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The complete list of references can be found at www.expertconsult.com.

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Pulmonary Function Testing

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Equine Respiratory System-Disorders of the Lungs-Bacterial Pneumonia and Pleuropneumonia in Adult Horses

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31. Raidal SL, Love DN, Bailey GD, et al: Effect of single bouts of moderate and high intensity exercise and training on equine peripheral blood neutrophil function, Res Vet Sci 68:141, 2000.

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33. Folsom RW, Littlefield-Chabaud MA, French DD, et al: Exercise alters the immune response to equine influenza virus and increases susceptibility to infection, Equine Vet J 33:664, 2001.

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36. Carr EA, Carlson GP, Wilson WD, et al: Acute hemorrhagic pulmonary infarction and necrotizing pneumonia in horses: 21 cases (1967-1993), J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:1774, 1997.

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38. Rossier Y, Sweeney CR, Ziemer EL: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytologic findings in horses with pneumonia or pleuropneumonia, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1001, 1991.

39. Darien BJ, Brown CM, Walker RD, et al: A tracheoscopic technique for obtaining uncontaminated lower airway secretions for bacterial culture in the horse, Equme Vet J 22:170, 1990.

40. Christley RM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, et al: Comparison of bacteriology and cytology of tracheal fluid samples collected by percutaneous transtracheal aspiration or via an endoscope using a plugged, guarded catheter, Equine Vet J 31:197, 1999.

41. Sweeney CR, Humber KA, Roby KA: Cytologic findings of tracheobronchial aspirates from 66 thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 53:1172, 1992.

42. Reimer JM, Reef VB, Spencer PA: Ultrasonography as a diagnostic aid in horses with anaerobic bacterial pleuropneumonia and/or pulmonary abscessation: 27 cases (1984-1986), J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:278, 1989.

43. Wagner AE, Bennett DG: Analysis of equine thoracic fluid, Vet Clin Pathol 11:13, 1982.

44. Brumbaugh GW, Benson PA: Partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, pH, and concentrations of bicarbonate, lactate, and glucose in pleural fluid from horses, Am J Vet Res 51:1032, 1990.

45. Schott HC, Mansmann RA: Thoracic drainage in horses, Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:251, 1990.

46. Vachon AM, Fischer AT: Thoracoscopy in the horse: diagnostic and therapeutic indications in 28 cases, Equine Vet J 30:467, 1998.

47. Credille BC, Giguere S, Berghaus LJ, et al: Plasma and pulmonary disposition of ceftiofur and its metabolites after intramuscular administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid in weanling foals, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 35:259, 2012.

48. Giguere S, Sturgill TL, Berghaus LJ, et al: Effects of two methods of administration on the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur crystalline free acid in horses, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 34:193, 2011.

49. Fultz L, Giguere S, Berghaus LJ, et al: Plasma and pulmonary pharma­cokinetics of desfuroylceftiofur acetamide after weekly administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid to adult horses, Equine Vet J 46:252, 2014.

50. Ensink JM, Smit JA, van Duijkeren E: Clinical efficacy of trimethoprim/ sulfadiazine and procaine penicillin G in a Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection model in ponies, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 26:247, 2003.

51. Ensink JM, Bosch G, van Duijkeren E: Clinical efficacy of prophylactic administration of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine in a Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection model in ponies, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 28:45,

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53. Nix DE, Goodwin SD, Peloquin CA, et al: Antibiotic tissue penetration and its relevance: impact of tissue penetration on infection response, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35:1953, 1991.

54. Baldwin DR, Honeybourne D, Wise R: Pulmonary disposition of antimi­crobial agents: in vivo observations and clinical relevance, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36:1176, 1992.

55. McKenzie HC: Characterization of antimicrobial aerosols for administration to horses, Vet Ther 4:110, 2003.

56. McKenzie HC, III, Murray MJ: Concentrations of gentamicin in serum and bronchial lavage fluid after intravenous and aerosol administration of gentamicin to horses, Am J Vet Res 61:1185, 2000.

57. McKenzie HC, III, Murray MJ: Concentrations of gentamicin in serum and bronchial lavage fluid after once-daily aerosol administration to horses for seven days, Am J Vet Res 65:173, 2004.

58. Fultz L, Giguere S, Berghaus LJ, et al: Pulmonary pharmacokinetics of desfuroylceftiofur acetamide after nebulisation or intramuscular administra­tion of ceftiofur sodium to weanling foals, Equine Vet J 47:473, 2015.

59. Chaffin MK, Carter GK, Byars TD: Equine bacterial pleuropneumonia. Part III. Treatment, sequelae, and prognosis, Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet 15:1585, 1994.

60. Singh G, Pitoyo CW, Nasir AU, et al: Update on the role of intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy in the management of complicated parapneumonic effusions and empyema, Acta Med Indones 44:258, 2012.

61. Nie W, Liu Y, Ye J, et al: Efficacy of intrapleural instillation of fibrinolytics for treating pleural empyema and parapneumonic effusion: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials, Clin Respir J 8:281, 2014.

62. Gervais DA, Levis DA, Hahn PF, et al: Adjunctive intrapleural tissue plasminogen activator administered via chest tubes placed with imaging guidance: effectiveness and risk for hemorrhage, Radiology 246:956, 2008.

63. Thommi G, Nair CK, Aronow WS, et al: Efficacy and safety of intrapleural instillation of alteplase in the management of complicated pleural effusion or empyema, Am J Ther 14:341, 2007.

64. Simpson G, Roomes D, Reeves B: Successful treatment of empyema thoracis with human recombinant deoxyribonuclease, Thorax 58:365, 2003.

65. Rahman NM, Maskell NA, West A, et al: Intrapleural use of tissue plas­minogen activator and DNase in pleural infection, N Engl J Med 365:518,

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66. Tomlinson JE, Reef VB, Boston RC, et al: The association of fibrinous pleural effusion with survival and complications in horses with pleuro­pneumonia (2002-2012): 74 cases, J Vet Intern Med 29:1410, 2015.

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68. Rendle DI, Armstrong SK, Hughes KJ: Combination fibrinolytic therapy in the treatment of chronic septic pleuropneumonia in a Thoroughbred gelding, Aust Vet J 90:358, 2012.

69. Tomlinson JE, Byrne E, Pusterla N, et al: The use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) in the treatment of fibrinous pleuropneumonia in horses: 25 cases (2007-2012), J Vet Intern Med 29:1403, 2015.

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72. Byars TD, Dainis CM, Seltzer KL, et al: Cranial thoracic masses in the horse: a sequel to pleuropneumonia, Equine Vet J 23:22, 1991.

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Rhodococcus equi Infections

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2. Harvey RL, Sunstrum JC: Rhodococcus equi infection in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection, Rev Infect Dis 13:139,

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Interstitial Pneumonia

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Equine Lungworm

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147. Blumerich CA, Buechner-Maxwell VA, Scarratt KW, et al: Comparison of airway response of recurrent airway obstruction affected horses fed steamed versus non-steamed hay, J Vet Intern Med 26:744, 2012.

148. Moore-Colyer MJS, Lumbis K, Longland A, et al: The effect of five different wetting treatments on the nutrient content and microbial concentration in hay for horses, PLoS ONE 9(11):e114079, 2014.

149. Kirschvink N, Di Silvestro F, Sbai I, et al: The use of cardboard bedding material as part of an environmental control regime for heaves-affected horses: in vitro assessment of airborne dust and aeroallergen concentration and in vivo effects on lung function, Vet J 163:319, 2002.

150. Mair TS: Obstructive pulmonary disease in 18 horses at summer pasture, Vet Rec 138:89, 1996.

151. Vandenput S, Istasse L, Nicks B, et al: Airborne dust and aeroallergen concentrations in different sources of feed and bedding for horses, Vet Q 19:154, 1997.

152. Auger EJ, Moore-Colyer MJS: The effect of management regime on airborne respirable dust concentrations in two different types of horse stable design, J Eq Vet Sci 51:105, 2017.

153. Jackson CA, Berney C, Jefcoat AM, et al: Environment and prednisone interactions in the treatment of recurrent airway obstruction (heaves), Equine Vet J 32:432, 2000.

154. DeLuca L, Erb HN, Young JC, et al: The effect of adding oral dexa­methasone to feed alterations on the airway cell inflammatory gene expression in stabled horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction, J Vet Intern Med 22:427, 2008.

155. Clements JM, Pirie RS: Respirable dust concentrations in equine stables. Part 2: the benefits of soaking hay and optimizing the environment in a neighbouring stable, Res Vet Sci 83:263, 2007.

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157. Wyse CA, Skeldon K, Hotchkiss JW, et al: Effects of changes to the stable environment on the exhalation of ethane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen peroxide by horses with respiratory inflammation, Vet Rec 157:408, 2005.

158. Miskovic M, Couetil LL, Thompson CA: Lung function and airway cytologic profiles in horses with recurrent airway obstruction maintained in low-dust environments, J Vet Intern Med 21:1060, 2007.

159. Raidal SA, Love DN, Bailey GD: Inflammation and increased numbers of bacteria in the lower respiratory tract of horses within 6-12 hours of confinement with the head elevated, Aust Vet J 72:45, 1995.

160. Murphy JR, McPherson EA, Dixon PM: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): effects of bronchodilator drugs on normal and affected horses, Equine Vet J 12:10, 1980.

161. Pearson EG, Riebold TW: Comparison of bronchodilators in alleviating clinical signs in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1287, 1989.

162. de Lagarde M, Rodrigues N, Chevigny M, et al: N-butylscopolammonium bromide causes fewer side effects than atropine when assessing broncho­constriction reversibility in horses with heaves, Eq Vet J 46:474, 2014.

163. Robinson NE, Derksen FJ, Berney C, et al: The airway response of horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) to aerosol administration of ipratropium bromide, Equine Vet J 25:299, 1993.

164. Bayly WM, Duvivier DH, Votion D, et al: Effects of inhaled ipratropium bromide on breathing mechanics and gas exchange in exercising horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Equine Vet J 34:36, 2002.

165. Couetil LL, Hammer J, Miskovic-Feutz M, et al: Effects of N-butylsco- polammonium bromide on lung function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction, J Vet Intern Med 26:1433, 2012.

166. Erichsen DF, Aviad AD, Schultz RH, et al: Clinical efficacy and safety of clenbuterol HCl when administered to effect in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Equine Vet J 26:331, 1994.

167. Thompson JA, Mirza MH, Barker SA, et al: Clenbuterol toxicosis in three Quarter Horse racehorses after administration of a compounded product, J Am Vet Med Assoc 239:842, 2011.

168. Laan TTJM, Bull S, Pirie RS, et al: The anti-inflammatory effects of IV administered clenbuterol in horses with recurrent airway obstruction, Vet J 171:429, 2006.

169. Read JR, Boston RC, Abraham G, et al: Effect of prolonged administration of clenbuterol on airway reactivity and sweating in horses with inflammatory airway disease, Am J Vet Res 73:140, 2012.

170. Abraham G, Brodde OE, Ungemach FR: Regulation of equine lymphocyte beta-adrenoceptors under the influence of clenbuterol and dexamethasone, Equine Vet J 34:587, 2002.

171. Bertin FR, Ivester KM, Couetil LL: Comparative efficacy of inhaled albuterol between two hand-held delivery devices in horses with recurrent airway obstruction, Equine Vet J 43:393, 2011.

172. Derksen FJ, Loszewski MA, Robinson NE, et al: Aerosolized albuterol sulfate used as a bronchodilator in horses with recurrent airway obstruction, Am J Vet Res 60:689, 1999.

173. Arryo MG, Couetil LL, Nogradi N, et al: Efficacy of inhaled levalbuterol compared to albuterol in horses with recurrent airway obstruction, J Vet Intern Med 30:1333, 2016.

174. Cha ML, Costa LRR: Inhalation therapy in horses, Vet Clin No Amer Eq Pract 33:29, 2016.

175. Henrikson SL, Rush BR: Efficacy of salmeterol xinafoate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction, J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1961, 2001.

176. Torphy TJ: Phosphodiesterase isozymes: molecular targets for novel anti-asthma agents, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:351, 1998.

177. Leguillette R, Desevaux C, Lavoie JP: Effects of pentoxifylline on pul­monary function and results of cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses with recurrent airway obstruction, Am J Vet Res 63:459, 2002.

178. Robinson NE, Jackson C, Jefcoat A, et al: Efficacy of three corticosteroids for the treatment of heaves, Equine Vet J 34:17, 2002.

179. Peroni DL, Stanley S, Kollias-Baker C, et al: Prednisone per os is likely to have limited efficacy in horses, Equine Vet J 34:283, 2002.

180. Leclere M, Lefebvre-Lavoie J, Beauchamp G, et al: Efficacy of oral pred­nisolone and dexamethasone in horses with recurrent airway obstruction in the presence of continuous antigen exposure, Equine Vet J 42:316,

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181. Cornelisse CJ, Robinson NE, Berney CEA, et al: Efficacy of oral and intravenous dexamethasone in horses with recurrent airway obstruction, Equine Vet J 36:426, 2004.

182. Rush BF, Flaminio MJBF, Matson CH, et al: Cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively, Am J Vet Res 59:1033, 1998.

183. Couetil LL, Art T, de Moffarts B, et al: Effect of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone isonicotinate on lung function, bron­choalveolar lavage fluid cytology, and transcription factor expression in airways of horses with recurrent airway obstruction, J Vet Intern Med 20:399, 2006.

184. Robinson NE, Berney C, Behan A, et al: Fluticasone propionate aerosol is more effective for prevention and treatment of recurrent airway obstruc­tion, J Vet Intern Med 23:1247, 2009.

185. Lapointe JM, Lavoie JP, Vrins AA: Effects of triamcinolone acetonide on pulmonary function and bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Vet Res 54:1310, 1993.

186. Picandet V, Leguillette R, Lavoie JP: Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of isoflupredone and dexamethasone in the treatment of horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction (“heaves, Equine Vet J 35:419, 2003.

187. Laan TTJM, Westermann CM, Dijkstra AV, et al: Biological availability of inhaled fluticasone propionate in horses, Vet Rec 155:361, 2004.

188. Dauvillier J, Felippe MJB, Lunn DP, et al: Effect of long-term fluticasone treatment on immune function in horses with heaves, J Vet Intern Med 25:549, 2011.

189. Rush BR, Raub ES, Thomsen MM: Pulmonary function and adrenal gland suppression with incremental doses of aerosolized beclomethasone dipropionate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction, J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:359, 2000.

190. Rush BR, Hoskinson JJ, Davis EG, et al: Pulmonary distribution of aerosolized technetium TC 99m pentetate after administration of a single dose of aerosolized albuterol sulfate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction, Am J Vet Res 60:764, 1999.

191. Rush BR, Worster AA, Flaminio MJ, et al: Alteration in adrenocortical function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexametha­sone, respectively, Am J Vet Res 8:1044, 1998.

192. Wilson DV, Schott HC, Robinson NE, et al: Response to nasopharyngeal oxygen administration in horses with lung disease, Equine Vet J 38:219,

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193. Broadstone RV, Robinson NE, Gray PR, et al: Effects of furosemide on ponies with recurrent airway obstruction, Pulm Pharmacol 4:203, 1991.

194. Rubie S, Robinson NE, Stoll M, et al: Flunixin meglumine blocks frusemide-induced bronchodilation in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Equine Vet J 25:138, 1993.

195. Calzetta L, Roncada P, Cave D, et al: Pharmacological treatments in asthma-affected horses: a pair-wise and network meta-analysis, Eq Vet J 49:710, 2017.

196. Perez B, Henriquez C, Sarmiento J, et al: Tamoxifen as a new therapeutic tool for neutrophilic lung inflammation, Respirology 21:112, 2016.

197. Barussi FCM, Bastos FZ, Leite LMB, et al: Intratracheal therapy with autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells reduces airway inflammation in horses with recurrent airway obstruction, Resp Physiol Neurobiol 232:35, 2016.

198. Wilson DV, Lankenau C, Berney CE, et al: The effects of a single acupuncture treatment in horses with severe recurrent airway obstruction, Equine Vet J 36:489, 2004.

