Singh Baljit. Dyce, Sack and Wensing's Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. 5th edition.  Elsevier,2018.  1606 p.. 2018

Anatomy is the study of the form, arrangement, and structure of the tissues and organs that compose the body.

Some Basic Facts and Concepts

ť The Scope of Anatomy

ť The Language of Anatomy

Anatomic language must be precise and unambiguous.

An Introduction to Regional Anatomy

Study of the Live Animal

Peripheral Blood Vessels

Lymphatic Structures

Peripheral Nerves

The Locomotor Apparatus

The focus of this chapter is integrated study of systematic osteology, arthrology, and myology.

ť The Trunk

Basic Plan and Development

The Skeleton and Joints of the Trunk

The Muscles of the Trunk

ť The Head and Ventral Part of the Neck

Basic Plan and Development

The Skull

ť The Limbs

Basic Plan and Development

The Skeleton of the Forelimb

The Joints of the Forelimb

The Muscles of the Forelimb

The Skeleton of the Hindlimb

The Joints of the Hindlimb

The Muscles of the Hindlimb

The Digestive Apparatus

The digestive apparatus* comprises the organs concerned with the reception, mechanical reduction, chemical digestion, and absorption of food and drink and with the elimination of unabsorbed residues.

ť The Mouth

The term mouth (os, genitive form oris) designates the cavity, its walls, and also the accessory structures that project (teeth, tongue) and drain (salivary glands) into it.

The Tongue

The Salivary Glands

ť The Masticatory Apparatus

The masticatory apparatus comprises the teeth and gums, the temporomandibular and symphyseal joints of the jaws, and the masticatory muscles.

Dentition

The Articulations of the Jaws

ť The Muscles of Mastication and their Actions

The masticatory muscles (the temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus medialis, and pterygoideus lateralis) are derived from the first pharyngeal arch and, consequently, supplied by the mandibular nerve (Fig. 3.21).

ť The Pharynx and Soft Palate

The pharynx lies behind the mouth and continues into the esophagus.

ť The Esophagus

The esophagus (or gullet) conveys food from the pharynx to the stomach.

ť Deglutition

The first stage of deglutition is a voluntary act, but once the food has left the mouth its progress is not under control of the will.

ť The Abdominal Cavity

Some general observations concerning the abdominal cavity are necessary before the description of the digestive system continues.

Peritoneal Structures

ť The Stomach

The stomach is the dilated part of the digestive tract where digestion is initiated.

ť The Intestine

The intestine* commences at the pylorus and continues to the anus.

ť The Small Intestine

The duodenum is short and is closely attached to the abdominal roof by a short mesoduodenum.

The Large Intestine

ť The Liver

The liver (hepar) is located in the most cranial part of the abdomen, immediately behind the diaphragm.

ť The Pancreas

The pancreas is a much smaller gland closely related to the duodenum in the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity.

ť The Development of the Digestive Apparatus

The foregut and hindgut end blindly at the oral and cloacal membranes, circumscribed median areas where the endoderm and ectoderm are in direct contact, with no intervening mesoderm (see Fig. 3.2).

The Mouth

The Pharynx

The Caudal Part of the Foregut

The Liver and Pancreas

ť The Midgut

The midgut forms the intestine, from the entry of the bile duct to the junction of the transverse and descending parts of the colon.

The Hindgut

The Respiratory Apparatus

The essential organs of respiration are the lungs. The ancillary organs include the airways, which lead air to and from the lungs for gas exchange with bloodstream.

ť The Nose

The nose* (nasus) in the broad sense comprises the external nose, the paired nasal cavities, and the paranasal sinuses.

The Larynx

The larynx forms the connection between the pharynx and the tracheobronchial tree.

The Cartilages

The Articulations, Ligaments, and Membranes

The Musculature

The Cavity of the Larynx

The Mechanism of the Larynx

ť The Trachea

The trachea and bronchi form a continuous system of tubes conducting air between the larynx and the smaller passages (bronchioli) in the lungs.

ť The Pleura

Each lung is invested by a serous membrane, the pleura, which also lines the corresponding "half" of the thoracic cavity.

ť The Lungs

The right and left lungs (pulmones,* [pl]) are enclosed into their respective pleural sacs and are free except at the roots, where they are attached to the mediastinum.

