REFERENCES

The complete list of references can be found at www.expertconsult.com.

REFERENCES

Diagnostic Procedures and Imaging of the Equine Alimentary System

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36. Ruohoniemi M, Kaikkonen R, Raekallio M, et al: Abdominal radiography in monitoring the resolution of sand accumulations from the large colon of horses treated medically, Equine Vet J 33:59, 2001.

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42. Watson TD, Sullivan M: Effects of detomidine on equine oesophageal function as studied by contrast radiography, Vet Rec 129:67, 1991.

43. Dik KJ, Kalsbeek HC: Radiography of the equine stomach, Vet Radiol 26:48,

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44. Fischer AT, Yarbrough TY: Retrograde contrast radiography of the distal portions of the intestinal tract in foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:734, 1995.

45. Bauer S, Livesey MA, Bjorling DE, et al: Computed tomographic assisted surgical correction of persistent right aortic arch in a neonatal foal, Equine Vet Educ 8:40, 2006.

46. Lohmann KL, Roussel AJ, Cohen ND, et al: Comparison of nuclear scintigraphy and acetaminophen absorption as a means of studying gastric emptying in horses, Am J Vet Res 61:310, 2000.

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55. Pearson EG, Smith BB, McKim JM: Fecal blood determinations and interpreta­tions, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 33:77, 1987.

56. Roberts MC: Carbohydrate digestion and absorption studies in the horse, Res Vet Sci 18:64, 1975.

57. Martens RJ, Malone PS, Brust DM: Oral lactose tolerance test in foals: technique and normal values, Am J Vet Res 46:63, 1985.

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59. Mair TS, Hillyer MH, Taylor FG, et al: Small intestinal malabsorption in the horse: an assessment of the specificity of the oral glucose tolerance test, Equine Vet J 23:344, 1991.

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Dentistry and Oral Diseases

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2. Nickel R, Schummer A, Seiferle E: The viscera of domestic animals, ed 2, Berlin, 1979, Paul Parey.

3. Liuti T, Reardon R, Dixon PM: Computed tomographic assessment of equine maxillary cheek teeth anatomical relationships, and paranasal sinus volumes, Vet Rec 2017, doi:10.1136/vr.104185.

4. Dixon PM, Froydenlund T, Luti T, et al: Empyema of the nasal conchal bullas as a cause of chronic unilateral nasal discharge in the horse: 10 cases (2013-2014), Equine Vet J 47:557-567, 2015.

5. Adams K, Schulz-Kornas E, Arzi B, et al: Functional anatomy of the equine temporomandibular joint: collagen fiber texture of the articular surfaces, Vet J 16:58-64, 2016.

6. Carmalt JL, Kneissl S, Rawlinson JE, et al: Computed tomographic appearance of the temporomandibular joint in 1018 asymptomatic horses: a multi-institutional study, Vet Rad US 57(3):237-245, 2016.

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9. Suske A, Poschke A, Schrock P, et al: Infundibula of equine maxillary cheek teeth. Part 1: development, blood supply and infundibular cementgenesis, Vet J 209:57-65, 2016.

10. White C, Dixon PM: A study of the thickness of cheek teeth sub-occlusal second­ary dentine in horses of different ages, Equine Vet J 42:119, 2010.

11. Bettiol N, Dixon PM: An anatomical study to evaluate the risk of pulpar exposure during mechanical widening of equine cheek teeth diastemata and “bit seating, Equine Vet J 43:163, 2011.

12. Du Toit N, Kempson SA, Dixon PM: Donkey dental anatomy. Part 1: gross and computed axial tomography examination, Vet J 176:338-344, 2008.

13. Kopke S, Angrisani N, Staszyk C: The dental cavities of equine cheek teeth: three-dimensional reconstructions based on high resolution micro-computed tomography, BMC Vet Res 8:173, 2012.

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16. Listmann L, Schrock P, Failing K, et al: Occlusal angles of cheek teeth, Livestock Science 186:78-84, 2016.

17. Bonin SJ, Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL, et al: Comparison of mandibular motion in horses chewing hay and pellets, Equine Vet J 39:258-262, 2007.

18. Klugh OD: Periodontal disease. In Robinson NE, Sprayberry KA, editors: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 6, St. Louis, MO, 2009, Saunders, pp 328-334.

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20. du Toit N, Burden FA, Dixon PM: Clinical dental examinations of 357 donkeys in the UK. Part 2: epidemiological studies on the potential relationships between dental disease and systemic disorders, Equine Vet J 41:395, 2009.

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22. Hawkes CS, Easley J, Barakzai SZ, et al: Treatment of oromaxillary fistulae in nine standing horses (2002-2006), Equine Vet J 40(6):546-551, 2008.

23. Ramzen PH, Dixon PM, Kempson SA, et al: Dental dysplasia and oligodontia in a Throroughbred colt, Equine Vet J 33(1):99-104, 2001.

24. Easley J, Dixon PM, Reardon RJ: Orthodontic correction of overjet/overbite (Parrot mouth) in 73 foals (1999-2013), Equine Vet J 48(5):565-572, 2016.

25. Easley J, Schumacher J: Basic equine orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery. In Easley J, Dixon PM, Schumacher J, editors: Equine dentistry, ed 3, Edinburgh, 2011, Elsevier Saunders, pp 289-317.

26. Earley E, Rawlinson JT: A new understanding of oral and dental disorders of the equine incisor and canine teeth, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 29(2): 273-300, 2013.

27. Wilson GA, Walsh LJ: Temperature changes in dental pulp associated with use of power grinding equipment on equine teeth, Aust Vet J 83:75-77, 2005.

28. O'Leary JM, Barnett TP, Parkins TD, et al: Pulp temperature changes during mechanical reduction of equine cheek teeth: comparison of different moderized instruments, duration of treatments and use of water cooling, Equine Vet J 45(3):355-360, 2013.

29. Kennedy R, Lappin DF, Dixon PM, et al: The microbiome associated with equine periodontitis and oral health, Vet Res 47:1, 2016.

30. Dixon PM, Ceen S, Barnett T: A long-term study on the clinical effects of mechanical widening of cheek teeth diastemata for treatment of periodontitis in 202 horses (2008-2011), Equine Vet J 46(1):76-80, 2014.

31. Borkent D, Reardon RJM, McLachlan G, et al: An epidemiological survey on the prevalence of equine peripheral caries in the United Kingdom and possible risk factors for its development, Equine Vet J Online 2016, doi:10.111/evj.12610.

