscles of, 48-52, 49f ruminant, R670

Thorax

canine/feline, C420-433, C421f, C432f

equine, H537, H541f, H588f-589f lymph nodes of, 259-260 nerves of, 323, 329 overview of, 32, 33f porcine, P762-764, P763f ruminant, R670, R672f

Thymus

avian, A812

canine/feline, C427f, C431, C432f equine, H530-531, H543 overview of, 265-267, 266f porcine, P759

ruminant, R660, R661f, R673 Thyroid cartilage, 152-153, 153f Thyroid gland

avian, A809-810 canine/feline, C404-405 development of, 142 equine, H530 overview of, 218-220, 220f porcine, P759 ruminant, R660

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 217, 219f

Thyroid-stimulating hormone, R725 Thyropharyngeus, 119

Tibia, 88-89, 90f, C496, H630, H631f, H634f, H642, R743, A793

Tibial tuberosity, 90f

Tibiotarsus, A793

Tomography, 5, 7f. See also

Computed tomography

Tongue

avian, A794

canine/feline, C385-386, C385f equine, H511, H512f

overview of, 102-105, 104f, 105f, 142

porcine, P754, P759f

ruminant, R653

Tonsils, 116-117, 117f, 257, 257f, C392-393, C393f, P757, A798, A812

Topographical anatomy. See Regional anatomy

Tori. See Footpad

Torus, R689, P767

Trabeculae, 106

Trachea

avian, A795f, A800-801 canine/feline, C403-404, C428f,

C430-431

development of, 165, 165f equine, H529, H529f, H543 overview of, 157-158, 157f, 158f porcine, P757, P759 ruminant, R659-660, R673

Tracheal duct, 259

Tracheal trunk, C406, C406f Tracheobronchial tree, defined, 157 Tragus, C400, C400f

Transducers, 7-8

Translation, synovial joints and, 20 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), R695

Transverse colon, H557-558, H557f Transverse plane, defined, 2-3, 3f Transverse processes, 36 Transversospinalis system, C416-417 Trapezoid body, 280

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis, R687 Triadan classification, C386 Tricuspid valves. See Right atrioventricular valves

Trigone, 184f

Trocar, R695

Trochanter, H624, R742, P781 Trochanteric fossa, 88, 89f

Trochlea, 341, 341f, H628

Trunk

muscles of, 47-56, 49f, 50f, 82-84, 83f

overview of, 32-35

plan and development of, 32-35 skeleton and joints of, 35-48

TSEs. See Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Tubercle, 42, 76, C476

Tubular gland, A796-797

Tubuloacinar gland, 120

Tunica adventitia, 238-239, 239f

Tunica albuginea, 169, 185, 187f, 197, P777, A805, A806f

Tunica dartos, 190, 191

Tunica fibrosa, 136

Tunica interna, 238, 239f, 240

Tunica media, 238, 239f, 240

Tunica muscularis, 127f

Tusks, P755

Twins, 174, H574-575, H575f, R705, R709f, R712-713

Tylotrich hairs, 364f

Tympanic bullae, 59, 60f, 61, 61f, 347, 347f, C401f, C402

Tympanic cavity, 346-347, 347f, A790, A790f

Tympanic membrane, 347, 348f, 350-351, C400, C401f, A813

Tyndall effect, A789

Udder, H584-585, H584f, R721-727, R722f, R724f, R725f, R727f

Ulna, 77-78, 77f, C480, C482, H592, R728-729

Ultimobranchial gland, A810

Ultrasonography, 6-8, 8f, C465, H575, H575f, R710f, P774,

P774f

Umbilical cord, 34-35, R712, P765

Umbilical hernia, 34-35, P765

Unguligrade posture, 79, 79f

Uniparous, defined, 197

Upper motor neuron pathways, 301

Urachus. See Allantoic duct

Ureter, 169, 181, 184f, R715f, A804 Urethra

canine/feline, C458, C467-468, C474f

development of, 169 equine, H567, H583 overview of, 183, 184, 192 porcine, P772, P774f, P777f ruminant, R700-701, R715,