ť The Development of the Respiratory Apparatus

The development of the nose was considered in the previous chapter in relation to the development of the mouth and face (p. 131).

The Urogenital Apparatus

The official name, apparatus urogenitalis, brings the urinary and reproductive organs together under one heading.

ť The Development of the Urogenital Apparatus

Development of the Urinary Organs

Development of the Male Reproductive Organs

Development of the Female Reproductive Organs

The Process of Testicular Descent

ť The Urinary Organs

The urinary system comprises paired kidneys that form the urine from the blood;

The Kidneys

The Renal Pelvis and Ureter

The Urinary Bladder

ť The Male Reproductive Organs

The male reproductive organs include paired gonads, the testes, which produce both male gametes (sperm) and hormones;

The Testes and Their Adnexa

TheEpididymis

The Deferent Duct

Sperm Transport in the Male Tract: Erection of the Penis

The Penis and Prepuce

ť The Female Reproductive Organs

The female reproductive organs include paired female gonads, or ovaries, which produce both female gametes (ova) and hormones; paired uterine tubes, which capture the ova on their release from the ovaries and convey them to the uterus;

The Vestibule and Vulva

The Adnexa

Age and Functional Changes to the Female Tract

Parturition and the Puerperal Period: The Neonate

The Endocrine Glands

The endocrine or ductless glands are those that deliver their secretory products (hormones) into the blood, lymph, or tissue fluid, which transports them to the target organs.

ť The Hypophysis

The hypophysis or pituitary gland, sometimes called the master gland, produces certain hormones that directly influence the activities of other endocrine glands.

ť The Epiphysis

The epiphysis or pineal gland is a small, darkly pigmented outgrowth from the dorsal aspect of the brain at the caudal end of the roof of the third ventricle and directly before the rostral colliculi (see Fig. 8.22/11).

ť The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland lies on the trachea directly behind, and sometimes overlapping, the larynx.

ť The Parathyroid Glands

The parathyroid glands, usually four, also develop from the pharyngeal lining; one pair (parathyroids III or external parathyroid glands) comes from the third pharyngeal pouches, the other (parathyroids IV or internal parathyroid glands) from the fourth pouches (Fig. 6.5/5 and 7).

ť The Adrenal Glands

The retroperitoneal and paired adrenal glands lie against the roof of the abdomen near the thoracolumbar junction.

ť Other Endocrine Tissues

The other endocrine tissues are incorporated within organs of composite function.

The Cardiovascular System

ť The Heart

The heart (cor) is the central organ that pumps blood continuously through the blood vessels by rhythmic contraction.

ť The Pericardium and the Topography of the Heart

The heart is almost completely invested by and fits snugly in the pericardium (Fig. 7.5).

General Anatomy of the Heart

The Structure of the Heart

Cardiac Vessels and Nerves

Functional Anatomy

The Development of the Heart

ť The Blood Vessels

The arteries, capillaries, and veins form a continuous system lined by an unbroken low-friction endothelium.

The Arteries

The Capillaries and Sinusoids

The Veins

Arteriovenous Anastomoses

Erectile Tissue

Vascularization and Innervation of the Vessel Wall

Patterns of Arterial Distribution

ť Systematic Angiology

This section provides an outline of the arterial and venous trees derived from dog as a model.

The Pulmonary Circulation

The Systemic Circulation

ť The Circulation in the Fetus and the Changes After Birth

During fetal life the placenta combines the roles that are later performed by the lungs, the digestive tract, and the kidneys.

ť The Organization of the Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system is integral to the body's defense from a variety of pathogens and from abnormal endogenous molecules.

ť The Topography of Lymphatic Drainage

The applied importance of the lymphatic drainage has been stressed, and accounts of its organization in different species are presented later.

ť The Spleen

The spleen* is contained within the left cranial part of the abdomen, where it is joined to the greater curvature of the stomach by inclusion within the greater omentum.

ť The Thymus

The thymus is of greatest importance in the young animal. It begins to regress about the time of puberty and may eventually almost disappear.

The Nervous System

ť Introductory Concepts

Every living organism must be able to react appropriately to changes in its environment if it is to survive.

ť The Subdivisions of the Nervous System

Although the nervous system forms a single, integrated whole, it is useful to discuss several anatomic and functional divisions (Fig. 8.1).