32. Fitzgibbons CM, du Toit N, Dixon P: Anatomical studies of maxillary cheek teeth infundibula in clinically normal horses, Equine Vet J 42:37, 2009.

33. Horbal AA, Liuti T, Reardon R, et al: Infundibular caries—what are they and why are we concerned? In: Proceedings of AAEP Focus on Dentistry, Lexington KY, 87-94, 2017.

34. Van den Enden MSD, Dixon PM: Prevalence of occlusal pulpar exposure in 110 equine cheek teeth with apical infections and idiopathic fractures, Equine Vet J 178:364, 2008.

35. Dacre IT, Kempson S, Dixon PM: Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in horses. Part 1, Vet J 178:341, 2008.

36. Tremaine H: Advances in the treatment of diseased equine cheek teeth, Vet Clin Equine 29:441-465, 2013.

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48. American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP): Official guide for determining the age of the horse, Lexington, KY, 1995, AAEP.

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52. Selberg K, Easley JT: Advanced imaging in equine dental disease, Vet Clin Equine 29:397-409, 2013.

53. Rawlinson JT, Earley E: Advances in the treatment of diseased equine incisor and canine teeth, Vet Clin Equine 29:411-440, 2013.

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Disorders of the Esophagus

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3. Stick JA, Derksen FJ, McNitt DL, et al: Equine esophageal pressure profile, Am J Vet Res 44:272, 1983.

4. Clark ES, Morris DD, Whitlock RH: Esophageal manometry in horses, cows, and sheep during deglutition, Am J Vet Res 48:547, 1987.

5. Fubini SL, Starrack GS, Freeman DE: Esophagus. In Auer JA, Stick JA, editors: Equine surgery, Philadelphia, PA, 1999, Saunders.

6. Stick JA, Robinson NE, Krehbiel JD: Acid-base and electrolyte alterations associated with salivary loss in the pony, Am J Vet Res 42:733, 1981.

7. Greet TR: Observations on the potential role of oesophageal radiography in the horse, Equine Vet J 14:73, 1982.

8. Stick JA: Surgery of the esophagus, Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 4:33, 1982.

9. Peroni JF, Horner NT, Robinson NE, et al: Equine thoracoscopy: normal anatomy and surgical technique, Equine Vet J 33:231, 2001.

10. Meagher DM, Spier SJ: Foreign body obstruction in the cervical esophagus of the horse: a case report, J Equine Vet Sci 9:137, 1989.

11. Grubb TL, von Mathiessen W, Scott EA: A stone in the esophagus of a horse— surgical removal without esophagomyotomy, Equine Pract 13:15, 1991.

12. Lundvall RL, Kingrey BW: Choke in shetland ponies caused by boluses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 132:75, 1958.

13. Appt SA, Moll HD, Scarratt WK, et al: Esophageal foreign body obstruction in a mustang, Equine Pract 18:8, 1996.

14. MacDonald MH, Richardson DW, Morse CC: Esophageal phytobezoar in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1455, 1987.

15. Hillyer M: Management of oesophageal obstruction (choke) in horses, In Pract 17:450, 1995.

16. Murray MJ, Ball MM, Parker GA: Megaesophagus and aspiration pneumonia secondary to gastric ulceration in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:381, 1988.

17. Craig DR, Shivy DR, Pankowski RL, et al: Esophageal disorders in 61 horses. Results of nonsurgical and surgical management, Vet Surg 18:432, 1989.

18. Traver DS, Egger E, Moore JN: Retrieval of an esophageal foreign body in a horse, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 73:783, 1978.

19. Baird AN, True CK: Fragments of nasogastric tubes as esophageal foreign bodies in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1068, 1989.

20. Harris JM: Esophageal obstruction by a wood bolus, Mod Vet Pract 62:302, 1981.

21. Moore JN, Kintner LD: Recurrent esophageal obstruction due to squamous cell carcinoma in a horse, Cornell Vet 66:590, 1976.

22. Roberts MC, Kelly WR: Squamous cell carcinoma of the lower cervical oesophagus in a pony, Equine Vet J 11:199, 1979.

23. Green S, Green EM, Aronson E: Squamous cell carcinoma: an unusual cause of choke in a horse. Mod Vet Pract 67:870, 1986.

24. Butt TD, MacDonald DG, Crawford WH, et al: Persistent right aortic arch in a yearling horse, Can Vet J 39:714, 1998.

25. Scott EA, Snoy P, Prasse KW, et al: Intramural esophageal cyst in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 171:652, 1977.

26. Hackett RP, Dyer RM, Hoffer RE: Surgical correction of esophageal diverticulum in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:998, 1978.

27. Orsini JA, Sepesy L, Donawick WJ, et al: Esophageal duplication cyst as a cause of choke in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:474, 1988.

28. Alexander JE: Radiologic findings in equine choke, J Am VetMed Assoc 151:47, 1967.

29. Quick CB, Rendano VT: Equine radiology: the esophagus, Mod Vet Pract 59:625, 1978.

30. King JN, Davies JV, Gerring EL: Contrast radiography of the equine oesophagus: effect of spasmolytic agents and passage of a nasogastric tube, Equine Vet J 22:133, 1990.

31. Meyer GA, Helms RJ, Rashmir-Ravin A, et al: Effect of oxytocin on contractility of the equine esophagus: treatment for esophageal obstruction?, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:337, 1997.

32. Hance SR, Noble J, Holcomb S, et al: Treating choke with oxytocin, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:338, 1997.

33. Wooldridge AA, Eades SC, Hosgood GL, et al: Effects of treatment with oxytocin, xylazine butorphanol, guaifenesin, acepromazine, and detomidine on esophageal manometric pressure in conscious horses, Am J Vet Res 63:1738, 2002.

34. Wooldridge AA, Eades SC, Hosgood GL, et al: In vitro effects of oxytocin, acepromazine, detomidine, xylazine, butorphanol, terbutaline, isoproterenol, and dantrolene on smooth and skeletal muscles of the equine esophagus, Am J Vet Res 63:1732, 2002.

35. Hardy J, Stewart RH, Beard WL, et al: Complications of nasogastric intubation in horses: nine cases (1987-1989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:483, 1992.

