Index

Page numbers followed by “b" indicate boxes; “f" figures; “t" tables.

A

Abaxial, defined, 2f, 3

Abdomen

definition of, 112

of dog and cat, 418-441, 441b

conformation and surface anatomy, 418

of horse, 535-551, 551b

conformation and surface anatomy of, 535

roof of, 551

surgical approaches to, 543b

topography of, 540, 541f-542f

of pig, 752-760, 760b

celiac nodes, 760

first group nodes, 760

lymphatic structures of, 758-760, 759f-760f

second group nodes, 760

of the ruminant, 664-685, 685b

conformation and surface anatomy, 664

lymph nodes, 685

nerves, 679-680

postnatal development, 680-681, 681f

ventrolateral wall of, in ruminant, 664-666

innervation and vascularization of, 665-666, 667f

structure of, 664-666

Abdominal aorta, 234, 234-235

Abdominal cavity, 29, 31f

of dog and cat, 418, 418f, 424f

overview of, 112-115, 114f

visceral topography in, 113-115, 114f

Abdominal contours, in relation to medical condition, 665t

Abdominal organs, of pig, 753-758, 754f

Abdominal sac, 789, 789f

Abdominal topography, of camelids, 813

Abdominal wall

of dog and cat, 419-420, 421f

of horse, 535-540

inguinal canal and, 538-540, 539f

innervation, vascularization of, 540

structure of, 535-538

visceral projection of, 547f

inguinal canal and, 48f, 49, 420

muscles of, 47-49, 48f

of pig, 752, 753f

Abduction, synovial joints and, 18-19, 18f

Abomasum, of ruminant, 667-668, 669f-670f, 676-677, 677f-678f, 680, 681f

Abortions, 194

Accessory cephalic veins, 725, 726f

Accessory pancreatic duct, 433

Accessory processes, 394

Accessory reproductive glands, 180-182, 181f, 454-455

Acetabulum, 40

Acoustic meatus, 331, 332f

ACTH, See Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Adduction, 18-19, 18f, 87

Adenohypophysis, 203-204

Adenoids, 107

Adipose tissue, See Fat

Adnexa, 172f, 173-174, 189-192, 189f-192f

Adrenal glands, 207-208, 208f, 543f, 550f-551f, 551, 796

of dog and cat, 434-436

of ruminant, 671f, 684-685

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 204, 205f

Afferent fibers, 27

Afferent pathways, 252

Age, estimation of, in teeth, 506, 507f, 509t, 510f-511f

in the ruminant, 642-643, 643f, 643t-644t

Agonist muscle, defined, 23

Air capillaries, 787-788, 789f

Air sacs, 776, 789, 789f

Alar cartilage, 139

of horse, 492-494, 493f

Alar ligaments, paired, 393-394

Alimentary tract, 91, 92f

Allantoic cavity, 200

Allantoic duct (urachus), 158-159, 158f

Allantoic sac, 136-138, 446

Allantois, 136-138, 158-159

Alpacas

clinical anatomy of, 800-832, 801f, 804f, 831b conformation of, 800-801

external features and integument of, 802-803 face structure of, 803f

head of, 804-811, 806f

shorn, 802f

size of, 800-801, 802f

stomach of, 815f

unshorn, 802f

Alveolar phase, 156

Alveolar sac, 151-152

Alveolus, 99, 99f

Ameloblasts, 133-134

Amniotic cavity, 196f, 198

Amniotic fluid, 198

Ampulla, 696-697

of deferent duct, 176-177

uterine tubes and, 186

Ampullary gland, 180, 454

Amygdala, 275f, 277

Anal canal, 124, 124f, 443-444, 445f, 689

of horse, 553-555, 556f

Anal continence, 124

Anal sacs, 124-125, 444, 444b

glands of, 355-356, 355f

Anastomoses, 13-14, 23, 25

Anconeal process, 70f, 71

Androgens, 353

Anencephaly, 260

Angiology, 210

systemic, 229-239

Angle, 38, 38f

of the sole, 599-600

Angular notch (incisura), 116

Angularis oculi vein, 363f

Animal stance, in relation to medical condition, 665t

Animalcula, 278

Anisodactyl, 773

Annular ligaments, 720f, 722f

of horse, 594-597

Antagonist muscle, defined, 23

Antebrachiocarpal joint, 71, 473-474

Anterior commissure, 276-277

Antibodies, fetal development and, 196

Antihelix, 381-382

Antitragus, 381-382, 382f

Antitrochanter, 778

Antlers, 352

Anulus fibrosus, 36-37, 37f, 37b

Anus

of dog and cat, 443-446, 444f

of pigs, 761

of the ruminant, 689, 689f-691f

Aorta, in dog and cat, 416

Aortic arch, 221f, 229-231, 230f, 231f

Aortic hiatus, 46, 46f

Aortic valve, of horse, 533b

Apocrine glands, 444

Aponeurosis, 109

Apophyses, 65-66

Apteria, 774

Aqueous humor, 321-322, 324, 324f

Arachnoid membrane, 396

Arachnoid space, 295

Arachnoid villi, 298

ARAS, See Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

Arbor vitae, 270

Archipallium, 278-279, 280f-281f

Arcuate arteries, 170, 170f

Area postrema, 205

Arm

ruminant, 715, 716f

upper, of horse, 576-579, 579f

Arrector pili muscle, 344-345

Arterial blood supply, 298-300, 298f

Arterial distribution, patterns of, 227-229

Arterial wall, components of, 225f

Arterioles, 225, 226f

Arteriovenous anastomoses, 226, 226f

Artery(ies), 23-25, 25f, 224-225

abdomen and, 540

bladder and, 446

carotid, 387, 527, 528f

in the ruminant, 648, 649f

caudal gluteal, 553

caudal rectal, 553

caudal tibial, in horse, 627f, 628

celiac, 118, 118f, 136

in ruminant, 680

ciliary, 329-330, 330f

coronary, 533

cranial tibial, in horse, 627f, 628

of dog and cat, 467b, 470f

end-arteries, 228, 228f epigastric, 540 eye and, 329 facial, in the ruminant, 636 femoral, 483-484, 485f

in horse, 627, 627f

of forelimb, 476

gastrointestinal tract and, 548, 548f greater arterial circle of the iris, 329-330, 330f hepatic, in ruminant, 683

horn and, in the ruminant, 633

of horse

carotid, 512, 515f, 520f

facial, 496

innervation of, 227, 227f

internal iliac, 553

internal pudendal, 456, 456b, 463, 553 intestine and, in ruminant, 683 of the limb, in horse, 627, 627f liver and, in ruminant, 683 medial plantar, 824

mesenteric, 125, 126f, 136, 548

in ruminant, 683

nutrient, 13-14, 13f

ophthalmic, 329, 330f

ovarian, 449, 562

in camelids, 820 overview of, 218, 219f-220f, 224-225 pancreaticoduodenal, 131 patterns of, distribution of, 227-229 penis and, 183, 455-459, 553 ^of Pⁱg

cranial, 752

infraorbital, 740

internal thoracic, 752

superficial epigastric, 752 popliteal, 483-484, 485f

in horse, 627-628 prostatic, 553 regional

adrenal glands and, 434-436

brachiocephalic trunk, 229

of clitoris, 236, 236f costocervical trunk, 230f, 231 head and, 229, 230f heart and, 215f-216f intestines and, 125, 428-431 liver and, 127

mammary glands and, 418-419, 419f pancreas and, 131, 433 of penis, 236

pulmonary trunk and, 416 spleen and, 422-424 stomach and, 118, 425-428 thyroid and, 206-207, 232 renal, 790f, 791

kidneys and, 170, 170f

in ruminant, 684 retinal, 329-330, 330f saphenous, 483-484, 485f, 824

in horse, 627, 627f skin and, 343 specific

alveolar, 233, 233f

aorta, 229-231, 416, 421f, 796 auricular, 232-233, 233f axillary, 231-232, 231f of birds, 796 brachial, 231f, 232 bronchoesophageal, 234 cardiac, 219f carotid, 230f, 232-233, 233f caudal vesical, 446 celiac, 435, 796 cervical, 230f, 231 coronary, 218, 219f-221f, 229 costoabdominal, 234 cubital, 231f, 232 digital, 235-236, 235f epigastric, 231, 234f-235f, 235, 420 ethmoidal, 233, 330, 330f facial, 232-233, 233f femoral, 235-236, 235f gastric, 427-428 gastroduodenal, 430, 435 gastroepiploic, 427-428 gluteal, 236, 236f hepatic, 433, 435 ileocecal, 429-430 iliac, 234-237, 235f, 463, 687-688 iliolumbar, 235f, 236 infraorbital, 233, 233f intercostal, 234 ischial, 796 jejunal, 431 lacrimal, 330, 330f laryngeal, 232, 233f lingual, 232, 233f malar, 330, 330f maxillary, 233, 233f median, 231f, 232 mesenteric, 431, 435, 796 musculophrenic, 231 occipital, 232, 233f ophthalmic, 233 ovarian, 435 palatine, 233 pancreaticoduodenal, 435

perineal, 236, 236f

pharyngeal, 232, 233f phrenic, 435 popliteal, 235f, 236 prostatic, 235f, 236 pudendal, 235-236, 235f-236f, 687-688 pulmonary, 215f, 229 renal, 435

sacral, 234, 234f, 687-688

sacral median, 463

saphenous, 235-236, 235f splenic, 424, 426f, 427-428 subclavian, 229-231, 230f, 796 supraorbital, 330, 330f temporal, 233, 233f testicular, 435

thoracic, 231, 231f, 420

tibial, 235f, 236

ulnar, 231f, 232

umbilical, 236, 236f, 687-688

urethral, 236, 236f

vaginal, 236, 236f, 687-688, 694-696 vertebral, 229-231, 230f vesical, 446

spinal, 524-526

stomach and, in ruminant, 680

tail and, of the ruminant, 656

tail vertebrae and, 398

testicular, testis and, 174

umbilical, 553

uterine, 449, 562

uterus and, 448-449, 449f

vaginal, 553, 562

ventral perineal, 821

Arthrology, 29

Articular cartilage, 12-13

Articular condyle, 69f, 70

Articular labrum, 18

Articularis coxae, 88

Articulations, 143f-144f, 144

See also Joints

Aryepiglottic folds, 145

Arytenoid cartilage, 143-144, 143f, 786

Ascending colon

of horse, 545, 545f-546f

of pig, 755-756

of ruminant, 682, 682f

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), 284, 284f

Astrocytes, 255-256

Atlantoaxial joint, 36, 36f, 393-394

Atlantoaxial space, 392, 392f

Atlantooccipital joint, 36, 36f

Atlantooccipital space, 392

Atlas, 32-33, 33f, 392f, 392t, 393, 394f

Atrioventricular bundle, 216, 217f

Atrioventricular node, 217-218, 217f

Atrioventricular valve, 214-216, 215f, 217f

Atrophic rhinitis, 741, 743f

Auditory ossicles, 334

Auditory somatic pathways, 285-286, 287f

Auditory tubes, 334-335

Auditory (Eustachian) tubes, 107, 107f

Aural sebaceous glands, 774

Auricle, 331, 381

Auricular cartilage, 331, 333f, 381-382

Auricular surface, 34, 35f

Auriculopalpebral nerve, 363f

Auscultation, 3-4, 220b

of horse, 533b

Autonomic nervous system, 292

Autonomous zones, of skin innervation, 611

Axial, defined, 2f, 3

Axial collateral ligaments, 717-718, 718f

Axial condensation, 65

Axillary artery, 231-232, 231f, 232f, 724, 725f

of horse, 606

Axillary center, lymph nodes and, 245

Axillary nerve, 476-477

Axis, 33, 33f, 392t, 393-394, 394f

1508

B

Back, 29

conformation and surface features of, 522

of dog and cat, 390-402

of horse, 522-526

of pig, 748-751, 749f, 751b

of the ruminant, 652-657, 657b

Baldness, 345

Ball-and-socket joint, 19, 20f

BALT, See Bronchiolar-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)

Barbs, 774-775, 775f

Basal nuclei, 277

Basihyoid, 513

cartilage, 365f

Basilar artery, 298f, 299

Basilar sinus, 300

Basilar system, 300

Beak, 772, 773f

Bicipital bursa, 729

Bile duct, 122, 128, 130f, 432

of horse, 549

Bill, See Beak

"Billowing," 502b

Bipolar neuron, 254, 255f

Birds, anatomy of, 771-799, 799b

Biventer cervicis, 400

Bladder

of dog and cat, 446, 446f

of horse, 555-556, 556b, 557f, 571-572

muscle, 172

of pigs, 761, 762f-764f

ruminant, 689-690, 689f-691f

Blind dome, See Fundus

Blind sac, 540-541

Blood-brain barrier, 299

Blood cushions, 227

Blood spavin, in horse, 628

Blood supply, 13-14, 13f, 23

See also Artery(ies), Capillaries, Veins

of dermis, of horse, 600-602

of dog and cat, 420, 420t

in pelvic, 687-688, 687f

Blood vessels, 224-229

arteries, 224-225

of horse, 606-608, 606f-608f

ruminant, 724-725

Bloodfeather, 776

Body

of stomach, 116

of uterus, 187, 189f

Bone marrow, See Marrow

Bones, 11-15

air sacs and, 776

biomechanical aspects of, 14, 14f classification of, 11, 11f

frontal, 364f

long, organization of, 11-14, 12f

specialized varieties of, 14-15

Botfly, 542

Bovine estrus cycle, 696

Bovine lungs, 155f

Brachial plexus, 28, 28f

See also Nerve

branches of, 610

Brachiocephalic trunk, 416

Brachioradialis, 471

Brachycephalic breeds, 359-360, 360f

Brachydont, 99

Brachygnathism, 359-360

Brain

arterial blood supply to, 298-300, 298f-299f

of birds, 798

development of, 259-263, 259f

meninges and fluid environment of, 295-298, 295f, 297f topography of, 293-295

venous drainage of, 300-301, 301f

Breathing, See Respiration

Bronchi, of dog and cat, 408

Bronchial center, lymph nodes and, 246f-247f, 247

Bronchial pneumonia, 659b

Bronchial tree

of bovine lungs, 661f

in dog and cat, 408

Bronchiolar-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), 797

Bronchioles, 151-152

Brown fat, 10-11, 10f

Brunner's glands, 120-122

Buccae, 93

Buccal glands, of horse, 508

Buccal mucosa, 93, 93f

Bulb, 723-724

in hoof, 349, 350f, 352f

of penis, 181f, 182

Bulbar conjunctiva, 328

Bulbospongiosus, 457

Bulbourethral glands, 181-182, 181f, 703f, 704, 764f, 765 of horse, 567f, 568-569

