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Dyce K.M., Wensing C.J.G.. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. 4th edition. — Saunders,2010. — 846 p.. 2010

Offering comprehensive coverage of core anatomic concepts, this respected, clinically oriented text is the definitive source for a complete understanding of veterinary anatomy. Gain the working anatomic knowledge that is crucial to your understanding of the veterinary basic sciences, as well as detailed information directly applicable to the care of specific animal species, including dogs, cats, horses, cows, pigs, sheep, goats, and birds. Each chapter includes a conceptual overview that describes the structure and function of an anatomic region, accompanied by new full-color dissection photographs that illustrate the relevance of anatomy to successful veterinary practice.

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Preface to the Fourth Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Sources of Nonoriginal Illustrations
Contents
General Anatomy
Some Basic Facts and Concepts
THE SCOPE OF ANATOMY
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
STUDY OF THE LIVE ANIMAL
FASCIA AND FAT
JOINTS
MUSCLES
PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS
LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES
PERIPHERAL NERVES
The Locomotor Apparatus
This chapter is concerned with the descriptive anatomy of the bones, joints, and muscles, which is the study of systematic osteology, arthrology, and myology, respectively.
THE TRUNK
BASIC PLAN AND DEVELOPMENT
THE SKELETON AND JOINTS OF THE TRUNK
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
THE HEAD AND VENTRAL PART OF THE NECK
BASIC PLAN AND DEVELOPMENT
THE SKULL
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND VENTRAL PART OF THE NECK
THE LIMBS
BASIC PLAN AND DEVELOPMENT
THE SKELETON OF THE FORELIMB
THE JOINTS OF THE FORELIMB
THE MUSCLES OF THE FORELIMB
THE SKELETON OF THE HINDLIMB
THE JOINTS OF THE HINDLIMB
THE MUSCLES OF THE HINDLIMB
The Digestive Apparatus
The digestive apparatus comprises the organs con­cerned with the reception, mechanical reduction, chemical digestion, and absorption of food and drink and with the elimination of unabsorbed residues.
THE MOUTH
THE SALIVARY GLANDS
THE MASTICATORY APPARATUS
The masticatory apparatus comprises the teeth and gums, the temporomandibular and symphysial joints of the jaws, and the masticatory muscles.
DENTITION
THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE JAWS
THE MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
THE PHARYNX AND SOFT PALATE
THE ESOPHAGUS
Deglutition
THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY
THE STOMACH
THE INTESTINE
The intestine commences at the pylorus and continues to the anus.
THE SMALL INTESTINE
THE LARGE INTESTINE
THE LIVER
THE PANCREAS
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS
The foregut and hindgut end blindly at the oral and cloacal membranes, circumscribed median areas where the endoderm and ectoderm are in direct contact, with no intervening mesoderm (see Figure 3-2).
THE MOUTH
THE PHARYNX
THE CAUDAL PART OF THE FOREGUT
THE MIDGUT
THE HINDGUT
The Respiratory Apparatus
The essential organs of respiration are the lungs, in which gaseous exchange takes place between the inspired air and the bloodstream.
THE NOSE
THE LARYNX
The larynx forms the connection between the pharynx and the tracheobronchial tree.
THE CARTILAGES
THE ARTICULATIONS, LIGAMENTS, AND MEMBRANES
THE MUSCULATURE
THE CAVITY OF THE LARYNX
THE MECHANISM OF THE LARYNX
THE TRACHEA
THE PLEURA
THE LUNGS
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS
The Urogenital Apparatus
The official nomenclature brings the urinary and reproductive organs together under one heading, apparatus urogenitalis.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UROGENITAL APPARATUS
DEVELOPMENT OF THE URINARY ORGANS
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE PROCESS OF TESTICULAR DESCENT
THE KIDNEYS
THE RENAL PELVIS AND URETER
THE URINARY BLADDER
THE FEMALE URETHRA
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
The male reproductive organs include paired gonads, the testes, which produce both male gametes (sperm) and hormones;
THE TESTES AND THEIR ADNEXA
THE EPIDIDYMIS
THE DEFERENT DUCT
THE PELVIC REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE PENIS AND PREPUCE
SPERM TRANSPORT IN THE MALE TRACT; ERECTION OF THE PENIS
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE OVARIES
THE UTERINE TUBES
THE UTERUS
THE VAGINA
THE VESTIBULE AND VULVA
THE ADNEXA
AGE AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN THE FEMALE TRACT
PARTURITION AND THE PUERPERAL PERIOD: THE NEONATE
The Endocrine Glands
The endocrine or ductless glands are those that deliver their secretory products (hormones) into the blood, lymph, or tissue fluid, which transports them to the target organs susceptible to the instructions these products represent.