36. Schoeb TR, Panciera RJ: Pathology of blister beetle (Epicauta) poisoning in horses, Vet Pathol 16:18, 1979.

37. Lang J, Blikslager A, Regina D, et al: Synergistic effect of hydrochloric acid and bile acids on the pars esophageal mucosa of the porcine stomach, Am J Vet Res 59:1170, 1998.

38. Clark ES, Morris DD, Whitlock RH: Esophageal dysfunction in a weanling thoroughbred, Cornell Vet 77:151, 1987.

39. Ploeg M, Grone A, Saey V, et al: Esophageal dysfunction in Friesian horses: morphological features, Vet Pathol 52:1142, 2015.

40. Komine M, Langohr IM, Kiupel M: Megaesophagus in Friesian horses associated with muscular hypertrophy of the caudal esophagus, Vet Pathol 51:979, 2014.

41. Barber SM, McLaughlin BG, Fretz PB: Esophageal ectasia in a quarterhorse colt, Can Vet J 24:46, 1983.

42. Rohrbach BW: Congenital esophageal ectasia in a thoroughbred foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:65, 1980.

43. Bowman KF, Vaughan JT, Quick CB, et al: Megaesophagus in a colt, J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:334, 1978.

44. Greet TR, Whitwell KE: Barium swallow as an aid to the diagnosis of grass sickness, Equine Vet J 18:294, 1986.

45. Watson TD, Sullivan M: Effects of detomidine on equine oesophageal function as studied by contrast radiography, Vet Rec 129:67, 1991.

46. Clabough DL, Roberts MC, Robertson I: Probable congenital esophageal stenosis in a thoroughbred foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:483, 1991.

47. Peek SF, De Lahunta A, Hackett RP: Combined oesophageal and tracheal duplication cyst in an Arabian filly, Equine Vet J 27:475, 1995.

48. Gaughan EM, Gift LJ, Frank RK: Tubular duplication of the cervical portion of the esophagus in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:748, 1992.

49. Rohrbach BW: Congenital esophageal ectasia in a thoroughbred foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:65, 1980.

50. Mackey VS, Large SM, Breznock EM, et al: Surgical correction of a persistent right aortic arch in a foal, Vet Surg 15:325, 1986.

51. Sams AE, Weldon AD, Rakestraw P: Surgical treatment of intramural esophageal inclusion cysts in three horses, Vet Surg 22:135, 1993.

52. Freeman DE: Wounds of the esophagus and trachea, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:683, 1989.

53. Digby NJ, Burguez PN: Traumatic oesophageal rupture in the horse, Equine Vet J 14:169, 1982.

54. Lunn DP, Peel JE: Successful treatment of traumatic oesophageal rupture with severe cellulitis in a mare, Vet Rec 116:544, 1985.

55. Todhunter RJ, Stick JA, Trotter GW, et al: Medical management of esophageal stricture in seven horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:784, 1984.

56. Craig D, Todhunter R: Surgical repair of an esophageal stricture in a horse, Vet Surg 16:251, 1987.

57. Green EM, MacFadden KE: Esophageal disorders of the horse. In Smith BP, editor: Large animal internal medicine, ed 2, St. Louis, MO, 1996, Mosby, p 98.

58. Gideon L: Esophageal anastomosis in two foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1146, 1984.

59. Suann CJ: Oesophageal resection and anastomosis as a treatment for oesophageal stricture in the horse, Equine Vet J 14:163, 1982.

60. Nixon AJ, Aanes WA, Nelson AW, et al: Esophagomyotomy for relief of an intrathoracic esophageal stricture in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:794, 1983.

61. Wagner PC, Rantanen NW: Myotomy as a treatment for esophageal stricture in a horse, Equine Pract 2:40, 1980.

62. Hoffer RE, Barber SM, Kallfelz FA, et al: Esophageal patch grafting as a treatment for esophageal stricture in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 171:350, 1977.

63. Ford TS, Schumacher J, Chaffin MK, et al: Surgical repair of an intrathoracic esophageal pulsion diverticulum in a horse, Vet Surg 20:316, 1991.

64. Frauenfelder HC, Adams SB: Esophageal diverticulectomy in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:771, 1982.

65. Campbell-Beggs CL, Kiper ML, MacAllister C, et al: Use of esophagoscopy in the diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:617, 1993.

66. Ford TS, Vaala WE, Sweeney CR, et al: Pleuroscopic diagnosis of gastroesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:1556, 1987.

67. Boy MG, Palmer JE, Heyer G, et al: Gastric leiomyosarcoma in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1363, 1992.

Disorders of the Stomach

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211. Poulin Braim A, MacDonald M, Bruss M, et al: Effects of intravenous administra­tion of pirfenidone on horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia, Am J Vet Res 70:1031-1042, 2009.

212. Baumwart C, Doherty T, Schumacher J, et al: Effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia, Am J Vet Res 72:1266-1275, 2011.

213. Lankveld D, Bull S, Van Dijk P, et al: Ketamine inhibits LPS-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in an equine macrophage cell line, Vet Res 36:257-262, 2005.

214. Alcott C, Sponseller B, Wong D, et al: Clinical and immunomodulating effects of ketamine in horses with experimental endotoxemia, J Vet Intern Med 25:934-943, 2011.

215. Mazar J, Rogachev B, Saked G, et al: Involvement of adenosine in the anti­inflammatory action of ketamine, Anesthesiology 102:1174-1181, 2005.

216. Riedel S: Procalcitonin and the role of biomarkers in the diagnosis and manage­ment of sepsis, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 73:221-227, 2012.

217. Sankar V, Webster N: Clinical applications of sepsis biomarkers, J Anesth 2012.

218. Giamarellos-Bourboulis E, Raftogiannis M: The immune response to severe bacterial infections: consequences for therapy, Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 10:369-380, 2012.

219. Joshi A, Pancari G, Cope L, et al: Immunization with Staphylococcus aureus iron regulated surface determinant B (IsdB) confers protection via Th17∕IL17 pathway in a murine sepsis model, Hum Vaccin Immunother 8:336-346, 2012.

220. Marik PE, Khangoora V, Rivera R, et al: Hydrocortisone, vitamin C, and thiamine for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock: a retrospective Before-After study, Chest 151:1229-1238, 2017.

221. Keshari RS, Silasi R, Popescu NI, et al: Inhibition of complement C5 protects against organ failure and reduces mortality in a baboon model of Escherichia coli sepsis, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2017.