Bulbus glandis, 456, 457f

Bulbus oculi, See Eyeball

Bulbus penis, 455-456

Bunodont, 103

Bursa, synovial joints and, 22, 22f

Bursa of Fabricius, 784, 793

Bursa synovialis, 22, 22f

C

Calamus, 775

Calcaneus, 83, 84f, 488-489, 488f, 490f, 732

in horse, 619-620

Calcitonin, 207

Camelids, 800

abdominal topography of, 813

behavioral considerations for, 830-831, 830f cheek teeth of, 807, 807b

congenital developmental problems in, 829-830

"cush" position of, 830, 830f

digestive system of, 813-816

female reproductive system of, 818-819, 818f-820f, 819b gestation of, 818b

lymphatic system of, 829

male reproductive system of, 816-818, 816b

nails, 827, 827b

nervous system of, 827-828, 828b

semen collection in, 818b

skin, 802b

stomach of, 813, 813b-814b, 814f-815f

neonate, 814

tarsal bones of, 822f-823f

teeth of, 807

incidence of root abscesses in, 808

nerve blocks for, 808b, 809f

trimming, 808f, 808b

urinary system of, 816

Canalicular phase, 156

Canaliculus, 329, 329f

Cancellous bone, See Spongy bone

Canine

head, major arteries and veins of, 384f

skeleton of, 391f

vertebral column of, development and maturation of, 392t

Canine orbit, 380f

Canine teeth, 369-370

of horse, 504

overview of, 102, 102f

of the ruminant, 641

Capillaries, 225-226, 226f

See also Air capillaries

Cardiac gland, 116-118

Cardiac muscle, 19-21

Cardiac notch, 530

Cardiac sphincter, 542

Cardiovascular system, 210-251, 251b

arteriovenous anastomoses of, 226, 226f

capillaries and sinusoids of, 225-226, 226f

collateral circulation and, 228-229, 228f-229f

erectile tissue of, 226-227

fetus, after birth and, 239-241

overview of, 210

vascularization and innervation of vessels of, 227, 227f

Carotenoid pigments, 776b

Carotid canal, 298-299

Carotid sinus branch, of glossopharyngeal nerve, 306

Carpal bones, 71, 71f

of dog and cat, 473, 474f

fractures of, horse, 583b

of pig, 768, 769f

Carpal glands, 354, 354f

of pig, 770f

Carpal joint, 74-75, 75f

of horse, 582-586, 584f-587f

of pig, 768

Carpal pad, 472-473

Carpal skeleton, of horse, 583, 583b, 591f

Carpometacarpal joint, 74-75

Carpus

of dog and cat, 472-476

of horse, 582-588

hygromas of, 716b

ruminant, 715-717

Cartilage, 142-144, 143f

alar, 139

articular, 12-13, 38, 38f

arytenoid, 143-144, 143f, 786

auricular, 331, 333f, 381-382

costal, 38, 39f

cricoid, 143, 143f

epiglottic, 142-143, 143f

hyaline, 144

interarytenoid, 144

laryngeal, 143f

models, 65

synovial joints and, 16

thyroid, 143, 143f

xiphoid, 38-39, 39f

Cartilaginous joint, 15-16, 16f

Caruncles, 692, 695f, 697-698

Castration, 180, 703b, 764b, 765f

of horse, 538

Cataract, 324-325

Cattle, anatomy of, rectal palpation in, 687f, 693f, 707-708, 708f

Cauda equina, 263-264, 264f, 396, 397f

Cauda equina syndrome, 396

Caudal, defined, 2f, 3

Caudal colliculi, 273

Caudal communicating artery, 298-299, 298f

Caudal constrictor, 109, 110f

Caudal fossa, 293-294, 293f

Caudal intestinal portal, 91, 92f

Caudal mesenteric artery, 125, 126f, 136

Caudal mesenteric center, lymph nodes and, 247, 248f

Caudal palatine foramina, 52, 54f

Caudal salivatory nucleus, 268-269

Caudal vena cava

of birds, 797

in dog and cat, 416

Caudal vertebrae, 395

Caudate nucleus, 275f, 277

Cava peritonaei hepatis, 784-785

Caval foramen, 46, 46f

Cavernous sinus, 300, 301f

Cavernous tissue, See Erectile tissue

Cecal sphincter, 784

Cecal tonsil, 784

Cecocolic sphincter, 124, 124f

Cecocolic transitional region, 546-547

Cecum

of camelids, 815

of dog and cat, 429-430, 430f

of horse, 543-545, 545f-546f

overview of, 119, 124, 124f

of pig, 755-756

of ruminant, 682, 682f

Celiac artery, 118, 118f, 136

Celiac center, lymph nodes and, 247, 248f

Cellulose, digestion of, 115

Celom, 30, 32f

Cement, 99-100, 99f

Central nervous system, 252, 253f

See also Forebrain, Nerve, Spinal cord

anatomy of, 263-273

development of, 259-263, 260f-263f, 263t

functional morphology of, 279-290

general morphology and embryology of, 258-263 hindbrain in, 265-273

midbrain in, 273-279

processing of somatic afferent information of, 279-284

somatic motor pathways of, 286-290, 287f

Centric occlusion, 106

Cephalic veins, 725, 726f

Cere, 772

Cerebellar peduncles, 270f, 273

Cerebellomedullary cistern, 296

Cerebellum, 270-273, 270f, 273b

function of, 289f, 290

Cerebral cortex, 277

Cerebrospinal fluid, 296, 297f, 392-393, 396b

collection of, 828b

Cerebrum, See Telencephalon

Cervical hypaxial muscles, 400

Cervical intertransversarii, 400

Cervical mucosa, 692, 694f

Cervical nerve, second, 363f

Cervical sac, 789, 789f

Cervical vertebrae, 392f, 394, 401-402, 401f, 777-778, 777f

of llama, 811, 811f

Cervix

of dog and cat, 448, 450f

of pigs, 761, 762f-763f

Chalazae, 794

Cheek pouches, 93

Cheek teeth, 102, 102f, 365-366

of camelids, 807, 807b

of horse, 505, 505f-506f

of the ruminant, 639, 642

Cheeks, 93

"Chip fractures," 583

Choanae, 54, 59, 366f, 780-781

Cholecystokinin, 120-122

Chondrification, 22

Chorda tympani, 54, 304, 305f, 385

Chorioallantoic placenta, 195-196

Chorioendothelial placenta, 451-452, 452f Choroid, 320-321

of horse, 516

Choroid plexus, 276, 296, 297f

Chromaffin cells, 208

Cilia, 328, 328f

Ciliary body, 320f, 321, 322f

Cingulate gyri, 269f, 278-279

Cingulum, 279

Circadian clock, 206

Circulus arteriosus cerebri, 298

Circumanal glands, 355, 355f, 444

Circumduction, synovial joints and, 18f, 19

Circumferential facet, 70f, 71

Circumoral glands, 347f, 353-356

Circumventricular organs (CVOs), 205, 300f

Cisterna chyli, 26f, 125, 438

Clara cells, 151-152

Clavicle, 69, 777f, 778

Clavicular sac, 789, 789f

Claws, 349-352, 351f, 473f, 475, 475f

Cleft palate, 132

Clitoris, 189, 189f

of dog and cat, 450-451, 450f-451f

of pigs, 763f

Cloaca, 784, 786f, 791f, 792-793

Cloacal bursa, 786f, 798

Cobby, 390

Coccygeus, 442

Cochlea, 82, 336, 336f, 799

in horse, 618-619

Cochlear duct, 335

Cochlear nuclei, 269

Cochlear windows, 332-333, 332f

Coffin joint, 719, 719f, 721f

of horse, 593-594, 594f-595f

Colic, 543

Collagen, 22

Collateral circulation, 228-229, 228f-229f

Colliculus seminalis, 180

Colon

of dog and cat, 429f

of horse, 545-548

overview of, 124, 124f

of ruminant, 682, 682f

Colorectum, 784

Colostrum, 356

Comb, 772, 772f

Commissure of fornix, 279, 280f

Common carotid artery, 230f, 232-233, 233f

Common peroneal nerve, 738, 738f

Complex sheath, 720-721, 720f

Complexus, 400

Compressive forces, 14, 14f

Computed tomography (CT), 4, 6f

Conchae, 139-140, 140f, 362-364, 786, 788f dorsal, of pig, 741 of horse, 498, 499f

Conchofrontal sinus, 500-501, 500f

Condylar joint, 19, 20f

Condylar process, 54-55, 56f

Conjunctiva, 328-329

of the ruminant, 645

Conjunctival sac, 328

Contact surfaces, 99-100

Contour feathers, 774, 775f

Conus arteriosus, 214, 215f

Conus medullaris, 263-264, 294

Convex (iliac) crest, 481

Coprodeum, 784, 786f, 792-793, 792f

Coracobrachialis, of horse, 579, 581f, 582t

Coracoid bone, 777f, 778

Cornea, 318-320, 320f, 324, 380, 798-799

of horse, 516

Corneal reflex, 331b

Corniculate process, 143-144, 144f-145f

Coronary groove, 213

Coronary pillars, of ruminant, 670

Coronet, 597

Corpora lutea, 185, 451

Corpora nigra, 810, 810f

Corpus cavernosum, 182, 182f, 456

Corpus luteum, 697, 697f

Corpus spongiosum, 182, 182f, 456, 765, 766f-767f

Corpus striatum, 276

Corpuscular ending, 339

Cortex, 11

adrenal, 208

Corticobulbar fibers, 288

Corticopontine fibers, 288

Corticospinal fibers, 288

Corticospinal tract, 288

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 204, 205f Costae, See Ribs

Costal arch, 38, 39f

Costal cartilage, 38, 38f

Costosternal joint, 39

Costotransverse joint, 39, 39f

Costovertebral joint, 39, 39f

Cotyledonary placenta, 195-196, 197f

Cough reflex, 155-156

Cow, pelvic cavity of, 686, 686f

Coxal tuber, 40, 41f

of horse, 535, 538f, 546f, 612, 613f-614f

of pig, 768

Cranial, defined, 2f, 3

Cranial cavity, 293, 293f

"Cranial drawer" sign, 485

Cranial intestinal portal, 91, 92f

Cranial mesenteric artery, 125, 126f, 136

Cranial mesenteric center, lymph nodes and, 247, 248f

Cranial nerves, nuclei of, 267-269, 271f, 272t

Cranial rectal artery, 689

Cranial tibial artery, 733f, 734

Cranial vena cava

in dog and cat, 416

puncture, 745b, 746f

Cranium, 51

Cremaster, 178-179

CRH, See Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Cribriform plate, 293-294, 293f, 364f

Cricoarytenoideus, 144-145, 144f

Cricoid arch, 513

Cricoid cartilage, 143, 143f, 365f, 377f

Cricopharyngeus, 109, 110f

Cricothyroideus, 144-145, 144f

Cristae ampullares, 335, 335f

Crop, 781, 782f

Croup, conformation of, in horse, 612

Crown (tooth), 99-100, 100f

Cruciate sulcus, 271f, 278

Crura

of horse, 536-537

of penis, 182, 182f

Crura cerebri, 274

Cryptorchidism, 540, 765

Crypts, 120, 122b

Cuneate fasciculus, 280-282

Cuneate nuclei, 267, 271f

Cupula pleurae, 149, 151f

"Cush" position, of camelids, 830, 830f

Cutaneous pouch, 382f

Cutaneous sensation, 339

CVOs, See Circumventricular organs (CVOs)

Cystic duct, 128, 135, 135f

D

Deep cervical center

lymph nodes and, 245, 246f

of pig, 747

Deep cervical lymph nodes, 519

Deep digital flexor, 733f, 734

Deep fascia, 9, 9f

Deep flexor tendon, 720

Deep inguinal (iliofemoral) center, lymph nodes and, 248f, 249

Deep inguinal node, 736, 736f

Deep rotator muscles, 400

Deferent duct, 175f, 177f, 181f, 791-792, 791f

of horse, 567-568, 567f

Deglutition, 111-112, 375-376

Dehorning, of the ruminant, 633

Deltoideus, of horse, 578, 579f

Dendrites, 254

Dens, 33, 36f, 36b, 99, 393-394

Dental cavity, 100

Dental laminae, 133

Dental pad, 94, 94f

Dental papilla, 133

Dentin, 99-100

Dentition

alignment of, 106, 106f

of cats, 102, 103f, 369-372

development of, 133, 133f

of dogs, 101-102, 102f, 369-372

eruption of, 101, 101f

estimation of age and, 506, 507f, 509t, 510f-511f

of horses, 103, 104f, 502-506, 505f, 510f-511f

innervation of, 101

in llamas and alpacas, 806, 806f-807f

overview of, 98-103

of pig, 741-744, 743f-744f, 744t

eruption dates of, 744t

of porcine, 103, 103f

of ruminants, 103, 104f, 641-643, 642f-643f

tooth anatomy and, 99, 99f

Dermatomes, 29, 31f

Dermis, 8, 8f, 341

in horse

of the frog, 600, 604f

of the sole, 600

Descending colon, 546f-547f, 548

of camelids, 816b

Descending pathways, See Efferent pathways

Desmosomes, 341

Desnooding, 772

Developmental anatomy, 1

Dewclaw, 350f, 472-473

Dewlap, 646f

Diaphragm, 45-46, 46f, 48f

of dog and cat, 405-406

of horse, 527-529, 529f, 537f, 541f, 549, 551f

pelvic, 48f, 50, 191

urogenital, 50, 191

Diarthroses, 15

Diastema, 99

Diencephalon, 274-276, 274f-275f

Digastricus muscle, 105, 105f

of dog and cat, 373f

Digestive apparatus, 91-138, 92f

see also specific elements

development of, 131-136, 138b

Digital cushion, 349

Digital joints, muscles acting on, 79-80, 79b-80b

Digitigrade posture, 72, 72f

Dilator muscle, 109

Diphyodonty, 98-99

Discoidal placenta, 195-196, 198f

Disk, 17-18, 36-37, 37f

Displacement, abomasal, of ruminant, 677, 677b-678b

Distal, defined, 2f, 3

Distal cutaneous branch, 688

Distal phalanx, 73, 717, 718f

of horse, 590

Distal sesamoid (navicular) bone, of horse, 590-591, 591f, 593f

Diverticulum

cheek pouch, 93

preputial, 764f, 767f

urethra and, 173, 761, 762f

vitelline, 784

Dog and cat

esophagus of, 412-416, 415f

heart of, 409-412, 413f-414f, 414t

lungs of, 407-408, 408f mediastinum of, 408-409, 409f-412f pleura of, 403-407, 406f-407f, 406b thoracic wall of, 403-407, 405f-406f thorax of, 403-417

conformation of, 403, 403f-404f great vessels and nerves within, 416, 416f lymphatic structures of, 416-417, 417t, 417b surface anatomy of, 403, 404f-405f

thymus of, 412-416, 415f

trachea of, 412-416

Dolichocephalic breeds, 359-360, 360f

Dorsal, defined, 2f, 3

Dorsal branch, 28, 28f, 726

Dorsal dislocation, 731b

Dorsal metatarsal artery, 734, 734f

Dorsal plane, 2f, 3

Dorsal process, 32

Dorsal root, anatomy of, 27, 27f

Dorsal sagittal sinus, 298f, 300

Dorsal thoracic center, lymph nodes and, 246, 246f Dorsopalmar radiographs, 473

Down feather, 775, 775f

Dubbing, 772

Ductus choledochus, See Bile duct

Duodenum

of birds, 783-784

of camelids, 815

of dog and cat, 428-429, 430f

of horse, 541f-546f, 542-543, 548f

overview of, 119, 120f

palpation of, 438-440

of pig, 755

of ruminant, 681-682

Dura mater, 295, 296f, 396b, 396f-397f

Dysplasia, hip, 482

E

Ear, 331-337, 332f-336f

base of, 363f

of birds, 799

of camelids, 808, 809f of dog and cat, 381-385 external, 381-383, 382f middle and inner, 383-385 of pig, 740

Eardrum, 107, 383f Earlobe, 772, 772f Ecdysis, See Molt Ectoderm, 64-65 Effector organ, 254 Efferent pathways, 252 Eggs, 795f Elbow joint, 74, 74f

capsule, 471

of dog and cat, 467-472, 472f flexion of, 469-470

of horse, 579-582, 582f luxation of, 471b

of pig, 768

ruminant, 715 Electromyography, 24, 24f Ellipsoidal joint, 19, 20f Embryo, 91, 92f

Enamel, 99-100, 99f, 133-134, 506 Endocardium, 216

Endocrine component, of pancreas, 129 Endocrine glands, 203-209, 209b Endocrinology, 203

Endoderm, 91 Endolymphatic duct, 336 Endometrial cups, 198, 200f Endometrium, 187, 187b Endomysium, 21