199. Van den Hoven R, Zappe H, Zitterl-Eglseer K, et al: Study of the effect of Bronchipret on the lung function of five Austrian saddle horses suffering recurrent airway obstruction (heaves), Vet Rec 152:555, 2003.

200. Jean D, Vrins A, Lavoie JP: Respiratory and metabolic effects of massive administration of isotonic saline solution in heaves-affected and control horses, Equine Vet J 36:628, 2004.

201. Wilson ME, Berney C, Behan AL, et al: The effect of intravenous lidocaine infusion on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in equine recurrent airway obstruction, J Vet Intern Med 26:1427, 2012.

202. Goncarovs KO, Miskovic-Feutz M, Perez-Moreno C, et al: Efficacy and safety of sound wave treatment of recurrent airway obstruction in horse, J Vet Intern Med 24:1503, 2010.

Summer Pasture-Associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

1. Seahorn T, Beadle R: Summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease in horses: 21 cases (1983-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:779, 1993.

2. Costa LLR, Johnson JR, Baur ME, et al: Temporal clinical exacerbation of summer pasture-associated recurrent airway obstruction and relationship with climate and aeroallergens in horses, Am J Vet Res 67:1635, 2006.

3. Dixon PM, McGorum BC: Pasture associated seasonal respiratory disease in 2 horses, Vet Rec 126:9, 1990.

4. McGorum BC, Dixon PM: Summer pasture-associated obstructive pul­monary disease (SPAOPD): an update, Equine Vet Educ 11:121, 1999.

5. Mair TS: Obstructive pulmonary disease in 18 horses at summer pasture, Vet Rec 138:89, 1996.

6. Bullone M, Murcia RY, Lavoie JP: Environmental heat and airborne pollen concentration are associated with increased asthma severity in horses, Equine Vet J 48:479, 2016.

7. Seahorn TL, Beadle RE, McGorum BC, et al: Quantification of antigen­specific antibody concentrations in tracheal lavage fluid of horses with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Vet Res 58:1408, 1997.

8. Beadle RE, Horohov DW, Gaunt SD: Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma gene expression in summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease affected horses, Equine Vet J 34:389, 2002.

9. Horohov DW, Beadle RE, Mouch S, et al: Temporal regulation of cytokine mRNA expression in equine recurrent airway obstruction, Vet Immunol Immunopath 108:237, 2005.

10. Venugopal CS, Mendes LCN, Peiro JR, et al: Transcriptional changes associated with recurrent airway obstruction in affected and unaffected horses, Am J Vet Res 71:476, 2010.

11. Cote O, Clark ME, Viel L, et al: Secretoglobin 1A1 and 1A1A differentially regulate neutrophil reactive oxygen species production, phagocytosis and extracellular trap formation, PLoS ONE 9:e96217, 2014.

12. Katavolos P, Ackerley CA, Viel L, et al: Clara cell secretory protein is reduced in equine recurrent airway obstruction, Vet Pathol 46:604, 2009.

13. Miskovic-Feutz M, Couetil LL, Riley CP, et al: Secretoglobin and transferrin expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with chronic respiratory disease, J Vet Intern Med 29:1692, 2015.

14. Costa LRR, Seahorn TL, Moore RM, et al: Correlation of clinical score, intrapleural pressure, cytologic findings of bronchoalveolar fluid and histopathologic lesions of pulmonary tissue in horses with summer pasture- associated obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Vet Res 61:167, 2000.

15. Polikepahad S, Paulsen DB, Moore RB, et al: Immunohistochemical determination of the expression of endothelin receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and epithelium of healthy horses and horses affected by summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Vet Res 67:348,

2006.

16. Costa LRR, Eades SC, Venugopal CS, et al: Plasma and pulmonary fluid endothelin in horses with seasonal recurrent airway obstruction, J Vet Intern Med 23:1239, 2009.

17. Ferrari CR, Cooley J, Mjuahid N, et al: Horses with pasture asthma have remodeling that is characteristic of human asthma, Vet Path 55:144, 2018.

Inflammatory Airway Disease in the Horse

1. Couetil LL, Cardwell JM, Gerber V, et al: Inflammatory airway disease of horses-Revised consensus statement, J Vet Intern Med 30(2):503-515, 2016.

2. Hoffman AM, Mazan MR, Ellenberg S: Association between bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features and airway reactivity in horses with a history of exercise intolerance, Am J Vet Res 59(2):176-181, 1998.

3. Couetil LL, Rosenthal FS, DeNicola DB, et al: Clinical signs, evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and assessment of pulmonary function in horses with inflammatory respiratory disease, Am J Vet Res 62(4):538-546,

2001.

4. Moore BR, Krakowka S, Robertson JT, et al: Cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from standardbred racehorses with inflammatory airway disease, Am J Vet Res 56(5):562-567, 1995.

5. Fogarty U, Buckley T: Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in horses with exercise intolerance, Equine Vet J 23(6):434-437, 1991.

6. Jean D, Vrins A, Beauchamp G, et al: Evaluation of variations in bron­choalveolar lavage fluid in horses with recurrent airway obstruction, Am J Vet Res 72(6):838-842, 2011.

7. Hare JE, Viel L: Pulmonary eosinophilia associated with increased airway responsiveness in young racing horses, J Vet Intern Med 12(3):163-170,

1998.

8. Viel L: Small airway disease as a vanguard for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13(3):549-560, 1997.

9. Doucet MY, Vrins AA, Ford-Hutchinson AW: Histamine inhalation challenge in normal horses and in horses with small airway disease, Can J Vet Res 55(3):285-293, 1991.

10. Morris E: Application of clinical exercise testing for identification of respiratory fitness and disease in the equine athlete, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 7(2):383-401, 1991.

11. Dixon PM, Railton DI, McGorum BC: Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 2: Details of animals and of historical and clinical findings, Equine Vet J 27(6):422-427, 1995.

12. Klein HJ, Deegen E: Histamine inhalation provocation test: method to identify nonspecific airway reactivity in equids, Am J Vet Res 47(8):1796-1800,

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13. MacNamara B, Bauer S, Iafe J: Endoscopic evaluation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in association with poor performance in racing standardbreds, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196(3):443-445, 1990.

14. Sweeney CR, Humber KA, Roby KA: Cytologic findings of tracheobronchial aspirates from 66 thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 53(7):1172-1175,

1992.

15. Chapman PS, Green C, Main JP, et al: Retrospective study of the relation­ships between age, inflammation and the isolation of bacteria from the lower respiratory tract of thoroughbred horses, Vet Rec 146(4):91-95, 2000.

16. Winder NC, von Fellenberg R: Chronic small airway disease in the horse: immunohistochemical evaluation of lungs with mild, moderate and severe lesions, Vet Rec 122(8):181-183, 1988.

17. Hoffman A, Robinson N, Wade J: Proceedings of a workshop on inflammatory airway disease: defining the syndrome, Newmarket, UK., 2002, R&W Publications.

18. Mills PC, Roberts CA, Smith NC: Effects of ozone and airway inflammation on glutathione status and iron homeostasis in the lungs of horses, Am J Vet Res 57(9):1359-1363, 1996.

19. Bracher V, von Fellenberg R, Winder CN, et al: An investigation of the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in random populations of Swiss horses, Equine Vet J 23(2):136-141, 1991.

20. Robinson NE, Olszewski MA, Boehler D, et al: Relationship between clinical signs and lung function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) during a bronchodilator trial, Equine Vet J 32(5):393-400,

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21. Mazan M, Hoffman A, Macordes B: Inflammatory airway disease: the clinical picture and effect of discipline. Proceedings of a Workshop on Inflammatory Airway Disease: Defining the Syndrome R&W Publications: Newmarket, UK 9, 2002.

22. Christley RM, Rose RJ, Hodgson DR, et al: Attitudes of Australian veterinar­ians about the cause and treatment of lower-respiratory-tract disease in racehorses, Prev Vet Med 46(3):149-159, 2000.

23. Burrell MH, Wood JL, Whitwell KE, et al: Respiratory disease in thor­oughbred horses in training: the relationships between disease and viruses, bacteria and environment, Vet Rec 139(13):308-313, 1996.

24. Courouce-Malblanc A, Deniau V, Rossignol F, et al: Physiological measure­ments and prevalence of lower airway diseases in Trotters with dorsal displacement of the soft palate, Equine Vet J Suppl 38:246-255, 2010.

25. Allen KJ, Tremaine WH, Franklin SH: Prevalence of inflammatory airway disease in national hunt horses referred for investigation of poor athletic performance, Equine Vet J Suppl 36(36):529-534, 2006.

26. Wilsher S, Allen WR, Wood JL: Factors associated with failure of thor­oughbred horses to train and race, Equine Vet J 38(2):113-118, 2006.

27. Nyman G, Lindberg R, Weckner D, et al: Pulmonary gas exchange correlated to clinical signs and lung pathology in horses with chronic bronchiolitis, Equine Vet J 23(4):253-260, 1991.

28. Robinson NE, Karmaus W, Holcombe SJ, et al: Airway inflammation in Michigan pleasure horses: prevalence and risk factors, Equine Vet J 38(4):293-299, 2006.

29. Martin BB, Jr, Beech J, Parente EJ: Cytologic examination of specimens obtained by means of tracheal washes performed before and after high-speed treadmill exercise in horses with a history of poor performance, J Am Vet Med Assoc 214(5):673-677, 1999.

30. Derksen FJ, Brown CM, Sonea I, et al: Comparison of transtracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in 50 horses with chronic lung disease, Equine Vet J 21(1):23-26, 1989.

31. Viel L, Hewson J, Parsons D: Tracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell differentials in poor performance racing horses. Proceedings of the 18th Symposium of the Comparative Respiratory Society, 2001.

32. Orard M, Depecker M, Hue E, et al: Influence of bronchoalveolar lavage volume on cytological profiles and subsequent diagnosis of inflammatory airway disease in horses, Vet J 207:193-195, 2016.

33. Ter Woort F, Caswell JL, Arroyo LG, et al: Histologic investigation of airway inflammation in postmortem lung samples from racehorses, Am J Vet Res 79(3):342-347, 2018.

34. O’Callaghan MW, Pascoe JR, O’Brien TR, et al: Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. VI. RadiologicalZpathological correlations, Equine Vet J 19(5):419-422, 1987.

35. Lakritz J, Wisner ER, Finucane T, et al: Morphologic and morphometric characterization of lung collagen content in clinically normal adult thoroughbreds in race training, Am J Vet Res 56(1):11-18, 1995.

36. Kaup FJ, Drommer W, Damsch S, et al: Ultrastructural findings in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). II: Pathomorphological changes of the terminal airways and the alveolar region, Equine Vet J 22(5):349-355, 1990.

37. Derksen FJ, Scott JS, Miller DC, et al: Bronchoalveolar lavage in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves), Am Rev Respir Di 132(5):1066- 1070, 1985.

38. Mazan MR, Hoffman AM, Manjerovic N: Comparison of forced oscillation with the conventional method for histamine bronchoprovocation testing in horses, Am J Vet Res 60(2):174-180, 1999.

39. van Noord JA, Clement J, van de Woestijne KP, et al: Total respiratory resistance and reactance as a measurement of response to bronchial challenge with histamine, Am Rev Respir Dis 139(4):921-926, 1989.

40. Hoffman AM, Mazan MR: Programme of lung function testing horses with suspected small airway disease, Equine Vet Educ 11:322, 1999.

41. Richard EA, Fortier GD, Denoix JM, et al: Influence of subclinical inflam­matory airway disease on equine respiratory function evaluated by impulse oscillometry, Equine Vet J 41(4):384-389, 2009.

42. Pirrone F, Albertini M, Clement MG, et al: Respiratory mechanics in Standardbred horses with sub-clinical inflammatory airway disease and poor athletic performance, Vet J 173(1):144-150, 2007.

43. Wiggs BR, Bosken C, Pare PD, et al: A model of airway narrowing in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am Rev Respir Dis 145(6):1251-1258, 1992.

44. Wichtel M, Gomez D, Burton S, et al: Relationships between equine airway reactivity measured by flowmetric plethysmography and specific indicators of airway inflammation in horses with suspected inflammatory airway disease, Equine Vet J 2015.

45. Laprise C, Laviolette M, Boutet M, et al: Asymptomatic airway hyper­responsiveness: relationships with airway inflammation and remodelling, Eur Respir J 14(1):63-73, 1999.

46. Mazan MR, Vin R, Hoffman AM: Radiographic scoring lacks predic­tive value in inflammatory airway disease, Equine Vet J 37(6):541-545,

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47. Wysocka B, Klucinski W: Usefulness of the assessment of discharge accumulation in the lower airways and tracheal septum thickening in the differential diagnosis of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and inflam­matory airway disease (IAD) in the horse, Pol J Vet Sci 17(2):247-253,

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48. Wysocka B, Klucinski W: Cytological evaluation of tracheal aspirate and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid in comparison to endoscopic assessment of lower airways in horses with recurrent airways obstruction or inflammatory airway disease, Pol J Vet Sci 18(3):587-597, 2015.

49. Koch C, Straub R, Ramseyer A, et al: Endoscopic scoring of the tracheal septum in horses and its clinical relevance for the evaluation of lower airway health in horses, Equine Vet J 39(2):107-112, 2007.

50. Leclere M, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Lavoie JP: Acute phase proteins in racehorses with inflammatory airway disease, J Vet Intern Med 29(3):940-945,

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51. Viner M, Mazan M, Bedenice D, et al: Comparision of Serum Amyloid A in horses with infectious and noninfectious respiratory disease, J Equine Vet Sci 49:2016.

52. Sweeney CR, Humber KA, Roby KA: Cytologic findings of tracheobronchial aspirates from 66 thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 53(7):1172-1175, 1992.

53. Holcombe SJ, Jackson C, Gerber V, et al: Stabling is associated with airway inflammation in young Arabian horses, Equine Vet J 33(3):244-249, 2001.

54. Berndt A, Derksen FJ, Robinson NE: Endotoxin concentrations within the breathing zone of horses are higher in stables than on pasture, Vet J 183(1):54-57, 2010.

55. Woods P, Robinson NE, Swanson MC: Airborne dust and aeroallergen concentration in a horse stable under two different management systems, Equine Vet J 25:208, 1993.

56. Ghio AJ, Mazan MR, Hoffman AM, et al: Correlates between human lung injury after particle exposure and recurrent airway obstruction in the horse, Equine Vet J 38(4):362-367, 2006.

57. Pirie RS, Collie DD, Dixon PM, et al: Inhaled endotoxin and organic dust particulates have synergistic proinflammatory effects in equine heaves (organic dust-induced asthma), Clin Exp Allergy 33(5):676-683, 2003.

58. McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Halliwell RE: Responses of horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to inhalation challenges with mould antigens, Equine Vet J 25(4):261-267, 1993.

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78. Couetil LL, Chilcoat CD, DeNicola DB, et al: Randomized, controlled study of inhaled fluticasone propionate, oral administration of prednisone, and environmental management of horses with recurrent airway obstruction, Am J Vet Res 66(10):1665-1674, 2005.

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81. Rush BR, Worster AA, Flaminio MJ, et al: Alteration in adrenocortical function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexametha­sone, respectively, Am J Vet Res 59(8):1044-1047, 1998.

82. Leguillette R, Tohver T, Bond SL, et al: Effect of dexamethasone and fluticasone on airway hyperresponsiveness in horses with inflammatory airway disease, J Vet Intern Med 31(4):1193-1201, 2017.

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86. Leach CL, Davidson PJ, Hasselquist BE, et al: Influence of particle size and patient dosing technique on lung deposition of HFA-beclomethasone from a metered dose inhaler, J Aerosol Med 18(4):379-385, 2005.

87. Rush BR, Hoskinson JJ, Davis EG, et al: Pulmonary distribution of aerosolized technetium Tc 99m pentetate after administration of a single dose of aerosolized albuterol sulfate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction, Am J Vet Res 60:764-769, 1999.

88. Ammann VJ, Vrins AA, Lavoie JP: Effects of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on respiratory function in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Equine Vet J 30:152-157, 1998.

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Tuberculosis

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Mycoplasma

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2. Hoffman AM, Baird JD, Kloeze HJ, et al: Mycoplasma felis pleuritis in two show-jumper horses, Cornell Vet 82:155, 1992.