222. Kong Q, Chen Y, Lv Z, et al: Infecting mice with recombinant Ad5-BPI23- Fcgamma1 virus protects against systemic Escherichia coli challenge, J Med Microbiol 61:1262-1269, 2012.

223. Liu X, Ren H, Peng D: Sepsis biomarkers: an omics perspective, Front Med 8:58-67, 2014.

224. Brubaker SW, Bonham KS, Zanoni I, et al: Innate immune pattern recognition: a cell biological perspective, Annu Rev Immunol 33:257-290, 2015.

225. Venereau E, Ceriotti C, Bianchi ME: DAMPs from cell death to new life, Front Immunol 6:422, 2015.

226. Vijay K: Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: past, present, and future, Int Immunopharmacol 59:391-412, 2018.

Medical Disorders of the Small Intestine

1. Elfenbein JR, Sanchez LC: Prevalence of gastric and duodenal ulceration in 691 nonsurviving foals (1995-2006), Equine Vet J Suppl 44:76, 2012.

2. McColl K, el-Omar EM, Gillen D: The role of H. pylori infection in the pathophysiology of duodenal ulcer disease, J Physiol Pharmacol 48:287,

1997.

3. Miller TA: Bicarbonate secretory breakdown: explanation for increased incidence of duodenal ulcer with age?, Gastroenterology 100:1471, 1991.

4. Wilson JH: Gastric and duodenal ulcers in foals: a retrospective study, pp 126-129. Proceedings of the Second Annual Equine Colic Research Symposium, Athens, GA, 1986.

5. Ettlinger JJ, Ford T, Palmer JE: Ulcerative duodenitis with luminal constriction in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1628, 1990.

6. Acland HM, Gunson DE, Gillette DM: Ulcerative duodenitis in foals, Vet Pathol 20:653, 1983.

7. Murray MJ: Pathophysiology of peptic disorders in foals and horses: a review, Eq Vet J S29:14, 1999.

8. Becht JL, Byars TD: Gastroduodenal ulcers in foals, Equine Vet J 18:307, 1986.

9. Campbell-Thompson ML, Brown MP, Slone DE, et al: Gastroenterostomy for treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer disease in 14 foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:840, 1986.

10. Jenkins CC, Blackford JT, Andrews F, et al: Duration of antisecretory effects of oral omeprazole in horses with chronic gastric cannulae, Equine Vet J Suppl 13:89, 1992.

11. Moshal MG, Spitaels JH, Manion GL: Double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of one-year therapy with sucralfate in healed duodenal ulcer, Scand J Gastro­enterol 18(Suppl 83):57, 1982.

12. Blackwell RB, White NA: Duodenitis proximal jejunitis in the horse. Proceedings of the First Equine Colic Research Symposium, vol. 1, Athens, GA, 1982.

13. White NA, 2nd, Tyler DE, Blackwell RB, et al: Hemorrhagic Abrinonecrotic duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses: 20 cases (1977-1984), J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:311, 1987.

14. Johnston JK, Morris DD: Comparison of duodenitis proximal jejunitis and small intestinal obstruction in horses: 68 cases (1977-1985), J Am Vet Med Assoc 91:849, 1987.

15. Morris DD: Medical therapy of colic. In Gordon BJ, Allen D, editors: Colic management in the horse, Lenexa, KS, 1988, Veterinary Medicine Publishing.

16. Davis JL, Blikslager AT, Catto K, et al: A retrospective analysis of hepatic injury in horses with proximal enteritis (1984-2002), J Vet Intern Med 17:896, 2003.

17. Davis JL, Jones SL: Suppurative cholangiohepatitis and enteritis in adult horses, J Vet Intern Med 17:583, 2003.

18. Arroyo LG, Stampfli HR, Weese JS: Potential role of Clostridium difficile as a cause of duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses, J Med Microbiol 55(Pt 5):605,

2006.

19. Gilbert RJ, Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT: Effect of purified Clostridium difficile toxins on intestinal smooth muscle. II. Toxin B, Am J Physiol 256(4 Pt 1):G767,

1989.

20. Gilbert RJ, Triadafilopoulos G, Pothoulakis C, et al: Effect of purified Clostridium difficile toxins on intestinal smooth muscle. I. Toxin a, Am J Physiol 256(4 Pt 1):G759, 1989.

21. Kalff JC, Schraut WH, Simmons RL, et al: Surgical manipulation of the gut elicits an intestinal muscularis inflammatory response resulting in postsurgical ileus, Ann Surg 228:652, 1998.

22. Arroyo LG, Costa MC, Guest BB, et al: Duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses after experimental administration of Clostridium difficile toxins, J Vet Intern Med 31:158, 2017.

23. Schoster A, Arroyo LG, Staempfli HR, et al: Presence and molecular characteriza­tion of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in intestinal compart­ments of healthy horses, BMC Vet Res 8:94, 2012.

24. Cohen ND, Toby E, Roussel AJ, et al: Are feeding practices associated with duodenitis-proximal jejunitis?, Equine Vet J 38:526, 2006.

25. Schumacher J, Mullen J, Shelby R, et al: An investigation of the role of Fusarium moniliforme in duodenitis∕proximal jejunitis of horses, Vet Hum Toxicol 37:39,

1995.

26. Helman RG, Edwards WC: Clinical features of blister beetle poisoning in equids: 70 cases (1983-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1018, 1997.

27. Seahorn TL, Cornick JL, Cohen ND: Prognostic indicators for horses with duodenitis- proximal jejunitis. 75 horses (1985-1989), J Vet Intern Med 6:307, 1992.

28. Luth B, Robertson J: A retrospective comparison of surgical to medical management of proximal enteritis in the horse. Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, San Diego, CA, 1988, p. 69.

29. Dukti SA, Perkins S, Murphy J, et al: Prevalence of gastric squamous ulceration in horses with abdominal pain, Equine Vet J 38:347, 2006.

30. Cesarini C, Monreal L, Armengou L, et al: Association of admission plasma D-dimer concentration with diagnosis and outcome in horses with colic, J Vet Intern Med 24:1490, 2010.

31. Jones PA, Bain FT, Byars TD, et al: Effect of hydroxyethyl starch infusion on colloid oncotic pressure in hypoproteinemic horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1130, 2001.

32. Jones PA, Tomasic M, Gentry PA: Oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of isotonic saline and hydroxyethyl starch solutions in clinically normal ponies, Am J Vet Res 58:541, 1997.

