KEY POINTS

1. Neurohumoral mechanisms regulate blood pressure and blood volume to ensure adequate blood flow for all body organs.

2. The autonomic nervous system affects the cardiovascular system through the release of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine.

3. The arterial baroreceptor reflex regulates arterial blood pressure.

4. The atrial volume receptor reflex regulates blood volume and helps to stabilize blood pressure.

5. The cardiovascular state of conscious subjects is determined by an ongoing and ever-changing mixture of reflex effects and psychogenic responses.