Endoscopy, 4

of horse, 509b

Endotracheal intubation, in camelids, 809b Enteroception, 340

Enterochromaffin system, 120-122 Enteroendocrine system, 120-122 Enterotomy, 430b

Entropion, 360 Environment, embryo development and, 194-195 Epaxial division, 42-43, 43f

Epaxial muscles, 398-400

of dog and cat, 403

Epicardium, 216

Epidermal membrane, of camelids, 819 Epidermis, 8, 8f, 341

Epididymis, 175f-177f, 176, 791-792 Epidural anesthesia, 524b, 828b Epidural space, 295, 396b Epiglottic cartilage, 142-143, 143f Epiglottis, 107-109, 108f, 364f, 369f, 376f-377f, 379f of horse, 502b, 503f, 513

Epimysium, 21 Epinephrine, 208 Epiphysis, See Pineal gland Epiploic (omental) foramen, 113 Epithalamus, 274

Epitheliochorial placenta, 196 Equator, (optic), 318 Equine lungs, 155f Erectile tissue, 226-227 Erection, 766

of horse, 570

of penis, 183-184, 184b

Ergots, 349, 350f

Eructation, of ruminant, 674 Eruption dates

of cat^, s teeth, 372t

of dog's teeth, 372t Erythroblastosis fetalis, 196-198 Esophageal hiatus, 46, 46f Esophagus, 110

of birds, 781, 782f

of camelids, 813

of dog and cat, 364f, 369f, 377f, 379f, 412-416, 415f

of horse, 519, 533

overview of, 110-111, 110f-111f, 110b

of the ruminant, 647, 662-663

Estrogen, 193

Estrus, 185, 451

Ethmoidal conchae, 364f, 366f, 374f

Ethmoidal meatuses, 139-140

Eustachian tubes, See Auditory tubes

Exocrine component, of pancreas, 129

Expiration, 47

Extension, synovial joints and, 18, 18f

Extensor group, of horse, 586-588, 586f-587f

Extensor muscles, 313b

of horse, 581-582, 582f-583f, 584t

Extensor tendons, 719-720, 722f

External capsule, 277

External iliac artery, 235-236, 236f

External jugular vein, 363f

External sagittal crest, of dog and cat, 359-360

External spermatic fascia, 178-179, 179f

Exteroceptive sensations, 252

Extralemniscal system, 282-283, 282f-283f

Extrapyramidal system, 288-290, 289f

Eye(s), 318, 319f

adnexa of, 325-329, 326f-329f

of birds, 776, 798-799, 799f

blood supply of, 329-330, 330f

of camelids, 809-811, 810f, 810b-811b

of dog and cat, 360f, 366f, 378-381, 378f fibrous tunic of, 318-325, 319f of horse, 494, 494f, 516-517, 517f internal tunic of, 319f, 322-324 nerve supply of, 330-331 refractive media of, 324-325, 324f-326f of the ruminant, 645-646, 646f vascular tunic, 319f, 320-322, 321f

Eyeball, 318-331, 319f, 798

of horse, 516

of the ruminant, 645

Eyelashes, See Cilia

Eyelids, 328-329, 328f, 798 of horse, 494, 494f of the ruminant, 645 third, 379

F

Face, of horse, conformation and external features of, 492

Facial crest, of horse, 494-495, 495f

Facial expression, of horse, 494-495

Facial lymph node, 363f

Facial nerve, 363f

Facial trunk, of horse, 497

Falx cerebri, 276, 295

Fascia, 8-11

of ruminant, 664

Fasciculi, 256

Fast twitch fibers, 22

Fastigial nuclei, 270, 272f

Fat, 8-11, 10f

Feathers, 771, 774-776, 775f

Feeding, 119b

Feline, skeleton of, 391f

Female reproductive organs, 184-202, 185b

age and functional changes to, 192-200

development of, 161-163, 162f-164f

innervation of, 191

Femoral artery, 734, 734f, 736f

Femoral nerve, 736, 737f, 737t

Femoral trochlea, in horse, 616-617

Femoropatellar compartment, in horse, 618

Femoropatellar joint, 85, 86f

cavity, 731

Femoropatellar ligaments, damage to, 821b

Femorotibial joint, 84, 86f, 485

Femur, 80-81, 81f, 481

of birds, 777f, 779-780

as commonly fractured bone, 483, 484f

greater trochanter of, 481

of horse, 612, 613f

ligaments of, 84-85, 86f

luxation of, 481b

shaft of, 483

Fermentation, 115

of the ruminant, 643

Fertilization, 193-194, 794

Fetal circulation, 239f-240f

Fetal membranes, 195-200, 195f-196f, 198f, 200f, 700

retention of, 700b

Fetlock joint, 717-718, 719f

of horse, 591-592, 591f, 605, 605f

Fetus

See also Placenta, Pregnancy

aging of, 454t

pig, 763

aging of, 764t

Fibers, muscles and, 23

Fibrocartilaginous articular disks, 104

Fibroelastic penis, 182, 183f

Fibrous joint, 15, 15f

Fibrous tunic (ocular), 318-325, 319f

Fibula, 82, 82f, 487, 488f, 490f, 731-732

in horse, 619-620, 620f

Filiform papillae, 368

of the ruminant, 640-641, 642f

Film, 4

First premolar teeth, 504

"Fistulous withers," 523-524

Fixators, 23

Flat bones, 11

Flehmen reaction, 368, 368f

Flexion, synovial joints and, 18, 18f

Flexor muscles, of horse, 580-581, 581f-583f, 584t, 605f

Flight feathers, See Contour feathers

Floating colon, See Descending colon

Flocculonodular lobe, 270

Foci of calcification, 205

Follicle, 185

of birds, 793, 794f

of dogs and cats, 345-346, 347f

growth of, 192-193

of pigs, 761, 763f

ruminant, 691

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 204, 205f

Foot

See also Forelimb

of bird, 773, 774f

of camelids, 827, 827f-829f

of pig, 769f

Footpads, 347-349, 349f

Foramen lacerum, 54, 59f

Foramen magnum, 54, 56f, 59f

Foramina, skull and, 52, 54f

Forearm

of dog and cat, 467-472

of horse, 582-588

muscles of, 586-588

of ruminant, 715-717

Forebrain, 274-279

archipallium in, 278-279, 280f-281f

basal nuclei in, 277

development of, 262, 263t

diencephalon in, 274-276, 274f-275f neopallium in, 277-278, 279f

paleopallium in, 276-277

telencephalon (cerebrum) in, 262, 276

Forefoot, innervation of, 610-611, 611f Foregut, 91, 92f

caudal part of, 134-135

development from, 131

Forelimb

of birds, 778-779, 779f

development and maturation of, 465t

of the dog and cat, 464-480, 478b

of horse, 574-611, 575f, 611b

lymphatic structures of, 606-608, 606f-608f nerves of, 608-611

joints of, 73-75, 74f-75f

muscle of, 75-80, 75f

nerves of, 725-727

of pig, 768

of ruminant, 715-728, 727b

skeleton of, 67-73

Forepaw, of dog and cat, 472-476

Forestomach, of ruminant, 667-668, 669f

Fornix, 188, 189f, 279, 280f, 319f, 328

Forsell's operation, 518-519

Fossa ovalis, 213-214, 214f

Fourth ventricle, 266

Frenulum, 369f, 458

Frequency, wavelength and, 6-7

Frog, 349, 350f

of horse, 600

Frontal lobe, 278, 278f

Frontal sinus, 140f-142f, 141, 364f, 367f, 371f, 377f

canine, 367f

feline, 367f, 373f-374f

of horse, 498, 500-501

of the ruminant, 639f, 640

FSH, See Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Fulcrums, 23, 24f

Fundic gland, See Proper gastric gland

Fundus, 320-321, 321f

of dog and cat, 380, 425, 425f-426f

of eye, 381f

in cat, 382f

of horse, 517f, 542, 542f, 544f

overview of, 116

of the ruminant, 646f

Fungiform papillae, 369f

Funiculi, 265

G

Gallbladder

of dog and cat, 431-432

of horse, 549

overview of, 127-128, 128f-129f, 135, 135f

GALT, See Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

Galvayne's groove, 506

Ganglia, 256

Gaping, 106

Gas exchange, in birds, 788b

Gaster, See Stomach

Gasterophilus, 542

Gastric glands, 116-118

Gastric mucosa, 116-118

Gastric pits, 116-118, 117f

Gastric volvulus, 428b

Gastrin, 118b, 120-122, 208

Gastrocnemius, 730f, 733, 733f

Gastroduodenojejunitis, 542-543

Gastrointestinal tract, 115, 116f

vascularization, lymph drainage, and innervation of, 548-549

Gastrosplenic ligament, 116

Geniculate ganglion, 304

Germinal center, See Lymph nodules

Gestation

of camelids, 818b

of ruminant, 697-700, 698f-699f

Gingiva, 99

Girdle muscles, 75-77, 75f

of horse, 574-576, 576f-577f, 578t

Gizzard, 782f-783f, 783

Glandular mucosa, of ruminant, 677

Glandular phase, 156

Glans, 181f, 182

Glans penis, 157f, 161f, 182f, 456

Glaucoma, 324

Glenoid concavity, 466

Globus pallidus, 277

Glottic cleft, 145

of the ruminant, 645

Glottis, 781, 786

Glucagon, 208

Gluteal muscles, of horse, 612-613

Gluteobiceps, 729

Gnathotheca, 772

GnRH, See Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Gomphosis, 15

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 204, 205f Gonocytes, 159-160

Gracile fasciculus, 280-282

Gracile nuclei, 267, 271f

Gray matter, 256

Great vessels, in thorax, 533

Greater omentum

of camelids, 815

of dog and cat, 418f, 420-421, 421f-423f

overview of, 113, 114f, 134-135

of ruminant, 678-679, 680f-681f

GRH, See Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH)

Growth (somatotropic) hormone (STH), 204, 205f

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH), 204, 205f Guard hairs, 344, 345f

Gubernaculum, 163-164, 165f-166f

Gubernaculum testis, 163-164, 165f

Gullet, See Esophagus

Gums, 99, 99f

Gustatory organ, 338-339

Gut, 91, 92f, 121f

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), 797 Guttural pouch, 334, 511-513, 511b, 514f-516f

H

Habenulae, 274, 274f

Habenular commissure, 274

Habenular stria, 274

Hair, 343-346, 344f-347f

Hair follicle, 8f

Hamstring muscles, 768

Hamular process, 58f, 59

Hard palate, 54, 57, 93-94, 93f-94f, 364f, 368, 374f

of horse, 501-502

of the ruminant, 640

"Haustral flow," 543

Head

of bird, 772f-773f

of camelids, 804-811, 806f

conformation and external features

of the ruminant, 632-635, 634f-635f

in sheep and goat, 634-635

of dog and cat, 359-389, 389b

conformation and external features of, 359-361, 360f-361f

lymphatic structures of, 388-389, 388f

superficial structures of, 361-362

of horse

conformation and external features of, 492

profile of, 493f

superficial structures of, 494-497

joints of, 60f

muscles of, 60

controlling movements of, 401, 401f

of pig, 739-747, 747b

lymphatic structures of, 746-747, 747f

most striking feature, 739

superficial structures of, 740, 742f

plan and development of, 50-51, 51f

of the ruminant, 632-651, 651b

superficial structures of, in the ruminant, 635-636, 638f

Heart, 210-211

of birds, 796

development of, 210f-211f, 220-224, 223f-225f of dog and cat, 409-412, 413f-414f, 414t

functional anatomy of, 217f, 219-220, 219f, 222f general anatomy of, 213-216, 214f-215f

of horse, 528f, 531-533

overview of, 210-211, 211f-212f

pericardium and topography of, 211-224, 212f-213f of pig, 749

of the ruminant, 660-662

structure of, 211f, 216-218, 216f-219f

vessels and nerves of, 218-219, 219f-222f

Heat, See Estrus

Hemal arches, 395

Hemal nodes, 242, 242f

Hemal processes, 656, 657f

Hemoendothelial placenta, 196

Hemolytic disease, 196-198

Hemorrhage, pulmonary, 531

Hepar, See Liver

Hepatic artery, 127

Hepatic duct system, 128, 130f

Hepatic portal vein, in ruminant, 683

Hepatic veins, 127-128

Hernia, diaphragmatic, 405-406

Herniation, 30-31

Heterodonty, 98-99

Hindbrain, 262, 263t, 265-273

Hindgut, 91, 92f, 131, 136-138, 138f

Hindlimb

of birds, 779-780, 780f

blood vessels and, 734-736

of dog and cat, 481-491, 491b

croup, hip, and thigh in, 481-484 hock and hindpaw in, 488-489, 488f stifle joint and leg in, 485-488

of horse, 612-631, 631b

joints of, 83-85, 85f-86f

lymphatic structures of, 734-736 muscles of, 85-90, 87f, 89f

nerves of, 736-738

of pig, 768-770

lymph flow of, 770f

ruminant, 729-738, 729f-730f, 738b

skeleton of, 80-83, 81f-83f

development and maturation of, 483t-484t

Hinge joint, 19, 20f

Hip, muscles of, in horse, 612-616

Hip bone, 40, 41f

Hip joint, 83, 85f

disorders of, 729b

of dog and cat, 481

of horse, 612, 613f

of pig, 769

Hippocampus, 278-279, 280f-281f

Hippomanes, in allantoic fluid, 565

Hock joint

in horse, 618-621, 620f, 622f-624f

of pig, 770

ruminant, 729f, 730-734, 731f

Hock skeleton, of dog and cat, 488-489, 488f Homunculi, 278

Hoofs, 349-352, 351f, 722-724, 722f-723f

capsule, 724, 724f

ground surface of, 599f

of horse, 597-602

of a newborn foal, 604f

of pig, 769f

"Hook," 506

Horizontal septum, 795

Horn, 187, 352-353, 352f

bovine, 632-633, 636f

glands, 353, 353f

of hoof, 724

of sheep and goats, 634

Horner syndrome, 512

Horse

conformation and external features of, 492-494 dentition and masticatory apparatus of, 502-508 forelimb of, 574-611, 575f, 611b

head and ventral neck of, 492-521, 521b lymphatic structures of head and neck in, 520f, 521 nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of, 498-501 pelvis and reproductive organs of, 552-573, 573b

pharynx and guttural pouch of, 509-513

superficial structure of, 494-497

thorax of, 527-534, 534b

Humerus, 69, 69f

of birds, 777f, 778-779

of dog and cat, 464, 471f

of horse, 577, 579f

Hunter's bumps, 612

Hyoid apparatus, 57, 57f, 59, 142, 143f, 365f, 371f, 377f, 514f

Hyopenna, 775

Hyopharyngeus, 109, 110f

Hypaxial division, 42-43, 43f

Hypodermis, See Subcutis

Hypoglossal nerve, 96b

Hypoglossal nucleus, 268

Hypophyseal fossa, 364f

Hypophysis, 203-205, 203b, 204f-205f, 276, 291, 291f

Hypothalamus, 276, 290-291

Hypseledont, 99

Hypsodont, 99

I

Ileocecocolic junction, 429-430

Ileum, 120, 121f, 123f, 429, 430f-431f

of birds, 784

of horse, 543, 545f-546f, 548f

Iliac crests, 40

Iliacus, 401

Iliocostalis muscle, 398

Iliopsoas muscle, 401

Iliosacral center, lymph nodes and, 248f, 249

Ilium, 40, 41f, 481

Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 196

Implantation, 194

Incisive bone, 58f, 59, 370, 372f

Incisive duct, 93-94, 94f

Incisive papilla, 93-94, 93f-94f

Incisor teeth

of cat, 370, 370f

of dog, 101-102, 370, 370f

of horse, 502-504, 504f

of the ruminant, 641-642, 641f, 643f, 643t

Incisura, 116

Incus, 334

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, 645b

Infracardiac bursa, 113, 114f, 409

Infraglottic cavity, 145

Infraorbital foramen, 52-54, 54f, 361, 367f, 372f, 378f

Infraorbital pouch, glands of, 353, 354f

Infraorbital sinus, 786

Infraspinatus, 464, 466f

of horse, 578

Infundibulum, 186, 189f, 447-448, 502-504, 794, 795f Inguinal canal, 48f, 49, 420