R716f

Urethral crest, 183, 184f

Urethral process, R718, R719f

Urinary bladder. See Bladder

Urinary incontinence, C458-459

Urinary organs, development of, 167-169

Urodeum, A798, A805, A806,

A806f

Urogenital fold, 170, 172f, 173, 174f

Uropygial gland, A787, A787f

Uterine horn, C461, C465, H568-569, H571f, P773, P774f

Uterine milk, 206

Uterine tube, 198-199, H568, R701- 702, R706f, P772, P773f

Uterus

arteries and, 203-204, 204f avian, A807f, A808f, A809 canine/feline, C461-463 development of, 172 equine, H568-569 overview of, 199-201 palpation of, C475 porcine, P773 pregnancy and, 206-207, C464-465, C465f, H575-576, H575f, R710, R721f

ruminant, R702-703, R706f, R708f, R711f, R713f

Uvea. See Vascular tunic

Vagina

arteries and, 204f avian, A809 canine/feline, C462f, C463 development of, 172-173, 175f equine, H570, H570f estrus cycle and, C464 overview of, 201

porcine, P773f, P774 ruminant, R703-705, R706f

Vagina synovialis, 24, 24f Vaginal process, C436

Vaginal ring, H550, H555, H578f, H583f, R715

Vaginal tunic, 188-189 Vanes, A788, A788f Vasa vasorum, 240, 241f

Vascular tunic (ocular), 334-336, 334f, 335f, 336f

Vasoconstriction, 135 Vasopressin, 217, 219f, 305

Vein(s)

avian, A810-811 basilar system, 313 overview of, 25, 27-28, 28f, 225f, 240, 252-253

regional

abdomen and, C450, H550 brain and, 313-314 ears and, C401, C401f eyes and, 344-345, 344f, 345f of forelimb, H619, R738, R738f of head and neck, C405, H530 heart and, 230-232, 233f, 234f of hindlimb, H639, R748-749, R748f

intestines and, 134, 135f, 136f, C447, C448f

kidneys and, 180f, 181, R696 liver and, 136f, 137-138, R695 lungs and, C425 mammary glands and, C434, C436f, R722f, R723, R724f, R725f

of neck region, C403 pelvic wall and, H564 penis and, 196, C469-470,

C470f

Vein(s) (Continued) reproductive organs and, 204,

204f, R709f

spleen and, C439, C440f stomach and, 126-127, C442,

R692

tail and, R668, R668f testes and, 185, 189 of thorax, C422f, C432-433,

C433f, H544

thyroid and, 220 udder and, R724f, R725f urethra and, 184 uterus and, C462-463, C463f vertebral canal and, C415 specific

azygous, 227, 228f, 252, 253f,

C432

buccal, H506, H507f cardiac, 227, 228f, 232, 234f cephalic, C480, C480f, R738,

R738f

coronary sinus, 252 ductus arteriosus, 255, 256 ductus venosus, 254, 254f, 256 facial, C377, C378f, H505-506,

H507f, R648 frontal, R648 hepatic, 253, 253f, R695 iliac, 252, 253f intraabdominal, 254, 254f jugular, 252, 253f, C403, C405,

H528f, H529, H530, R659,

A811

lingual, C377 mesenteric, A811 milk, R680, R723, R724f ovarian, R707 portal, 253, 253f, 254, 254f, 264,

C450, A811 pulmonary, 225f, 243-244,

H541

renal, 252, 253f, A805 sagittal sinus, 313 saphenous, C496, R748-749,

R748f

sinus, 313 spinal, H536, H536f splenic, 264 straight sinus, 313 subclavian, 252, 253f vena cava, 252-255, 253f, 254f,

255f, P759, A811 venous plexus, 314 vorticose, 344-345, 344f vascularization, innervation of, 241, 241f