The Structural Elements

Stimulus-Response Function of the Nervous System

ť General Morphology and Embryology of the Central Nervous System

Introductory Survey

Development

ť Descriptive Anatomy of the Central Nervous System

The Spinal Cord

The Hindbrain

ť The Midbrain

The midbrain, or mesencephalon, is a fairly short portion of the brainstem that better preserves the basic organization of the neural tube than do other parts of the brainstem.

The Forebrain

ť The Functional Morphology of the Central Nervous System

Despite the pretensions of the heading, this section deals only with certain rather fundamental topics involving, for the most part, relatively discrete structured pathways.

Processing of Somatic Afferent Information

Special Somatic Afferent Pathways

Somatic Motor Pathways

ť The Visceral Nervous System

The visceral nervous system governs the visceral functions. It has many responsibilities, which may be generally summarized as the maintenance of the internal environment within permissible limits.

The Hypothalamus

The Hypophysis

Visceral Afferent Pathways

Visceral Efferent Pathways

The Limbic System

ť The Topography, Environment, and Vascularization of the Brain and Spinal Cord

Topography

The Meninges and Fluid Environment

The Arterial Blood Supply

The Venous Drainage

ť The Cranial Nerves

The names and sequence of the cranial nerves should now be familiar.

ť The Olfactory Nerve (I)

The fibers that compose the olfactory nerve arise as the central processes of the olfactory cells of the nasal mucosa.

The Optic Nerve (II)

The Oculomotor Nerve (III)

The Trochlear Nerve (IV)

The Trigeminal Nerve (V)

The Abducent Nerve (VI)

The Facial Nerve (VII)

The Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

The Vagus Nerve (X)

The Accessory Nerve (XI)

The Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

ť The Spinal Nerves

A general account of the formation and distribution of the spinal nerves has been given (see p. 27).

The Dorsal Rami

The Ventral Rami

ť The Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System

The appropriate regulation of visceral activities involves both afferent and efferent functions.

The Parasympathetic System

The preganglionic cells of the parasympathetic system are restricted to a number of discrete nuclei within the brainstem and to the lateral gray column of a short stretch of the second, third, and possibly fourth sacral spinal cord segments (see Fig. 8.72).

The Sympathetic System

Summary of Autonomic Innervation

The Sense Organs

In order to detect changes in the environment, animals must necessarily have mechanisms to sense these changes.

ť The Eye

The eye, the organ of vision, consists of the eyeball and various adnexaaccessory structures such as the ocular muscles that move the eyeball, the lids that protect it, and the lacrimal apparatus that keeps its exposed parts moist.

ť The Eyeball

The eyeball (bulbus oculi) of the domestic mammals is nearly spherical but with some anteroposterior* compression in horses and cattle.

The Adnexa of the Eye

The Blood Supply of the Eye

The Nerve Supply of the Eye

ť The Ear

The ear as a whole is sometimes called the vestibulocochlear organ because it not only enables the animal to hear but also gives it a sense of balance.

The External Ear

The Middle Ear

The Internal Ear

ť The Olfactory Organ

The sense of smell is overwhelmingly better developed in domestic mammals than in humans; this is particularly true of the dog, which can detect airborne substances in incredibly low concentrations.

ť The Gustatory Organ

The receptors for the sense of taste are the taste buds (Fig. 9.32), microscopic nests of cells mainly associated with the papillae of the tongue, although small numbers are also found in the soft palate and in the vicinity of the epiglottis.

ť The Cutaneous Sense

As mentioned at the beginning of the chapter, much of the more immediate environment is experienced by the animal through its skin.

ť Proprioception

Proprioception, or kinesthesia, is the sense of the position and movement of body segments, and it relies upon the presence of receptors embedded in skeletal muscle, tendons, joint capsules, and ligaments.

ť Enteroception

Enteroception is the sense of stretch or pain arising from the viscera.

Comprehension Check

The Common Integument

The term common integument encompasses ordinary skin with its covering of hair and variety of skin glands as well as more specialized parts such as claws, hoofs, and horns.

ť The Structure of Skin

Some recapitulation and amplification of the earlier account (p. 7) of basic skin structure is now required.

ť Hair

Hair is a mammalian feature, diagnostic of the class.

ť Footpads

The footpads (tori) are the cushions on which animals walk.