3. Ogilvie TH, Rosendal S, Blackwell TE, et al: Mycoplasma felis as a cause of pleuritis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1374, 1983.

4. Christley RM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, et al: A case-control study of respiratory disease in thoroughbred racehorses in Sydney, Australia, Equine Vet J 33:256,

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5. Newton JR, Wood JLN, Chanter N: A case control study of factors and infections associated with clinically apparent respiratory disease in UK thoroughbred racehorses, Prev Vet Med 60:107, 2003.

6. Carmen S, Rosendal S, Huber L, et al: Infectious agents in acute respiratory disease in horses in Ontario, J Vet Diagn Invest 9:17, 1997.

7. Wood JL, Chanter JR, Newton MH, et al: An outbreak of respiratory disease in horses associated with Mycoplasma felis infection, Vet Rec 140:388, 1997.

8. Soderlundl R, Bolske G, Holst BS, et al: Development and evaluation of real-time polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of Mycoplasma felis, J Vet Diag Invest 23:890, 2011.

Glanders (Farcy)

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8. Al-Jeboori KH, Habasha FG: Acute outbreak of glanders in horses: clinical, serological and pathological studies in Iraq, Indian J Appl Res 4(6):378-381, 2014.

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13. John JM, Kapoor PK, Malik PK: Serodiagnosis of glanders by indirect hemagglutination using CFT, mallein PPD and recombinant antigens, J Vet Public Health 7:101, 2009.

Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage

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18. Lyle CH, Blissitt KJ, Kennedy RN, et al: Risk factors for race-associated sudden death in Thoroughbred racehorses in the UK (2000-2007), Equine Vet J 44:459-465, 2012.

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28. Geor RJ, Ommundson L, Fenton G, et al: Effects of an external nasal strip and frusemide on pulmonary haemorrhage in thoroughbreds following high-intensity exercise, Equine Vet J 33:577-584, 2001.

29. Knych HK, Wilson WD, Vale A, et al: Effectiveness of furosemide in attenuating exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in horses when administered at 4- and 24-h prior to high-speed training, Equine Vet J 50:350-355, 2018.

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32. Derksen FJ, Williams KJ, Pannirselvam RR, et al: Regional distribution of collagen and haemosiderin in the lungs of horses with exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage, Equine Vet J 41:586-591, 2009.

33. Stack A, Derksen FJ, Sordillo LM, et al: Effects of exercise on markers of venous remodeling in lungs of horses, Am J Vet Res 74:1231-1238, 2013.

34. Stack A, Derksen FJ, Williams KJ, et al: Lung region and racing affect mechanical properties of equine pulmonary microvasculature, J Appl Physiol 117:370-376, 2014.

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39. Olsen SC, Coyne CP, Lowe BS, et al: Influence of furosemide on hemo­dynamic responses during exercise in horses, Am J Vet Res 53:742-747, 1992.

40. West JB, Mathieu-Costello O, Jones JH, et al: Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in racehorses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, J Appl Physiol 75:1097-1109, 1993.

41. Birks EK, MathieuCostello O, Fu ZX, et al: Very high pressures are required to cause stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in Thoroughbred racehorses, J Appl Physiol 82:1584-1592, 1997.

42. West JB, Mathieucostello O: Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries as a mechanism for exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in the horse, Equine Vet J 26:441-447, 1994.

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44. Cook WR: An endoscopic test for bit-induced nasopharyngeal asphyxia as a cause of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse, Equine Vet J 46:256-257, 2014.

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48. Hinchcliff KW, Morley PS, Jackson MA, et al: Risk factors for exercise- induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 42(Suppl 38):228-234, 2010.

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50. Johnstone IB, Viel L, Crane S, et al: Hemostatic studies in racing stan- dardbred horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Hemostatic parameters at rest and after moderate exercise, Can Vet J 55:101-106,

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52. Akbar SJ, Derksen FJ, Billah AM, et al: Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing camels, Vet Rec 135:624-625, 1994.

53. Barbosa JPB, Denadai DS, Gerardi B, et al: Endoscopic airway, blood gas, electrolytes, and acid-base in equine submitted to three-barrel training, Arq Brasil Med Vet Zoo 68:1152-1158, 2016.

54. Birks EK, Shuler KM, Soma LR, et al: EIPH: postrace endoscopic evaluation of Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds, Equine Vet J 34:375-378, 2002.

55. Hillidge CJ, Lane TJ, Johnson EL, et al: Preliminary investigations of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing Quarter Horses, J Eq Vet Sci 4:21-23, 1984.

56. Brakenhoff JE, Holcombe SJ, Hauptman JG, et al: The prevalence of laryngeal disease in a large population of competition draft horses, Vet Surg 35:579-583, 2006.

57. Van Erck-Westergren E, Franklin SH, Bayly WM: Respiratory diseases and their effects on respiratory function and exercise capacity, Equine Vet J 45:376-387, 2013.

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59. DeLay J: Postmortem findings in Ontario racehorses, 2003-2015, J Vet Diag Invest 29:457-464, 2017.

60. Lyle CH: Sudden death in racing Thoroughbred horses: an international multicentre study of post mortem findings, Equine Vet J 43:324, 2011.

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64. Couetil LL, Denicola DB: Blood gas, plasma lactate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology analyses in racehorses with respiratory disease, Equine Vet J 31:77-82, 1999.

65. Courouce-Malblanc A, Pronost S, Fortier G, et al: Physiological measure­ments and upper and lower respiratory tract evaluation in French Stan- dardbred Trotters during a standardised exercise test on the treadmill, Equine Vet J 402-407, 2002.

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79. Greenberg S, McGowan C, Xie JM, et al: Selective pulmonary and venous smooth-muscle relaxantion by furosemide - a comparison with morphine, J Pharmacol Exp Therap 270:1077-1085, 1994.

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82. Rivas LJ, Hinchcliff KW: Effect of furosemide and subsequent intravenous fluid administration on right atrial pressure of splenectomized horses, Am J Vet Res 58:632-635, 1997.

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84. Fedde MR, Erickson HH: Increase in blood viscosity in the sprinting horse: can it account for the high pulmonary arterial pressure?, Equine Vet J 30:329-334, 1998.

85. Hillidge CJ, Whitlock TW, Lane TJ: Failure of inhaled disodium cromoglycate aerosol to prevent exercise-induced pulmonary hemor­rhage in racing Quarter Horses, J Vet Pharmacol Therap 10:257-260,

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86. Sweeney CR, Hall J, Fisher JR, et al: Efficacy of water vapor-saturated air in the treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thor­oughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 49:1705-1707, 1988.

87. Mason DK, Collins EA, Watkins KL: Effect of bedding on the incidence of exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in racehorses in Hong Kong, Vet Rec 115:268-269, 1984.

88. Roscher KA, Failing K, Schenk I, et al: Suspected aspirin resistance in individual healthy adult warmblood horses, J Vet Pharmacol Therap 40:e16-e22, 2017.

89. Sweeney CR, Soma LR: Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in thoroughbred horses: response to furosemide or hesperidin-citrus biofla- vinoids, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:195-197, 1984.

90. Knych HK, Vale A, Wilson WD, et al: Pharmacokinetics of furosemide administered 4 and 24 hours prior to high-speed exercise in horses, J Vet Pharmacol Therap 41:224-229, 2018.

91. Constable PD, Hinchcliff KW, Done SH, et al: Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage of horses (“bleeders”). In Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats, St. Louis, 2017, Elsevier, pp 997-1003.

92. Hinchcliff KW: Tracheobronchoscopic assessment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses, Am J Vet Res 66:596, 2005.

Equine Thoracic Neoplasia

1. Cotchin E, Baker-Smith J: Tumours in horses encountered in an abattoir survey, Vet Rec 97:339, 1975.

2. Baker JR, Leyland A: Histological survey of tumours of the horse with particular reference to those of the skin, Vet Rec 96:419, 1975.

3. Sundberg JP, Burnstein T, Page EH, et al: Neoplasms of equidae, J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:150, 1977.

4. Gerber H: Chronic pulmonary disease in the horse, Equine Vet J 5:26, 1973.

5. Sweeney CR, Gillette DM: Thoracic neoplasia in equids: 35 cases (1967­1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:374, 1989.

6. Priester WA, McKay FW: The occurrence of tumours in domestic animals, Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 54:1, 1980.

7. Bouchard PR, Fortna CH, Rowland PH, et al: An immunohistochemical study of three equine pulmonary granular cell tumors, Vet Pathol 32:730,

1995.

8. Clem MF, O’Brien TD: Pulmonary chondrosarcoma in a horse, Compend Cont Educ 8:964, 1986.

9. Sullivan DJ: Cartilaginous tumors (chondroma and chondrosarcoma) in animals, Am J Vet Res 21:531, 1960.

10. Murphy JR, Breeze RG, McPherson EA: Myxoma of the equine respiratory tract, Mod Vet Pract 59:529, 1978.

11. Whiteley LO, Leininger JR, Wolf CB: Malignant squamous cell thymoma in a horse, Vet Pathol 23:627, 1986.

12. Blanchard L, Poisson J, Drieux H: Pathologie comparee des tumeurs du thymus: son interet pour l’histogenese, Rec Med Vet 115:129, 1939.

13. Moulton JE, Dungsworth DL: Tumors of the lymphoid and hemopoietic tissues. In Moulton JE, editor: Tumor of domestic animals, ed 2, Los Angeles, CA, 1978, University of California Press, p 177.

14. Parker GA, Casey HW: Thymomas in domestic animals, Vet Pathol 15:353, 1976.

15. Theilen GH, Fowler ME: Lymphosarcoma (lymphocytic leukemia) in the horse, J Am Vet Met Assoc 140:923, 1962.

16. Mair TS, Brown PJ: Clinical and pathological features of thoracic neoplasia in the horse, Equine Vet J 25:220, 1993.

17. Kato M, Higuchi T, Hata H, et al: Lactalbumin-positive mammary carcinoma in a mare, Equine Vet J 30:358, 1998.

18. Trigo FG, Miller RA, Torbeck RL: Metastatic equine seminoma: report of two cases, Vet Pathol 21:259, 1984.

19. Froscher BG, Power HT: Malignant pheochromocytoma in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:494, 1982.

20. Del Piero F: Granulomatous pneumonia in five adult horses, Vet Pathol 36:498, 1999.

21. Williams KJ, Maes R, Del Piero F, et al: Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis: a newly recognized herpesvirus-associated fibrotic lung disease, Vet Pathol 44:849, 2007.

Diseases of Lymph Nodes, Vasculature, and Pharynx- Retropharyngeal Lymph Node Abscessation

1. Saar LI, Getty R: Equine lymphatic system. In Getty R, editor: Sisson and Grossman' the anatomy of the domestic animals, ed 5, Philadelphia, PA, 1975, WB Saunders, p 619.

2. Todhunter RJ, Brown CM, Stickle R: Retropharyngeal infections in five horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:600, 1985.

3. Golland LC, Hodgson DR, Davis RE, et al: Retropharyngeal lymph node infection in horses: 46 cases (1977-1992), Aust Vet J 72:161, 1995.

4. Fielding CL, Magdesian KG, Morgan RA, et al: Actinomyces species as a cause of abscesses in nine horses, Vet Rec 162:18, 2008.

5. Albini S, Korczak BM, Abril C, et al: Mandibular lymphadenopathy caused by Actinomyces denticolens mimicking strangles in three horses, Vet Rec 162:158, 2008.

6. Sills RC, Mullaney TP, Stickle RL, et al: Bilateral guttural pouch infection due to Mycobacterium avium complex in a horse, Vet Pathol 27:133, 1990.

7. Peyton LC, Delahanty DD: What is your diagnosis?, J Am Vet Med Assoc 168:67, 1976.

8. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, et al: Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and horses, ed 10, Philadelphia, PA, 2007, WB Saunders.

9. Kiper ML, Wrigley R, Traub-Dargatz J, et al: Metallic foreign bodies in the mouth or pharynx of horses: seven cases (1983-1989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:91, 1992.

10. Rashmir-Raven AM, DeBowes RM, Gift LJ, et al: What is your diagnosis?, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1991, 1991.

11. Saar LI, Getty R: Ruminant lymphatic system. In Getty R, editor: Sisson and Grossman' the anatomy of the domestic animals, ed 5, Philadelphia, PA, 1975, WB Saunders, p 1024.

12. Vestweber JG, Roeder B: Medial retropharyngeal lymph node abscess as a cause of respiratory dyspnea in cattle, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 8:F71, 1986.

13. Peek SF: Respiratory emergencies in cattle, Vet Clin FoodAnim Pract 21:697,

2005.

14. Anderson DE, St. Jean G: Surgery of the upper respiratory system, Vet Clin Food Anim Pract 24:319, 2008.

15. Rings DM, Constable P, Biller DS: False carotid aneurysm in a sheep, J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:799, 1986.

16. De Clercq D, van Loon G, Nollet H, et al: Percutaneous puncture technique for treating persistent retropharyngeal lymph node infections in seven horses, Vet Rec 152:169, 2003.

17. Holcombe SJ, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, et al: Effect of bilateral blockade of the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve on soft palate function in horses, Am J Vet Res 59:504, 1998.

18. Newton JR, Wood JL, Dunn KA, et al: Naturally occurring persistent and asymptomatic infection of the guttural pouches of horses with Streptococcus equi, Vet Rec 140:84, 1997.

19. Fintl C, Dixon PM, Brazil TJ, et al: Endoscopic and bacteriological findings in a chronic outbreak of strangles, Vet Rec 147:480, 2000.

20. Duffee LR, Stefanovski D, Boston RC, et al: Predictor variables for and complications associated with Streptococcus equi subsp equi infection in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 247:1161, 2015.

21. Knight AP, Voss JL, McChesney AE, et al: Experimentally induced Streptococcus equi infection in horses with resultant guttural pouch empyema, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 70:1194, 1975.

22. Davidson HP, Rebhun WC, Habel RE: Pharyngeal trauma in cattle, Cornell Vet 71:15, 1981.

Pharyngitis

1. Brault SA, Blanchard MT, Gardner IA, et al: The immune response of foals to natural infection with equid herpesvirus-2 and its association with febrile illness, Vet Immunol Immunopath 137:136, 2010.

2. Brault SA, Maclachlan NJ: Equid gammaherpesviruses: persistent bystanders or true pathogens?, Vet J 187:14, 2011.

3. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, et al: Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and horses, ed 10, Philadelphia, PA, 2007, WB Saunders.

4. McAllister ES, Blakeslee JR: Clinical observations of pharyngitis in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:739, 1977.

5. Raker CW, Boles CL: Pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia in the horse, J Equine Med Surg 2:202, 1978.

6. Boening KH: Klinische und endoskopische Beobachtungen beim “Fol- likelkatarrh” der Pferde, Tierarztl Prax 4:300, 1978.

7. Burrell MH: Endoscopic and virological observations on respiratory disease in a group of young thoroughbred horses in training, Equine Vet J 17:99,

1985.

8. Williams JW, Meagher DM, Pascoe JR, et al: Upper airway function during maximal exercise in horses with obstructive upper airway lesions: effect of surgical treatment, Vet Surg 19:142, 1990.

9. Hoquet F, Higgins R, Lessard P, et al: Comparison of the bacterial and fungal flora in the pharynx of normal horses and horses affected with pharyngitis, Can Vet J 26:342, 1985.

10. Richard EA, Fortier GD, Pitel PH, et al: Sub-clinical diseases affecting performance in Standardbred trotters: diagnostic methods and predictive parameters, Vet J 184:282, 2010.

11. Fraipont A, Van Erck E, Ramery E, et al: Subclinical disease underlying poor performance in endurance horses: diagnostic methods and predictive tests, Vet Rec 169:154, 2011.

12. Holcombe SJ, Robinson NE, Derksen FJ, et al: Effect of tracheal mucus and tracheal cytology on racing performance in thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 38:300, 2006.

13. Kumar P, Timoney JF, Sheoran AS: M cells and associated lymphoid tissue of the equine nasopharyngeal tonsil, Equine Vet J 33:224, 2001.

14. Lunn DP: Pharyngeal lymphoid tissue: gatekeeper or showstopper?, Equine Vet J 33:218, 2001.

15. Hoffman AM, Viel L, Juniper E, et al: Clinical and endoscopic study to estimate the incidence of distal respiratory tract infection in thoroughbred foals on Ontario breeding farms, Am J Vet Res 54:1602, 1993.