Velvet, 366

Venous sinuses, 27

Vent, A798, A806 Vent gland, A787, A788

Ventilation, equine, H541 Ventral, defined, 2, 3f

Ventral horn cells, 25

Ventral root, 30, 30f

Ventricles canine/feline, C427f, C428, C428f,

C429f, C433f development of, 237-238, 237f,

238f

fourth, 280-283 function of, 233-234 general anatomy of, 226-230, 227f,

228f, 229f overview of, 308-309, 310f right, 227-229, 229f

Ventriculus. See Gizzard;

Stomach

Venules, 240

Vermis, 285 Vertebral canal, 307, C413-415,

C413f, H534-536, R667-668 Vertebral column

avian, A791 canine/feline, C407-415, C408f,

C409f, C410f, C410t, C411f,

C412f, C413f, C414f caudal, 38, C412 cervical, 36-37, 36f, C410-411,

C418, C419f, H533, A791 equine, H532-534, H533f herniation of, C418, C419f joints of, 39-41, 40f, 41f lumbar, 37-38, 38f, C411-412,

C411f, C412f, H533 muscles of, 47-48, 47f overview of, 35-38, 35f, 36f, 37f,

38f, 39f, 43f porcine, P762 ruminant, R664-667 sacral, C412 thoracic, 37, 37f, C411, C411f,

H533, A791

Vertebral foramina, 35 Vesicular glands, 193, 193f, H579,

R715-716, R716f

Vestibular glands, 202 Vestibular nuclei, 284 Vestibular pathway, 299-300, 300f Vestibular windows, 346 Vestibule

canine/feline, C462f, C463 development of, 173, 175f equine, H510, H570, H573f laryngeal, 154, 155, 155f, R657 overview of, 201-202, 202f porcine, P773f, P774 ruminant, R705-706, R706f Vestibulocochlear organ. See Ear Viborg’s triangle, H525 Villi, 130-131, 131f, 132 Viruses, 207-208 Viscera, 100, 121-124, 124f, 125f Visceral afferent pathways, 272-273, 283-284, 304-305

Visceral efferent pathways, 273, 283, 305-306, 305f

Visceral muscle. See Smooth muscle Visceral nervous system, 303-306 Visceral pleura, 158, 159f, 161f Visceral space, C402-405, C403f Visceral system, defined, 272 Visual axis, 334f

Visual somatic pathways, 299, 300f Vitelline diverticulum, A797 Vitreous body, 339-340 Vocabulary. See Terminology Vocal cords, C394-395

Voice, 155, 156, A801-802 Volvulus, C442-443, H558 Vomeronasal organ, 102, 103f, 352, 352f, 353f, H508, H509f, R651 Vomiting, H553

Vulva

canine/feline, C462f, C463

development of, 173

equine, H563, H570, H574f

Vulva (Continued)

overview of, 202

porcine, P773f, P774, P774f ruminant, R705-706

Wall (hoof), H609, H611f, R734-735 Wattle, A785, A785f, A795f

Wavelength, 6-7

Whiskers, 360

White line, 364-365, H610, H611f, H613f, R735, R736f

White pulp, 264

Wind puffs, H604

Wind-sucking, H570

Wing feathers, A788, A788f

Wing shoulder, R728, R729f

Wings, A792-793, A792f, A793f

Wobbles, H536

Wolf teeth, H513-514, H514f

Wool hairs, 360

Xiphoid cartilage, 42f, 43

Xiphoid process, H537

X-rays, 5. See also Computed tomography; Radiography

Yolk, A809f

Yolk sac, 100, 101f, C464, C464f, A797

Zona alba. See White line

Zonary placenta, 209, 210t

Zygodactyl, A787

Zygomatic arch, 59, 60f, 63-64, 64f

Zygomatic gland, 101, C384f, C390, C391f

Zygomatic process, 59, 59f, P752

*In fact, stimuli to certain neurons may be perceived in different ways, depending on their intensity, duration, and frequency of delivery.