THE HYPOPHYSIS
THE EPIPHYSIS
THE THYROID GLAND
THE PARATHYROID GLANDS
THE ADRENAL GLANDS
OTHER ENDOCRINE TISSUES
The Cardiovascular System
The blood vascular and lymphatic systems are com­bined under a single heading, angiologia, in the official terminology.
THE HEART
THE PERICARDIUM AND THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE HEART
GENERAL ANATOMY OF THE HEART
THE STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
CARDIAC VESSELS AND NERVES
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEART
THE BLOOD VESSELS
The arteries, capillaries,and veins form a continuous system lined by an unbroken low-friction endothelium.
THE ARTERIES
THE CAPILLARIES AND SINUSOIDS
THE VEINS
ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSES
ERECTILE TISSUE
VASCULARIZATION AND INNERVATION OF THE VESSEL WALL
PATTERNS OF ARTERIAL DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMATIC ANGIOLOGY
It is not our intention to provide in one place a com­prehensive description of all the blood vessels.
THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION
THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
THE CIRCULATION IN THE FETUS AND THE CHANGES AFTER BIRTH
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
THE TOPOGRAPHY OF LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
THE SPLEEN
THE THYMUS
The Nervous System
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
Every living organism must be able to react appropri­ately to changes in its environment if it is to survive; by surviving, it increases the chance of survival of the species.
THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
STIMULUS-RESPONSE APPARATUS
GENERAL MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL nervous system
INTRODUCTORY SURVEY
DEVELOPMENT to give a general account of this before proceeding further; additional details will be mentioned later.
DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE SPINAL CORD
THE HINDBRAIN
THE MIDBRAIN
THE FOREBRAIN
THE FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Despite the pretensions of the heading, this section will deal only with certain rather fundamental topics involv­ing, for the most part, relatively discrete structured pathways.
SOMATIC AFFERENT PATHWAYS
SPECIAL SOMATIC AFFERENT PATHWAYS
SOMATIC MOTOR PATHWAYS
THE VISCERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The visceral nervous system governs the visceral func­tions.
THE HYPOTHALAMUS
THE HYPOPHYSIS
VISCERAL AFFERENT PATHWAYS
VISCERAL EFFERENT PATHWAYS
THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
THE TOPOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, AND VASCULARIZATION OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
TOPOGRAPHY
THE ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY
THE VENOUS DRAINAGE
THE CRANIAL NERVES
The names and sequence of the cranial nerves should now be familiar.
THE OLFACTORY NERVE (I)
THE OPTIC NERVE (II)
THE OCULOMOTOR NERVE (III)
THE TROCHLEAR NERVE (IV)
THE VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE (VIII)
THE GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (IX)
THE VAGUS NERVE (X)
THE ACCESSORY NERVE (XI)
THE HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (XII)
THE SPINAL NERVES
A general account of the formation and distribution of the spinal nerves has been given (see p. 29).
THE DORSAL RAMI
THE VENTRAL RAMI
THE PERIPHERAL AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Although the appropriate regulation of “visceral” activ­ities clearly presumes the existence of receptors in the
THE PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM
THE SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM
SUMMARY OF AUTONOMIC INNERVATION
The Sense Organs
Astabled animal, for example a dairy cow tied to a stanchion, experiences few environmental changes—and these by and large are routine.
THE EYE
THE EYEBALL
THE ADNEXA OF THE EYE
THE BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE EYE
THE NERVE SUPPLY OF THE EYE
THE EAR
The ear is appropriately called the vestibulocochlear organ because it not only enables the animal to hear but also provides it with a sense of balance.
THE EXTERNAL EAR
THE MIDDLE EAR
THE INTERNAL EAR
THE OLFACTORY ORGAN
THE GUSTATORY ORGAN
THE CUTANEOUS SENSE
PROPRIOCEPTION
ENTEROCEPTION
The Common Integument
The term common integument comprehends ordinary skin with its covering of hair and variety of skin glands as well as more specialized parts such as claws, hoofs, and horns.