16. Sweeney CR, Maxson AD, Soma LR: Endoscopic findings in the upper respiratory tract of 678 thoroughbred racehorses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 19:1037, 1991.

17. Koblinger K, Nicol J, McDonald K, et al: Endoscopic assessment of airway inflammation in horses, J Vet Intern Med 25:1118, 2011.

18. Hobo S, Matsuda Y, Yoshida K: Prevalence of upper respiratory tract disorders detected with a flexible videoendoscope in thoroughbred horses, J Vet Med Sci 57:409, 1995.

19. Holcombe SJ, Jackson C, Gerber V, et al: Stabling is associated with airway inflammation in young Arabian horses, Equine Vet J 33:244, 2001.

20. Palmer SE: Neodymium: YAG laser treatment of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia, pharyngeal polyps, subepiglottic cysts and granulation tissue in the upper airway of the horse, pp 425-436. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Dubai International Equine Symposium: The Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Mar 29-Apr 1, 1997.

21. Montgomery T: A clinical consideration of the causes of chronic equine pharyngitis in the equine, Equine Pract 3:26, 1981.

Guttural Pouch Diseases

1. Freeman DE, Hardy J: Guttural pouch. In Auer JA, Stick JA, editors: Equine surgery, ed 4, Philadelphia, PA, 2012, WB Saunders, pp 623-642.

2. Manglai D, Wada R, Koromahru M, et al: Histological and morphometrical studies on the mucosa of the equine guttural pouch (auditory tube diver­ticulum), Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 77:69, 2000.

3. Chiesa OA, Vidal D, Domingo M, et al: Cytological and bacteriological findings in guttural pouch lavages of clinically normal horses, Vet Rec 144:346, 1999.

4. Chiesa OA, Cuenca R, Mayayo E, et al: Cytological and microbiological findings in guttural pouch lavages of clinically normal horses with head restraint, Aust Vet J 80:234, 2002.

5. Chiesa OA, Garcia F, Domingo M, et al: Cytological and microbiological results from guttural pouch lavages obtained percutaneously: correlation with histopathological findings, Vet Rec 144:618, 1999.

6. Baptiste KE, Moll HD, Robertson JL: Three horses with neoplasia including growth in the guttural pouch, Can Vet J 37:499, 1996.

7. Hance SR, Robertson JT, Bukowiecki CF: Cystic structures in the guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum) of two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1981, 1992.

8. Wheat JD: Tympanites of the guttural pouch of the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 140:453, 1962.

9. McCue PM, Freeman DE, Donawick WJ: Guttural pouch tympany: 15 cases (1977-1986), J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1761, 1989.

10. Blazyczek I, Hamann H, Deegen E, et al: Retrospective analysis of 50 cases of guttural pouch tympany in foals, Vet Rec 154:261, 2004.

11. Gerber V, Tessier C, Marti E: Genetics of upper and lower airway diseases in the horse, Equine Vet J 47:390, 2014.

12. Cook WR: Clinical observations on the anatomy and physiology of the equine upper respiratory tract, Vet Rec 79:440, 1966.

13. Sparks HD, Stick JA, Brakenhoff JE, et al: Partial resection of the plica salpingopharyngeus for the treatment of three foals with bilateral tympany of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch), J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:731, 2009.

14. Sullins KE: Standing endoscopic electrosurgery, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 7:571, 1991.

15. Tate LP, Blikslager AT, Little EDE: Transendoscopic laser treatment of guttural pouch tympanites in eight foals, Vet Surg 24:367, 1995.

16. Kinsley AT: Tympanites of the guttural pouch, Am Vet Rev 32:599, 1907.

17. Knight AP, Voss JL, McChesney AE, et al: Experimentally induced Streptococcus equi infection in horses with resultant guttural pouch empyema, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 70:1194, 1975.

18. Sweeney CR, Whitlock RH, Meirs DA, et al: Complications associated with Streptococcus equi infection on a horse farm, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1446, 1987.

19. Verheyen K, Newton JR, Talbot NC, et al: Elimination of guttural pouch infection and inflammation in asymptomatic carriers of Streptococcus equi, Equine Vet J 32:527, 2000.

20. Hoffman AM, Viel L, Juniper E, et al: Clinical and endoscopic study to estimate the incidence of distal respiratory tract infection in thoroughbred foals on Ontario breeding farms, Am J Vet Res 54:1602, 1993.

21. Hoffman AM, Viel L, Prescott JF, et al: Association of microbiologic flora with clinical, endoscopic, and pulmonary cytologic findings in foals with distal respiratory tract infection, Am J Vet Res 54:1615, 1993.

22. Judy CE, Chaffin K, Cohen ND: Empyema of the guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum) in horses: 91 cases (1977-1997), J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:1666, 1999.

23. Smyth DA, Baptiste KE, Cruz AM, et al: Primary distention of the guttural pouch lateral compartment secondary to empyema, Can Vet J 40:802, 1999.

24. Gehlen H, Ohnesorge B: Laser fenestration of the mesial septum for treatment of guttural pouch chondroids in a pony, Vet Surg 34:383, 2005.

25. Wilson J: Effects of indwelling catheters and povidone iodine flushes on the guttural pouches of the horse, Equine Vet J 17:242, 1985.

26. Brosnahan MM, Holbrook TC, Breshears M, et al: Suitability of chlorhexi- dine gluconate for equine guttural pouch lavage, Proc Am Assoc Equine Practnr 53:81, 2007.

27. Bentz GB, Dowd AL, Freeman DE: Treatment of guttural pouch empyema with acetylcysteine irrigation, Equine Pract 18:33, 1996.

28. Fogle CA, Gerard MP, Johansson AM, et al: Spontaneous rupture of the guttural pouch as complication of treatment for guttural pouch empyema, Equine Vet Educ 19:351, 2007.

29. Seahorn TL, Schumacher J: Nonsurgical removal of chondroid masses from the guttural pouches of two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:368, 1991.

30. Adkins AR, Yovich JV, Colbourne CM: Nonsurgical treatment of chondroids of the guttural pouch in a horse, Aust Vet J 75:332, 1997.

31. Hawkins JF, Frank N, Sojka JE, et al: Fistulation of the auditory diverticulum (guttural pouch) with neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser for treat­ment of chronic empyema in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:405, 2001.

32. Perkins JD, Schumacher J, Kelly G, et al: Standing surgical removal of inspissated guttural pouch exudate (chondroids) in ten horses, Vet Surg 35:658, 2006.

33. Cook WR: Observations on the aetiology of epistaxis and cranial nerve paralysis in the horse, Vet Rec 78:396, 1966.

34. Cook WR: The clinical features of guttural pouch mycosis in the horse, Vet Rec 83:336, 1968.

35. Cook WR, Campbell RSF, Dawson C: The pathology and aetiology of guttural pouch mycosis in the horse, Vet Rec 83:422, 1968.

36. Kosuge J, Takatori K, Anzai T: [Biological characteristics of Emericella nidulans isolated from horse guttural pouch mycosis], Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 40:169, 1999.

37. Guillot J, Sarfati J, Ribot X, et al: Detection of antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus in serum of horses with mycosis of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch), Am J Vet Res 58:1364, 1997.

38. Greppi MC, Guillot J, Melloul E, et al: Experimental mycotic plaques in the guttural pouches of horses, Med Mycol 55:308, 2017.

39. Guillot J, Collobert C, Gueho E, et al: Emericella nidulans as an agent of guttural pouch mycosis in a horse, J Med Vet Mycol 35:433, 1997.

40. Dobesova O, Schwarz B, Velde K, et al: Guttural pouch mycosis in horses: a retrospective study of 28 cases, Vet Rec 171:561, 2012.

41. Ludwig A, Gatineau S, Reynaud MC, et al: Fungal isolation and identification in 21 cases of guttural pouch mycosis in horses (1998-2002), Vet J 169:457,

2005.

42. Greet TR: Outcome of treatment in 35 cases of guttural pouch mycosis, Equine Vet J 19:483, 1987.

43. Lepage OM, Piccot-Crezollet C: Transarterial coil embolization in 31 horses (1999-2002) with guttural pouch mycosis: a 2-year follow-up, Equine Vet J 37:430, 2005.

44. Freeman D: Letter to the editor, Equine Vet J 38:71, 2006.

45. Davis EW, Legendre AM: Successful treatment of guttural pouch mycosis with itraconazole and topical enilconazole in a horse, J Vet Intern Med 8:304, 1994.

46. Van Nieuwstadt RA, Kalsbeek HC: Air sac mycosis: topical treatment using enilconazole administered via indwelling catheter, Tijdschr Diergeneesk 119:3, 1994.

47. Speirs VC, Harrison IW, van Veenendaal JC, et al: Is specific antifungal therapy necessary for the treatment of guttural pouch mycosis in horses?, Equine Vet J 27:151, 1995.

48. Caron JP, Fretz PB, Bailey JV, et al: Balloon-tipped catheter arterial occlusion for prevention of hemorrhage caused by guttural pouch mycosis: 13 cases (1982-1985), J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:345, 1987.

49. Freeman DE, Donawick WJ: Occlusion of internal carotid artery in the horse by means of a balloon-tipped catheter: clinical use of a method to prevent epistaxis caused by guttural pouch mycosis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:236, 1980.

50. Freeman D: Update on disorders and treatment of the guttural pouch, Vet Clin Equine 31:63, 2015.

51. Freeman DE, Donawick WJ: Occlusion of internal carotid artery in the horse by means of a balloon-tipped catheter: evaluation of a method designed to prevent epistaxis caused by guttural pouch mycosis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:232, 1980.

52. Leveille R, Hardy J, Robertson JT, et al: Transarterial coil embolization of the internal and external carotid and maxillary arteries for prevention of hemorrhage from guttural pouch mycosis in horses, Vet Surg 29:389,

2000.

53. Benredouane K, Lepage O: Trans-arterial coil embolization of the internal carotid artery in standing horses, Vet Surg 41:404, 2012.

54. Delfs KC, Hawkins JF, Hogan DF: Treatment of acute epistaxis secondary to guttural pouch mycosis with transarterial nitinol vascular occlusion plugs in three equids, J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:189, 2009.

55. Cheramie HS, Pleasant RS, Robertson JL, et al: Evaluation of a technique to occlude the internal carotid artery of horses, Vet Surg 28:83, 1999.

56. Matsuda Y, Nakanishi Y, Mizuno Y: Occlusion of the internal carotid artery by means of microcoils for preventing epistaxis caused by guttural pouch mycosis in horses, J Vet Med Sci 61:221, 1999.

57. Leveille R, Hardy J, Robertson JT, et al: Transarterial coil embolization for prevention of hemorrhage from guttural pouch mycosis in horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:94, 1999.

58. Ernst NS, Freeman DE, MacKay RJ: Progression of mycosis of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch) after arterial occlusion in a horse with contralateral temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:1945,

2006.

59. Freeman DE: Complications of surgery for diseases of the guttural pouch, Vet Clin North Am Equtne Pract 24:485, 2009.

Diseases of the Paranasal Sinuses-Sinusitis

1. British Equine Veterinary Association: A survey of equine diseases (1962­1963), Vet Rec 77:528, 1965.

2. Tremaine WH, Dixon PM: A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease. Part 1: Details of horses, historical, clinical, and ancillary diagnostic findings, Equine Vet J 33:274, 2001.

3. Dixon PM, Parkin TD, Collins N, et al: Historical and clinical features of 200 cases of equine sinus disease, Vet Rec 169:439, 2011.

4. Dixon PM, Parkin TD, Collins N, et al: Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009). Ancillary diagnostic findings and involvement of the various sinus compartments, Equine Vet J 44:267,

2012.

5. Dixon PM, Head KW: Equine nasal and paranasal sinus tumors. II, a contribution of 28 case reports, Vet J 157:279, 1999.

6. Cissell DD, Wisner ER, Textor J, et al: Computed tomographic appearance of equine sinonasal neoplasia, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 53:245, 2012.

7. Head KW, Dixon PM: Equine nasal and paranasal sinus tumors. I, review of the literature and tumour classification, Vet J 157:261, 1999.

8. Bertone JJ, Biller DS, Ruggles A: Diagnostic techniques for evaluation of the paranasal sinuses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 9:75, 1993.

9. Easley JT, Freeman DE: New ways to diagnose and treat equine dental- related sinus disease, Vet Clin Equine 29:467, 2013.

10. Ruggles AJ, Ross MW, Freeman DE: Endoscopic examination of normal paranasal sinuses in horses, Vet Surg 20:418, 1991.

11. Worster AA, Hackett RP: Equine sinus endoscopy using a flexible endoscope: diagnosis and treatment of sinus disease in the standing sedated horse, Proc Am Assoc Equine Practnr 45:128, 1999.

12. Pascoe JR: Dental radiography/radiology, Proc Am Assoc Equine Practnr 37:99, 1991.

13. Gibbs C: Dental imaging. In Baker GJ, Easley J, editors: Equine dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, 1999, WB Saunders, p 139.

14. Morrow KL, Park RD, Spurgeon TL, et al: Computed tomographic imaging of the equine head, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:491, 2000.

15. Probst A, Henninger W, Willmann M: Communications of normal nasal and paranasal cavities in computed tomography of horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:44, 2005.

16. Arencibia A, Vazquez JM, Jaber R, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging and cross sectional anatomy of the normal equine sinuses and nasal passages, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:313, 2000.

17. Liuti T, Reardon R, Dixon PM: Computed tomographic assessment of equine maxillary cheek teeth anatomical relationships, and paranasal sinus volumes, Vet Rec 181:452, 2017.

18. Tucker R, Windley ZE, Abernethy AD, et al: Radiographic, computed tomographic and surgical anatomy of the equine sphenopalatine sinus in normal and diseased horses, Equine Vet J 48:578, 2016.

19. Tietje S, Becker M, Bockenhoff G: Computed tomographic evaluation of head diseases in the horse: 15 cases, Equine Vet J 28:98, 1996.

20. Henninger W, Frame EM, Willmann M, et al: CT features of alveolitis and sinusitis in horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:269, 2003.

21. Tessier C, Bruhschwein A, Lang J, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of sinonasal disorders in horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 54:54,

2013.

22. Manso-Diaz G, Dyson SJ, Dennis R, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of equine head disorders: 84 cases (2000-2013), Vet Radiol Ulttasound 56:176, 2015.

23. Barakzai S: Use of scintigraphy for diagnosis of equine paranasal sinus disorders, Vet Surg 35:94, 2006.

24. Selberg K, Easley JT: Advanced imaging in equine dental disease, Vet Clin Equine 29:397, 2013.

25. Ruggles AJ, Ross MW, Freeman DE: Endoscopic examination and treatment of paranasal sinus disease in 16 horses, Vet Surg 22:508, 1993.

26. Tremaine WH, Dixon PM: A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease. Part 2: Treatments and results of treatments, Equine Vet J 33:283, 2001.

27. Dixon PM, Parkin TD, Collins N, et al: Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009). Treatments and long-term results of treatments, Equine Vet J 44:272, 2012.

Ethmoid Hematoma

1. Cook WR, Littlewort MCG: Progressive haematoma of the ethmoid region in the horse, Equine Vet J 6:101, 1974.

2. Platt H: Haemorrhagic nasal polyps of the horse, J Pathol 115:51, 1975.

3. Textor JA, Puchalski SM, Affolter VK, et al: Results of computed tomography in horses with ethmoid hematoma: 16 cases (1993-2005), J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:1338, 2012.

4. Tremaine WH, Clarke CJ, Dixon PM: Histopathological findings in equine sinonasal disorders, Equine Vet J 31:296, 1999.

5. Lane JG, Longstaffe JA, Gibbs C: Equine paranasal sinus cysts: a report of 15 cases, Equine Vet J 19:534, 1987.

6. Greet TRC: Outcome of treatment in 23 horses with progressive ethmoidal haematoma, Equine Vet J 24:468, 1992.

7. Colbourne CM, Rosenstein DS, Steficek BA: Surgical treatment of progres­sive ethmoidal hematoma aided by computed tomography in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:335, 1997.