Although the nervous system forms a single, integrated whole in reality, it is convenient, indeed necessary for many purposes, to divide it into parts. The most fundamental division can be made on topographical grounds, distinguishing the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord, or neuraxis) from the peripheral nervous system (the cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerve trunks with their associated ganglia). The division facilitates description but at the cost of making an artificial distinction that even assigns different parts of the same neurons to the two divisions: for example, the perikarya and axons of the efferent neurons of the patellar reflex arc.

An alternative division that would purport to have more regard to function is based on the direction in which impulses travel and on the nature of the information these impulses convey. It distinguishes afferent from efferent systems. The former conduct impulses toward the spinal cord and particular brain parts; the latter convey impulses away from these structures. Afferent pathways within the peripheral nerves are fre-

*The official term is medulla spinalis. Unfortunately, medulla (marrow) is used in several contexts. The term medulla tout court generally signifies medulla oblongata, the hindmost part of the brainstem.

Mammary glands (mammae) are greatly modified, much enlarged sweat glands whose secretion nourishes the young. The modified milk (colostrum) produced immediately after parturition has an additional role in the passive transfer of immunity to the newborn. Its importance varies among species: some correlation with the nature of the placental barrier exists. Each mammary gland is a compound tubuloalveolar gland that consists of secretory units grouped into lobules defined by intervening connective tissue septa (see Figure 29-48, B). The mammary glands develop as epithelial buds that grow into the underlying mesenchyme from linear ectodermal thickenings (mammary ridges). These ridges may extend from the axilla to the groin (as in carnivores and pigs) or may be of more limited extent, restricted to the axilla (as in elephants), the thorax (as in women), or the groin (as in ruminants and horses). Usually more buds appear than survive in the adult, and while most extra buds soon regress, some persist to give rise to supernumerary teats. These may be independent or attached to other, better developed glands (see Figure 10-33, A/7). They are unsightly, and because they may interfere with milking, they are often removed from the udders of cows and goats.

Proliferation of the mesenchyme surrounding the bud raises a teat (papilla) on the surface of the body. One or more epidermal sprouts grow from the mammary bud into the connective tissue of the teat and begin to canalize at about the time of birth. Each sprout is destined to form a separate duct system with associated glandular tissue. When there is only one sprout, the mammary gland arising from it has a single duct system leading to a single orifice on the tip of the teat (Figure 10-31, A).

When there are more, for example, two or four as in the illustration, there will be that number of separate duct systems, each with an associated glandular mass and separate orifice. The growth of the ducts and gland tissue is continued after puberty and especially during the first pregnancy, forming the swelling that pushes the teat away from the body wall. The process is controlled by the intricate interplay of several hormones from the hypophysis, ovaries, and other endocrine glands.

*In addition to marking, ostentatious cocking of the leg by a male dog when passing urine may assert superiority. Cats also make a social use of micturition (see further on).

The pharynx lies wholly beneath the skull to which the rostral third of its roof is directly applied. The remaining part of the roof and the lateral walls are enveloped by the guttural pouches (see further on). The lumen is clearly divided into upper and lower compartments by the soft palate and the palatopharyngeal arches, which extend over the lateral walls to meet directly above the entrance to the esophagus (see Figure 18-11). The most prominent features of the nasopharynx are the flaps guarding the entrances to the auditory tubes. Each is about 3 cm long and is pressed against the pharyngeal wall, presenting an oblique and rather sinuous ventral free edge (Figure 18-26, A). It is stiffened by a flange of cartilage, the expansion of the medial cartilage that supports the auditory tube. The slitlike opening lateral to the flap is normally held closed but becomes patent when the animal swallows. This provides an opportunity for equalizing the pressure on the two sides of the

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Source: Dyce K.M., Wensing C.J.G.. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. 4th edition. — Saunders,2010. — 846 p.. 2010

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