THE STRUCTURE OF SKIN
HAIR
FOOTPADS
NAILS, CLAWS, AND HOOFS
HORNS
SKIN GLANDS
The glands of the skin develop as epidermal sprouts that invade the underlying mesoderm.
THE SEBACEOUS GLANDS
THE SWEAT GLANDS
THE MAMMARY GLANDS
Dogs and Cats
The Head and Ventral Neck of the Dog and Cat
This chapter is the first of a series that covers the regional anatomy of the two companion animals, the dog and cat.
CONFORMATION AND EXTERNAL FEATURES
SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES
MASTICATORY MUSCLES
SKULL
SALIVARY GLANDS AND LYMPH NODES
SUPERFICIAL VESSELS
SUPERFICIAL NERVES
THE NASAL PLATE, NASAL CAVITY, AND PARANASAL SINUSES
THE EXTERNAL NOSE
THE NASAL CAVITY
THE PARANASAL SINUSES
THE MOUTH
THE DENTITION
THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
THE SALIVARY GLANDS
PAROTID GLAND
ZYGOMATIC GLAND
THE EYE AND ORBIT
THE EAR (See p. 346.)
EXTERNAL EAR
MIDDLE AND INNER EAR
THE VENTRAL PART OF THE NECK
It is convenient to describe with the head the part of the neck that lies ventral to the vertebrae.
THE CONTENTS OF THE VISCERAL SPACE
THE LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Except for the unimportant facial node, the lymph nodes of the head are concentrated caudal to the man­dible; those of the neck are found at shoulder level and, inconstantly, scattered along the trachea (Figure 11-47).
PAROTID LYMPH NODE
MANDIBULAR LYMPH NODE
MEDIAL RETROPHARYNGEAL LYMPH NODE
LATERAL RETROPHARYNGEAL LYMPH NODE
TRACHEAL TRUNK
DEEP CERVICAL LYMPH NODES
The Neck, Back, and Vertebral Column of the Dog and Cat
The neck and back regions are of increasing clinical importance in the companion animals.
CONFORMATION AND SURFACE ANATOMY
THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN (See also pp. 35-38.)
ATLAS
AXIS
THIRD TO SEVENTH CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
SACRAL VERTEBRAE
CAUDAL VERTEBRAE
INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS
THE VERTEBRAL CANAL (See also pp. 307-311.)
THE MUSCLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN (See also pp. 47-48.)
The muscles directly associated with the neck and backmainly extend between points on the vertebrae (and ribs), but some also attach to the skull, the ilium, and, where the psoas group is concerned, the femur.
EPAXIAL muscles
LUMBAR HYPAXIAL MUSCLES
MUSCLES CONTROLLING MOVEMENTS OF THE HEAD
The Thorax of the Dog and Cat
CONFORMATION AND SURFACE ANATOMY
THE THORACIC WALL AND PLEURA (See also pp. 41-43, 48-52, and 158-160.)
THE LUNGS (See also pp. 160-165.)
THE MEDIASTINUM (See also pp. 158-160.)
THE HEART (See also pp. 228-234.)
THE ESOPHAGUS, TRACHEA, AND THYMUS (See also pp. 119-121, 157-158, and 265-267.)
LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES OF THE THORAX (See also pp. 259-260.)
The Abdomen of the Dog and Cat
CONFORMATION AND SURFACE ANATOMY
MAMMARY GLANDS
THE ABDOMINAL WALL (See also pp. 52-55.)
BLOOD SUPPLY
GENERAL ASPECTS OF VISCERAL TOPOGRAPHY
THE SPLEEN
THE STOMACH
INTESTINES (See also pp. 129-135.)
THE LIVER
THE ADRENAL GLANDS AND KIDNEYS
THE KIDNEYS
THE MAJOR VESSELS
LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES
PALPATION
The Pelvis and Reproductive Organs of the Dog and Cat
GENERAL ANATOMY OF THE PELVIS AND PERINEUM (See also pp. 55-56.)
THE RECTUM AND ANUS (See also pp. 133 and 134.)
THE KIDNEYS
THE BLADDER AND FEMALE URETHRA
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE OVARIES AND UTERINE TUBES
THE UTERUS (See also pp. 199-201.)
THE VAGINA, VESTIBULE, AND VULVA
FUNCTIONAL CHANGES
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE SCROTUM AND TESTES (See also pp. 184-191.)