of horse, 538-540, 539f

of pig, 752

Inguinal pouch, glands of, 354-355, 355f

Inguinal ring, 420

Inner mucosa, 148, 148f

Insertion, defined, 23-24

Insulin, 208

Insulinoma, 433b-434b

Integument, of birds, 771-776

Interarytenoid cartilage, 144

Intercapital ligaments, 395

Interchondral joint, 39

Interdigital pouch, glands of, 354, 354f

Interlobar arteries, 170, 170f

Internal carotid artery, 298-299, 298f

Internal iliac artery, 236-237, 237f

Internal tunic (ocular), 319f, 322-324

Internal vertebral plexus, of the ruminant, 655-656, 656f

Interneurons, 257-258

Interosseous muscle, 719, 720f-721f

of horse, 594-597

Interpeduncular fossa, 259

Interspinales muscles, 400

Intersternal joint, 39

Interthalamic adhesion, 274-275, 275f

Intertragic notch, 382f

Intertransversarii muscles, 400

Intertubercular groove, 69, 69f

Intervenous tubercle, 213-214, 214f

Intervertebral articulations, 36

Intervertebral disks, 390, 395-396, 523

Intestines

See also Large intestine, Small intestine

of birds, 783-784, 784f development of, 138f

of dog and cat, 428-431, 428f, 432f

of horse, 542-548, 543f

overview of, 119, 119f-120f, 126f

palpation of, 438-440

of ruminant, 681-683, 681f-682f

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves of, 125

Intestinum crassum, 119

Intestinum tenue, 119

Intramuscular injections, sites for, in camelids, 829-830

Intraperitoneal organs, defined, 112-113

Intromission, 460-461

Intumescentiae, 263-264, 264f

Intussusception, 543

Iridic granules, 810

Iris, 319f, 321, 322f-323f, 798-799 pigmentation in camelids, 810

Ischial arch, 40, 41f, 481

Ischial center, lymph nodes and, 249

Ischial spine, 40, 41f

Ischial tuber, 40, 41f

of horse, 612, 613f

of pigs, 761

Ischiocavernosus muscles, 183, 457

Ischiorectal fossa, 442

Ischiourethralis, 457

Ischium, 40, 41f

Islet cells, 208

Islets of Langerhans, 208

Isthmus, 186, 189f, 783, 794, 795f

Ivory, 99

J

Jaws, articulations of, 104-105

Jejunum

of birds, 784

of camelids, 815

of dog and cat, 429

of horse, 541f, 542-543, 545f, 548f overview of, 120, 120f

palpation of, 438-440

of pig, 755

of ruminant, 682, 682f

Joint capsule, of horse, 592-593, 595f-596f

Joints, 15-19

cartilaginous, 15-16, 16f development of, 66

fibrous, 15, 15f

of forelimb, 73-75, 74f-75f

of hindlimb, 83-85, 85f-86f

of horse, 588-594, 611f

of jaw, 104

of pelvic girdle, 41-42

synovial, 16-19, 16f-18f, 20f

of trunk, 31-42

Jugal arch, 777, 777f

Jugular venipuncture, 812b

Juxtaglomerular complex, 209

K

Keel, 778

Kemp, 345

Keratin dust, 775

Keratinization, 341

Keratinocytes, 346

Kidneys, 165-170, 167f-170f, 167b-168b

of birds, 790-791, 790f-791f

of camelids, 816

of dog and cat, 435, 436f-437f, 445-446, 445f

of horse, 547f, 550-551, 550f

palpation of, 438-440

of pig, 756-758, 758f-759f

of ruminant, 681f, 684-685, 685f

"Kissing spine," 522-523

Koilin, 783

L

Labia, 450-451

Labiogingival grooves, 133

Labrum, 18

Lacertus fibrosus, of horse, 580

Lacrimal apparatus, 329

Lacrimal caruncle, 328, 329f

Lacrimal gland, 379

in camelids, 810

of horse, 516, 517f

of the ruminant, 645

Lacrimal lake, 329

Lacrimal sac, 329

"Lacteals," 125

Lactiferous sinus, 357, 357f, 10029

Lactogen, 198

Lameness, of horse, 596b

Lamina propria-submucosa, of ruminant, 672-673, 674f

Lamina terminalis grisea, 274-276

Laminar dermis, of horse, 600, 601f

Laminectomy, 402

Laminitis, 722b

Lanolin, 353

Laparotomy, for camelids, 813b

Large intestine

of horse, 543-548, 547f

overview of, 122-125, 123f-126f

of pig, 755-756, 757f

Laryngeal cartilage, 143f

Laryngeal hemiplegia, See Roaring

Laryngeal mound, 781

Laryngeal mucous membrane, 145-146

Laryngopharynx, 107-109, 109f, 386f

of horse, 509-510, 513f

of the ruminant, 644, 644f

Larynx, 142-147, 143f

articulations, ligaments, membranes of, 143f-144f, 144 of birds, 782f, 786-787

cartilage of, 142-144, 143f

of dog and cat, 376-378, 378b

of horse, 513-516, 516f

mechanism of, 146-147, 146f

musculature, 144-145, 144f

of pig, 745, 745f

of the ruminant, 644f, 645

Lateral, defined, 2f, 3

Lateral extensor, 730f, 733

Lateral femorotibial compartment, in horse, 618

Lateral retropharyngeal lymph node, 389

Lateral tract, 276-277

Lateral vesical folds, 171

Latissimus dorsi, of horse, 575, 576f

Left atrium, 214, 215f

Left displacement of the abomasum, 677b-678b

Left dorsal colon, 541f, 545f, 547, 547f

Left ventral colon, 541f, 545f, 546-547, 547f

Left ventricle, 215f-216f, 216

Leg

of dog and cat, 485-488

muscles of, 730f, 733

ruminant, 729f, 730-734, 731f

Lemniscal system, 280-282, 282f

Lenses, 324-325, 324f, 326f

Lentiform nucleus, 277

Lesser omentum, 114f, 421-422

of ruminant, 679

Lesser sciatic notch, 40, 41f

Levator ani, 442

Levator palpebrae superioris, 327, 328f

Levator veli palatini, 109, 110f

Ligaments, 143f-144f, 144

accessory, horse, 612, 625

broad,448-449

reproductive organs and, 189-190 claws and, 475, 475f

cruciate, 485, 485b

dorsal longitudinal, intervertebral disks and, 395 dorsoscapular, 524, 525f

elastic dorsal, 475, 475f

eye and, 328

falciform, 419, 420b of femoral head, 612 femoropatellar, damage to, 821b of femur, 84-85, 86f gastrosplenic, 421 hepatoduodenal, 421-422 hepatogastric, 421-422 of horse

accessory (check), 596

annular, 597

distal digital annular, 597, 598f hip joint and, 612 palmar annular, 597 proximal digital annular, 597, 598f inguinal, 536-537 intercapital, 39, 39f nuchal, 523-524, 525f

of the ruminant, 653f, 654

orbital, 325

ovaries and, 446-448 palpebral, 328 patellar, in horse, 617 pectinate, 324 of pelvic girdle, 41-42 periodontal, 100 regional, abdominal wall and, 419-420 round, 448-449

of uterus, 191 sacrosciatic, 42, 42f sacrotuberous, 42, 42f specific, sesamoid, 14-15 stifle joint and, 485, 486f, 617f synovial joints and, 17, 17f uterus and, 448-449 of vertebral column, 37, 38f Ligamentum apicis dentis, 393-394 Limb bud, 64-65 Limbic system, 292-293 Limbs, 64-90

bones of, 67t

distal part of, ruminant, 717-722

joints, 717-719, 718f

of pig, 768-770, 770b

plan and development of, 64-67

skeleton, 717, 718f

tendons, 719-722

veins of, 725

Limbus, 318, 319f

Linea alba, 30, 419

in horse, 535-536, 536f-538f

of ruminant, 664

Lingua, 94-95

Lingual, of glossopharyngeal nerve, 306

Lip curl, 495

See also Flehmen reaction

reaction, 337-338

Lips, 91

of horse, 494

Liver

biopsy

samples of, 432b

site for, in camelids, 816b

of birds, 784-785

of camelids, 816

development of, 135-136, 135f

of dog and cat, 431-432, 433f-435f

of horse, 541f-542f, 548f-550f, 549

overview of, 125-128, 128f-130f

palpation of, 438-440

of pig, 755f-756f, 756, 758f

of ruminant, 679f, 681f, 683-684

Llamas

clinical anatomy of, 800-832, 804f, 831b

conformation of, 800-801

external features and integument of, 802-803

face structure of, 803f

feet, 827f

foreleg, 824f

head of, 804-811, 806f

left carpus of, 825f

rear limb of, 821f

right tarsus of, 822f

size of, 800-801

skeleton, 811f

Lobation, of bovine lungs, 661f

Locomotor apparatus, 29-90, 90b

Long bones, 11, 11f-13f, 65, 65f, 80-81, 81f fracture, 715b

Long digital extensor, 733

Longissimus atlantis muscle, 399

Longissimus capitis muscle, 399

Longissimus muscle, 398-399

Longitudinal fissure, 276

Longitudinal ligament, 395

Longus capitis, 400

Longus colli, 400

Lower motor neurons, 286-287

Lumbal plexus, 490f

Lumbar center, lymph nodes and, 247, 248f

Lumbar hypaxial muscles, 400-401

Lumbar puncture, 396-397

Lumbar trunks, 249, 249f

Lumbar vertebrae, 394-395, 395f

Lumbosacral disk, of the ruminant, 654

Lumbosacral plexus, 28, 736

Lumbosacral space, 392

of pig, 748

Lumbosacral trunk, 312

Lumen, 124

Lumina, intestinal, 120, 121f

Lungs, 149-156, 151t, 152f-153f, 155f

of birds, 787-790, 789f

of camelids, 813

of dog and cat, 407-408, 408f

of horse, 528f-530f, 529-531, 530b

of pig, 749b

pleura of, in the ruminant, 658-659

Luteolysis, 198

Luxation, 466-467, 466b, 481b, 485

Lymph, gastrointestinal tract and, 548

Lymph drainage

of the limb, in horse, 628

pathways, 419, 420t

Lymph nodes, 26-27, 27f, 242, 243f-244f, 725, 735-736, 736f of the abdominal roof, in ruminant, 685 of abdominal viscera and loins, 247, 248f of abdominal wall, 249, 249f associated with pelvic walls, 553 in camelids, 829 caudal mediastinal, 534 cervical, 464, 466f

deep, 389

of the ruminant, 650

clusters of, 607-608

colic, 438

cranial mediastinal, 534

of dog and cat, 362, 417t

of forelimb, 245, 466f

gastric, 438

of head and neck, 245-249, 246f, 388

of the ruminant, 649-650, 650f, 650t

hepatic, 438

of hindlimb, 249, 249f

of pigs, 770, 770f

of horse, 496-497

retropharyngeal, 512f, 521

hypogastric, 436-438, 439t-440t

iliofemoral, 436-438

in ruminant, 685

inguinal, 418-419, 439t-440t

in horse, 615, 628

intercostal, 534

of the ruminant, 663, 663f

intestines and, in ruminant, 682f

lateral retropharyngeal, 389

of the ruminant, 649-650

lumbar aortic, 436-438, 439t-440t

in ruminant, 685

lumbar trunks and, 249, 249f

mandibular, 362, 363f, 388

of the ruminant, 636, 649

medial iliac, 436-438, 439t-440t

in ruminant, 685

medial retropharyngeal, of the ruminant, 649-650 mediastinal, of the ruminant, 663, 663f mesenteric, 438

in ruminant, 683

of neck, 245, 246f pancreaticoduodenal, 438 parotid, 362, 363f, 388

of the ruminant, 649

of pelvis, 249, 249f

popliteal, in horse, 628

regional

intestines and, 428-431

mammary glands and, 418-419, 419f retropharyngeal, 363f

medial, 388-389

sacral, 436-438

of small intestine, 125

splenic, 438

sternal, of the ruminant, 663f stomach and, in ruminant, 680 structures of, 243f, 436-438, 437f-438f subiliac, in horse, 628

thoracic duct and, 247, 247f

of thorax, 245-247, 246f-247f, 533

in the ruminant, 663t

tracheal duct and, 245, 246f tracheobronchial, 534

Lymph nodules, 122, 123f, 429, 797 Lymphatic drainage

of lungs, 531

small intestine and, 125

of thorax, in the ruminant, 663, 663f topography of, 242-249, 245f

Lymphatic structures, 25-27

of pelvis, in pigs, 766

ruminant, 724-725

Lymphatic system, 241f

Lymphatic vessels, 26, 26f

cisterna chyli, 26f, 125, 438 thoracic duct, 125

Lymphatics, of birds, 797

Lymphocytes, 26

1550

M

Macula

of horse, 516-517

of the ruminant, 645-646

Maculae, 335-336, 335f

Magnetic resonance imaging, 7, 8f

Magnification, radiography and, 4, 5f-6f

Magnum, 794, 795f

Male reproductive organs, 173-184 development of, 159-161, 159f-162f sperm transport in, 183-184, 184b