8. Dixon PM, Parkin TD, Collins N, et al: Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009): treatments and long-term results of treatments, Equine Vet J 44:272, 2012.

9. Tessier C, Bruhschwein A, Lang J, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of sinonasal disorders in horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 54:54, 2013.

10. Careddu GM, Evangelisti MA, Columbano N, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of progressive ethmoidal hematoma in 2 horses, Vet Ital 52:31, 2016.

11. Zaruby JF, Livesey MA, Percy DH: Ethmoid adenocarcinoma perforating the cribriform plate in the horse, Cornell Vet 83:283, 1993.

12. Schumacher J, Yarbrough T, PascoeJ, et al: Transendoscopic chemical ablation of progressive ethmoidal hematoma in standing horses, Vet Surg 27:175, 1998.

13. Rothaug PG, Tulleners EP: Neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser assisted excision of progressive ethmoid hematomas in horses: 20 cases (1986-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1037, 1999.

14. Wyn-Jones G, Jones RS, Church S: Temporary bilateral carotid artery occlusion as an aid to nasal surgery in the horse, Equine Vet J 18:125, 1986.

15. Tate LP, Jr: Noncontact free fiber ablation of equine progressive ethmoid hematoma, Clin Tech Equine Pract 1:22, 2002.

16. Vremans S, Weimer P, Keesler RI: Bleeding in the subarachnoid space: a possible complication during laser therapy for equine progressive ethmoid haematoma, Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 138:30, 2013.

17. Marriot MR, Dart AJ, Hodgson DR: Treatment of progressive ethmoidal hematoma using intralesional injections of formalin in three horses, Aust Vet J 77:371, 1999.

18. Tremaine WH, Dixon PM: A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease. Part 2: Treatments and results of treatments, Equine Vet J 33:283, 2001.

19. Frees KE, Gaughan EM, Lillich JD, et al: Severe complication after administration of formalin for treatment of progressive ethmoid hematoma in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:950, 2001.

Disorders of the Equine Soft Palate and Trachea

1. Richardson LE, Wakley GK, Franklin SH: A quantitive study of the equine soft palate using histomorphometry, Vet J 172:78, 2006.

2. Ducharme NG: Pharynx. In Auer JA, Stick JA, editors: Equine surgery, ed 3, St. Louis, MO, 2006, Elsevier Health Sciences, p 544.

3. Pollock PJ, Reardon RJ, Parkin TD, et al: Dynamic respiratory endoscopy in 67 Thoroughbred racehorses training under normal ridden exercise conditions, Equine Vet J 41:354, 2009.

4. Franklin SH, Naylor JR, Lane JG: Videoendoscopic evaluation of the upper respiratory tract in 93 sport horses during exercise testing on a high-speed treadmill, Equine Vet J Suppl 36:540, 2006.

5. Van Erck E: Dynamic respiratory videoendoscopy in ridden sport horses: effect of head flexion, riding and airway inflammation in 129 cases, Equine Vet J Suppl 40:18, 2011.

6. Kannegieter NJ, Dore ML: Endoscopy of the upper respiratory tract during treadmill exercise: a clinical study of 100 horses, Aust Vet J 72:101, 1995.

7. Tan RH, Dowling BA, Dart AJ: High-speed treadmill videoendoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract in the horse: the results of 291 clinical cases, Vet J 170:243, 2005.

8. Lane JG, Bladon B, Little DM, et al: Dynamic obstructions of the equine upper respiratory tract. Part 1: Observations during high-speed treadmill endoscopy of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 38:393,

2006.

9. Allen K, Franklin S: Characteristics of palatal instability in Thoroughbred racehorses and their association with the development of dorsal displace­ment of the soft palate, Equine Vet J 45:454, 2013.

10. Strand E, Skjerve E: Complex dynamic upper airway collapse: associations between abnormalities in 99 harness racehorses with one or more dynamic disorders, Equine Vet J 44:524, 2012.

11. Cheetham J, Pigott JH, Thorson LM, et al: Racing performance following the laryngeal tie-forward procedure: a case-controlled study, Equine Vet J 40:501, 2008.

12. Barakzai SZ, Dixon PM: Correlation of resting and exercising endoscopic findings for horses with dynamic laryngeal collapse and palatal dysfunction, Equine Vet J 43:18, 2011.

13. Holcombe SJ, Derksen FJ, Robinson NE: Electromyographic activity of the palatinus and palatopharyngeus muscles in exercising horses, Equine Vet J 39:451, 2007.

14. Allen KJ, Lane JG, Woodford NS, et al: Severe collapse of the rostral soft palate as a source of abnormal respiratory noise in six ponies and horses, Equine Vet J 39:562, 2007.

15. Holcombe SJ, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, et al: Effect of bilateral tenectomy of the tensor veli palatini muscle on soft palate function in the horse, Am J Vet Res 58:317, 1997.

16. Holcombe SJ, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, et al: Effects of bilateral hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerve blocks on epiglottic and soft palate position in exercising horses, Am J Vet Res 58:1022, 1997.

17. Holcombe SJ, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, et al: Bilateral nerve blockade of the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve produces persistent soft palate dysfunction in horses, Am J Vet Res 59:504, 1998.

18. Holcombe SJ, Cornelisse CJ, Berney C, et al: Electromyographic activity of the hyoepiglotticus muscle and control of epiglottis position in horses, Am J Vet Res 63:1617, 2002.

19. Ducharme NG, Hackett RP, Woodie JB: Investigations into the role of the thyrohyoid muscles in the pathogenesis of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses, Equine Vet J 35:258, 2003.

20. Holcombe SJ, Ducharme NG: Disorders of the nasopharynx and soft palate. In McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Robinson NE, et al, editors: Textbook of equine respiratory medicine and surgery, Edinburgh, 2007, Elsevier, pp 437-457.

21. Holcombe SJ, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, et al: Pathophysiology of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses, Equine Vet J Suppl 30:45, 1999.

22. Hawkes CS, Hahn CN, Dixon PM: Histological and histochemical charac­terisation of the equine soft palate muscles, Equine Vet J 42:431, 2010.

23. Woodie JB, Ducharme NG, Kanter P, et al: Surgical advancement of the larynx (laryngeal tie-forward) as a treatment for dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses: a prospective study 2001-2004, Equine Vet J 37:418, 2005.

24. Zantingh AJ, Ducharme NG, Mitchell LM, et al: Effects of hypoglossal nerve block and electrical stimulation of the thyrohyoideus muscles on position of the larynx and hyoid apparatus in healthy horses, Am J Vet Res 74:784, 2013.

25. Cheetham J, Pigott JH, Hermanson JW, et al: Role of the hypoglossal nerve in equine nasopharyngeal stability, J Appl Physiol 107:477, 2009.

26. Rehder RS, Ducharme NG, Hackett RP: Measurement of upper airway pressures in exercising horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate, Am J Vet Res 56:26, 1995.

27. Franklin SH, Naylor JR, Lane JG: Effect of dorsal displacement of the soft palate on ventilation and airflow during high-intensity exercise, Equine Vet J Suppl 34:379, 2002.

28. Allen K, Franklin S: The effect of palatal dysfunction on measures of ventilation and gas exchange in Thoroughbred racehorses during high intensity exercise, Equine Vet J 45:350, 2013.

29. Franklin SH, Price C, Burn JF: The displaced equine soft palate as a source of abnormal respiratory noise during expiration, Equine Vet J 36:590,

2004.

30. Derksen FJ, Holcombe SJ, Hartmann W, et al: Spectrum analysis of respiratory sounds in exercising horses with experimentally induced laryngeal hemiplegia or dorsal displacement of the soft palate, Am J Vet Res 62:659, 2001.

31. Parente EJ, Martin BB, Tulleners EP: Dorsal displacement of the soft palate in 92 horses during high speed treadmill examination (1993-1998), Vet Surgery 31:507, 2002.

32. Lane JG, Bladon B, Little DM, et al: Dynamic obstructions of the equine upper respiratory tract. Part 2: Comparison of endoscopic findings at rest and during high-speed treadmill exercise of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 38:401, 2006.

33. Franklin SH, Burn JF, Allen KJ: Clinical trials using a telemetric endoscope for use during over-ground exercise: a preliminary study, Equine Vet J 40:712, 2008.

34. Desmaizieres LM, Serraud N, Plainfosse B, et al: Dynamic respiratory endoscopy without treadmill in 68 performance Standardbred, Thor­oughbred and saddle horses under natural training conditions, Equine Vet J 41:347, 2009.

35. Chalmers HJ, Yeager AE, Ducharme NG: Ultrasonographic assessment of laryngohyoid position as a predictor of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:91, 2009.

36. Pollock P: Longitudinal overground endoscopy findings for conservative management of DDSP In: Proceedings of the annual ECVS Conference, Lisbon, July 7-9th 2016 (electronic resource), 2016.

37. Barakzai SZ, Finnegan CM, Boden LA: Effect of tongue tie use on racing performance in Thoroughbreds in the United Kingdom, Equine Vet J 41:812, 2009.

38. Barakzai SZ, Dixon PM: Conservative treatment for racehorses affected with intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate, Vet Rec 157:337,

2005.

39. Barakzai SZ, Boden LA, Hillyer MH, et al: Efficacy of thermal cautery for intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate as compared to conservatively treated horses: results for 78 treadmill diagnosed horses, Equine Vet J 41:65, 2009.

40. Woodie JB, Ducharme NG, Hackett RP, et al: Can an external device prevent dorsal displacement of the soft palate during strenuous exercise?, Equine Vet J 37:386, 2005.

41. Allen KJ, Christley RM, Birchall MA, et al: A systematic review of the efficacy of interventions for dynamic intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate, Equine Vet J 44:25, 2012.

42. Ducharme NG: Dorsal displacement of the soft palate: evaluation of the horse with poor performance following attempted surgical correction. In Hawkins J, editor: Advances in equine upper respiratory surgery, 2015, John Wiley and Sons, pp 131-134.

43. Barnett T, Barakzai S, Smith L, et al: Overground endoscopy findings following largyngeal tie-forward for management of DDSP. In: Proceedings of the ECVS Annual Conference, Lisbon, July 7-9th 2016. Electronic resource, 2016.

44. Ortved KF, Cheetham J, Mitchell LM, et al: Successful treatment of persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate and evaluation of laryngohyoid position in15 racehorses, Equine Vet J 42:23, 2010.

45. Barakzai SZ, Tuner S, Dixon P: Persistent DDSP in 8 horses, Equine Vet Educ 28:558, 2016.

46. Ross MW, Gentile DG, Evans LE: Transoral axial division, under endoscopic guidance, for correction of epiglottic entrapment in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:416, 1993.

47. Jann HW, Cook WR: Transendoscopic electrosurgery for epiglottal entrapment in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:484, 1985.

48. Shaw SD, Norman TE, Arnold CE, et al: Clinical characteristics of horses and foals diagnosed with cleft palate in a referral population: 28 cases (1988-2011), Can Vet J 56:756, 2015.

49. Bowman KF, Tate LP, Evans LH, et al: Complications of cleft palate repair in large animals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:652, 1982.

50. Crowe MW, Swerczek TW: Equine congenital defects, Am J Vet Res 46:353, 1985.

51. Barakzai SZ, Dixon PM, Fraser BSL: Congenital defects of the soft palate in 15 mature horses, Equine Vet J 2013. Aug 30. [Epub ahead of print].

52. Murray SJ, Elce YA, Woodie JB, et al: Evaluation of survival rate and athletic ability after nonsurgical or surgical treatment of cleft palate in horses: 55 cases (1986-2008), J Am Vet Med Assoc 243:406, 2013.

53. Holcombe SJ, Hurcombe SD, Barr BS, et al: Dysphagia associated with presumed pharyngeal dysfunction in 16 neonatal foals, Equine Vet J Suppl 41:105, 2012.

54. Haynes PF: Persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate associated with epiglottic shortening in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:677, 1981.

55. Dixon PM, Schumacher J, Collins N: Tracheal disorders. In McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Robinson NE, et al, editors: Equine respiratory medicine and surgery, Philadelphia, PA, 2007, WB Saunders, p 543.

56. Sisson S, Grossman I: Equine respiratory system, p 505. In Sisson and Grossman’s The Anatomy of Domestic Animals. WB Saunders, Phila­delphia, PA, 1975.

57. Pirie M, Pirie HM, Cranston S, et al: An ultrastructural study of the equine lower respiratory tract, Equine Vet J 22:338, 1990.

58. Dixon PM: Respiratory mucociliary clearance in the horse in health and disease, and its pharmaceutical modification, Vet Rec 131:229, 1992.

59. Dixon PM, Railton DI, McGorum BC: Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 3: Ancillary diagnostic findings, Equine Vet J 27:428, 1995.

60. Pouret E: Laryngeal ventriculectomy with suturing of the laryngeal saccules, p 207. Proceedings of the 12th Annual meeting of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), 1966.

61. Goulden BE: Some unusual cases of abnormal respiratory noises in horses, New Zealand Vet J 25:398, 1977.

62. Terron-Canedo N, McCluskie LK, Tremaine WH, et al: Cricotracheal membrane collapse: an uncommon dynamic airway obstruction diagnosed in two Thoroughbred racehorses, p 251. Proceedings of the 4th World Equine Airways Symposium, Aug 5-7, Berne, Switzerland, 2009.

63. Kelly P, Pollock P: Diagnosis and treatment of dynamic collapse of the cricotracheal ligament in Thoroughbredracehorses, Vet Surg 44:162, 2015.

64. Dallman MJ, McClure RC, Brown EM: Histochemical study of normal and collapsed tracheas in dogs, Am J Vet Res 49:2117, 1988.

65. White R: Unilateral arytenoid lateralisation and extra-luminal polypropylene ring prostheses for correction of tracheal collapse in the dog, J Small Anim Pract 36:151, 1995.

66. Rudorf H, Herrtage ME, White RA: Use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of tracheal collapse, J Small Anim Pract 38:513, 1997.

67. Jackson PG, White RA, Dennis R, et al: Tracheal collapse in a goat, Vet Rec 119:160, 1986.

68. Delahanty DD, Georgi JR: A tracheal deformity in a pony, J Am Vet Med Assoc 125:42, 1954.

69. Dixon PM: Tracheostomy in the horse, In Pract 10:249, 1988.

70. Simmons TR, Peterson M, Parker J, et al: Tracheal collapse due to chondrodysplasia in a miniature horse foal, Equine Pract 10:39, 1988.

71. Mair TS, Lane JG: Tracheal obstructions in two horses and a donkey, Vet Rec 126:303, 1990.

72. Couetil LL, Gallatin LL, Blevins W, et al: Treatment of tracheal collapse with an intraluminal stent in a miniature horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1727, 2004.

73. Aleman M, Nieto JE, Benak J, et al: Tracheal collapse in American Miniature Horses: 13 cases (1985-2007), J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:1302,

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74. Carrig CB, Groenendyk S, Seawright AA: Dorsoventral flattening of the trachea in a horse and its attempted treatment, J Am Radiog Soc 14:32, 1973.

75. Powell RJ, DuToit N, Burden FA, et al: Morphological study of tracheal shape in donkeys with and without tracheal obstruction, Equine Vet J 42:136, 2010.

76. Graham SB, Schilpp D, Bradley WM, et al: Treatment of traumatic tracheal collapse with extraluminal titanium mesh screens, Equine Vet Educ 22:557,

2010.

77. Busschers E, Epstein KL, Holt DE, et al: Extraluminal, C shaped polyethylene prostheses in two ponies with tracheal collapse, Vet Surg 39:76, 2010.

78. Davis DM, Honnas CM, Hedlund CS, et al: Resection of a cervical tracheal bronchus in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:2097, 1991.

79. Peek SF, DeLahunta A, Hackett RP: Combined oesophageal and tracheal duplication cyst in an Arabian filly, Equine Vet J 27:475, 1995.

80. Scott EA: Ruptured trachea in the horse: a method of surgical reconstruc­tion, Vet Med Small Anim Clm 73:485, 1978.

81. Caron JP, Townsend HGG: Tracheal perforation and widespread subcutane­ous emphysema in a horse, Can Vet J 25:339, 1984.

82. Fubini SL, Todhunter RJ, Vivrett SL, et al: Tracheal rupture in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:69, 1985.

