INTRODUCTION
Vertebrates and invertebrates have eyes that fulfill fundamental jobs of image creation using photoreceptors that extend to the neutrophil (Strausfeld, 2017). Advanced molecular studies elucidated the conservation of certain transcription factors that stand as the basis of the gene network that controls the development of the visual system of vertebrates and invertebrates (Gehring, 2011; Steinmetz et al., 2010).
Invertebrate and vertebrate eyes share homologous cytological and neuroanatomical features already present in their common bilaterian ancestor (De Robertis & Sasai, 1996). Primary steps of visual processing are similar within vertebrates and differ from those of invertebrates. It is performed by the retina and optic tectum in vertebrates, while the lamina, medulla and lobula perform it in invertebrates. In both cases, neuronal networks show similar architectural designs (Wernet, Huberman, & Desplan, 2014; Strausfeld & Hirth, 2013).9.2
Source:
Rana Tanmoy (ed.). Principles of Veterinary Animal Physiology. CRC Press,2026. — 290 p.. 2026
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