Malleus, 383f

Mammary glands, 356-358, 356f-357f

of dog and cat, 418-419, 419f, 420t

of pig, 752, 752f

Mammillary body, 269f, 276

Mandible, 54-55, 56f-58f, 59, 366f, 777, 777f movement of, 373

Mandibular center

lymph nodes and, 245, 246f

of pig, 746

Mandibular duct, of dog and cat, 367f, 373f

Mandibular gland

of dog and cat, 363f, 367f-368f, 373f, 374 of horse, 508

overview of, 96, 97f

of the ruminant, 636, 644

Mandibular symphysis, 60

Manubrium, 38-39, 39f, 777f, 778

of horse, 527

Manus, 72, 72f

Marek disease, 798

Margo plicatus, 542, 542f, 544f

Marrow, 11-12

Mastication, 60-61, 61t

in horse, 506-508, 508f

Masticatory apparatus, 98-105

of the ruminant, 641-643

Masticatory surface, 99-100

Mating behavior, 460, 462f

Maxillary recess, 366f

Maxillary sinus, 141-142, 142f

of dog and cat, 365-366

of horse, 498, 499f-501f, 501, 501b

of the ruminant, 639f, 640

in sheep and goat, 640, 640b

Meckel diverticulum, 784

Medial, defined, 2f, 3

Medial femorotibial compartment, in horse, 618

Medial lemniscus, 269-270, 273f, 280-282

Medial malleolus, 82, 82f

Medial part of caudoventral nuclear complex of thalamus (MCV), 280-282, 282f

Medial saphenous vein, 734-735, 735f

Medial tract, 276-277

Median artery, of horse, 606-607

Median caudal vessels, of pig, 748

Median eminence, 205

Median groove, 369f

Median nerve, 477, 477f, 717f, 725-726

Median plane, 2f, 3

Median vesical fold, 171

Mediastinal center, lymph nodes and, 246-247, 246f

Mediastinum, 149, 151f

of dog and cat, 408-409, 409f-412f

of horse, 528f, 531, 532f

of the ruminant, 659-663

Medulla (adrenal), 208

Medulla oblongata, 265-267, 267f-269f

Medullary sinus, 26

Medullary vela, 266

Melanin, 346, 776b

Melanocytes, 346

Melatonin, 206

Membranes, of larynx, 143f-144f, 144

Membranous labyrinth, 335, 335f

Membranous tentorium cerebelli, 295, 295f

Menisci, 486-487

synovial joints and, 17-18

Meridian (optic), 318, 319f

Mesaticephalic breeds, 359-360, 360f

Mesencephalic nucleus, of trigeminal nerve, 269 Mesenchyme, 64-65

Mesenteries, 112-113, 136

Mesobronchus, 787

Mesocolon, 112-113

Mesoduodenum, 113

Mesogastrium, 113, 134-135

Mesoileum, 113

Mesojejunum, 113

Mesonephric duct, 157, 158f

Mesonephric tubule, 157

Mesorchium, 177-178, 177f

Mesorectum, 113, 689

Mesovarium, 112-113

Metacarpal bones, 72-73, 73f

of dog and cat, 472

of horses, 588

Metanephros, 157-158, 158f-159f

Metathalamus, 275, 275f

Microbial fermentation, 545

Microscopic anatomy, defined, 1

Midbrain, 262, 263t, 273-279

Middle cerebellar peduncles, 265

Middle constrictor, 109, 110f

Middle fossa, 293-294, 293f

Middle phalanx, 73

of horse, 590, 591f

Midgut, 91, 92f, 131, 136-138, 137f

Mimetic musculature, 61, 61t

Mineralization, 452, 453t

Molars, of dog, 102, 102f

Molt, 776

Monostomatic part, 367f

Monosynaptic reflex arc, 257, 257f

Monotocous, defined, 185, 186f

Motor unit, 23

Mouth

closure of, 106

development of, 131-134, 131f-132f

of dog and cat, 367-369

floor of, 96

of horse, 501-502

overview of, 91-98

of pig, 741-744, 743f-744f, 744t

of the ruminant, 640-641, 640f-641f

Mucosa, 148, 148f

Multifidus, 400

Multiparous, defined, 185

Multipolar neuron, 254, 255f

Muscle, 19-24

abdominal

of horse, 538, 538f

of the ruminant, 664, 666f

abdominal oblique, 43f, 47

of abdominal wall, 47-49, 48f

abdominis, of the ruminant, 665, 666f

actions of, 23-24, 24f

adductors, 87f, 88

in horse, 616

anconeus, 478t-480t

of horse, 582

arm, of horse, 579-582, 582f

arrector pili, 344-345

associated with the vertebral column, of dog and cat, 398-401, 399f auricular, 332

of back and neck, 524

biceps, of horse, 580

biceps brachii, 78, 78f, 478t-480t

biceps femoris, in horse, 612-613, 614f

bladder, 172

blood and nerve supplies of, 23

brachialis, 78, 78f, 469-470, 478t-480t

of horse, 581

brachiocephalicus, 63f-64f, 64, 76, 76f, 385

of horse, 574-575, 576f

brachioradialis, 78-79

breast, 779, 780b

buccinator, 495, 496f

bulbospongiosus, 457

caudal, in horse, 623-625, 626t

certain, bulbospongiosus, 183

cervical hypaxial, 400

coccygeus, 48f, 50 common digital extensor, 79f, 80

of horse, 587, 587f

controlling movements, of head, 401, 401f coracobrachialis, 77, 78f, 478t-480t

of horse, 579, 581f cranial, in horse, 616 craniolateral, 89

in horse, 621-623, 625t cricoarytenoideus, 144-145, 144f cricothyroideus, 144-145, 144f cutaneous, 42, 43f, 63

of the ruminant, 664 deep digital flexor, 79f, 80

of horse, 588, 589f

deep division, 62

deep pectoral, 478t-480t

deep rotator, 400

of deglutition, 375-376 deltoid, 478t-480t deltoideus, 77, 78f

of horse, 578, 579f depressor labii inferioris, 495, 496f digastricus, 105, 105f, 507, 508f digital extensor, 478t-480t

in horse, 623, 625f, 631f

digital flexor, in horse, 624, 625f, 631f dorsal cervical, 523-524 electromyography and, 24, 24f epaxial, 397f, 398-400

extensor, of horse, 581-582, 582f-583f, 584t extensor carpi, 79-80, 79f

extensor carpi obliquus, of horse, 587f, 588, 588t extensor carpi radialis, 478t-480t

of horse, 586-587, 587f extensor group, 77-78, 78b

of horse, 586-588

external abdominal oblique, of horse, 536, 536f external oblique, of the ruminant, 665, 666f facial, 61-62

of facial expression, 61, 494-495

feather, 775

flexor, of horse, 580-581, 581f-583f, 584t, 605f flexor carpi radialis, 79f, 80, 478t-480t

of horse, 588, 589f

flexor carpi ulnaris, 478t-480t

of horse, 589f

flexor group, of horse, 588, 590t

flight, 779f

forearm, of horse, 586-588

of forelimb, 75-80, 75f, 79f, 478t-480t gastrocnemius, 89f, 90

in horse, 623-624, 625f

gemelli, 88

genioglossus, 95, 96f

geniohyoideus, 95, 96f

girdle, of horse, 574-576, 576f-577f, 578t gluteal, in horse, 612-613, 614t gluteus medius, 86-87, 87f

in horse, 613, 614f

gluteus profundus, 86-87, 87f

in horse, 613

gluteus superficialis, 86, 87f

in horse, 613, 614f

gracilis, 87, 87f

in horse, 615

hamstring, 768

in horse, 614-615, 615t

of hindlimb, 483

of hip, in horse, 612-616

hyoglossus, 95, 96f

iliacus, 45f, 49

iliocostalis, 398

iliopsoas, 401 infraspinatus, 77, 478t-480t

of horse, 578, 579f

intercostal, 45, 45f

internal oblique

of horse, 536f, 537

of the ruminant, 665, 666f

interosseus, 826

of horse, 594-597, 596f interspinales, 400 intertransversarii, 400 ischiocavernosi, 183, 457 ischiorectal fossa, 50 larynx, 377-378 lateral column, 43 lateral digital extensor, 89f, 90 of horse, 587, 587f

lateral flexor, in horse, 625, 625f latissimus dorsi, 76, 76f, 478t-480t

of horse, 575, 576f

of the leg, in horse, 621-625 levator ani, 48f, 50 levator labii superioris, 495, 496f long digital, 89f, 90 longissimus, 398-399 longissimus atlantis, 399 longissimus capitis, 399 longus capitis, 44, 45f longus colli, 44, 45f, 63f lumbar hypaxial, 400-401 lumbricalis pedis, 823 masseter, 105, 105f, 506-507 of mastication, 105-106, 105f, 506-508, 508f masticatory, 361 medial, in horse, 615-616, 615f, 615t medial column (transversospinalis system), 44, 45f medial digital extensor, 79f, 80 mesovarium, 187f, 189f-190f, 190-191 middle column (longissimus), 43, 44f mylohyoideus, 95, 96f, 96b oblique, 327, 327f obturator externus, 88 obturator internus, 87f, 88 occipitomandibularis, 507, 508f omohyoideus, 64, 518-519, 519f omotransversarius, 63f, 76, 76f, 478t-480t

of horse, 574-575, 576f

orbicular, 380 orbicularis oculi, 362 parotidoauricularis, 61-62

pectineus, 87, 87f

in horse, 615-616

pectoral, 76, 76f, 464

pectoralis descendens, of horse, 575, 577f pectoralis profundus, of horse, 576, 577f pectoralis transversus, of horse, 575, 577f penis and, 183, 455-459

peroneus longus, 89f, 90

peroneus tertius, in horse, 620f, 622-623, 626f popliteus, 89, 89f

in horse, 623

pronator quadratus, 79, 79f

pronator teres, 79, 79f, 478t-480t psoas, 49

psoas minor, 400-401

pterygoid, 105, 105f pterygoideus medialis and lateralis, 507, 508f quadratus femoris, 88

quadratus lumborum, 45f, 49 quadriceps femoris, 89

in horse, 616

rectus, 322f, 327, 327f

rectus abdominis, 43f, 48-49

of horse, 536f, 537

rectus capitis ventralis, 44, 45f

rectus sheath, 48f, 49, 419-420

rectus thoracis, 44f, 45

red, 780b

regional

abdominal wall and, 419-420

esophagus and, 110

eyeball and, 327-328, 327f

soft palate and, 109

stomach and, 116

of tongue, 95, 96f

respiration and, 790 retractor bulbi, 326f, 327

rhomboideus, 63f, 75f, 76-77, 478t-480t

of horse, 575, 577f

sartorius, 88

in horse, 615

scalenus, 45

semimembranosus, 87f, 88

in horse, 612-615, 614f

semitendinosus, 87f, 88

in horse, 612-613, 614f

serratus dorsalis, 44f, 45

serratus ventralis, 75f, 77

of horse, 575-576, 577f

short digital, 90

shoulder and, 464-467

skeletal, organization of, 21-23, 21f

specific, arrector pili, 8f

spinalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis, 399-400 splenius, 43-44, 44f, 63f, 398

sternocephalicus, 63-64, 63f, 385, 478t-480t sternohyoideus, 64, 512f, 518-519, 519f sternothyroideus, 64, 518-519, 518f stifle joint and, 89

styloglossus, 95, 96f

subclavius, of horse, 576, 577f

subscapularis, 77, 78f, 478t-480t

of horse, 578

superficial digital flexor, 79f, 80

of horse, 588, 589f

superficial division, 61-62, 62f

superficial pectoral, 75f, 76

supinator, 78-79, 478t-480t

supracoracoideus, 779

supraspinatus, 77, 78f, 478t-480t

of horse, 578, 579f

syringeal, 786-787

tarsal and digital joints and, 89-90

temporalis, 105, 105f, 507, 508f tendons and, 22, 22f tensor, 478t-480t

tensor fasciae antebrachii, 78, 78f

of horse, 582

tensor fasciae latae, in horse, 613, 614f

teres, 77, 78f, 466, 478t-480t

teres major

of horse, 578-579, 581f

of thigh, in horse, 612-616

of thoracic wall, 45-47, 45f

of thorax, 527

thyroarytenoideus, 144-145, 144f tibialis caudalis, in horse, 624-625, 625f tibialis cranialis, 89f, 90

in horse, 620f, 621-622

transversospinalis system, 399

transversus abdominis, 45f, 48

of horse, 536f, 537

transversus thoracis, 45

trapezius, 63f, 76, 76f

triceps brachii, 77-78, 478t-480t trigeminal, 60-61

of trunk, 42-50, 43f-44f

ulnaris lateralis, 79-80, 79f, 478t-480t

of horse, 587-588, 587f

urethra and, 173

vaginal, 188

variations in architecture of, 21-22, 22f

of vertebral column, 42-45, 43f

white, 780b

Muscle spindles, 257

Musculocutaneous nerve, 476

Musculofibrous layer, 328

Muzzle, 139, 140f

Myelin, 255-256, 256f

Myelography, 392f-393f, 396-397

Mylohyoideus muscle, 95, 96f, 96b Myoblast, 66-67

Myocardium, 216

Myoglobin, 22

Myology, 29

Myometrium, 187b

Myotactic reflex arc, 287f

Myotomes, 29, 31f

N

Nails, 349-352, 351f

Nasal aperture, 367f

Nasal bone, 59, 60f, 776-777, 777f

horizontal crest of, 364f

Nasal cartilages, of horse, 493f

Nasal cavity, 139, 140f

of birds, 786

of dog and cat, 362-365, 364f, 379f

dorsal part of, 364f

of pig, 741, 742f-743f

of the ruminant, 636-640

Nasal concha

dorsal, 364f

ventral, 364f

Nasal diverticulum, of horse, 492-494

Nasal gland, 786

Nasal mucosa, 140, 142f

Nasal plate, 139, 362-366

of the ruminant, 634

Nasal recess, 365-366

Nasal septum, 139, 141f-142f

Nasoincisive notch, of horse, 492-494, 495f

Nasolabial plate, 139

of the ruminant, 632

Nasolacrimal duct, 329, 329f, 365, 365f

of horse, 492-494, 493f, 516

Nasopharyngeal cavity, 378f

Nasopharyngeal polyp, 375

Nasopharynx, 106-107, 107f-109f, 374f

of horse, 509, 513f

of the ruminant, 636, 638f, 644

Nasotracheal intubation, in camelids, 809b

Neck

of birds, 782f

of camelids, 811-812, 811f, 811b

conformation and external features, 359-361, 360f-361f

in cattle, 632-633

of the ruminant, 632-635

in sheep and goats, 634-635

conformation and surface

anatomy of, 390

features of, 522, 524f, 652

of dog and cat, 390-402

lymphatic structures of, 388-389, 388f

of horse, 522-526

muscles of, 60

of pig, 740

conformation and superficial features of, 739-740, 740f-742f lymphatic structures of, 746-747, 747f

ventral, 739-747, 746f, 747b

of the ruminant, 652, 657b

of tooth, 99

ventral, 50-64, 385, 386f-387f

of dog and cat, 359-389, 389b

of horse, 517-521

of the ruminant, 632-651, 647f

"Needle teeth," of pig, 743

Neonate, 200-202, 201f

Neopallium, 277-278, 279f

Nephrons, 791

Nerve

of abdomen, 551, 551f

abducent, 304

accessory, 308

auricular, 304-306

auriculopalpebral, 305, 305f

of the ruminant, 635

auriculotemporal, 303-304, 303f

axillary, 309f, 310, 476-477, 476f bladder and, 446

blood vessels and, 442-443

bones and, 14

brachial plexus, 28, 309-311, 309f, 798

buccal, 303-304, 303f

in camelids, 812

cauda equina, 396, 397f

caudal cutaneous femoral, 312, 312f

caudal gluteal, 312

caudal (recurrent) laryngeal, 306-307 caudal nasal, 303, 303f caudal rectal, 313, 553 cervical ventral rami, 308-309 common peroneal, 312, 312f, 489, 490f cornual, of the ruminant, 633, 636f cranial, 301 cranial gluteal, 312 cranial laryngeal, 306 cutaneous, of the ruminant, 635-636, 638t deep perineal, 313 deep peroneal, 312, 312f deep temporal, 303, 303f dehorning and, of the ruminant, 633 depressor, 306 dorsal rami, 308

of ruminant, 665-666 dysfunction of, 476 ethmoidal, 303 facial, 304-305, 305f, 362, 363f

of the ruminant, 635, 638t

femoral, 311, 312f, 489, 490f

in horse, 628, 629f

of forelimb, 476-478, 476f frontal, 302-303, 303f gastrointestinal tract and, 549 genitofemoral, 311 glossopharyngeal, 306 gluteal, in horse, 628, 629f greater petrosal, 304, 305f guttural pouch and, 510-511 of hindlimb, 489-491

in horse, 628-631, 629f

horn and, of the ruminant, 633, 636f of horse

axillary, 608-609, 609f forelimb, 608-611 median, 609-610, 609f musculocutaneous, 608, 609f radial, 609, 609f suprascapular, 608, 609f ulnar, 609f, 610 hypoglossal, 96b, 308 iliohypogastric, 311 ilioinguinal, 311 inferior alveolar, 303f, 304 infraorbital, 303, 303f infratrochlear, 303, 303f internal carotid, 316 kidneys and, 790f lacrimal, 302-303, 303f laryngeal, 533 lateral thoracic, 309, 309f lesser palatine, 303, 303f lingual, 303f, 304 long ciliary, 303, 303f long thoracic, 309, 309f lumbar ventral rami, 311 lumbosacral plexus, 311-313, 312f, 552 mandibular, 303, 303f masseteric, 303, 303f maxillary, 303, 303f median, 309f, 310, 476f, 477 mental, 303f, 304 muscles and, 23 musculocutaneous, 309f, 310, 476, 476f mylohyoid, 303f, 304 myotomes and, 29, 31f nasociliary, 303, 303f obturator, 311-312, 312f, 688