33. Steinman A, Gips M, Lavy E, et al: Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in horses after intravenous, rectal and oral administration, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 23:353, 2000.

34. Van Hoogmoed LM, Nieto JE, Snyder JR, et al: Survey of prokinetic use in horses with gastrointestinal injury, Vet Surg 33:279, 2004.

35. Malone E, Ensink J, Turner T, et al: Intravenous continuous infusion of lidocaine for treatment of equine ileus, Vet Surg 35:60, 2006.

36. Underwood C, Southwood LL, McKeown LP, et al: Complications and survival associated with surgical compared with medical management of horses with duodenitis-proximal jejunitis, Equine Vet J 40:373, 2008.

37. Cohen ND, Parson EM, Seahorn TL, et al: Prevalence and factors associated with development of laminitis in horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis: 33 cases (1985-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:250, 1994.

38. Lavoie JP, Drolet R, Parsons D, et al: Equine proliferative enteropathy: a cause of weight loss, colic, diarrhoea and hypoproteinemia in foals on three breeding farms in Canada, Equine Vet J 32:418, 2000.

39. Frazer ML: Lawsonia intracellularis infection in horses: 2005-2007, J Vet Intern Med 22:1243, 2008.

40. McGurrin MK, Vengust M, Arroyo LG, et al: An outbreak of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in a standardbred herd in Ontario, Can Vet J 48:927,

2008.

41. Merlo JL, Sheats MK, Elce Y, et al: Outbreak of Lawsonia intracellularis on a standardbred farm in North Carolina, Equine Vet Educ 21:179, 2009.

42. Shimizu C, Shibahara T, Takai S, et al: Lawsonia intracellularis and virulent Rhodococcus equi infection in a thoroughbred colt, J Comp Pathol 143:303,

2010.

43. Jordan DM, Knittel JP, Schwartz KJ, et al: A Lawsonia intracellularis transmission study using a pure culture inoculated seeder-pig sentinel model, Vet Microbiol 104:83, 2004.

44. Friedman M, Bednar V, Klimes J, et al: Lawsonia intracellularis in rodents from pig farms with the occurrence of porcine proliferative enteropathy, Lett Appl Microbiol 47:117, 2008.

45. Collins AM, Fell S, Pearson H, et al: Colonisation and shedding of Lawsonia intracellularis in experimentally inoculated rodents and in wild rodents on pig farms, Vet Microbiol 150:384, 2011.

46. Vannucci FA, Pusterla N, Mapes SM, et al: Evidence of host adaptation in Lawsonia intracellularis infections, Vet Res 43:53, 2012.

47. Pusterla N, Mapes SM, Rejmanek D, et al: Detection of Lawsonia intracellularis by real-time PCR in the feces of free-living animals from equine farms with documented occurrence of equine proliferative enteropathy, J Wildl Dis 44:992, 2008.

48. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Gebhart CJ: A follow up study on the investigation of the occurrence of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in wild and feral animals captured on horse properties with equine proliferative enteropathy, Vet J 194:253,

2012.

49. Pusterla N, Wattanaphansak S, Mapes SM, et al: Oral infection of weanling foals with an equine isolate of Lawsonia intracellularis, agent of equine prolifera­tive enteropathy, J Vet Intern Med 24:622, 2010.

50. Pusterla N, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Vannucci FA, et al: Transmission of Lawsonia intracellularis to weanling foals using feces from experimentally infected rabbits, Vet J 195:241, 2013.

51. Collins AM, Love RJ: Re-challenge of pigs following recovery from proliferative enteropathy, Vet Microbiol 120:381, 2007.

52. Collins A, Love RJ, Pozo J, et al: Studies on the ex vivo survival of Lawsonia intracellularis, J Swine Health Prod 8:211, 2000.

53. Lawson GH, Gebhart CJ: Proliferative enteropathy, J Comp Pathol 122:77,

2000.

54. Smith DG, Lawson GH: Lawsonia intracellularis: getting inside the pathogenesis of proliferative enteropathy, Vet Microbiol 82:331, 2001.

55. Page AE, Fallon LH, Bryant UK, et al: Acute deterioration and death with necrotizing enteritis associated with Lawsonia intracellularis in 4 weanling foals, J Vet Intern Med 26:1476, 2012.

56. Wong DM, Alcott CJ, Sponseller BA, et al: Impaired intestinal absorption of glucose in 4 foals with Lawsonia intracellularis infection, J Vet Intern Med 23:940, 2009.

57. Nathues H, Holthaus K, Beilage E: Quantification of Lawsonia intracellularis in porcine faeces by real-time PCR, J Appl Microbiol 107:2009, 2009.

58. Pusterla N, Mapes SM, Johnson C, et al: Comparison of feces versus rectal swabs for the molecular detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in foals with equine proliferative enteropathy, J Vet Diagn Invest 22:741, 2010.

59. Richter B, Ladinig A, Nedorost N, et al: A TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in fecal and tissue samples from pigs, J Vet Diagn Invest 22:70, 2010.

60. Guedes RM, Gebhart CJ, Winkelman NL, et al: Comparison of different methods for diagnosis of porcine proliferative enteropathy, Can J Vet Res 66:99, 2002.

61. Guedes RM, Gebhart CJ, Winkelman NL, et al: A comparative study of an indirect fluorescent antibody test and an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay for the diagnosis of porcine proliferative enteropathy, J Vet Diagn Invest 14:420, 2002.

62. Wattanaphansak S, Asawakarn T, Gebhart CJ, et al: Development and validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of porcine prolifera­tive enteropathy, J Vet Diagn Invest 20:170, 2008.

63. Gebhart CJ, Page AE, Kelley M, et al: Comparative study of serology assays for equine proliferative enteropathy, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 58:503, 2012.

64. Frazer M: Sale price and race earnings in horses previously diagnosed by Lawsonia intracellularis, J Vet Intern Med 25:677, 2011.

65. Guedes RM, Gebhart CJ: Onset and duration of fecal shedding, cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in pigs after challenge with a pathogenic isolate or attenuated vaccine strain of Lawsonia intracellularis, Vet Microbiol 91:35, 2003.

66. Kroll JJ, Roof MB, McOrist S: Evaluation of protective immunity in pigs following oral administration of an avirulent live vaccine of Lawsonia intracellularis, Am J Vet Res 65:559, 2004.