ť Nails, Claws, and Hoofs

The basically similar structures enclosing the distal phalanx appear strikingly different.

Horns

ť Skin Glands

The glands of the skin develop as epidermal sprouts that invade the underlying mesoderm.

ť The Sebaceous Glands

Sebaceous glands produce a fatty secretion (sebum) that lubricates and waterproofs the skin and coat.

The Sweat Glands

The Mammary Glands

PART II Dogs and Cats

This chapter is the first of a series that covers the regional anatomy of the two companion animals, the dog and cat.

The Head and Ventral Neck of the Dog and Cat

ť Conformation and External Features

Conformation varies much more considerably in dogs than in other domesticated species.

ť Superficial Structures

Much of the surface of the skull can be palpated because it is either directly subcutaneous or covered only by a thin layer of muscle.

Masticatory Muscles

Skull

Salivary Glands and Lymph Nodes

Superficial Vessels

Superficial Nerves

ť The Nasal Plate, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinuses

The External Nose

The Nasal Cavity

The Paranasal Sinuses

ť The Mouth

The wide gape of carnivores is due to the caudal situation of the angles of the mouth and the correspondingly short cheeks.

ť The Dentition

Much of the general description of the teeth was based on the dentition of the dog, in which the most remarkable features are the prominence of the canine teeth and the marked regional specialization of the others (see Fig. 3.16).

ť The Temporomandibular Joint

The articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint are nearly congruent.

ť The Salivary Glands

ť The Pharynx

The auditory tubes open high on the lateral walls of the nasopharynx, immediately rostral to small mucosal cushions measuring about 10 mm long in dogs and 4 mm in cats.

ť Deglutition

During the act of swallowing, the regurgitation of food into the nasopharynx and its aspiration into the larynx are both prevented by the coordinated activity of the pharyngeal muscles.

ť The Larynx

The larynx is located caudal to the intermandibular space and ventral to the first two or three cervical vertebrae.

ť The Eye and Orbit

The easily palpable margins of the orbit are formed by the frontal, lacrimal, and zygomatic bones, with the gap in the dorsolateral segment closed by the orbital ligament (Fig. 11.11/6).

ť The Ear (see p. 331)

External Ear

Middle and Inner Ear

ť The Ventral Part of the Neck

It is convenient to describe with the head the part of the neck that lies ventral to the vertebrae.

ť The Contents of the Visceral Space

The visceral space of the neck is enclosed by four superficial and two deep muscles.

ť The Lymphatic Structures of the Head and Neck

Except for the unimportant facial node, the lymph nodes of the head are concentrated caudal to the mandible; those of the neck are found at shoulder level and, inconstantly, scattered along the trachea (Fig. 11.47).

Parotid Lymph Node

Mandibular Lymph Node

Medial Retropharyngeal Lymph Node

Lateral Retropharyngeal Lymph Node

Tracheal Trunk

Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes

The Neck, Back, and Vertebral Column of the Dog and Cat

The neck and back regions are of increasing clinical importance in the companion animals.

ť Conformation and Surface Anatomy

The length and proportions of the neck vary with the breed; its transverse section, generally circular in smaller dogs, is somewhat compressed from side to side in larger breeds but widens toward the trunk, with which it blends smoothly.

ť The Vertebral Column (see also pp. 31-36)

The dog has 7 cervical, 13 thoracic, 7 lumbar, 3 sacral, and about 20 caudal vertebrae as a rule (Fig. 12.1); the most common variation is the reduction to 6 lumbar vertebrae.

Atlas

Axis

Third to Seventh Cervical Vertebrae

The Vertebral Canal (see also pp. 295-298)

ť The Muscles Associated With the Vertebral Column (see also pp. 42-44)

The muscles directly associated with the neck and back mainly extend between points on the vertebrae (and ribs) (Fig. 12.11), but some also attach to the skull, the ilium, and, for the psoas group, the femur.