in horse, 628, 629f

oculomotor, 302 olfactory, 301-308 ophthalmic, 302-303, 303f optic, 302, 319 pectoral, 309, 309f pelvic, 312f, 313, 446

urinary bladder and, 172-173 of pelvis, 688, 688f peripheral, 27-28, 27f-28f, 28b, 798 in camelids, 828

peroneal, in horse, 629f, 630 phrenic, 308-309

of pig

facial, buccal branches of, 740, 742f infraorbital, 740

plantar, 312f, 313

in horse, 630f

of pterygoid canal, 304 pterygopalatine, 303, 303f pudendal, 312f, 313, 552, 555f, 688 radial, 309f, 310, 476f, 477-478 rectal, 688 regional

adrenal and, 208

of esophagus, 111

eye, 330-331

intestines and, 125

soft palate and, 109

stomach and, 118b

thyroid and, 206-207

of tongue, 95, 96b

sacral and caudal ventral rami, 313 saphenous, 311, 312f, 489, 490f

in horse, 628, 629f

sciatic, 312, 312f, 489, 490f, 688

in horse, 628-630, 629f

skin and, 339, 339f, 343

of the ruminant, 637f

specific

abducent, 331 facial, 331, 337

maxillary, 331

oculomotor, 331

ophthalmic, 331

optic, 331

trigeminal, 331

trochlear, 331

vestibulocochlear, 337

spinal, 308-313

splanchnic, 314f, 316

sublingual, 303f, 304

subscapular, 309, 309f

superficial, 362, 363f, 497

auriculopalpebral, 497

facial, 497, 498f, 498t

infraorbital, 497

mental, 497

peroneal, 312, 312f

supraorbital, 497

trigeminal, 497, 498t

suprascapular, 309, 309f

teeth and, 101

thoracic ventral rami, 311

thoracodorsal, 309, 309f

in thorax, 533

tibial, 312f, 313, 489-491, 490f

in horse, 630-631

transverse facial, 303-304, 303f

trigeminal, 302-304, 303f

trochlear, 302 tympanic, 305f, 306 ulnar, 309f, 310-311, 476f, 477 vagal, 118b

of ruminant, 683

vagosympathetic trunk, in the ruminant, 649 vagus, 306-307, 307f, 798

of the ruminant, 662-663

ventral rami, 308-313

of ruminant, 666

vestibulocochlear, 306 zygomatic, 303, 303f

Nerve-blocking procedure, 727

Nervous system, 252-317, 317b stimulus-response function of, 257-258 structural elements of, 254-256 subdivisions of, 252-258, 253f

Neuroglia, 255-256

Neurohypophysis, 203-205

Neuromodulation, 254-255

Neurons, 254, 254f

Neuropores, 260, 260f

Neurotransmitter, 292

Neutering, 460

Nociceptors, 258

Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, 1-2

Nondeciduate species, defined, 196

Nonglandular strip of mucosa, 754

Norepinephrine, 208

Nose, 139-142, 140f

external, 362

"Nose leather," 91-93

Nostrils, 139, 140f, 786

of horse, 492-494, 493f opening of duct at, 365f

Notarium, 777f, 778

Nuchal ligament, 394

Nuchal surface, 54, 55f, 361-362

Nuclei interpositi, 270, 272f

Nucleus pulposus, 36-37, 37f, 37b

Nulliparous, defined, 185

Nutrient artery, 13-14, 13f

O

Oblique septum, 795

Obliquus capitis caudalis, 401, 401f

Obliquus capitis cranialis, 401, 401f

Obturator foramen, 40, 41f

Obturator nerve, 736, 736f

Occipital lobe, 278, 278f

Occlusal surface, 99-100

Odontoblasts, 100, 134

Olecranon, 70, 467

of horse, 535

Olfactory bulb, 798

Olfactory lobe, 278, 278f

Olfactory mucosa, 337

Olfactory organ, 337-338, 338f, 340b

Olfactory placodes, 131

Olfactory tract, 267f, 276-277

Oligodendrocytes, 255-256, 256f

Oligohydramnios, 198

Olivary nuclear complex, 269, 272f

Omasal canal, of ruminant, 670f, 676

Omasoabomasal opening, of ruminant, 670f, 676

Omasum, of ruminant, 667-668, 669f-670f, 675-676, 676f, 678f

Omenta, of ruminant, 669f, 672f, 678-679

Omental bursa, of ruminant, 679

Omental veil, 421

Omotransversarius, of horse, 574-575, 576f

Omphaloplacentas, 195

Onychectomy, 476b

Operculum, 786

Optic axis, 318, 319f

Optic canal, 364f

Optic disk, 321f, 323

of horse, 516-517

Optic lobes, 798

Ora serrata, 319f, 322-323

Oral cavity, 91, 92f-93f, 366f

of camelids, 805-808, 806f-807f

Orbicularis oculi, 363f

Orbicularis oris, 363f

Orbit, 52, 55f, 367f, 378-381, 378f

Orbital cavity, of the ruminant, 645

Orbital fasciae, 325-327, 326f

Orbital ligament, 367f

Orbital rim, 371f

Orbital septum, 325-326, 326f Organogenesis, 194

Origin, defined, 23-24

Oropharynx

of birds, 780-781, 781f

of cat, 364f, 369f, 376f

of dog, 108f, 364f, 369f, 376f

of horse, 509-510, 513f

overview of, 107, 108f

of the ruminant, 638f, 644

Orotracheal intubation, in camelids, 809b Os penis, 157f, 182b, 455-456

Ossa cordis, 216f

Ossa coxarum, 40

Osseous labyrinth, 335f, 336

Ossification, 65, 65f

of hindlimb skeleton, 483t-484t

long bones and, 11

short bones and, 11

sutures and, 15

tendons and, 22

Ossification centers, present of birth, 392t Osteoarthritis, hock joint and, 621 Osteofascial compartment, 9, 9f Osteology, 29

Osteone, 11, 12f, 14

Ostium, 794

Ostium primum, 223-224, 223f

Ostium secundum, 223-224, 223f

Otitis media, 383b, 385

Ovarian artery, 694-696, 696f

Ovarian bursa, 190-191, 448f

Ovarian follicular cysts, 691b

Ovarian vein, 696

Ovariohysterectomy, 447

Ovary

artery, 191, 192f

of birds, 788f, 793, 794f-795f

of camelids, 818

of dog and cat, 446-448, 448f

of horse, 557-558, 557f-558f, 557b

overview of, 185, 186f-188f

of pigs, 761, 762f-763f

ruminant, 690-692, 691f-693f

Oviduct, 794, 794f-795f

Ovulation, 193t, 193b, 451

"Ovulation fossa," 557-558

Oxytocin, 198, 204, 205f

P

Palate, 132f, 780-781

hard, 364f, 368, 374f

Palatine bone, 776-777, 777f

Palatine process, 132, 132f

Palatine tonsil, 107, 108f, 369f, 376f

Palatoglossal arches, 94f, 95, 369f

Palatopharyngeal arches, 106-107, 107f, 375

Palatopharyngeus, 109

Palatum durum, 93

Paleopallium, 276-277

Paleopulmo, 787

Pallium, 276

Palmar, defined, 2f, 3

Palmar abaxial digital artery, 724-725

Palmar branch, 726

Palpation

abdominal, 438-440, 438b, 439f, 462-463

rectal, in pigs, 763b

regional anatomy and, 3

Palpebral conjunctiva, 328

Palpebral fissure, 328

Pampiniform plexus, 175f-176f, 178, 178f-180f

Pancreas

of birds, 784-785

of camelids, 816

development of, 135-136, 136f

of dog and cat, 433

of horse, 542f-543f, 549

overview of, 129-131, 130f

of pig, 756

of ruminant, 684

Pancreatic duct, 122, 433

Pancreatic islets, 129, 208

Pancreaticoduodenal arteries, cranial and caudal, 131

Panniculus adiposus, 9, 10f

Papillae

dermal, 8, 775, 775f

of oropharyngeal wall, 780-781

ruminal, of ruminant, 672-673, 675f

of stomach, 783

of tongue, 95, 95f, 640-641, 642f

Papillary duct, 357, 357f

Parabronchi, 787

Paracentesis, 420b

Paracondylar processes, 54, 55f

Parafollicular (or C) cells, 207

Paraganglia, 208

Paralysis, lower radial, of horse, 610f

Paramesonephric duct, 161-163, 162f-164f

Paranasal sinus system, of pig, 741

Paranasal sinuses, 139

of dog and cat, 362-366, 366f

of horse, 498-501

of pig, 741, 742f-743f

of the ruminant, 636-640, 639f, 639b

Paraphimosis, 458b

Parasympathetic peripheral nervous system, 314-315, 317t

Parathyroid glands, 207, 207f, 385, 796, 796f

external, 387

of the ruminant, 647-648

Parathyroid hormone, 207b

Parenchyma, 166, 168f

Parenchymatous zone, 185

Parietal lobe, 278, 278f

Parietal peritoneum, 112f

Parietal pleura, 148, 149f

Parietes, 112-113

Parotid center, lymph nodes and, 245, 246f

Parotid duct, of the ruminant, 636

Parotid gland

of dog and cat, 362, 363f, 367f-368f, 373, 373f

of horse, 508

overview of, 93, 96, 97f-98f

of pig, 742f, 743-744

of the ruminant, 643-644

Parous, defined, 185

Parovarian cysts, 448

Pars longa, 456

Parturition, 200-202, 453

ruminant, 697-700, 698f-699f

Passive stay apparatus, of horse, 602-606, 625-627

"Pastern," 604f

Pastern joint, 718-719

of horse, 592f-593f, 593

Patella, 81-82

of dog and cat, 485

of horse, 616-617, 626f

passive stay apparatus and, 626

as sesamoid bone, 14-15

Patellar reflex, 257, 257f

Pecten of the pubis, 40

Pectoral girdle, 67-69, 68f

Pectoralis descendens, of horse, 575, 577f

Pectus excavatum, 403

Pedicles, 32

Pelvic, of ruminant, 686-714

Pelvic cavity, 29, 31f, 430, 442, 552, 686-688, 686f-687f

Pelvic diaphragm, 48f, 50, 191

Pelvic flexure, 545f-548f, 546-547

Pelvic girdle, 40-41, 40b, 41f, 729

Pelvic limb, of camelids, 821-824, 821b

Pelvic outlet, muscle of, 49-50

Pelvic reproductive organs, 703-704, 703f

of pigs, 765, 766f

Pelvic symphysis, 41-42

Pelvic urethra, 704

of pigs, 766f

Pelvic wall

blood supply to, in camelids, 820-821

innervation, vascularization, and lymph drainage of, 552-553 Pelvis

anatomy of, 442-443, 443f

blood supply to, 553

general anatomy of, 552-553, 553f-554f, 557f, 566f

of horse, 552-573, 573b

of pig, 761-767, 762f

and reproductive organs of dog and cat, 442-463, 463b vessels in, 463

Penis, 182-183, 182f-183f

artery of, 456, 458f

of camelids, 817, 817f

of dog and cat, 455-459, 459f, 461f erection of, 183-184, 184b of horse, 568f-569f, 569-570 of pigs, 764f, 765, 767f radiograph of, 443f retractor, 457 ruminant, 704, 704f-707f

Pepsin, 116-118 Peptides, 204f Percussion, 3-4 Periaqueductal gray, 274 Pericardiocentesis, 662 Pericardium, 211-224, 212f-213f Perichondrium, 65

Perikarya, 256

Perimetrium, 187b Perimysium, 21 Perineal body, 49-50

Perineal hernia, 442b

Perineal region, 49-50, 687, 691f

Perineum, 49-50, 442-443, 687-688

general anatomy of, 552-553, 553f-554f, 557f, 566f Periodontium, 100

Periople, 722-723

of horse, 599, 599f

Perioplic dermis, of horse, 600, 603f

Periorbita, 325-326

Periosteum, 13, 65

Peripheral blood vessels, 24-25, 25f

Peripheral nerves, 27-28, 27f-28f, 28b

in camelids, 828

Peripheral nervous system, 252, 253f, 313-317, 314f parasympathetic, 314-315, 317t sympathetic, 314f, 315-317, 316f, 317t