67. McOrist S, Smits RJ: Field evaluation of an oral attenuated Lawsonia intracel- lularis vaccine for porcine proliferative enteropathy (ileitis), Vet Rec 161:26,

2007.

68. Pusterla N, Hilton H, Wattanaphansak S, et al: Evaluation of the humoral immune response and fecal shedding in weanling foals after oral and intra-rectal administration of an avirulent live vaccine of Lawsonia intracellularis, Vet J 182:458, 2009.

69. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Gebhart CJ: Lawsonia intracellularis-specific interferon γ gene expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vaccinated and naturally infected foals, Vet J 192:249, 2012.

70. Nogradi N, Slovis NM, Gebhart CJ, et al: Evaluation of the field efficacy of an avirulent live Lawsonia intracellularis vaccine in foals, Vet J 192:511, 2012.

71. Pusterla N, Vannucci FA, Mapes SM, et al: Efficacy of an avirulent live vaccine against Lawsonia intracellularis in the prevention of proliferative enteropathy in experimentally infected weanling foals, Am J Vet Res 73:741, 2012.

72. Reuss SM, Chaffin MK, Cohen ND: Extrapulmonary disorders associated with Rhodococcus equi infection in foals: 150 cases (1987-2007), J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:855, 2009.

73. Takai S, Iimori S, Tsubaki S: Quantitative fecal culture for early diagnosis of Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi enteritis in foals, Can J Vet Res 50:479,

1986.

74. Cimprich RE, Rooney JR: Corynebacterium equi enteritis in foals, Vet Pathol 14:95, 1977.

75. Takai S, Murata N, Kudo R, et al: Two new variants of the Rhodococcus equi virulence plasmid, 90 kb type III and type IV, recovered from a foal in Japan, Vet Microbiol 82:373, 2001.

76. Shimizu C, Shibahara T, Takai S, et al: Lawsonia intracellularis and virulent Rhodococcus equi infection in a thoroughbred colt, J Comp Pathol 143:303, 2010.

77. De Cock AW, Mendoza L, Padhye AA, et al: Pythium insidiosum sp. nov., the etiologic agent of pythiosis, J Clin Microbiol 25:344, 1987.

78. Miller RI: Gastrointestinal phycomycosis in 63 dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:473, 1985.

79. Purcell KL, Johnson PJ, Kreeger JM, et al: Jejunal obstruction caused by a Pythium insidiosum granuloma in a mare, J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:337, 1994.

80. Allison N, Gillis JP: Enteric pythiosis in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:462,

1990.

81. Brown CC, Roberts ED: Intestinal pythiosis in a horse, Aust Vet J 65:88, 1988.

82. Morton LD, Morton DG, Baker GJ, et al: Chronic eosinophilic enteritis attributed to Pythium sp. in a horse, Vet Pathol 28:542, 1991.

83. Platt H: Chronic inflammatory and lymphoproliferative lesions of the equine small intestine, J Comp Pathol 96:671, 1986.

84. Pass DA, Bolton JR: Chronic eosinophilic gastroenteritis in the horse, Vet Pathol 19:486, 1983.

85. Pass DA, Bolton JR, Mills JN: Basophilic enterocolitis in a horse, Vet Pathol 21:362, 1984.

86. MacAllister CG, Mosier D, Qualls CW, Jr, et al: Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1995, 1990.

87. Schumacher J, Edwards JF, Cohen ND: Chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases of the horse, J Vet Intern Med 14:258, 2000.

88. Kemper DL, Perkins GA, Schumacher J, et al: Equine lymphocytic-plasmacytic enterocolitis: a retrospective study of 14 cases, Equine Vet J Suppl 32:108, 2000.

89. Scott EA, Heidel JR, Snyder SP, et al: Inflammatory bowel disease in horses: 11 cases (1988-1998), J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1527, 1999.

90. Fiocchi C: Intestinal inflammation: a complex interplay of immune and nonimmune cell interactions, Am J Physiol 273:G769, 1997.

91. Gibson KT, Alders RG: Eosinophilic enterocolitis and dermatitis in two horses, Equine Vet J 19:247, 1987.

92. Boshuizen B, Ploeg M, Dewulf J, et al: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in horses: a retrospective study exploring the value of different diagnostic approaches, BMC Vet Res 14:21, 2018.

93. Morris DD, Vaala WE, Sarton E: Protein-losing enteropathy in a yearling filly with subclinical DIC and autoimmune hemolytic disease, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 4:S542, 1982.

94. van der Kolk JH, van Putten LA, Mulder CJ, et al: Gluten-dependent antibodies in horses with inflammatory small bowel disease (ISBD), Vet Q 32:3, 2012.

95. Lindberg R, Nygren A, Oersson SGB: Rectal biopsy diagnosis in horses with clinical signs of intestinal disorders: a retrospective study of 116 cases, Equine VetJ 28:275, 1996.

96. Proudman CJ, Kipar A: IFEE: new acronym, new challenge, Equine Vet J 38:290, 2006.

97. Archer DC, Barrie Edwards G, Kelly DF, et al: Obstruction of equine small intestine associated with focal idiopathic eosinophilic enteritis: an emerging disease?, Vet J 171:504, 2006.

98. Southwood LL, Kawcak CE, Trotter GW, et al: Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis associated with small intestinal obstruction in 6 horses, Vet Surg 29:415, 2000.

99. Makinen PE, Archer DC, Baptiste KE, et al: Characterisation of the inflammatory reaction in equine idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis and diffuse eosinophilic enteritis, Equine Vet J 40:386, 2008.

100. Perez Olmos JF, Schofield WL, Dillon H, et al: Circumferential mural bands in the small intestine causing simple obstructive colic: a case series, Equine Vet J 38:354, 2006.

101. Kaikkonen R, Niinisto K, Sykes B, et al: Diagnostic evaluation and short-term outcome as indicators of long-term prognosis in horses with findings suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease treated with corticosteroids and anthelmintics, Acta Vet Scand 56:35, 2014.

102. Duryea JH, Ainsworth DM, Mauldin EA, et al: Clinical remission of granu­lomatous enteritis in a standardbred gelding long-term dexamethasone administration, Equine Vet J 29:164, 1997.

103. Barr BS: Infiltrative intestinal disease, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 22:1, 2006.

104. Cotchin C: A general survey of tumours in the horse, Equine Vet J 9:16, 1977.

105. Taylor SD, Pusterla N, Vaughan B, et al: Intestinal neoplasia in horses, J Vet Intern Med 20:1429, 2006.

106. Rebhun WC, Bertone A: Equine lymphosarcoma, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:720,

1984.