Epaxial Muscles

Cervical Hypaxial Muscles

Lumbar Hypaxial Muscles

Muscles Controlling Movements of the Head

ť Clinical Considerations

The Thorax of the Dog and Cat

ť The Thoracic Wall and Pleura (see also pp. 38-39, 4547, and 148-149)

ť The Lungs (see also pp. 149-156)

ť The Mediastinum (see also pp. 150-151)

ť The Heart (see also pp. 219-220)

ť The Esophagus, Trachea, and Thymus (see also pp. 110-111, 147-148, and 250-251)

ť The Great Vessels and Nerves Within the Thorax (see also pp. 229-230, 232, and 314-315)

ť Lymphatic Structures of the Thorax (see also pp. 245247)

The Abdomen of the Dog and Cat

ť The Abdominal Wall (see also pp. 47-49)

ť Mammary Glands

ť General Aspects of Visceral Topography

ť The Spleen

ť The Stomach

ť Intestines (see also pp. 119-125)

ť The Liver

ť The Pancreas

ť The Adrenal Glands and Kidneys

The yellowish white adrenal glands (see also pp. 207-208) (Fig. 14.28/7 and 7') of the dog are dorsoventrally flattened, about 2 to 3 cm long and 1 cm wide.

The Kidneys

The Major Vessels

ť Lymphatic Structures

ť Palpation

The Pelvis and Reproductive Organs of the Dog and Cat

ť General Anatomy of the Pelvis and Perineum (see also pp. 49-50)

ť The Rectum and Anus (see also pp. 124 and 125)

The rectum joins the anal canal ventral to the second or third caudal vertebra. Although the intraperitoneal cranial part is joined to the pelvic roof by a short mesorectum (Fig. 15.4/4),

The Kidneys

The Bladder and Female Urethra (see also pp. 171-173)

ť The Female Reproductive Organs

The Ovaries and Uterine Tubes (see also pp. 184-186)

The Uterus (see also pp. 186-187)

The Vagina, Vestibule, and Vulva (see also pp. 187-189)

Functional Changes

ť The Male Reproductive Organs

The Scrotum and Testes (see also pp. 173-180)

The Urethra and Accessory Reproductive Glands (see also pp. 180-182)

The Penis and Prepuce (see also pp. 182-184)

Age and Functional Changes

ť The Anatomy of Abdominal and Rectal Palpation

In the previous chapter the process of abdominal palpation was described, together with the examination of most abdominal organs.

Main Vessels in the Pelvis

The Forelimb of the Dog and Cat

Fractures and luxations resulting from traffic accidents contribute a large part of the clinical work on the forelimbs of dogs and cats.

ť The Shoulder Region and Upper Arm (see also pp. 6870 and 73-75)

ť The Elbow and Forearm (see also pp. 70-71, 74, and 7880)

ť The Carpus and Forepaw (see also pp. 71-75 and 80)

ť The Major Nerves of the Forelimb

The Hindlimb of the Dog and Cat

ť The Croup, HIP, and Thigh (see also pp. 83, 85-87, and 89.)

ť The Stifle Joint and Leg (see also pp. 83-85 and 8990.)

ť The Hock and Hindpaw (see also pp. 85, 89-90.)

ť The Major Nerves of the Hindlimb

PART III Horses

ť Conformation and External Features

The Head and Ventral Neck of the Horse

ť Superficial Structures

The Muscles of Facial Expression

Superficial Vessels

Superficial Nerves

ť The Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses

The Nasal Cavity

The Paranasal Sinuses

The Estimation of Age From the Teeth

The Muscles of Mastication and the Temporomandibular Joint

ť The Salivary Glands

The parotid gland is clearly Iobulated and has a firm texture and a yellow-gray or yellow-pink color.

ť The Pharynx and Guttural Pouch

ť The Ventral Part of the Neck

ť The Lymphatic Structures of the Head and Neck

The Neck, Back, and Vertebral Column of the Horse

This chapter is concerned with the dorsal part of the neck, the back, the loins, and the tail. The ventral part of the neck was considered with the head; the croup is considered with the hindlimb.

ť Conformation and Surface Features

ť The Vertebral Column

ť The Vertebral Canal

The Thorax of the Horse

ť The Esophagus, Trachea, and Thymus

ť The Thoracic Wall

ť The Pleural Cavities

ť The Lungs

ť The Mediastinum

ť The Heart

ť The Great Vessels and Nerves Within the Thorax

ť The Lymphatic Structures of the Thorax

The Abdomen of the Horse

ť Conformation and Surface Anatomy

The horse has a capacious gastrointestinal tract and a correspondingly bulky abdomen.