83. Risnes I, Mair TS: Traumatic oesophageal rupture in horse complicated by subsequent rupture of the common carotid, Equine Vet Educ 35:120,

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84. Barnett TP, Hawkes CS, Dixon PM: Tracheal resection and anastomosis after traumatic tracheal stenosis in a horse, Vet Surg 44:265,

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85. Holland M, Snyder JR, Steffey EP, et al: Laryngotracheal injury associated with nasotracheal intubation in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1447,

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86. Saulez MN, Dzikiti B, Voigt A: Traumatic perforation of the trachea in two horses caused by orotracheal intubation, Vet Rec 2013.

87. Touzot-Jourde G, Stedman NL, Trim CM: The effects of two endotracheal cuff inflation pressures on liquid aspiration and tracheal wall damage in horses, Vet Anaesth Analg 32:23, 2005.

88. Trim CM: Endotracheal intubation in the horse: are complications really rare?, Eq Vet Edu 27:176, 2015.

89. Charlton C, Tulleners E: Transendoscopic contact neodymium: yttrium aluminium garnet laser excision of tracheal lesions in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:241, 1991.

90. Sweeney CR: Trachea and bronchi. In Traub-Dargatz JL, Brown CM, editors: Equine endoscopy, St. Louis, MO, 1997, Mosby, p 97.

91. Spector GJ: Respiratory insufficiency, tracheostenosis and airway control. In Balleneger JJ, editor: Diseases of the nose, throat, ear, head and neck, Philadelphia, PA, 1991, Lea & Febiger, p 530.

92. Collins NM, Barakzai SZ, Dixon PM: Tracheal obstruction by an eosinophilic polyp in a horse, Equine Vet Educ 17:128, 2005.

93. Randall RW, Myers VS: Partial tracheal stenosis in a horse, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 68:264, 1973.

94. Rigg DL, Ramey DW, Reinerston EL: Tracheal compression secondary to abscessation of cranial mediastinal lymph nodes in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:283, 1985.

95. Tessier GL, Neuwirth LA, Merritt AM: Peritracheal abscess as the cause of tracheal compression and severe respiratory distress in a horse, Equine Vet Educ 8:127, 1996.

96. O’Connor JJ: Operations on the head and neck, p 308. Dollar' veterinary surgery, ed 4, Cox, London, 1950, Bailliere, Tindall.

97. Lane JG: Fibreoptic endoscopy, In Pract 3:24, 1981.

98. Urquhart KA, Gerring EL, Shepherd ML: Tracheobronchial foreign body in a pony, Equine Vet J 13:262, 1981.

99. Brown CM, Collier MA: Tracheobronchial foreign body in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:280, 1983.

100. Ferrucci F, Croci C, Zucca E, et al: Use of a transendoscopic technique to remove a bronchial foreign body in a Standardbred colt, Equine Vet Educ 15:228, 2003.

Epiglottic Entrapment

1. Honnas CM, Wheat JD: Epiglottic entrapment. A transnasal surgical approach to divide the aryepiglottic fold axially in the standing horse, Vet Surg 17:246-251, 1988.

2. Tulleners EP: Transendoscopic contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser correction of epiglottic entrapment in standing horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1971-1980, 1990.

3. Lumsden JM, Stick JA, Caron JP, et al: Surgical treatment for epiglottic entrapment in horses: 51 cases (1981-1992), JAm VetMedAssoc205:729-735,

1994.

4. Tulleners EP: Correlation of performance with endoscopic and radiographic assessment of epiglottic hypoplasia in racehorses with epiglottic entrapment corrected by use of contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:621-626, 1991.

5. Kannegieter NJ, Dore ML: Endoscopy of the upper respiratory tract during treadmill exercise: a clinical study of 100 horses, Aust Vet J 72:101-107,

1995.

6. Witte SH, Witte TH, Harriss F, et al: Association of owner-reported noise with findings during dynamic respiratory endoscopy in Thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 43:9-17, 2011.

7. Strand E, Fjordbakk CT, Sundberg K, et al: Relative prevalence of upper respiratory tract obstructive disorders in two breeds of harness racehorses (185 cases: 1998-2006), Equine Vet J 44:518-523, 2012.

8. Priest DT, Cheetham J, Regner AL, et al: Dynamic respiratory endoscopy of standardbred racehorses during qualifying races, Equine Vet J 44:529-534,

2012.

9. Aitken MR, Parente EJ: Epiglottic abnormalities in mature nonracehorses: 23 cases (1990-2009), J Am Vet Med Assoc 238:1634-1638, 2011.

10. Embertson RM: Evaluation of the upper respiratory tract in weanlings and yearlings. In White NA, II, Moore JN, editors: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadephia, 1998, Saunders, pp 122-127.

11. Brown JA, Hinchcliff KW, Jackson MA, et al: Prevalence of pharyngeal and laryngeal abnormalities in Thoroughbreds racing in Australia, and their association with performance, Equine Vet J 37:397-401, 2005.

12. Greet TR: Experiences in treatment of epiglottal entrapment using a hook knife per nasum, Equine Vet J 27:122-126, 1995.

13. Hawkins JF, Tulleners EP: Epiglottitis in horses: 20 cases (1988-1993), J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:1577-1580, 1994.

14. Tulleners EP: Evaluation of peroral transendoscopic contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser and snare excision of subepiglottic cysts in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1631-1635, 1991.

15. Linford RL, O’Brien TR, Wheat JD, et al: Radiographic assessment of epiglottic length and pharyngeal and laryngeal diameters in the Thor­oughbred, Am J Vet Res 44:1660-1666, 1983.

16. Russell T, Wainscott M: Treatment in the field of 27 horses with epiglottic entrapment, Vet Rec 161:187-189, 2007.

17. Perkins JD, Hughes TK, Brain B: Endoscope-guided, transoral axial division of an entrapping epiglottic fold in 15 standing horses, Vet Surg 36:800-803,

2007.

18. Ross MW, Gentile DG, Evans LE: Transoral axial division, under endoscopic guidance, for correction of epiglottic entrapment in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:416-420, 1993.

19. Lacourt M, Marcoux M: Treatment of epiglottic entrapment by transnasal axial division in standing sedated horses using a shielded hook bistoury, Vet Surg 40:299-304, 2011.

20. Jann HW, Cook WR: Transendoscopic electrosurgery for epiglottal entrapment in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:484-492, 1985.

21. Coleridge MO, DiGiovanni DL, Rodgerson DH, et al: Endoscopic, transoral, reduction of epiglottic entrapment via wire snare technique, Vet Surg 44:348-351, 2015.

22. Fulton IC, Anderson BH, Stick JA, et al: Larynx. In Auer JA, Stick JA, editors: Equine surgery, ed 4, St. Louis, 2012, Saunders-Elsevier, pp 592-622.

23. Ortved KF, Cheetham J, Mitchell LM, et al: Successful treatment of persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate and evaluation of laryn- gohyoid position in 15 racehorses, Equine Vet J 42:23-29, 2010.

Pharyngeal Cysts in Horses

1. Brown JA, Hinchcliff KW, Jackson MA, et al: Prevalence of pharyngeal and laryngeal abnormalities in Thoroughbreds racing in Australia, and their association with performance, Equine Vet J 37:397, 2005.

2. Saulez MN, Gummow B: Prevalence of pharyngeal, laryngeal and tracheal disorders in Thoroughbred racehorses, and effect on performance, Vet Rec 165:431, 2009.

3. Raphel CF: Endoscopic findings in the upper respiratory tract of 479 horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:470, 1982.

4. Koch DB, Tate LP, Jr: Pharyngeal cysts in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:860, 1978.

5. Stick JA, Boles C: Subepiglottic cyst in three foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:62, 1980.

6. Haynes PF, Beadle RE, McClure JR, et al: Soft palate cysts as a cause of pharyngeal dysfunction in two horses, Equine Vet J 22:369, 1990.

7. Hay WP, Baskett A, Abdy MJ: Complete upper airway obstruction and syncope caused by a subepiglottic cyst in a horse, Equine Vet J 29:75, 1997.

8. Tulleners EP: Evaluation of peroral transendoscopic contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser and snare excision of subepiglottic cysts in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1631, 1991.

9. Aitken MR, Parente EJ: Epiglottic abnormalities in mature nonracehorses: 23 cases (1990-2009), J Am Vet Med Assoc 238:1634, 2011.

10. Sinclair EA: Pharyngeal cyst in a 5-year-old Dutch Warmblood, Can Vet J 49:806, 2008.

11. Dougherty SS, Palmer JL: Use of intralesional formalin administration for treatment of a subepiglottic cyst in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:463,

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Nasopharyngeal Cicatrix Syndrome

1. Schumacher J, Hanselka D: Nasopharyngeal cicatrices in horses: 47 cases (1972-1985), JAVMA 191:239, 1987.

2. Norman TE, Chaffin MK, Bissett WT, et al: Risk factors associated with equine nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome in horses, JAVMA 242:1267,

2013.

3. Chesen AB, Rakestraw PC: Indications for and short- and long-term outcome of permanent tracheostomy performed in standing horses: 82 cases (1995-2005), JAVMA 232:1352, 2008.

4. Norman TE, Chaffin MK, Bissett WT, et al: Association of clinical signs to endoscopic findings in horses with nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome: 118 horses (2003-2008), JAVMA 240:734, 2012.

5. Rakestraw PC: Equine nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome, p 40. Proceedings Texas A&M Annual Equine Conference, 2003.

Equine Influenza in Australia

1. Edlund Toulemonde C, Daly J, Sindle T, et al: Efficacy of a recombinant equine influenza vaccine against challenge with an American lineage H3N8 influenza virus responsible for the 2003 outbreak in the United Kingdom, Vet Rec 156:367, 2005.

2. Guthrie AJ: Equine influenza in South Africa, 2003 outbreak. Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of World Equine Veterinary Association, Jan 22-26, Marrakech, Morocco, 2006.

3. Minke JM, El-Hage CM, Tazawa P, et al: Evaluation of the response to an accelerated immunisation schedule using a canarypox-vectored equine

influenza vaccine, shortened interdose intervals and vaccination of young foals, Aust Vet J 89(Suppl):137, 2011.

4. Perkins NR, Webster WR, Wright T, et al: Vaccination program in the response to the 2007 equine influenza outbreak in Australia, Aust Vet J 89(Suppl):126, 2011.

5. Watson J, Halpin K, Selleck P, et al: Isolation and characterisation of an H3N8 equine influenza virus in Australia, 2007, Aust Vet J 89(Suppl):35,

2011.

6. Watson J, Selleck P, Axell A, et al: Diagnosis of equine influenza virus infections in quarantine stations in Australia, 2007, Aust Vet J 89(Suppl):4, 2011.

7. Bryant NA, Rash AS, Woodward AL, et al: Isolation and characterisation of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) from Europe and North America from 2008 to 2009, Vet Microbiol 147:19, 2011.

8. Begg AP, Reece RL, Hum S, et al: Pathological changes in horses dying with equine influenza in Australia, 2007, Aust Vet J 89(Suppl):19, 2011.

9. Gilkerson JR: Equine influenza in Australia: a clinical overview, Aust Vet J 89(Suppl):11, 2011.

10. Patterson-Kane JC, Carrick JB, Axon JE, et al: The pathology of bron­chointerstitial pneumonia in young foals associated with the first outbreak of equine influenza in Australia, Equine Vet J 40:199, 2008.

Hendra Virus

1. Murray K, Selleck P, Hooper P, et al: A morbillivirus that caused fatal disease in horses and humans, Science 268:94, 1995.

2. Pallister J, Middleton D, Wang LF, et al: A recombinant Hendra virus G glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine protects ferrets from lethal hendra virus challenge, Vaccine 29:5623, 2011.

3. Xu K, Broder CC, Nikolov DB: Ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 as functional henipavirus receptors, Semin Cell Dev Biol 23:116, 2012.

4. Xu K, Chan YP, Rajashankar KR, et al: New insights into the Hendra virus attachment and entry process from structures of the virus G glyco­protein and its complex with Ephrin-B2, PLoS ONE 7:e48742, 2012.

5. Westbury HA, Hooper PT, Selleck PW, et al: Equine morbillivirus pneumonia: susceptibility of laboratory animals to the virus, Aust Vet J 72:278-279, 1995.

6. Halpin K, Young PL, Field HE, et al: Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus, J Gen Virol 81:1927, 2000.

7. Young PL, Halpin K, Selleck PW, et al: Serologic evidence for the presence in Pteropus bats of a paramyxovirus related to equine morbillivirus, Emerg Infect Dis 2:239-240, 1996.

8. Halpin K, Hyatt AD, Fogarty R, et al: Pteropid bats are confirmed as the reservoir hosts of henipaviruses: a comprehensive experimental study of virus transmission, Am J Trop Med Hyg 85:946-951, 2011.

9. Mahalingam S, Herrero LJ, Playford EG, et al: Hendra virus: an emerging paramyxovirus in Australia, Lancet Infect Dis 12:799-807, 2012.

10. Plowright RK, Field HE, Smith C, et al: Reproduction and nutritional stress are risk factors for Hendra virus infection in little red flying foxes (Pteropus scapulatus), Proc Biol Sci 275:861, 2008.

11. Playford EG, McCall B, Smith G, et al: Human Hendra virus encephalitis associated with equine outbreak, Australia, 2008, Emerg Infect Dis 16:219-223, 2010.

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91. Lago A, McGuirk SM, Bennett TB, et al: Calf respiratory disease and pen microenvironments in naturally ventilated calf barns in winter, J Dairy Sci 89:4014-4025, 2006.

92. Bates DW, Anderson JF: Environmental design for a total animal health care system, Bov Pract 19:4, 1984.

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95. Cole NA: Preconditioning calves for the feedlot, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:401-411, 1985.

96. Pritchard RH, Mendez JK: Effects of preconditioning on pre- and post­shipment performance of feeder steers, J Anim Sci 68:28, 1990.

97. Jim GK, Guichon PT: Assessing the value of preconditioning to feedlots, Proc Am Assoc Bov Pract 22:90, 1989.

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Interstitial Pneumonias

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2. Dungworth DL: Interstitial pulmonary disease, Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 26:173-200, 1982.

3. Selman IE: Differential diagnosis of pulmonary disease in adult cattle in Britain, Bov Pract 12:63, 1977.

4. Ciszewski DK, Baker JC, Slocombe RF: Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 10:766-772, 1988.

5. Breeze RG, Carlson JR: Chemical-induced lung injury in domestic animals, Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 26:201-231, 1982.

6. Dickinson EO, Spencer GR, Gorham JR: Experimental induction of an acute respiratory syndrome in cattle resembling bovine pulmonary emphysema, Vet Rec 80:487-489, 1967.

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8. Heron BR, Suther DE: A retrospective investigation and random sample survey of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema in Northern California, Bov Pract 14:2, 1979.

9. Loneragan GH, Gould DH, Mason GL, et al: Association of 3-methyle- neindolenine, a toxic metabolite of 3-methylindole, with acute interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle, Am J Vet Res 62:1525-1530, 2001.

10. Breeze RG: Fog fever and heaves: studies on respiratory diseases of adult cattle and horses, Proc Ann Forum ACVIM 87, 1978.

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12. Johnson B: Nutritional and dietary interrelationships with diseases of feedlot cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 7:133-142, 1991.

13. Woolums AR, Loneragan GH, Gould DH, et al: Infectious causes and control of acute interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 23:S110-S114, 2001.

14. Woolums AR, McAllister TA, Loneragan GH, et al: Etiology of acute interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle: noninfectious causes, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 23:S86-S93, 2001.

15. Ayroud M, Popp JD, VanderKop MA, et al: Characterization of acute interstitial pneumonia in cattle in southern Alberta feedyards, Can Vet J 41:547-554, 2000.

16. Bingham HR, Morley PS, Wittum TE, et al: Effects of 3-methylindole production and immunity against bovine respiratory syncytial virus on development of respiratory tract disease and rate of gain of feedlot cattle, Am J Vet Res 61:1309-1314, 2000.

17. Loneragan GH: Epidemiological characteristics of AIP in feedlot cattle, Proc Acad Vet Consult 2002.

18. Sorden SD, Kerr RW, Janzen ED: Interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle: concurrent lesions and lack of immunohistochemical evidence for bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection, J Vet Diagn Invest 12:510-517, 2000.