107. Janvier V, Evrard L, Cerri S, et al: Ultrasonographic findings in 13 horses with lymphoma, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 57:65, 2016.

108. Saulez MN, Schlipf JW, Jr, Cebra CK, et al: Use of chemotherapy for treatment of a mixed-cell thoracic lymphoma in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:733,

2004.

109. Honnas CM, Snyder JR, Olander HJ, et al: Small intestinal adenocarcinoma in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:845, 1987.

110. Mair TS, Taylor FG, Brown PJ: Leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum in two horses, J Comp Pathol 102:119, 1990.

111. Kirchhof N, Scheidemann W, Baumgartner W: Multiple peripheral nerve sheath tumors in the small intestine of a horse, Vet Pathol 33:727, 1996.

112. Ogilvie GK: Paraneoplastic syndromes, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 14:439,

1998.

113. Kim DY, Taylor HW, Eades SC, et al: Systemic AL amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma in a horse, Vet Pathol 42:81, 2005.

114. Schultheiss PC, Traub-Dargatz JL, Knight AP, et al: Intestinal fibrosis and vascular remodeling in ten horses and two ponies, J Vet Diagn Invest 7:575,

1995.

115. Traub-Dargatz JL, Schultheiss PC, Kiper ML, et al: Intestinal fibrosis with partial obstruction in five horses and two ponies, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:603, 1992.

116. Johnson PJ, Pace LW, Mrad DR, et al: Small intestinal fibrosis in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1013, 1997.

117. Hanselaer JR, Nyland TG: Chyloabdomen and ultrasonographic detection of an intra-abdominal abscess in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:1465, 1983.

118. Campbell-Beggs CL, Johnson PJ, Wilson DA, et al: Chyloabdomen in a neonatal foal, Vet Rec 137:96, 1995.

119. May KA, Cheramie HS, Prater DA: Chyloperitoneum and abdominal adhesions in a miniature horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:676, 1999.

Surgical Disorders of the Small Intestine

1. Clarke LL, Roberts MC, Argenzio RA: Feeding and digestive problems in horses. Physiologic responses to a concentrated meal, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 6:433, 1990.

2. Clarke LL, Argenzio RA, Roberts MC: Effect of meal feeding on plasma volume and urinary electrolyte clearance in ponies, Am J Vet Res 51:571, 1990.

3. Dabareiner RM, Sullins KE, Snyder JR, et al: Evaluation of the microcirculation of the equine small intestine after intraluminal distention and subsequent decompression, Am J Vet Res 54:1673, 1993.

4. Dabareiner RM, Sullins KE, White NA, et al: Serosal injury in the equine jejunum and ascending colon after ischemia-reperfusion or intraluminal distention and decompression, Vet Surg 30:114, 2001.

5. Allen DJ, White NA, Tyler DE: Morphologic effects of experimental distention of equine small intestine, Vet Surg 17:10, 1988.

6. Southwood LL, Ragle CA, Snyder JR, et al: Surgical treatment of ascarid impac­tions in horses and foals, pp 258-263. Proceedings of the Forty-Second Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Denver, CO,

1996.

7. Clayton HM: Ascarids. Recent advances, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2:313,

1986.

8. Tatz AJ, Segev G, Steinman A, et al: Surgical treatment for acute small intestinal obstruction caused by Parascaris equorum infection in 15 horses (2002-2011), Equine Vet J 44:111, 2012.

9. Parks AH, Allen D: The purported role of coastal Bermuda hay in the etiology of ileal impactions: results of a questionnaire, Proc Equine Colic Res Symp 6:37,

1998.

10. Little D, Blikslager AT: Factors associated with development of ileal impaction in horses with surgical colic: 78 cases (1986-2000), Equine Vet J 34:464, 2002.

11. Proudman CJ, French NP, Trees AJ: Tapeworm infection is a significant risk factor for spasmodic colic and ileal impaction colic in the horse, Equine Vet J 30:194, 1998.

12. Hanson RR, Wright JC, Schumacher J, et al: Surgical reduction of ileal impactions in the horse: 28 cases, Vet Surg 27:555, 1998.

13. Parks AH, Doran RE, White NA, et al: Ileal impaction in the horse: 75 cases, Cornell Vet 79:83, 1989.

14. Hanson RR, Schumacher J, Humburg J, et al: Medical treatment of horses with ileal impactions: 10 cases (1990-1994), J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:898, 1996.

15. Blikslager AT, Bowman KF, Levine JF, et al: Evaluation of factors associated with postoperative ileus in horses: 31 cases (1990-1992), J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:1748, 1994.

16. Fleming K, Mueller POE: Ileal impaction in 245 horses: 1995-2007, Can Vet J 52:759, 2011.

17. Pavone S, Veronesi F, Piergili FD, et al: Pathological changes caused by Anop- locephala perfoliata in the equine ileocecal junction, Vet Res Comm 34:S53, 2010.

18. Chaffin MK, Fuenteabla IC, Schumacher J, et al: Idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the equine small intestine: 11 cases (1980-1991), Equine Vet J 24:372, 1992.

19. Dechant JE, Whitcomb MB, Magdesian KG: Ultrasonographic diagnosis—idio­pathic muscular hypertrophy of the small intestine in a miniature horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:300, 2008.

20. Hooper RN: Small intestinal strangulation caused by Meckel's diverticulum in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:943, 1989.

21. Grant BD, Tennant B: Volvulus associated with Meckel’s diverticulum in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 162:550, 1973.

22. Freeman DE, Koch DB, Boles CL: Mesodiverticular bands as a cause of small intestinal strangulation and volvulus in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 175:1089,

1979.

23. Abutarbush SM, Shoemaker RW, Bailey JV: Strangulation of the small intestines by a mesodiverticular band in 3 adult horses, Can Vet J 44:1005, 2003.

24. Archer DC, Edwards BG, Kelly DF, et al: Obstruction of equine small intestine associated with focal idiopathic eosinophilic enteritis: an emerging disease?, Vet J 171:504, 2006.

25. Southwood LL, Kawcak CE, Trotter GW, et al: Idiopathic focal enteritis associated with small intestinal obstruction in 6 horses, Vet Surg 29:415, 2000.

26. Archer DC, Costain DA, Sherlock C: Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis (IFEE), an emerging cause of abdominal pain in horses: the effect of age, time and geographical location on risk, PLoS ONE 9:e112072, 2014.