The Ventrolateral Abdominal Wall

The Inguinal Canal

ť General Aspects of Abdominal Topography

ť The Spleen

ť The Stomach

ť The Intestines

The intestines occupy the greater part of the abdominal cavity.

The Small Intestine

The Large Intestine

ť Vascularization, Lymph Drainage, and Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract

ť The Liver

ť The Pancreas

The pancreas lies largely to the right and is pressed against the abdominal roof and sublumbar organs (Fig. 21.10/7).

The Kidneys and Adrenals

ť The Roof of the Abdomen

The Pelvis and Reproductive Organs of the Horse

This chapter is concerned with the pelvic cavity and its contents and with the extrapelvic parts of the reproductive organs of both sexes.

ť General Anatomy of the Pelvis and Perineum

The pelvic cavity is roofed by the sacrum and first two or three caudal vertebra, and it is difficult to define the boundaries precisely.

Innervation, Vascularization, and Lymph Drainage of the Pelvic Walls

ť The Rectum and Anal Canal

ť The Bladder and Female Urethra

ť The Female Reproductive Organs

The anatomy of the female reproductive organs is strongly influenced by age, present status, and previous reproductive history.

The Vestibule and Vulva

Vascularization and Innervation

Growth and Cyclical Changes in the Reproductive Organs

The Reproductive Tract During Pregnancy

Placentation and Prenatal Development

ť The Male Reproductive Organs

The Scrotum and Testes

ť The Anatomy of Rectal Exploration

The Penis and Prepuce

ť The Udder

ť The Girdle Muscles

ť The Shoulder Region and Upper Arm

ť The Elbow Joint and the Muscles of the Arm

The skeletal basis of the elbow joint is provided by the distal end of the humerus and proximal parts of the radius and ulna (Fig. 23.6A).

The Flexor Muscles

The Extensor Muscles

ť The Forearm and Carpus

The Skeletonand Carpal Joint

The Muscles of the Forearm

ť The Distal Part of the Limb

The more distal structures ofthe limb not only have the greatest propensity to injury but also show many and important specific differences.

The Skeleton and Joints

The Tendons, Annular Ligaments, and Interosseus Muscle

The Hoof

ť The Passive Stay Apparatus

ť The Blood Vessels and Lymphatic Structures of the Forelimb

ť The Nerves of the Forelimb

With few exceptions, the structures of the forelimb are innervated from the brachial plexus formed by contributions from the last three cervical and first two thoracic nerves (C6-T2).

Innervation of the Forefoot

The Hindlimb of the Horse

ť Conformation of the Croup

ť The Hip Joint

ť The Muscles of the Hip and Thigh

These muscles are conveniently regarded as comprising gluteal, hamstring, medial, and cranial groups.

The Gluteal Muscles

The Caudal (Hamstring) Muscles

The Medial Muscles

ť The Stifle Joint

ť The Skeleton of the Leg and Hock: the Hock Joint

ť The Muscles of the Leg

The leg is enveloped by three layers of fascia. The superficial layer continues the corresponding fascia of the thigh.

The Craniolateral Muscles

The Caudal Muscles

ť The Passive Stay Apparatus

ť Vascularization of the Hindlimb

ť The Nerves of the Hindlimb

PART IV Ruminants

The description contained in this and the following chapters (Chapters 26-31) is predominantly of bovine anatomy.

The Head and Ventral Neck of the Ruminant

ť Conformation and External Features

Conformation and External Features in Cattle

Conformation and External Features in Sheep and Goats

ť Superficial Structures

ť The Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses

ť The Mouth

ť The Dentition and Masticatory Apparatus

ť The Salivary Glands

ť The Pharynx

ť The Larynx

ť The Eye

ť The Ventral Part of the Neck

ť The Lymphatic Structures of the Head and Neck

The Neck, Back, and Tail of the Ruminant

ť Conformation and Surface Features

ť The Vertebral Column

ť The Vertebral Canal

ť The Vessels of the Tail

The Thorax of the Ruminant

The extent and dimensions of the thoracic cavity are not apparent on inspection of the live animal.

ť The Pleura and the Lungs

ť The Mediastinum and its Contents

The thick dorsal part of the cranial mediastinum contains the esophagus and trachea, the vessels passing to and from the neck and forelimbs, an assembly of lymph nodes, the thoracic duct, and various nerves.