19. Woolums AR, Mason GL, Hawkins LL, et al: Microbiologic findings in feedlot cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia, Am J Vet Res 65:1525-1532, 2004.

20. Popp JD, McAllister TA, Kastelic JP, et al: Effect of melengestrol acetate on development of 3-methylindole-induced pulmonary edema and emphysema in sheep, Can J Vet Res 62:268-274, 1998.

21. McAllister TA: Characterization of AIP in southern Alberta feedlots, Proc Acad Vet Consult 1999.

22. Jensen R, Pierson RE, Braddy PM, et al: Atypical interstitial pneumonia in yearling feedlot cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 169:507-510, 1976.

23. Collins JK, Jensen R, Smith GH, et al: Association of bovine respiratory syncytial virus with atypical interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle, Am J Vet Res 49:1045-1049, 1988.

24. Smith RA: Impact of disease on feedlot performance: a review, J Anim Sci 76:272-274, 1998.

25. Schiefer B, Jayasekara MU, Mills JH: Comparison of naturally occurring and tryptophan-induced bovine atypical interstitial pneumonia, Vet Pathol 11:327-339, 1974.

26. Wikse SE: Feedlot cattle pneumonia, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:289-310, 1985.

27. Miles DG, Hoffman BW, Rogers KC, et al: Diagnosis of digestive deaths, J Anim Sci 76:320-322, 1998.

28. Fulton WR, Klopfenstein TJ, Britton RA: Adaptation to high concentrate diets by beef cattle. I. Adaptation to corn and wheat diets, J Anim Sci 49:775, 1979.

29. Loneragan GH, Gould DH: Atypical interstitial pneumonia in U.S. feedlots, Proc Acad Vet Consult 1999.

30. Hjerpe CA: Clinical management of respiratory disease in feedlot cattle, Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 5:119-142, 1983.

31. Loneragan GH, Gould DH, Mason GL, et al: Involvement of microbial respiratory pathogens in acute interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle, Am J Vet Res 62:1519-1524, 2001.

32. Meduri GU, Kohler G, Headley S, et al: Inflammatory cytokines in the BAL of patients with ARDS. Persistent elevation over time predicts poor outcome, Chest 108:1303-1314, 1995.

33. Woolums AR, Loneragan GH, Hawkins LL, et al: A survey of the relation­ship between management practices and risk of acute interstitial pneumonia at U.S. feedlots, Bov Pract 39:125, 2005.

34. Purdy CW, Straus DC, Chirase N, et al: Effects of aerosolized feedyard dust that contains natural endotoxins on adult sheep, Am J Vet Res 63:28-35,

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35. Purdy CW, Layton RC, Straus DC, et al: Virulence of fungal spores determined by tracheal inoculation of goats following inhalation of aerosol­ized sterile feedyard dust, Am J Vet Res 66:615-622, 2005.

36. MacVean DW, Franzen DK, Keefe TJ, et al: Airborne particle concentration and meteorologic conditions associated with pneumonia incidence in feedlot cattle, Am J Vet Res 47:2676-2682, 1986.

37. Campbell SG: Milk allergy, an autoallergic disease of cattle, Cornell Vet 60:684-721, 1970.

38. Ladiges WC, Dickinson EO, Gorham JR: Clinical and pathologic comparison of the pulmonary response during experimentally induced anaphylaxis in sheep and cattle, Am J Vet Res 35:389-392, 1974.

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40. Loneragan GH, Morley PS, Wagner JJ, et al: Effects of feeding aspirin and supplemental vitamin E on plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole, 3-methyleneindolenine-adduct concentrations in blood and pulmonary tissues, lung lesions, and growth performance in feedlot cattle, Am J Vet Res 63:1641-1647, 2002.

41. Bingham HR, Wittum TE, Morley PS, et al: Evaluation of the ability of orally administered aspirin to mitigate effects of 3-methylindole in feedlot cattle, Am J Vet Res 61:1209-1213, 2000.

42. Peckham JC, Mitchell FE, Jones OH, Jr, et al: Atypical interstitial pneumonia in cattle fed moldy sweet potatoes, J Am Vet Med Assoc 160:169-172, 1972.

43. Kerr LA, Johnson BJ, Burrows GE: Intoxication of cattle by Perilla frutescens (purple mint), Vt Hum Toxicol 28:412-416, 1986.

44. Cutlip RC: Experimental nitrogen dioxide poisoning in cattle, Pathol Vet 3:474-485, 1966.

45. Brightwell AH: “Silo gas” poisoning in cattle, Ca'n Vet J 13:224-225, 1972.

46. Haynes NB: “Silo Filler’s Disease” in dairy cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 143:593-594, 1963.

47. Hilderman E, Taylor PA: Acute pulmonary emphysema in cattle exposed to zinc oxide fumes, Can Vet J 15:173-175, 1974.

48. MacDonald DW, Lamoureux MA, Van den Brink M, et al: Chlorine gas poisoning in farm livestock: case report and review, Can Vet J 12:33—40,

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49. Tams TR: Aspiration pneumonia and complications of inhalation of smoke and toxic gases, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 15:971—989, 1985.

50. Wiseman A, Selman IE, Dawson CO, et al: Bovine farmers’ lung: a clinical syndrome in a herd of cattle, Vet Rec 93:410-41", 1973.

51. Wiseman A, Allan EM, Selman IE: A study of the respiratory diseases of adult cattle in Britain: 3. Farmer’s lung, Irish Vet J 38:22, 1984.

52. Wilkie BN: Allergic respiratory disease, Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 26:233-266, 1982.

Progressive Pneumonias of Sheep and Goats

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2. Brodie SJ, de la Concha-Bermejillo A, Snowder GD: Current concepts in the epizootiology, diagnosis, and economic importance of ovine progressive pneumonia in North America: a review, Small Rumin Res 27:1-17, 1998.

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5. Christodoulopoulos G: Maedi-visna: clinical review and short reference on disease status in Mediterranean countries, Small Rumin Res 62:47-53,

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6. de la Concha-Bermejillo A: Maedi-visna and ovine progressive pneumonia, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 13(1):13-33, 1997.

7. Bulgin MS: Ovine progressive pneumonia, caprine arthritis-encephalitis, and related lentiviral diseases of sheep and goats, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 6(3):691-704, 1990.

8. Knowles DP: Laboratory diagnostic tests for retroviral infections in small ruminants, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 13(1):1-11, 1997.

9. Brodie SJ, Pearson LD, Snowder GD, et al: Host-virus interaction as defined by amplification of viral DNA and serology in lentivirus infected sheep, Arch Virol 130:413-428, 1992.

10. Heinrichs R, Wilkins W, Schroeder G, et al: Prevalence of maedi-visna in Saskatchewan sheep, Can Vet J 58:183-186, 2017.

11. Gerstner S, Adamovicz JJ, Duncan JV, et al: Prevalence of and risk factors associated with ovine progressive pneumonia in Wyoming sheep flocks, J Am Vet Med Assoc 247:932-937, 2015.

12. Herrmann-Hoesing LM, Noh SM, White SN, et al: Peripheral ovine progressive pneumonia provirus levels correlate with and predict histological tissue lesion severity in naturally infected sheep, Clin Vacc Immunol 16(4):551-557, 2009.

13. Gudnadottir M, Demosthenous A, Hadjisavvas T: Vaccination delays maedi-visnalentivirus infection in a naturally-infected sheep flock, BMC Vet Res 9:16, 2013.

14. White SN, Knowles DP: Expanding possibilities for intervention against small ruminant lentiviruses through genetic marker-assisted selective breeding, Viruses 5:1466-1499, 2013.

15. Heaton Mp, Kalbfleisch TS, Petrik DT, et al: Genetic testing for TMEM154 mutations associated with lentivirus susceptibility in sheep, PLoS ONE 8(2):e55490, 2013.

16. Sharp JM, De lasHeras M: Contagious respiratory tumours. In Aiken ID, editor: Diseases of sheep, ed 4, Oxford, 2007, Blackwell, pp 211-217.

17. Griffiths DJ, Matineau HM, Cousens C: Pathology and pathogenesis of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, J Comp Path 142:260-283, 2010.

18. DeMartini JC, York DF: Retrovirus-associated neoplasms of the respiratory system of sheep and goats, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 13(1):55-70,

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19. DeMartini JC, Rosadio RH, Lairmore MD: The etiology and pathogenesis of ovine pulmonary carcinoma (sheep pulmonary adenomatosis), Vet Microbiol 17(3):219-236, 1988.

20. DeMartini JC, Carlson JO, Leroux C, et al: Endogenous retroviruses related to Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 275:117-137,

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21. Hecht SJ, Carlson JO, DeMartini JC: Analysis of type D retroviral capsid gene expressed in ovine pulmonary carcinoma and present in both affected and unaffected sheep genomes, Virology 202:480-484, 1994.

22. Varela M, Spencer TE, Palmarini M, et al: Friendly viruses: the special relationship between endogenous retroviruses and their host, Ann N Y Acad Sci 1178:157-172, 2009.

23. Cousens C, Scott PR: Assessment of transthoracic ultrasound diagnosis of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in adult sheep, Vet Rec 177:366-370,

2015.

24. Rosadio RH, Lairmore MD, Russell HI, et al: Retrovirus-associated ovine pulmonary carcinoma (sheep pulmonary adenomatosis) and lymphoid interstitial pneumonia. I. Lesion development and age susceptibility, Vet Pathol 25:475-483, 1988.

25. Humann-Ziehank E, Renko K, Bruegmann ML, et al: Long-term study of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinogenesis in sheep with marginal vs. sufficient nutritional selenium supply: results from computed tomography, pathology, immunohistochemistry, JSRV-PCR and lung biochemistry, J Trace Elem Med Biol 27:391-399, 2013.

26. De Las Heras M, Gonzales L, Sharp JM: Pathology of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 275:25-54, 2003.

27. Minguijon E, Gonzalez L, De lasHeral M, et al: Pathological and aetiological studies in sheep exhibiting extrathoracic metastasis of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte), J Comp Path 148:139-147, 2013.

28. Phelps SL, Smith MC: Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection, J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1663-1666, 1993.

29. Cebra C, Cebra M: Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic and lymphatic systems. In Pugh DG, Baird AN, editors: Sheep and goat medicine, ed 2, Maryland Heights, 2012, Elsevier Saunders, pp 466-502.

30. Smith MC, Sherman DM: Respiratory system. In Smith MC, Sherman DM, editors: Goat medicine, ed 2, Ames, IA, 2009, Wiley-Blackwell, pp 339-376.

31. Cork LC, Naraya O: The pathogenesis of viral leukoencephalomyelitis- arthritis of goats. I, Persistent viral infection with progressive pathologic changes, Lab Invest 42:596-602, 1980.

32. Ellis TM, Robinson WF, Wilcox GE: The pathology and aetiology of lung lesions in goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, Aust Vet J 65(3):69-73, 1988.

33. Sims LD, Hale CJ, McCormick BM: Progressive interstitial pneumonia in goats, Aust Vet J 60(12):368-371, 1983.

34. Williamson LH: Caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 17(2):359-371, 2001.

35. Dorella FA, Pacheco LGC, Oliveira SC, et al: Corynebacteriumpseudo- tuberculosis: microbiology, biochemical properties, pathogenesis, and molecular studies of virulence, Vet Res 37:201-218, 2006.

36. Baird GJ: Caseous lymphadenitis. In Aiken ID, editor: Diseases of sheep, ed 4, Oxford, 2007, Blackwell, pp 306-311.

37. Smith MC, Sherman DM: Subcutaneous swellings. In Smith MC, Sherman DM, editors: Goat medicine, ed 2, Ames, IA, 2009, Wiley-Blackwell, pp 61-84.

38. Smith MC, Sherman DM: Wasting diseases. In Smith MC, Sherman DM, editors: Goat medicine, ed 2, Ames, IA, 2009, Wiley-Blackwell, pp 691-700.

39. Roberson JR, Baird AN, Pugh DG: Diseases of the integumentary system. In Pugh DG, Baird AN, editors: Sheep and goat medicine, ed 2, St. Louis, 2012, Elsevier Saunders, pp 256-279.

40. Dercksen DP, Brinkhoff JM, Dekker-Nooren T, et al: A comparison of four serological tests for the diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats, Vet Microbiol 75:167-175, 2000.

Parasitic Bronchitis and Pneumonia

1. Breeze RG: Parasitic bronchitis and pneumonia, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:277, 1985.

2. Eysker M: Dictyocaulosis in cattle, Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 16:669, 1994.

3. Jarrett WFH, Jennings FW, McIntyre WIM, et al: Symposium on husk.

1. The disease Process, Vet Rec 72:1066, 1960.

4. Larsson A, Uggla A, Waller PJ, et al: Performance of second-season grazing cattle following different levels of parasite control in their first grazing season, Vet Parasitol 175:135, 2011.

5. Zajac AM, Conboy GM: Veterinary clinical parasitology, ed 7, Ames, IA, 2006, Blackwell Professional Publishing.

6. Rode B, Jorgensen RJ: Baermannization of Dictyocaulusspp from faeces of cattle, sheep and donkeys, Vet Parasitol 30:205, 1989.

7. Ploeger HW: Dictyocaulusviviparus: re-emerging or never been away?, Trends Parasitol 18:329, 2002.

8. Lekeux P, Hajer R, Breuking HJ: Longitudinal study of the effects of lungworm infection on bovine pulmonary function, Am J Vet Res 46:1392, 1985.

9. Ploeger HW, Verbeek PC, Dekkers CWH, et al: The value of a bulk-tank milk ELISA and individual serological and faecal examination for diagnosing (sub)clinicalDictyocaulusviviparus infection in dairy cows, Vet Parasitol 184:168, 2012.

10. Fiedor C, Strube D, Forbes A, et al: Evaluation of a milk ELISA for the serodiagnosis of Dictyocaulusviviparus in dairy cows, Vet Parasitol 166:255,

2009.

11. Gozdzik K, Engstom A, Hoglund J: Optimizatioin of in-house ELISA based on recombinant major sperm protein (rMSP) of Dictyocaulusviviparus for the detection of lungworm infection in cattle, Res Vet Sci 93:813, 2012.

12. Eddi CS, Williams JC, Swalley RA: Epidemiology of dictyocaulusviviparus in Louisiana (USA), Vet Parasitol 31:37, 1989.

13. Winters JB, Worley DE: Distribution and seasonal prevalence of bovine lungworms in selected areas in western Montana, Am J Vet Res 36:327, 1975.

14. Gupta RP, Gibbs HC: Studies of the incidence of lungworm (Dictyocau- lusviviparous Block, 1782) in Quebec cattle, Can Vet J 10:327, 1975.

15. Eysker M, Saatkamp HW, Kloosterman A: Infection build-up and develop­ment of immunity in calves following primary Dictyocaulusviviparus infections of different levels at the beginning or in the middle of the grazing season, Vet Parasitol 49:243, 1993.

16. David G: Strategies for the control of parasitic bronchitis in cattle, In Pract 21:62, 1999.

17. McLeonard C, vanDijk J: Controlling lungworm disease (husk) in dairy cattle, In Pract 39:408, 2017.

18. Vercruysse J, Rew R: General efficacy of the macrocyclic lactones to control parasites of cattle. In Vercruysse J, Rew R, editors: Macrocyclic lactones in antiparasitic therapy, Oxford, 2002, CABI Publishing, p 185.

19. Soll MD, Kunkle BN, Royer GC, et al: An eprinomectin extended-release injection formulation providing nematode control in cattle for up to 150 days, Vet Parasitol 192:313, 2013.

20. Yazwinski TA, Williams JC, Smith LL, et al: Dose determination of the persistent activity of moxidectin long-acting injectable formulations against various nematode species in cattle, Vet Parasitol 137:273, 2006.

21. Eysker M, Boersema JH, Kooyman FN, et al: Comparison between fenben- dazole and moxidectin applied in a dose and move system for the control of Dictyocaulusviviparus infections in calves, Vet Parasitol 64:187, 1996.

22. Schnieder T, Epe C, Von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, et al: The development of protective immunity against gastrointestinal nematode and lungworm infections after use of an ivermectin bolus in first-year grazing calves, Vet Parasitol 64:239, 1996.