The rather pendulous scrotum of the dog is globular and placed in a position intermediate between the perineum and the groin (Figure 15-17/11). It is most easily inspected from behind, and because it is sparsely
THE URETHRA AND ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS (See also pp. 192-193.)
THE PENIS AND PREPUCE (See also pp. 193-195.)
AGE AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES
THE ANATOMY OF ABDOMINAL AND RECTAL PALPATION
MAIN VESSELS IN THE PELVIS
The Forelimb of the Dog and Cat
Fractures and luxations resulting from traffic acci­dents contribute a large part of the clinical work on the forelimb of dogs and cats.
THE SHOULDER REGION AND UPPER ARM
THE ELBOW AND FOREARM
CARPUS AND FOREPAW
THE MAJOR NERVES OF THE FORELIMB
The Hindlimb of the Dog and Cat
THE CROUP, HIP, AND THIGH
THE STIFLE JOINT AND LEG
THE HOCK AND HINDPAW
THE MAJOR NERVES OF THE HINDLIMB
Horses
The Head and Ventral Neck of the Horse
CONFORMATION AND EXTERNAL FEATURES
SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES
THE MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
SUPERFICIAL VESSELS
SUPERFICIAL NERVES
THE NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES
THE NASAL CAVITY
THE PARANASAL SINUSES
THE MOUTH
THE DENTITION AND MASTICATORY APPARATUS
THE DENTITION
THE ESTIMATION OF AGE FROM THE TEETH
THE MUSCLES OF MASTICATION AND THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
THE SALIVARY GLANDS
THE PHARYNX AND GUTTURAL POUCH
THE PHARYNX
THE EYE
THE VENTRAL PART OF THE NECK
THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
THE VERTEBRAL CANAL
The Thorax of the Horse
CONFORMATION AND SURFACE ANATOMY
THE THORACIC WALL
THE PLEURAL CAVITIES
THE LUNGS
THE MEDIASTINUM
THE HEART
THE ESOPHAGUS, TRACHEA, AND THYMUS
THE GREAT VESSELS AND NERVES WITHIN THE THORAX
THE LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES OF THE THORAX
The Abdomen of the Horse
CONFORMATION AND SURFACE ANATOMY
THE VENTROLATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL
STRUCTURE
INNERVATION AND VASCULARIZATION
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ABDOMINAL TOPOGRAPHY
The influences on abdominal topography common to all species have been discussed (p. 123).
THE SPLEEN
THE STOMACH
THE INTESTINES
The intestines occupy the greater part of the abdominal cavity. The small intestine is unremarkable, but the large intestine is greatly modified and enlarged.
THE SMALL INTESTINE
THE LARGE INTESTINE
VASCULARIZATION, LYMPH DRAINAGE, AND INNERVATION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
THE LIVER
THE PANCREAS
THE KIDNEYS AND ADRENALS
THE ROOF OF THE ABDOMEN
The Pelvis and Reproductive Organs of the Horse
This chapter is concerned with the pelvic cavity and its contents and with the extrapelvic parts of the reproductive organs of both sexes.
GENERAL ANATOMY OF THE PELVIS AND PERINEUM
INNERVATION, VASCULARIZATION, AND LYMPH DRAINAGE OF THE PELVIC WALLS
THE RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL
THE BLADDER AND FEMALE URETHRA
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE OVARIES
THE UTERINE TUBES
THE UTERUS
THE VAGINA
THE VESTIBULE AND VULVA
VASCULARIZATION AND INNERVATION
GROWTH AND CYCLICAL CHANGES IN THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT DURING PREGNANCY
PLACENTATION AND PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE SCROTUM AND TESTES
THE PELVIC REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE PENIS AND PREPUCE
THE ANATOMY OF RECTAL EXPLORATION
THE UDDER
The Forelimb of the Horse
In the Western world horses are now mainly bred for use in sport and recreation, pursuits that often make heavy demands on their speed and endurance and expose their limbs to continual strain and repeated risk of injury.
THE GIRDLE MUSCLES
THE SHOULDER REGION AND UPPER ARM
THE ELBOW JOINT AND THE MUSCLES OF THE ARM
THE FLEXOR MUSCLES
THE EXTENSOR MUSCLES
THE FOREARM AND CARPUS
THE SKELETON AND CARPAL JOINT
THE MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM
THE DISTAL PART OF THE LIMB
The more distal structures of the limb not only have the greatest propensity to injury but also show many and important specific differences.
