SELF EVALUATION - CHAPTER 7

GENERAL FEATURES OF THE SKELETON

1. The front- and hindlimbs and their respective shoulder and pelvic girdles are parts of the:

a. axial skeleton.

b. appendicular skeleton.

2. Intervertebral disks between contiguous vertebrae:

a. are solid hyaline cartilage.

b. are present only between lumbar vertebrae.

c. provide compression-resisting cushions and permit limited movement.

d. do not allow for movement.

3. The axial skeleton is composed of the:

a. skull and vertebrae.

b. skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.

c. skull, vertebrae, and pectoral and pelvic girdles.

d. ribs, sternum, and pectoral and pelvic girdles.

4. Beginning cranially and extending caudally, the vertebral groups are:

a. cervical, sacral, thoracic, lumbar, caudal.

b. thoracic, cervical, lumbar, sacral, caudal.

c. thoracic, lumbar, sacral, cervical, caudal.

d. cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal.

5. The os coxae:

a. is a part of the pectoral girdle.

b. unites dorsally with its opposite bone, forming a symphysis without articulation.

c. unites ventrally with its opposite bone at the symphysis pelvis.

d. is another name for the bovine species.

6. In cattle, a prominent protuberance known as the hook bone is the:

a. tuber sacrale.

b. tuber ischiadicum.

c. tuber coxae.

d. simply tuber.

7. Proceeding distally from the cannon bone in the horse, the phalangeal articulations are referred to as:

a. pastern, fetlock, coffin.

b. fetlock, pastern, coffin.

c. coffin, pastern, fetlock.

d. pastern, coffin, fetlock.

8. Sesamoid bones:

a. articulate with other bones and thereby reduce friction by their attachment with ligaments directed for more distal locations.

b. are firmly attached to other bones without visible movement.

c. are the same as splint bones.

d. got their name from Sesame Street.

BONE STRUCTURE

9. The cylindrical shaft of a long bone is known as the:

a. epiphysis.

b. metaphysis.

c. diaphysis.

0. The principal location of hematopoiesis (blood cell production) is the:

a. joint capsule.

b. medullary cavity of the diaphysis.

c. epiphyseal plate.

d. lacunae.

11. The outer surface of bones (with the exception of joint surfaces) is covered by:

a. endosteum.

b. hyaline cartilage.

c. periosteum.

d. osteoblasts.

.2. Osteoblasts:

a. are the hematopoietic cells of bone.

b. synthesize and secrete the organic substance of bone.

c. are bone-dissolving cells.

d. are the mature cells of bone.

.3. The interstitial fluid of osteocytes:

a. is contained within lacunae and canaliculae.

b. diffuses from blood vessels within Haversian canals.

c. serves osteocytes in all concentric lamellae, even the outermost.

d. is described in a, b, and c, above.

.4. Stimulation of osteoprogenitor cells leads directly to:

a. osteoclasts.

b. osteocytes.

c. osteoblasts.

d. chondrocytes.

1.5. Production of osteoid and its subsequent calcification is accomplished by:

a. osteoclasts.

b. osteocytes.

c. osteoblasts.

d. chondrocytes.

.6. Bone cells that represent transformed osteoblasts, communicate with each other by gap junctions in canaliculae, and maintain bone matrix are:

a. osteoprogenitor cells.

b. osteoblasts.

c. osteoclasts.

d. osteocytes.

L7∙ Osteoclasts:

a. are transformed osteocytes.

b. are large bone-resorbing cells considered to be members of the diffuse mononuclear phagocytic system.

c. are active in producing bone matrix.

8. Calcium and phosphorus:

a. are the major constituents of the mineral phase of bone and exist in a ratio of 2:1 (calcium:phosphorus).

b. represent the organic matter of bone.

c. are never recovered from bone once they are deposited in the mineral phase.

.9. Haversian systems:

a. are the units of structure of compact bone.

b. develop within tunnels formed in the zone of calcified matrix.

c. develop when capillaries invade the tunnels formed by nests of dead chondrocytes.

d. are represented by a, b, and c.

BONE FORMATION

:0. The os penis, os cordis, and pathologic bone deposits represent:

a. endochondral bone formation.

b. intramembranous bone formation.

c. heteroplastic bone formation.

>1. Most long bones are developed:

a. without the intervention of cartilage.

b. by endochondral ossification.

c. by heteroplastic ossification.

2. The epiphyseal plate:

a. is a cartilage plate between the epiphysis and diaphysis.

b. has a profuse blood supply.

c. has no distinguishable zones.

d. is located on only one end of a long bone.

:3. Bone forms:

a. in both directions from the epiphyseal plate.

b. toward the diaphysis, with a lifting effect on the epiphyseal plate.

c. because the chondrocytes never die.

d. because the zone of reserve cartilage dies.

14. Remodeling of bone:

a. occurs during growth and in response to stress placed on bone.

b. does not occur (once formed, not removed).

c. does not involve osteoclastic activity.

BONE REPAIR

:5. A prerequisite for fracture repair is:

a. the alleviation of pain.

b. perfect realignment.

c. reestablishment of a blood supply.

d. splinting.

16. Callus formation after bone fracture:

a. is the most common type of bone repair.

b. is located on the external surface only.

c. whether on the internal or external surface, comes from the osteoblasts that originate from the periosteum.

d. does not revert to compact bone and subsequent remodeling.

JOINTS AND SYNOVIAL FLUID

>7. The synovial membrane:

a. covers the bearing surface (articular cartilage) of a joint.

b. is the outer fibrous layer of a joint capsule that contributes to the stability of the joint.

c. is the lining inner surface of a joint capsule that contains synoviocytes, which secrete synovial fluid.

:8. The chief function(s) of synovial fluid is (are):

a. to serve as an adhesive to hold bones together at a joint.

b. to provide for a popping noise when bones are pulled apart.

c. to provide for joint lubrication and nourishment of the articular cartilage.

:9. Synovial fluid:

a. viscosity is almost entirely attributable to hyaluronic acid.

b. color is always yellow.

c. viscosity is the same in all joints.

d. contains numerous cells.

O. Adult articular cartilage is:

a. supplied with nerves and blood vessels.

b. smooth but very rigid.

c. a resilient and elastic tissue that becomes thinner when compressed and regains original thickness when pressure is released.

}1. Nutrition of adult articular cartilage:

a. is not needed.

b. is provided by synovial fluid and fluid that diffuses from capillaries in the joint capsule.

c. is provided from capillaries that infiltrate its substance.

(2. Which one of the following items best describes lubrication of synovial joints?

a. They do not need it because they are smooth

b. Aqueous humor

c. Hyaluronic acid and lubricin, which are secreted by the synovial membrane

d. Secretions of the choroid plexus

[3. Nerve fibers for pain:

a. are located in articular cartilage.

b. are located in the joint capsule.

c. do not exist in association with synovial joints.