23. Taylor SM, Kenny J, Edgar HW, et al: Protection against Dictyocaulus- viviparus in second year cattle after first year treatment with doramectin or an ivermectin bolus, Vet Rec 141:593, 1997.

24. Jacobs DE, Fox MT: Relationship between date of spring turnout and lungworm infection in calves, Vet Rec 116:75, 1985.

25. Hoglund J: Targeted selective treatment of lungworm infection in an organic dairy herd in Sweden, Vet Parasitol 138:318, 2006.

26. Ploeger HW, Holzhauer M: Failure to eradicate the lungworm Dictyo- caulusviviparus on dairy farms by a single mass-treatment before turnout, Vet Parasitol 185:335, 2012.

27. Woodbury MR, Copeland S, Wagner B, et al: Toxocaravitulorum in a bison (Bisonbison) herd from western Canada, Can Vet J 53:791, 2012.

28. Borgsteede FHM, Holzhauer M, Herder FL, et al: Toxocaravitulorum in suckling calves in the Netherlands, Res Vet Sci 92:254, 2012.

29. Jones JR, Mitchell ESE, Redman E, et al: Toxocaravitulorum infection in a cattle herd in the UJK, Vet Rec 164:171, 2009.

30. Davila G, Irsik M, Greiner EC: Toxocaravitulorum in beef calves in North Central Florida, Vet Parasitol 168:261, 2010.

31. Anderson RC: The superfamily ascaridoidea. In Anderson RC, editor: Nematode parasites of vertebrates, their development and transmission, Oxford, 2000, CABI Publishing.

32. Morrow DA: Pneumonia in cattle due to migrating Ascarislumbricoides larvae, J Am Vet Med Assoc 153:184, 1968.

33. Borgsteede FH, de Leeuw WA, Dijkstra T, et al: Illness in two dairy herds suspected of being due to Ascarissuum infection, Tijdschr Diergeneesk 117:296, 1992.

34. Urquhart GM: Veterinary parasitology, London, 1996, Blackwell Scientific.

35. Smith MC, Sherman DM: Goat medicine, Baltimore, 1994, Lea &Febiger.

36. Oosthuizen WT, Erasmus JB, Boelema E, et al: Efficacy of moxidectin against internal parasites of sheep, J S Afr Vet Assoc 64:28, 1993.

37. Dorchies P, Cardinaud B, Fournier R: Efficacy of moxidectin as a 1% injectable solution and a 0.1% drench against nasal bots, pulmonary and gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep, Vet Parasitol 65:163, 1996.

38. Hidalgo-Arguello MR, Diez-Banos N, Rojo-Vazquez FA: Efficacy of moxidectin 1% injectable and 0.2% oral drench against natural infection by Dictyocaulusfilaria in sheep, Vet Parasitol 107:95, 2002.

39. Ashraf M, Nepote KH: Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes, coccidia and lungworms in Maryland dairy goats, Small Rumin Res 3:291,

1990.

40. Anderson DL, Roberson EL: Gastrointestinal and respiratory parasitism in Georgia goats, Agri-Practice 17:20, 1996.

41. Levine ND: Nematode parasites of domestic animals and man, ed 2, Minneapolis, 1980, Burgess.

42. Nimmo JS: Six cases of verminous pneumonia (Muelleriusspp) in goats, Can Vet J 20:49, 1979.

43. Papadopoulos E, Sotiraki S, Himonas C, et al: Treatment of small lungworm infestation in sheep by using moxidectin, Vet Parasitol 121:329, 2004.

44. McCraw BM, Menzies PI: Treatment of goats infected with the lungworm, Muelleriuscapillaris, Can Vet J 27:287, 1986.

45. Bliss DL, Greiner EC: Efficacy of fenbendazole and cambendazole against Muelleriuscapillaris in dairy goats, Am J Vet Res 46:1923, 1985.

46. Helle O: The efficacy of fenbendazole and albendazole against the lungworm Muelleriuscapillaris in goats, Vet Parasitol 22:293, 1986.

47. Cabarnet J, et al: Le traitement de la muelleriosecaprine: efficacitecomparee de Toxfendazole, Les maladies de la Chevre, Les Colloques de PINRA 358, 1984.

48. Gregory E, Foreyt WJ, Breeze R: Efficacy of ivermectin and fenbendazole against lungworms, Vet Med 80:114, 1985.

49. Mansfield LS, Gamble HR, Baker JS, et al: Lungworm infection in a sheep flock in Maryland, J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:601, 1993.

50. Schaeffler WF: Die invasion von fremden wirtendurch den hundeparasiten toxocaracanis, Tierartzl Umshcau 16:137, 1961.

51. Sinha BN: Some observations on the pathological lesions caused by migrating larvae of Toxocaracanis in Spanish goats, Southwest Vet 23:201, 1970.

52. Sweatman GK, Henshall TC, Manktelow BW: Experimental observations on parasitic liver white spot in New Zealand sheep, NZ Vet J 10:99, 1962.

53. Aldawek AM, Levkut M, Revajova V, et al: Larval toxocariasis in sheep: the immunohistochemical characterization of lesions in some affected organs, Vet Parasitol 105:207, 2002.

54. Revajova V, Levkut M, Aldawek A, et al: Morphological, histological and immunohistochemical changes after multiple Toxocaracanis infection of lambs, Folia Vet 50:83, 2006.

55. Lloyd S: Seroprevalence of Toxocaracanis in sheep in Wales, Vet Parasitol 237:269, 2006.

56. Satarem VA, Chesine PAF, Lamers BEL, et al: Anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in sheep from southeastern Brazil, Vet Parasitol 179:283, 2011.

57. Rassier GL, Borsuk S, Pappen F, et al: Toxocara spp. seroprevalence in sheep from southern Brazil, Par Res 112:3181, 2013.

58. Romero C, Heredia R, Aguilar S, et al: Presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in sheep from the state of Mexico, Acta Vet Brno 85:223, 2016.

59. Kantzoura V, Diakou A, Kouam MK, et al: Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with zoonotic parasitic infections in small ruminants in the Greek temperate region, Par Int 62:554, 2013.

Bovine Tuberculosis

1. Publications D: Bovine TB eradication programme for England, 2011.

2. Buddle BM, de Lisle GW, Griffin JF, et al: Epidemiology, diagnostics, and management of tuberculosis in domestic cattle and deer in New Zealand in the face of a wildlife reservoir, NZ Vet J 63(Suppl 1):19-27, 2015.

3. Naranjo V, Gortazar C, Vicente J, et al: Evidence of the role of European wild boar as a reservoir of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Vet Microbiol 127:1-9, 2008.

4. de Kantor IN, Ritacco V: An update on bovine tuberculosis programmes in Latin American and Caribbean countries, Vet Microbiol 112:111-118, 2006.

5. Michel AL, Muller B, van Helden PD: Mycobacterium bovis at the animal­human interface: a problem, or not?, Vet Microbiol 140:371-381, 2010.

6. Aranaz A, Cousins D, Mateos A, et al: Elevation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. caprae Aranaz et al. 1999 to species rank as Mycobac­terium caprae comb. nov., sp. nov, Int J Syst EvolMicrobiol 53:1785-1789, 2003.

7. Munoz Mendoza M, Juan L, Menendez S, et al: Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae in sheep, Vet J 191:267-269,

2012.

8. Palmer MV, Waters WR: Advances in bovine tuberculosis diagnosis and pathogenesis: what policy makers need to know, Vet Microbiol 112:181-190, 2006.

9. Palmer MV, Waters WR, Whipple DL: Investigation of the transmission of Mycobacterium bovis from deer to cattle through indirect contact, Am J Vet Res 65:1483-1489, 2004.

10. Schiller I, Oesch B, Vordermeier HM, et al: Bovine tuberculosis: a review of current and emerging diagnostic techniques in view of their relevance for disease control and eradication, Transbound Emerg Dis 57:205-220,

2010.

11. Connell KM, Vanderklok MS: Guidelines for the control of tuberculosis in elephants. 114th Annual Meeting of the US Animal Health Association. Minneapolis, MN, 2010;578-639.

12. Greenwald R, Lyashchenko O, Esfandiari J, et al: Highly accurate antibody assays for early and rapid detection of tuberculosis in African and Asian elephants, Clin Vaccine Immunol 16:605-612, 2009.

13. Waters WR, Stevens GE, Schoenbaum MA, et al: Bovine tuberculosis in a nebraska herd of farmed elk and fallow deer: a failure of the tuberculin skin test and opportunities for serodiagnosis, Vet Med Int 2011:953985,

2011.

14. Casal C, Diez-Guerrier A, Alvarez J, et al: Strategic use of serology for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis after intradermal skin testing, Vet Microbiol 170:342-351, 2014.

15. Kao RR, Price-Carter M, Robbe-Austerman S: Use of genomics to track bovine tuberculosis transmission, Rev - Off Int Epizoot 35:241-258,

2016.

16. Antognoli MC, Remmenga MD, Bengtson SD, et al: Analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of the gamma interferon assay for detection of bovine tuberculosis in U.S. herds, Prev Vet Med 101:35-41, 2011.

17. Claridge J, Diggle P, McCann CM, et al: Fasciola hepatica is associated with the failure to detect bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle, Nat Commun 3:853, 2012.

18. Vordermeier M, Gordon SV, Hewinson RG: Mycobacterium bovis antigens for the differential diagnosis of vaccinated and infected cattle, Vet Microbiol 151:8-13, 2011.

19. Waters WR, Nonnecke BJ, Palmer MV, et al: Use of recombinant ESAT- 6:CFP-10 fusion protein for differentiation of infections of cattle by Mycobacterium bovis and by M. avium subsp. avium and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11:729-735, 2004.

20. Phillips CJ, Foster CR, Morris PA, et al: The transmission of Mycobacterium bovis infection to cattle, Res Vet Sci 74:1-15, 2003.

21. Palmer MV, Whipple DL, Payeur JB, et al: Naturally occurring tuberculosis in white-tailed deer, J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1921-1924, 2000.

22. Di Marco V, Mazzone P, Capucchio MT, et al: Epidemiological significance of the domestic black pig (Sus scrofa) in maintenance of bovine tuberculosis in Sicily, J Clin Microbiol 50:1209-1218, 2012.

23. Gortazar C, Vicente J, Gavier-Widen D: Pathology of bovine tuberculosis in the European wild boar (Sus scrofa), Vet Rec 152:779-780, 2003.

24. Johnson L, Dean G, Rhodes S, et al: Low-dose Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle results in pathology indistinguishable from that of high-dose infection, Tuberculosis (Edinb) 87:71-76, 2007.

25. Dungworth DL: The respiratory system. In Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer NC, editors: Pathology of domestic animals, London, 1993, Academic Press, pp 641-652.

26. Health OWOfA: Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 11.5: Bovine Tuberculosis, 2016.

27. APHIS U: Bovine tuberculosis eradication uniform methods and rules (APHIS 91-45-011), Washington, D.C., 2005, U.S. Government Printing OFfice, pp 1-29.

28. Waters WR, Palmer MV, Buddle BM, et al: Bovine tuberculosis vaccine research: historical perspectives and recent advances, Vaccine 30:2611-2622,

2012.

Other Pneumonias, and Pleural and Thoracic Disease

1. Lopez A, Bildfell R: Pulmonary inflammation associated with aspirated meconium and epithelial cells in calves, Vet Pathol 29:104-111, 1992.

2. Di Menna ME, Carter ME, Cordes DO: The identification of Mortierella wolfii isolated from cases of abortion and pneumonia in cattle and a search for its infection source, Res Vet Sci 13:439-442, 1972.

3. Cordes DO, Carter ME, Di Menna ME: Mycotic pneumonia and placentitis caused by Mortierella wolfii. II. Pathology of experimental infection of cattle, Vet Pathol 9:190-201, 1972.

4. Gudmundson J, Radostits OM, Doige CE: Pulmonary thromboembolism in cattle due to thrombosis of the posterior vena cava associated with hepatic abscessation, Can Vet J 19:304-309, 1978.

5. Breeze RG, Pirie HM, Selman IE, et al: Hemoptysis in cattle, Bov Pract 11:64, 1976.

6. Rebhun WC, Rendano VT, Dill SG, et al: Caudal vena caval thrombosis in four cattle with acute dyspnea, J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:1366-1369, 1980.

7. Jensen R, Pierson RE, Braddy PM, et al: Embolic pulmonary aneurysms in yearling feedlot cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 169:518-520, 1976.

8. Guard C: Pneumothorax after parturition in a cow, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 7:S191-S194, 1985.

9. Slack JA, Thomas CB, Peek SF: Pneumothorax in dairy cattle: 30 cases (1990-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:732-735, 2004.

10. Peek SF, Slack JA, McGuirk SM: Management of pneumothorax in cattle by continuous-flow evacuation, J Vet Intern Med 17:119-122, 2003.

11. Kumar R, Kohli RN, Prasad B, et al: Radiographic diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia in cattle, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 75:305-309, 1980.

12. McCullagh KG, Mews AR, Pinsent PJ: Diffuse pleural mesothelioma in a goat, Vet Pathol 16:119-121, 1979.

13. Baskerville A: Mesothelioma in the calf, Pathol Vet 4:149-156, 1967.

14. Wolfe DF, Carson RL, Hudson RS, et al: Mesothelioma in cattle: eight cases (1970-1988), J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:486-491, 1991.

15. Migaki G, Helmboldt CF, Robinson FR: Primary pulmonary tumors of epithelial origin in cattle, Am J Vet Res 35:1397-1400, 1974.

16. Sanford SE, Bundza A: Multicentric bronchiolo-alveolar neoplasm in a steer, Vet Pathol 19:95-97, 1982.

Color Plate 31.1 Postmortem photograph of tracheal edema syndrome. Note the severe mucosal and submucosal thickening, which has obstructed the tracheza by approximately 50%. (Courtesy Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alta., Canada.)

Color Plate 31.4 Postmortem photograph of Abrinopurulent pleuropneumonia caused by Mannheimia haemolytica. Note the extensive dark red consolidated ventral lung, white fibrin on lung pleural surface, and red-tinged fluid in pleural space. (Courtesy Dr Amelia Woolums, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Miss.)

Color Plate 31.2 Postmortem photograph of opened trachea from an animal infected with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1). Note the multiple white Abrinonecrotic plaques and, distal to the plaques, yellow Abrinopurulent material on dark red tracheal mucosa. (Courtesy Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alta., Canada.)

Color Plate 31.5 Postmortem photograph of cross-section of lung tissue from feedlot steer with bronchopneumonia caused by Histophilus somni. Note that the interlobular space is expanded with fibrin and edema (arrow). (Courtesy Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alta., Canada.)

Color Plate 31.3 Postmortem photograph of bovine lung with interstitial emphysema (arrow) often seen in severe bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection, as well as other causes of acute interstitial pneumonia. (Courtesy Dr. Amelia Woolums, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Miss.)

Color Plate 31.6 Postmortem photograph of lung from calf with bronchopneumonia caused by Mycoplasma bovis. Note the extensive nodular abscessation of the cranioventral lung. (Courtesy Dr Tom Mullaney, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.)

Color Plate 31.7 Postmortem photograph of lung from calf with bronchopneumonia caused by Mycoplasma bovis. Note the dark red consolidated ventral lung with white caseous material visible on cut surface (arrow). (Courtesy Dr. Ricardo Rosenbusch, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.)

Color Plate 31.9 Postmortem photograph of lungs from heifer with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by feedlot acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP). Note the expanded dorsocaudal lung and dark, collapsed lobules interspersed with pale, hyperinflated lobules. (Courtesy Dr. Amelia Woolums, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Miss.)

Color Plate 31.8 Postmortem photograph of lung lesions typical of enzootic calf pneumonia. Note the scattered collapsed, dark red lobules in the cranioventral lung. This type of lesion could be caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3), Pasteurella multocida, or mycoplasmas. (Courtesy Dr. Amelia Woolums, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Miss.)

Color Plate 31.10 Postmortem photograph of lung from feedlot steer with embolic pneumonia caused by caudal vena caval thrombosis. Note the multiple dark red emboli (arrow) with raised abscesses scattered throughout lung. (Courtesy Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alta., Canada.)