THE SKELETON AND JOINTS
THE TENDONS, ANNULAR LIGAMENTS, AND INTEROSSEUS MUSCLE
THE HOOF
THE PASSIVE STAY-APPARATUS
THE BLOOD VESSELS AND LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES OF THE FORELIMB
THE NERVES OF THE FORELIMB
THE BRANCHES OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS
INNERVATION OF THE FOREFOOT
The Hindlimb of the Horse
CONFORMATION OF THE CROUP
THE HIP JOINT
THE MUSCLES OF THE HIP AND THIGH
These are conveniently regarded as comprising gluteal, hamstring, medial, and cranial groups.
THE GLUTEAL MUSCLES
THE CAUDAL (HAMSTRING) MUSCLES
THE MEDIAL MUSCLES
THE CRANIAL MUSCLES
THE STIFLE JOINT
THE SKELETON OF THE LEG AND HOCK; THE HOCK JOINT
THE MUSCLES OF THE LEG
the Craniolateral muscles
THE CAUDAL MUSCLES
THE PASSIVE STAY-APPARATUS
Vascularization of the hindlimb
THE NERVES OF THE HINDLIMB
The Head and Ventral Neck of the Ruminant
The account contained in this and the following chapters (Chapters 26-31) is predominantly of bovine anatomy.
CONFORMATION AND EXTERNAL FEATURES
CONFORMATION AND EXTERNAL FEATURES IN CATTLE
CONFORMATION AND EXTERNAL FEATURES IN SHEEP AND GOATS
SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES
THE NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES
THE MOUTH
THE DENTITION AND MASTICATORY APPARATUS
THE SALIVARY GLANDS
THE PHARYNX
THE LARYNX
THE EYE
THE VENTRAL PART OF THE NECK
THE LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
The Neck, Back, and Tail of the Ruminant
CONFORMATION AND SURFACE FEATURES
THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
THE VERTEBRAL CANAL
THE VESSELS OF THE TAIL
The Thorax of the Ruminant
The extent and dimensions of the thoracic cavity are not apparent on inspection of the live animal.
THE PLEURA AND THE LUNGS
THE MEDIASTINUM AND ITS CONTENTS
THE HEART
THE ESOPHAGUS, TRACHEA, THYMUS, AND VAGUS NERVES
THE LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES WITHIN THE THORAX
The Abdomen of the Ruminant
CONFORMATION AND SURFACE ANATOMY THE VENTROLATERAL WALL OF THE ABDOMEN
STRUCTURE
INNERVATION AND VASCULARIZATION
THE SPLEEN
THE STOMACH
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
THE RUMEN AND RETICULUM
THE OMASUM
THE ABOMASUM
THE OMENTA
INNERVATION AND VASCULARIZATION
POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT
THE INTESTINES
THE LIVER
THE PANCREAS
THE KIDNEYS AND ADRENAL GLANDS
THE LYMPH NODES OF THE ABDOMINAL ROOF
The Pelvis and Reproductive Organs of the Ruminant
This chapter is concerned with the pelvic cavity, the intrapelvic and extrapelvic reproductive organs of both sexes, and the udder.
THE PELVIC CAVITY
THE BLADDER AND URETHRA
THE RECTUM AND ANUS
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE OVARY AND UTERINE TUBE
THE UTERUS
THE VAGINA
THE VESTIBULE AND VULVA
VASCULARIZATION
GROWTH AND CYCLICAL CHANGES
GESTATION AND PARTURITION
SOME ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE SCROTUM AND TESTES
THE PELVIC REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE PENIS AND PREPUCE
GROWTH AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES
THE ANATOMY OF RECTAL PALPATION IN CATTLE
THE UDDER
The Forelimb of the Ruminant
Cattle generally lead lives that do not expose them to frequent risk of injury to the proximal segments of the limbs, and there is less need for detailed knowl­edge of the anatomy of these parts than is required by the equine practitioner.
THE SHOULDER AND ARM
THE ELBOW, FOREARM, AND CARPUS
THE DISTAL PART OF THE LIMB
THE SKELETON AND JOINTS
THE TENDONS
THE HOOFS
BLOOD VESSELS AND LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES
THE NERVES OF THE FORELIMB
The Hindlimb of the Ruminant
The angular appearance of the hindquarters of cattle is due in part to the robust formation of the pelvic girdle, much of which is outlined below the skin, and in part to the weak development of the muscles of the croup.