Peristalsis, 119b

Peritoneal cavity, 112-114

Peritoneal sac, 112

Peritoneal sheath, 539

Peritoneal structures, 112-115, 112f

Peritoneum, 113, 114f, 116, 540

Periventricular gray, 284

Peroneus longus, 730f, 733

Peroneus tertius, 733

Perosis, 780

Petrous temporal bone, 374f

Peyer's patches, 121f, 122, 123f

Phagocytes, 26-27

Phallus, 792-793, 792f-793f

Pharyngeal arch, 51, 52t

Pharyngeal branches, of glossopharyngeal nerve, 306

Pharyngeal tonsil, 107, 108f

Pharyngotubal opening, 499f, 512-513

Pharynx

development of, 134, 134f

of dog and cat, 375, 375f

of horse, 503f, 509-511, 513f-514f

overview of, 106-109, 107f

of pig, 744-745, 745f

of the ruminant, 644-645, 644f

Pheromones, 353

Philtrum, 91-93, 93f

Phimosis, 458b

Pia mater, 295, 396

Pigment granules, 346b

Pig's ear, 679

Pineal gland, 205-206, 274

Pinfeather, 776

Pinioning, 779b

Piriform lobe, 267f, 276-277

Piriform recesses, 107-109, 109f

Pituitary gland, 203, 204f-205f, 796, 797f

Pivot joint, 19, 20f

Placenta

of camelids, 819, 820b

chorioallantoic, 195-196

cotyledonary, 195-196, 197f

discoidal, 195-196, 198f

epitheliochorial, 196

hemoendothelial, 196

omphalo, 195

zonary, 195-196, 197f

Placentation, 195-200, 197f-200f, 200t

and prenatal development, of horse, 565, 566t

Plane joint, 19, 20f

Plantar, defined, 2f, 3

Plantigrade posture, 72, 72f

Pleura, 148-149, 149f

of dog and cat, 403-407, 406f-407f, 406b

Pleural cavity, 148-149

of horse, 529

Pleural fluid, 530b

Pleural sac, 149, 149f

Plica venae cavae, 149, 150f

Pneumatic bones, 15

Pneumatization, 776

"Poll evil," 523-524

Polycerate, 634

Polyhydramnios, 198

Polyphyodonty, 98-99

Polytocous, defined, 185

Pons, 265-267

Popliteal artery, 734

Popliteal center, lymph nodes and, 249, 249f

Popliteal lymph node, of dog and cat, 484

Popliteal node, 736

Porphyrins, 776b

Portal vein, 125, 127, 127f

Postnatal circulatory system, 240f

Pregnancy

cervix of mare during, 559f, 564

of dog and cat, 452

overview of, 194-195, 195f

in pigs, 763

reproductive tract, of horse, 563-565, 563f-565f, 563b

ultrasonography and, 452-453, 762f

uterus and, 194, 448-449

Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG), 198, 200f

Premolar teeth, 370-371

Premolars

of dog, 102, 102f

of horse, 504-505, 506f

Prenatal development, placentation and, of horse, 565, 566t

Prepuce, 182-183, 182f-183f, 458-459

of horse, 568f-569f, 569-570

of pigs, 764f, 765, 767f

ruminant, 704

Preputial glands, 355

Pretragic notch, 382f

Primary bronchus, of birds, 787, 789f

Primitive choanae, 131-132, 131f

Primordium, 156

Proctodeum, 131, 787f, 792f-793f, 793

Proestrus, 185b, 451

Progesterone, 193b

Prolactin, 204, 205f

Prolapse, of rectum, 761

Pronator, 471

Pronephros, 157, 158f

Propatagium, 779b

Proper gastric gland, 116-118

Proprioception, 339-340

Proprioceptive receptors, 252

Prostaglandin, 198

Prostate, 181, 181f, 704

of camelids, 817

of dog and cat, 462, 462f

of horse, 567f, 568

Proximal, defined, 2f, 3

Proximal phalanx, of horse, 590, 591f

Pseudopregnancy, 451

Psoas major, 401

Psoas minor muscle, 400-401

Pterygoid muscle, medial, of dog and cat, 373f

Pterygopalatine fossa, 380f

Pterygopalatine region, 59

Pterygopharyngeus, 109

Pterylae, 774

Pubis, 40, 41f

Pudendal artery

external, 709f, 710

internal, 687-688

Pudendal nerve, horse, 552, 555f

Pudendal nerve block, 688b

Puerperal period, 200-202

Pulmonary arteries, 153, 154f-155f, 229

Pulmonary circulation, 229

Pulmonary trunk, 215f, 229, 416

Pulmonary valve, 216, 216f

of horse, 532, 532f

Pulmonary veins, 229

Pulp, 99-100, 99f

Puncta lacrimalia, 328f, 329, 380

Puncta maxima, 532

Pupil, 381, 381f, 798-799

of horse, 516

Pupillary ruffs, 810

Purring, 377-378

Putamen, 275f, 277

Pyloric antrum, 116

Pyloric canal, 116

Pyloric gland, 116-118

Pylorus, 119b, 425

Pyometra, 451

Pyramidal system, 288, 289f

Pyramids, 265-266, 267f

Q

Quadrate bone, 777, 777f

Quadratus lumborum, 401

Quill, 775, 775f

R

Radial nerve, 477-478, 477f, 727

Radial paralysis, lower, of horse, 610f

Radiographic anatomy, 4

Radius, 70, 70f, 467

Ramp retina, 324

of horse, 516

"Ram's head," 492

Ramus, 54-55, 56f, 384f

Rectal exploration, anatomy of, 767

Rectal palpation

in cattle, anatomy of, 687f, 693f, 707-708, 708f

in pigs, 763b

Rectum

of birds, 784

digital examination of, 462

of dog and cat, 443-446, 444f

exploration of, 570-572, 570f

in horse, 567f, 570-572, 570f-571f

of horse, 553-555, 556f

overview of, 124, 138f

of pigs, 761, 762f

ruminant, 689, 689f-691f

Rectus capitis dorsalis major, 401, 401f

Rectus capitis dorsalis minor, 401, 401f

Rectus capitis lateralis, 401

Rectus capitis ventralis, 401, 401f

Red blood cell, of camelids, 830

Referred pain, 340

Reflex, 257, 257f

Regional anatomy, 1, 2f, 3

Renal lobules, 791

Renal pelvis, 169f-171f, 170-171

Reproductive organs

age and cyclic changes in, 187f-188f, 192-194, 193b development of

female, 161-163, 162f-164f

male, 159-161, 159f-162f

of dog and cat, 446-462, 460f

female, 690-702

aspects of development, 695f-696f, 700-702, 701t

cyclical changes in, 696-697

gestation, 697, 700f

growth of, 696-697

male, 702-706

ovary, 690-691, 691f-693f

parturition, 697-700, 697f

of ruminant, 686-714

uterine tube, 690-692, 691f-693f

uterus, 692, 693f-695f

vagina, 689f-691f, 692-693

vascularization, 694-696

vestibule, 691f, 693-694

vulva, 694

functional changes of, 451-453, 452f

of horse, 552-573, 573b

female, 556-565, 558f

growth and cyclical changes in, 558f-559f, 562-563, 562f

male, 566-570

ovaries, 557-558, 557b

pelvic, 567-569, 567f

uterine tubes, 558-559, 559f

uterus, 557f, 559-561, 559f

vagina, 556f-557f, 560f, 561

vascularization and innervation, 562

vestibule, 557f, 560f-561f, 561-562

vulva, 557f, 560f-561f, 561-562

male

functional changes in, 705-706, 707f

growth of, 705-706, 707f

pelvic reproductive organs, 703-704, 703f

penis, 704, 704f-707f

prepuce, 704

scrotum, 702, 702f

testis, 702, 702f

pelvic, 180-182

of pig, 761-767, 762b, 767b

Reproductive tract, during pregnancy, of horse, 563-565, 563f-565f, 563b

Respiration, 47, 790

Respiratory apparatus, 139-156, 156b

development of, 156, 156f

larynx, 142-147, 143f

lungs, 149-156, 151t, 152f-153f, 155f

nose, 139-142, 140f

pleura, 148-149, 149f

trachea, 147-148, 147f

Respiratory diseases, in cattle, 659b

Rete mirabile, 299, 299f

Reticular formation, 269, 272f, 284, 284f

Reticular groove, of ruminant, 671-672, 673f

Reticulo-omasal orifice, of ruminant, 676

Reticulospinal system, 290

Reticulum, of ruminant, 667-668, 669f, 670-675, 674f, 675b, 676f, 680-681, 681f

Retina, 319f, 322-323, 323f, 798-799

of the ruminant, 645-646

Retractor bulbi, 326f, 327

Retractor penis, 183, 705

Retroarticular process, 52, 55f

Retroperitoneal space, of ruminant, 678-679

Retropharyngeal center, lymph nodes and, 245, 246f

Retropharyngeal nodes, of horse, 521

Reverberations, ultrasonography and, 7

Rhamphotheca, 772

Rhesus factors, 196-198

Rhinal sulcus, 276-277, 277f

Rhinencephalon, 276

Rhinotheca, 772

Rib "knees," 403-405

Ribs, 38-39, 38f

of birds, 777f, 778

respiration and, 47

thoracic vertebrae and, 33-34

Right atrium, 213-214, 214f-215f

Right displacement of the abomasum, in ruminant, 677b-678b

Right dorsal colon, 541f, 545f, 547, 547f

Right ventral colon, of horse, 541f, 545f-547f, 546-547

Right ventricle, 214-216, 215f-216f

Rima glottidis, 145

Roaring, 512, 515

Rostral colliculi, 273

Rostral constrictor, 109, 109f-110f

Rostral fossa, 293-294, 293f

Rostral plate, 139, 140f

Rostral salivatory nucleus, 268-269

Rotation, 18, 18f

Rubrospinal tract, 266f, 290

Rugae, 93-94, 93f, 116, 117f, 426-428

Rumen, of ruminant, 667-668, 669f, 670-675, 672f, 675b, 676f, 680-681, 681f

Ruminal pillar, of ruminant, 670

Ruminant

forelimb of, 715-728

hindlimb of, 729-738

Ruminoreticular contractions, of ruminant, 674

Ruminoreticular fold, of ruminant, 670

Ruminoreticular mucosa, of ruminant, 672-673

Ruminoreticulum, 675f

S

Sacculus, 335, 335f

Saccus cecus, 540-541

Sacral tuber, of horse, 612, 613f

Sacral vertebrae, 395

Sacrocaudal space, 397

Sacroiliac joints, 42, 686, 687f

Sacrum, 34, 35f, 395

Saddle joint, 19, 20f

"Saddle" thrombus, 435b

Sagittal plane, defined, 2f, 3

Saliva, 98, 780-781

Salivary glands

development of, 133

of dog and cat, 362, 363f, 367f, 373-375

of horse, 508

overview of, 93, 96-98, 97f-98f

of the ruminant, 643-644

Salivary mucocele, 375b

Saphenous vein, lateral, 734-735, 735f

Scapha, 381-382

Scapula, 67-68, 68f, 464, 466f, 777f, 778

of horse, 576-577, 576f, 579f

Scapular spine, 468f

Schwann cell, 256, 256f

Sciatic nerve, 736

Sclera, 319, 320f, 798-799

of horse, 516

of the ruminant, 645

Sclerotome, 29, 31f

Scrotum, 178-179, 179f

of camelids, 816

of dog and cat, 453-454

of horse, 566-567, 566f, 571f

of pigs, 763-765, 764f

ruminant, 702, 702f

Scutum, 827

Sebaceous glands, 8f, 344f, 353-358, 383

aural, 774

of dog and cat, 444

of llamas, 802-803

Secodont, 102

Semen, 184

Semicircular duct, 335

Seminiferous tubule, 174, 175f

Semispinalis capitis, 400

Septa, bird body cavity and, 795

Septum, nasal, 139, 141f-142f

Septum telencephali (pellucidum), 279 Serosae, 110, 116

"Serous membranes," 110

Sertoli cells, 159-160, 174, 183-184

Sesamoid bones, 14-15, 22, 73, 81-82, 475 Shedding, 345

Shell gland, 794-795

Short bones, 11

Shoulder

of dog and cat, 464-467, 467f

muscle of, 77, 78f

region, of horse, 576-579, 579f ruminant, 715, 716f

Shoulder joints, 73, 74f

of horse, 577-578, 580f, 603-604, 605f

of pig, 768

Sialography, 367-368 "Sidebone," 602

Sinus paranasales, 124-125

See also Anal sacs

Sinusoids, 225-226

Skeletal muscle, 21-23, 21f

Skeleton, 30f, 31-42

avian, 776, 777f

development of, 65-66, 66f

equine, 523f

of forelimb, 67-73

of hindlimb, 80-83, 81f-83f

of horse, 582-586, 584f-587f, 588-594, 611f

of pig, 740f

of the ruminant, 653f-654f

Skin, 7-8, 8f, 358b

of birds, 771-772

of camelid, 802b

development of, 343f

of dog and cat, 359-360

of face, in horse, conformation and external features of, 492 redundancy, of dog and cat, 361f

segmental innervation of, 29, 31f

sensation and, 339

structure of, 341-343, 342f

Skin glands, 353

See also Sebaceous glands, Sweat glands

Skull, 51-64, 53f

of adult dog, 359-362, 360f

of alpaca, 803, 805f

of birds, 776-777, 777f

of boar, 744f

of bovine, 59, 60f, 633f

breed differences in, 359-360

of canine, 51-57, 53f-58f

comparative features of, 57-60

of feline, 57f, 372f

of horse, 495f

of llama, 803, 805f, 809f, 811f

of sheep and goats, 634, 637f

sutures and, 15, 15f

Slow twitch fibers, 22

Small intestine, 119-125, 121f-122f, 122b, 126f

of camelids, 815, 816f

of dog and cat, 428-429

of horse, 542-543

of pig, 755, 757f

Smegma, 355

Smooth muscle, 19-21

visceral, 116

Sneezing, 376

Snood, 772, 772f

Socket, tooth, 99-100, 99f

Soft palate, 54, 93f, 106-109, 107f, 109f, 364f-365f, 369f, 376f-377f, 379f of horse, 502, 503f, 513f-514f

Sole, 722f-723f, 723

hemorrhage, 723b

of horse, 599-600, 602f

Somatic afferent column, 269

Somatic afferent pathways, 252

Somatic afferent system, 279-280

Somatic efferent column, 268

Somatic efferent pathways, 253

Somatic motor pathways, 286-290

Somatostatin (SS), 204, 205f

Somatotopy, 278

Somites, 29, 31f, 60

Spavin, 621

Special somatic afferent column, 269

Special somatic afferent pathways, 253, 284-286

Special visceral afferent pathways, 253

Spermatic cord, 177-178, 177f-179f, 453, 540

of horse, 567

Spermatogenesis, 173, 176f, 179-180

Spheroidal joint, 19, 20f

Sphincters

cecocolic, 124, 124f

esophageal, 110

Spina bifida, 260

Spinal cord, 27, 27f, 31-32

anatomy of, 263-265, 264f-266f

arterial blood supply to, 298-300, 298f

of birds, 798

of dog and cat, 396, 401f

of horse, 524, 525f-526f

meninges and fluid environment of, 295-298, 296f of the ruminant, 655, 655f

topography of, 293-295

venous drainage of, 300-301

Spinalis cervicis, 400

Spinalis et semispinalis thoracis, 400

Spinocerebellar tract, 283-284

Spinocervicothalamic system, 283

Spinoreticulothalamic tract, 284

Spinothalamic tract, 283

Spiral colon, of camelids, 815, 816f, 816b

Spiral ganglion, 336f, 337

Splanchnic bone, 15

Splanchnology, 91

Spleen, 249-250, 250f

of birds, 783f, 785, 785f

of dog and cat, 418f, 421f-423f, 422-424, 425f

of horse, 540, 541f-543f, 548f

palpation of, 438-440

of pig, 753, 754f

of ruminant, 667, 668f-670f, 681f Splenectomy, 424b

Splenic vein, 125

Splenius muscle, 398

"Splints," 588

Spongy bone, 11, 14, 14f

Spraying, 458-459, 461f

Spur, 773, 774f

Stapes, 334

Sternum, 38-39, 39f, 777f, 778

Stifle joint, 83-84, 86f, 729f, 730-731, 731f

of dog and cat, 485-488, 486f

in horse, 616-618, 616f, 618f, 618b, 624f palpation of, 485

passive stay apparatus and, 626

of pig, 769-770

Stigma, 793

Stomach

of birds, 781-783, 783f

blood supply of, 118

of camelids, 813, 813b-814b, 814f development of, 134-135, 135f of dog and cat, 425-428, 426f-429f of horse, 540-542, 541f-545f, 548f innervation of, 118b

overview of, 115-118, 115f-118f, 119b palpation of, 438-440

of pig, 753-754, 755f-756f

of ruminant, 667-681, 671f

development of, 680-681

surface projections, 541b

Stomach tube, passage of, 814b

Stomach wall, 116

Stomodeum, 131

Straight sinus, 300

Streptococcus equi, 512

Styloid process, 70f, 71

Stylopharyngeus caudalis, 109, 110f

Subarachnoid space, 296, 298f, 396-397

of the ruminant, 655

Subcapsular sinus, 26

Subclavius, of horse, 576, 577f

Subcommissural organ, 205

Subconscious proprioceptive pathways, 283-284

Subcutis, 8-9, 8f, 342, 343f

of horse, 600

Subdural space, 295

Subfornical organ, 205

Sublingual caruncle, of dog and cat, 367f

Sublingual duct, of dog and cat, 373f

Sublingual gland, 96-98, 97f, 367f, 374-375 of horse, 508, 512f of the ruminant, 644

Submucosa, 116

Subscapularis, of horse, 578, 581f

Substantia nigra, 274

Substantia propria, 319-320

Subthalamus, 275

Suburethral diverticula, 189

Superficial cervical center

lymph nodes and, 245, 246f

of pig, 746-747

Superficial digital flexor, 733, 733f

Superficial flexor tendons, 720, 721f

Superficial inguinal ring, 536f, 538f-539f, 539

Superficial veins, 735

Superficial vessels, of dog and cat, 362

Supernumerary teats, 356

Supinator, 471

Supracallosal gyri, 269f, 278-279

Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 206

Suprascapular, 725, 727f

Supraspinatus, 464, 466f

of horse, 578, 579f

Sustentaculum tali, 488-489, 490f

Suture, 15, 15f

Sweat glands, 8, 8f, 344f, 356

of dog and cat, 444

Sweetbread, 684

Swings, 18, 18f

Sylvian sulcus, 278

Sympathetic peripheral nervous system, 314f, 315-317, 316f, 317t

Symphysis, 15-16, 16f

Symphysis joint, 104-105

Synapses, 254, 254f

Synarthroses, 15

Synchondroses, 15

Syndesmology, 29

Synergists, 23

Synovia, 17

Synovial fossae, 16

Synovial joint, 16-19, 16f-17f, 144 classification of, 19, 20f movements and, 18-19, 18f sesamoid bones and, 14-15 vertebral column and, 37