The Heart

The Esophagus, Trachea, Thymus, and Vagus Nerves

ť The Lymphatic Structures Within the Thorax

The Abdomen of the Ruminant

Innervation and Vascularization

ť The Ventrolateral Wall of the Abdomen

Structure

ť The Spleen

ť The Stomach

General Considerations

The Rumen and Reticulum

The Omasum

The Abomasum

The Omenta

Innervation and Vascularization

Postnatal Development

ť The Intestines

ť The Liver

ť The Pancreas

ť The Kidneys and Adrenal Glands

The Pelvis and Reproductive Organs of the Ruminant

This chapter is concerned with the pelvic cavity, the intrapelvic and extrapelvic reproductive organs of both sexes, and the udder.

ť The Pelvic Cavity

ť The Rectum and Anus

ť The Bladder and Urethra

ť The Female Reproductive Organs

The topographic peculiarities of the reproductive organs of the female ruminant are the consequence of the descent of the fetal ovaries to the most caudal part of the abdomen, which is a more considerable descent than in other domestic species.

The Ovary and Uterine Tube

The Uterus

The Vagina

The Vestibule and Vulva

Vascularization

Growth and Cyclical Changes

Gestation and Parturition

Some Aspects of Development

ť The Male Reproductive Organs

The Scrotum and Testes

Growth and Functional Changes

ť The Anatomy of Rectal Palpation in Cattle*

ť The Udder

The Forelimb of the Ruminant

Cattle generally lead lives that do not expose them to frequent risk of injury to the proximal segments of the limbs,

ť The Shoulder and The Arm

ť The Elbow, Forearm, and Carpus

ť The Distal Part of the Limb

The distal part of the limb, loosely known as the foot, consists of the expanded lower end of the metacarpus, the two principal digits (toes or claws), and the dewclaws.

The Skeleton and Joints

The Tendons

ť The Hooves

ť The Blood Vessels and Lymphatic Structures

ť The Nerves of the Forelimb

The brachial plexus is formed by the last three cervical and first two thoracic nerves.

Comprehension Check

The Hindlimb of the Ruminant

ť The Stifle, Leg, and Hock

ť The Blood Vessels and Lymphatic Structures of the Hindlimb

ť The Nerves of the Hindlimb

PART V Pigs

OUTLINE

The Head and Ventral Neck of the Pig

The way in which most pigs are reared today results in veterinary attention being concentrated on infectious diseases and other matters affecting the herd rather than on conditions affecting the individual animal.

ť Conformation and Superficial Features

ť The Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses

ť The Mouth and Dentition

ť The Pharynx

ť The Larynx

ť The Ventral Aspect of the Neck

ť The Lymphatic Structures of the Head and Neck

The Vertebral Column, Back, and Thorax of the Pig

ť The Vertebral Column and Back

ť The Thorax

ť The Lymphatic Structures of the Thorax

The Abdomen of the Pig

A thick layer of subcutaneous fat obscures most underlying features of the trunk of the pig, making it generally impossible to recognize the extent of the flank on simple inspection.

ť The Mammary Glands

ť The Abdominal Wall

ť The Abdominal Organs (Figs. 34.4, 34.5, 34.6)

ť The Lymphatic Structures of the Abdomen

The Pelvis and Reproductive Organs of the Pig

The thick layer of subcutaneous fat almost completely hides the junction between abdomen and pelvis, which is indicated only by a slight indentation above the fold of the flank.

ť The Rectum and Anus

ť The Bladder and Female Urethra

ť The Female Reproductive Organs

The Ovary and Uterine Tube

The Uterus

The Vagina, Vestibule, and Vulva

Functional Aspects

ť The Male Reproductive Organs

The Scrotum and Testes

ť The Lymphatic Structures of the Pelvis

The Penis and Prepuce

Functional Aspects

ť The Anatomy of Rectal Exploration

The Limbs of the Pig

The principal distinguishing features of the limb skeleton of the pig are the well-developed, weightbearing ulnae and fibulae and the complete metapodial and phalangeal complements in the paired accessory digits (Figs. 36.1 and 36.2), even though these fail to make contact with firm ground.

ť The Forelimb

ť The Hindlimb

PART VI Birds and Camelids