THE STIFLE, LEG, AND HOCK
THE BLOOD VESSELS AND LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES OF THE HINDLIMB
THE NERVES OF THE HINDLIMB
Pigs
The Head and Ventral Neck of the Pig
The way in which most pigs are reared today results in veterinary attention being concentrated on infec­tious diseases and other matters affecting the herd rather than on conditions affecting the individual animal.
CONFORMATION AND SUPERFICIAL FEATURES
THE NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES
THE MOUTH AND DENTITION
THE PHARYNX
THE LARYNX
THE VENTRAL ASPECT OF THE NECK
THE LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
The Vertebral Column, Back, and Thorax of the Pig
THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND BACK
THE THORAX
THE LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES OF THE THORAX
The Abdomen of the Pig
Athick layer of subcutaneous fat obscures most underlying features of the trunk making it gener­ally impossible to recognize the extent of the flank on simple inspection.
THE MAMMARY GLANDS
THE ABDOMINAL WALL
THE ABDOMINAL ORGANS
THE SPLEEN
THE STOMACH
THE SMALL INTESTINE
THE LARGE INTESTINE
THE LIVER
THE PANCREAS
THE KIDNEYS
THE LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES OF THE ABDOMEN
The Pelvis and the Reproductive Organs of the Pig
The thick layer of subcutaneous fat almost com­pletely hides the junction between abdomen and pelvis, which is indicated only by a slight indentation above the fold of the flank.
THE RECTUM AND ANUS
THE BLADDER AND FEMALE URETHRA
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE OVARY AND UTERINE TUBE
THE UTERUS
THE VAGINA, VESTIBULE, AND VULVA
FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE SCROTUM AND TESTES
THE PELVIC REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE PENIS AND PREPUCE
FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS
THE LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES OF THE PELVIS
THE ANATOMY OF RECTAL EXPLORATION
The Limbs of the Pig
The principal distinguishing features of the limb skeleton of the pig are the well-developed,
THE FORELIMB
THE SHOULDER JOINT
THE ELBOW JOINT
THE CARPAL JOINT
THE HINDLIMB
THE HIP JOINT
THE STIFLE JOINT
THE HOCK JOINT
Birds
Anatomy of Birds
EXTERNAL FEATURES AND INTEGUMENT
THE FEATHERS
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
THE SKULL
THE AXIAL SKELETON
THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS
THE OROPHARYNX
THE ESOPHAGUS
THE STOMACH
THE INTESTINES
THE CLOACA
THE LIVER AND PANCREAS
THE SPLEEN
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
THE NASAL CAVITY
THE LARYNX, TRACHEA, AND SYRINX
THE LUNGS
THE UROGENITAL APPARATUS
THE KIDNEYS AND URETERS
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
THE BODY CAVITY
THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
THE HEART
THE ARTERIES
THE VEINS
THE LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSE ORGANS
THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
SOME PERIPHERAL NERVES
THE EYE
THE EAR
Index

Books and textbooks on the discipline Veterinary anatomy and physiology of animals:

  1. Rana Tanmoy (ed.). Principles of Veterinary Animal Physiology. CRC Press,2026. — 290 p. - 2026 ãîä
  2. Das Pradip Kumar, Sejian V., Mukherjee J., Banerjee D. (eds.). Textbook of Veterinary Physiology. Springer,2023. — 795 p. - 2023 ãîä
  3. Skerritt G.. King's Applied Anatomy of the Abdomen and Pelvis of Domestic Mammals. Wiley-Blackwell,2022. — 180 p. - 2022 ãîä
  4. Rutland Catrin (ed.). Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine. ITexLi,2021. — 165 p. - 2021 ãîä
  5. Singh Baljit. Dyce, Sack and Wensing's Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. 5th edition. — Elsevier,2018. — 1606 p. - 2018 ãîä
  6. Recce William O., Rowe Eric W.. Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals. 5th edition. — Wiley-Blackwell,2017. — 823 p. - 2017 ãîä
  7. Frandson Rowen D. et al.. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals. 7th Edition. — John Wiley & Sons,2013. — 520 p. - 2013 ãîä
  8. Thomson C.E., Hahn C.. Veterinary Neuroanatomy. Boston: Elsevier,2012. — 378 p. - 2012 ãîä
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