Synovial membrane, 16-17, 17f, 85

Synovial pads, 18

Synsacrum, 777f, 778

Synsarcosis, 67-68, 75

Syrinx, 786-787, 788f

Systematic anatomy, 1

Systemic arteries, 229-237

Systemic circulation, 229-239

Systemic veins, 237-239

T

Tactile hairs, 339, 346, 347f-348f

Tail, of the ruminant, 652-657, 655f, 657f, 657b

Tail feathers, 774

Tail glands, 355, 355f

Talus, 83, 84f, 488-489, 488f, 490f

Tapetum, of the ruminant, 645-646

Tapetum lucidum, 320-321, 321f

Tarsal bones, 83, 83f

central and fourth, 732, 733f

of dog and cat, 488-489, 490f

first, 732, 732f

of pig, 769f

Tarsal glands, 328, 328f

of horse, 494, 494f

Tarsal skeleton, 732, 732f

Tarsocrural and proximal intertarsal articulations, 732b

Tarsocrural joint, 489

in horse, 631

Tarsometatarsus, 777f, 779-780

Tarsus, 328, 328f

hygromas of, 716b

Tartar, 96

Taste buds, 338, 339f

Teat sinus, 357, 357f

Tectum, 273, 273f

Teeth, See Dentition

Tegmentum, 274

Telencephalon, 262, 276

Temporal lobe, 278, 278f

Temporomandibular joints, 104, 105b, 372-373

of horse, 494-495, 506-508, 508f

Tendons, 719-722

healing of, 23

of horse, 594-597

abdominal, 536-537, 536f

common digital extensor, 594, 595f

deep digital flexor, 596

lateral digital extensor, 596

prepubic, 536, 536f-537f

superficial digital flexor, 596, 597f

muscles and, 22, 22f

ossification and, 22

scapula and, 464

sesamoid bones and, 14-15

Tensile forces, 14, 14f

Tensor veli palatini, 109, 110f

Tentorium cerebelli, 374f

Teres major, of horse, 578-579, 581f

Terminal crest, 213, 214f

Testicular artery, 178

Testicular descent, process of, 163-165, 165f-166f Testis, 173-174, 175f-176f

age and functional changes of, 459-462

of birds, 791-792, 791f-792f

of camelids, 816

development of, stages in, 159-160, 160f

of dog and cat, 453-454 endocrine component of, 176b function of, 176f, 178f-180f, 179-180 of horse, 566-567, 566f, 571f

of pigs, 763-765, 764f

ruminant, 702, 702f

Thalamus, 274-275

Thecodont, 98-99

Thick capsule, 540b

Thigh, muscles of, in horse, 612-616

Third eyelids, 328-329, 329f

Thoracic aorta, 234, 234f

Thoracic duct, of the ruminant, 663

Thoracic limb, of camelids, 824-827, 825f-826f

Thoracic sacs, 789, 789f

Thoracic vertebrae, 393f, 394, 402, 777f, 778

Thoracic wall

of dog and cat, 403-407, 405f-406f

of horse, 527-529, 528f

joints of, 39-40, 39f

muscles of, 45-47, 45f

of the ruminant, 658, 659f

Thoracolumbar vertebrae, 402

Thorax, 29, 31f

of alpaca, 812-813, 813f

of dog and cat, 403-417

conformation of, 403, 403f-404f great vessels and nerves within, 416, 416f lymphatic structures of, 416-417, 417t, 417b surface anatomy of, 403, 404f-405f

of horse, 527-534, 530f, 532f, 534b lymphatic structures of, 533-534

of llama, 812-813

of pig, 748-751, 749f-751f, 749b, 751b lymphatic structures of, 749-751, 751f

of the ruminant, 658-663, 659f-662f, 663b Thrush, 600

Thymus, 250, 251f

of birds, 797-798

of dog and cat, 412-416, 415f

of horse, 521, 533

of pig, 745

of the ruminant, 648, 648f, 662-663 Thyroarytenoideus, 144-145, 144f Thyroglossal duct, 206, 207f

Thyroid cartilage, 143, 143f, 377f

Thyroid gland, 206-207, 206f-207f

of birds, 796, 796f

of camelids, 812

development of, 133

of dog and cat, 386, 388f

of horse, 519

of pig, 745

of the ruminant, 647

Thyroid hormones, 207b

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 204, 205f Thyropharyngeus, 109, 110f

Tibia, 82, 82f, 485, 490f, 731-732, 733f, 779-780

in horse, 618-619, 620f

Tibial nerve, 736-738, 737f

Tibial paralysis, in horse, 631

Tibiotarsus, 777f, 779-780

Tomography, 4, 6f

Tongue, 364f

of birds, 780-781 development of, 133 of dog and cat, 369f, 379f

with frenulum, 367f

of horse, 502, 503f

innervation of, 95, 96b

overview of, 94-96, 94f

of the ruminant, 640

Tonsil, 107, 108f, 375

cecal, 784

of pig, 745, 745f

Tooth sockets, of dog and cat, 371f

Tori, See Footpads

Torus

of ruminant, 677

very prominent, 754

Trabecula septomarginalis, 214-216

Trachea, 147-148, 147f

of birds, 782f, 786-787

of dog and cat, 379f, 386, 412-416 of horse, 513f, 519, 533

of the ruminant, 647, 662-663

Tracheal trunk, 389

Tracheobronchial tree, 147, 147f

Tracheotomy, of horse, 533b

Tragus, 381-382, 382f

Transducers, 7

Translation, 18

Transverse colon, 545f-547f, 547

Transverse plane, defined, 2f, 3

Transverse process, 32

Transverse sinus, 300

Transversospinalis system, 399

Trapezius, 464, 466f, 478t-480t

Trapezoid body, 265-266

Traumatic reticulitis, 675b

Trephining, of horse, 501b

Triadan system, 370

Triceps muscles, of dog and cat, 403

Trilobular form, of dog and cat, 370f

Trocar, of ruminant, 683

Trochanter, 769

of horse, 612, 613f

Trochanteric fossa, 80-81, 81f

Trochlea, 325-326, 326f

femoral, in horse, 616-617

Truncus arteriosus, partitioning of, 225f

Trunk, 29-50

of camelids, 811-812

muscles of, 42-50, 43f-45f, 75

plan and development of, 29-31, 30f

skeleton and joints of, 31-42

TSH, See Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Tuber cinereum, 276

Tuberal node, 735-736

Tubercle, 38, 464

Tunica adventitia, 224-225, 225f

Tunica albuginea, 159-160, 160f, 175f, 183f, 187f, 767f

of horse, 566-567

Tunica dartos, 178-179

Tunica fibrosa, 127

Tunica interna, 224-225, 225f

Tunica media, 224-225, 225f

Tunica muscularis, 117f

Tylopods, 827

Tylotrich hairs, 348f

Tympanic bullae, 54, 56f, 332f, 333, 371f, 373f-374f, 377f, 383

Tympanic cavity, 332-333, 332f, 776, 777f

Tympanic membrane, 333, 333f, 382-383, 799

Tyndall effect, 776b

U

Udder, 708-714, 709f-714f, 714b

of horse, 572-573, 572f-573f

Ulna, 70, 70f, 467

Ulnar nerve, 477, 477f, 717f, 726-727, 727f-728f

Ultimobranchial gland, 796, 796f

Ultrasonography, 6, 7f, 452-453, 453f, 762f

for horse, 562

Umbilical cord, 700

of camelids, 819

Umbilical hernia, 30-31

of pig, 752

Unguligrade posture, 72, 72f

Uniparous, defined, 185

Unipolar neuron, 254, 255f

Upper airway, of camelids, 808-809, 809b, 810f

Upper motor neurons, 288

Upper respiratory tract, obstruction of, in horse, 502b Ureter, 170-171, 172f

of birds, 790-791, 795f

Urethra

of dog and cat, 446, 447f, 455f-456f

female, 172f, 173, 174f

of horse, 555-556, 556b, 557f

of pigs, 761, 762f, 764f

male, 181f

pelvic, of stallion, 567f, 572

ruminant, 689-690, 689f-691f

Urethral crest, 171-172, 173f

Urinary bladder, 171-173, 171f-173f

Urinary incontinence, 446

Urinary organs, 165-173

development of, 157-159, 158f

Urodeum, 792-793, 792f-793f

Urogenital apparatus, 157-202, 157f-159f, 202b

development of, 157-165

Urogenital fold, 160-161

Urogenital sinus, 138f

Urogram, 437f

Uropygial gland, 773-774, 774f

Urorectal septum, 136-138, 138f

Uterine artery, 687f, 694-696

Uterine horn, 448-449

of pigs, 761, 762f-763f

Uterine milk, 193b

Uterine torsion, 819b

Uterine tube, 185-186, 189f, 690-692, 691f-692f

of horse, 558-559, 559f

of pigs, 761, 763f

Uterus, 164f, 172f, 186-187, 187b, 189f

artery, 191, 192f

of birds, 794-795, 794f

of dog and cat, 448-449

of horse, 557f, 559-561, 559f

prominent feature of, 564

ligaments of, round, 191

of pigs, 761

pregnancy and, 194, 195f

ruminant, 692, 693f-695f

surgical approach, 692b

V

Vagal fibers, 155

Vagina, 172f, 187-188, 189f, 795, 795f

of dog and cat, 448f, 449-451, 450f-451f

of horse, 556f-557f, 560f, 561

of pigs, 762, 763f

ruminant, 690f-691f, 692-693, 696f

Vagina bulbi, 326-327, 326f

Vagina synovialis, 22, 22f

Vaginal artery, 694-696

Vaginal process, 420

Vaginal ring, 539, 543

Vaginal tunic, 177-178, 177f-179f, 539 Vagus nerves, of the ruminant, 662-663 Vallate papilla, 369f

Vanes, 774-775, 775f

Vascular plexuses, in llamas, 803

Vascular tunic (ocular), 319f, 320-322, 321f Vascularization, ruminant, 694-696 Vasoconstriction, 125

Vasopressin, 204, 205f

Veins, 23, 25, 25f, 226, 734-735, 735f

abdomen and, 540

of birds, 796-797 cephalic, 467, 469f

of dog and cat, 467b, 470f

dorsal, 457

facial, 363f

of the ruminant, 636

female urethra and, 173 frontal, of the ruminant, 636 of hindlimb, in horse, 628 of horse

accessory cephalic, 607

buccal, 496, 497f cephalic, 607 facial, 496

jugular, 517-519, 518f

jugular, of the ruminant, 646-647 kidneys and, 170 lateral saphenous, 487, 487f linguofacial, 362, 363f liver and, of ruminant, 683 maxillary, 363f milk, of ruminant, 666 ovarian, 191, 191f penis and, 183, 455-459 portal, 436 regional

eyes and, 329-330 intestines and, 125, 127f, 428-431 liver and, 125, 127-128, 127f mammary glands and, 419, 419f pancreas and, 131 spleen and, 422-424 stomach and, 118, 425-428 thyroid and, 206-207

renal, of ruminant, 684 specific

azygos, 214f, 234, 237, 238f cardiac, 218, 220f-221f coronary sinus, 237 ductus arteriosus, 239-241 ductus venosus, 239-240, 239f hepatic, 238, 238f hepatic portal, 797 iliac, 237, 238f intraabdominal, 239 jugular, 237, 238f, 387f, 796-797 mesenteric, 797 portal, 238, 238f pulmonary, 215f, 229 renal, 237, 238f

subclavian, 237, 238f vena cava, 237-239, 238f, 797 spinal, 524-526 stomach and, of ruminant, 680 tail and, of the ruminant, 656, 656f testis and, 174 uterine, 191, 191f

uterus and, 448-449, 449f

vascularization, innervation and, 227

in vertebral canal, 397-398

vorticose, 329-330, 330f

Velum palatinum, 109

Velvet, 353

Venipuncture, in birds, 797b

Venous drainage, 300-301

Venous plexus, 696, 696f

Venous sinuses, 25

Vent glands, 774

Ventilation, of horse, 531

Ventral, defined, 2f, 3

Ventral branch, 28, 28f

Ventral horns, 23

Ventral neck, of the ruminant, 632-651

Ventral oblique muscle, 327

Ventral root, 25, 27f

Ventral thoracic center, lymph nodes and, 246, 246f Ventricles, 213

Ventriculus, 783

See also Stomach

Ventriculus terminalis, 524

Ventrodorsal radiograph

of canine head, 374f

of canine pelvis, 482f

Vermis, 270, 272f

Vertebral artery, 298f, 299

Vertebral canal, 294, 294f, 396-398, 396f-397f

of horse, 524-526, 525f

of the ruminant, 655-656

Vertebral column, 27f, 31-36, 32f-35f, 777

caudal, 34, 395

cervical, 32, 33f, 392f, 394, 401-402, 401f, 522-523 of dog and cat, 390-398, 391f-393f, 392t, 402b

clinical considerations in, 401-402, 401f

of horse, 522-526, 523f, 526b

intervertebral disk in, 395-396

joints of, 36-37, 36f-37f, 36b

lumbar, 34, 35f, 394-395, 395f, 522-523

muscle of, 42-45, 43f

muscles associated with, 398-401

of pig, 748-751, 749f, 751b

of the ruminant, 652-654

sacral, 395

thoracic, 33-34, 34f, 393f, 394, 402, 522-523 thoracolumbar, 402

Vertebral foramina, 32

Vertebral venous plexus, 301

Vesicular glands, 180-181, 181f, 703f, 704 of horse, 567f, 568

Vessels, of dog and cat, 435-436

Vestibular glands, 189

Vestibular pathways, 285, 286f

Vestibular windows, 332-333

Vestibule, 145, 145f, 172f, 174f, 189, 189f-190f of dog and cat, 449-451, 450f-451f of horse, 501-502, 557f, 560f-561f, 561-562 in larynx, 645

of pigs, 762, 763f

ruminant, 691f, 693-694, 693f

Vestibulocochlear organ, 331

Viborg triangle, 512

Villi, intestinal, 120, 122f

Viruses, 195

Viscera, 91, 112-113

blood supply to, in camelids, 820-821 topography of, 113-115, 114f

Visceral afferent column, 269

Visceral afferent pathways, 252, 291-292

Visceral efferent column, 268-269

Visceral efferent pathways, 253, 292, 292f

Visceral nervous system, 290-293

Visceral peritoneum, 112f

Visceral space, contents of, 385-388

Visual axis, 323

Visual somatic pathways, 284-285, 285f

Vitelline diverticulum, 784

Vitreous body, 325

Vocal cords, 377

Voice, 786-787

Volvulus, 682b

gastric, 428b

Vomeronasal organ, 93-94, 94f, 337-338, 338f of horse, 498, 500f

of the ruminant, 638

Vomiting, 542

Vulva, 172f, 174f, 189, 189f-190f

of dog and cat, 449-451, 450f-451f

of horse, 557f, 560f-561f, 561-562

of pigs, 762, 762f-763f

ruminant, 693-694, 693f

W

Wall (hoof), 597-598, 722f, 723 structure of, 599f

Wattle, 772, 772f, 782f

Wavelength, 6-7

Whiskers, 346

White line, 350-351, 599f, 600, 601f-602f

White matter, 256

Wing, 779, 779f

Wing feathers, 774, 775f

Withdrawal/flexor reflex, 258, 258f

"Wobbles," 524-526

"Wolf" tooth, 504, 505f

Wool hairs, 345, 345f

X

X rays, 4

Xiphoid cartilage, 38-39, 39f

Xiphoid process, 527

Y

Yolk, 795f

Yolk sac, 91, 92f, 451-452, 452f

Z

Zona alba, See White line

Zonary placenta, 195-196, 197f

Zygodactyl, 773

Zygomatic arch, 52, 55f, 57, 57f, 361, 366f-367f, 371f-372f

Zygomatic gland, 93, 97f, 366f, 368f, 373-374

Zygomatic process, 52, 54f