27. Meschter CL, Tyler DE, White NA, et al: Histologic findings in the gastrointestinal tract of horses with colic, Am J Vet Res 47:598, 1986.

28. White NA, Moore JN, Trim CM: Mucosal alterations in experimentally induced small intestinal strangulation obstruction in ponies, Am J Vet Res 41:193,

1980.

29. Laws EG, Freeman DE: Significance of reperfusion injury after venous strangula­tion obstruction of equine jejunum, J Invest Surg 8:263, 1995.

30. Blikslager AT, Roberts MC, Gerard MP, et al: How important is intestinal reperfusion injury in horses?, J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1387, 1997.

31. Gerard MP, Blikslager AT, Roberts MC, et al: The characteristics of intestinal injury peripheral to strangulating obstruction lesions in the equine small intestine, Equine Vet J 31:331, 1999.

32. Horne MM, Pascoe PJ, Ducharme NG, et al: Attempts to modify reperfusion injury of equine jejunal mucosa using dimethylsulfoxide, allopurinol, and intraluminal oxygen, Vet Surg 23:241, 1994.

33. Van Hoogmoed LM, Nieto JE, Spier SJ, et al: In vivo investigation of the efficacy of a customized solution to attenuate injury following low-flow ischemia and reperfusion injury in the jejunum of horses, Am J Vet Res 65:485, 2004.

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36. Freeman DE, Schaeffer DJ, Cleary OB: Long-term survival in horses with strangulating obstruction of the small intestine managed without resection, Equine Vet J 46:711, 2014.

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38. Mair TS, Smith LJ: Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 3: Long-term complications and survival, Equine Vet J 37:310, 2005.

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41. Baxter GM, Broome TE, Moore JN: Abdominal adhesions after small intestinal surgery in the horse, Vet Surg 18:409, 1989.

42. Gorvy DA, Edwards GB, Proudman CJ: Intra-abdominal adhesions in horses: a retrospective evaluation of repeat laparotomy in 99 horses with acute gastrointestinal disease, Vet J 175:194, 2008.

43. Vachon AM, Fischer AT: Small intestinal herniation through the epiploic foramen: 53 cases (1987-1993), Equine Vet J 27:373, 1995.

44. Turner TA, Adams SB, White NA: Small intestine incarceration through the epiploic foramen of the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:731, 1984.

45. Freeman DE, Schaeffer DJ: Age distributions of horses with strangulation of the small intestine by a lipoma or in the epiploic foramen: 46 cases (1994-2000), J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:87, 2001.

46. Archer DC, Proudman CJ, Pinchbeck G, et al: Entrapment of the small intestine in the epiploic foramen in horses: a retrospective analysis of 71 cases recorded between 1991 and 2001, Vet Rec 155:793, 2004.

47. Archer DC, Freeman DE, Doyle AJ, et al: Association between cribbing and entrapment of the small intestine in the epiploic foramen in horses: 68 cases (1991-2002), J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:562, 2004.

48. Deleted in review.

49. Hammock PD, Freeman DE, Magid JH, et al: Parietal hernia of the small intestine into the epiploic foramen of a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1354, 1999.

50. Foerner JJ, Ringle MJ, Junkins DS, et al: Transection of the pelvic flexure to reduce incarceration of the large colon through the epiploic foramen in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1312, 1993.

51. Engelbert TA, Tate LP, Bowman KF, et al: Incarceration of the small intestine in the epiploic foramen. Report of 19 cases (1983-1992), Vet Surg 22:57, 1993.

52. Freeman DE, Schaeffer DJ: Short-term survival after surgery for epiploic foramen entrapment compared with other strangulating diseases of the small intestine in horses, Equine Vet J 37:292, 2005.

53. Blikslager AT, Bowman KF, Haven ML, et al: Pedunculated lipomas as a cause of intestinal obstruction in horses: 17 cases (1983-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1249, 1992.

54. Edwards GB, Proudman CJ: An analysis of 75 cases of intestinal obstruction caused by pedunculated lipomas, Equine Vet J 26:18, 1994.

55. Hughes KJ, Dowling BA, Matthews SA, et al: Results of surgical treatment of colic in miniature breed horses: 11 cases, Aust Vet J 81:260, 2003.

56. Dunkerley SA, Williams A, Gillis JP: Lipoma in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:332, 1997.

57. Garcia-Seco E, Wilson DA, Kramer J, et al: Prevalence and risk factors associated with outcome of surgical removal of pedunculated lipomas in horses? 102 cases (1987-2002), J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:1537, 2005.

58. Dukti S, White NA: Prognosticating equine colic, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 25:217, 2009.

59. Robertson JT: Diseases of the small intestine. In White NA, editor: The equine acute abdomen, Philadelphia, PA, 1990, Lea & Febiger, p 347.

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61. Stephen JO, Corley KT, Johnston JK, et al: Small intestinal volvulus in 115 horses: 1988-2000, Vet Surg 33:333, 2004.

62. Tate LP, Ralston SL, Koch CM, et al: Effects of extensive resection of the small intestine in the pony, Am J Vet Res 44:1187, 1983.

63. Freeman DE, Kilgallon EG: Effect of venous strangulation obstruction on length of equine jejunum and relevance to small-intestinal resection, Vet Surg 30:218, 2001.

64. Schneider RK, Milne DW, Kohn CW: Acquired inguinal hernia in the horse: a review of 27 cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:317, 1982.

65. van der Velden MA: Surgical treatment of acquired inguinal hernia in the horse: a review of 51 cases, Equine Vet J 20:173, 1988.

66. Spurlock GH, Robertson JT: Congenital inguinal hernias associated with a rent in the common vaginal tunic in five foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1087, 1988.

67. van der Velden MA: Ruptured inguinal hernia in new-born colt foals: a review of 14 cases, Equine Vet J 20:178, 1988.

68. Rossignol F, Perrin R, Boening KJ: Laparoscopic hernioplasty in recumbent horses using transposition of a peritoneal flap, Vet Surg 36:557, 2007.

69. Freeman DE, Orsini JA, Harrison IA, et al: Complications of umbilical hernias in horses: 13 cases (1972-1986), J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:804, 1988.

70. Markel MD, Pascoe JR, Sams AE: Strangulated umbilical hernias in horses: 13 cases (1974-1985), J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:692, 1987.

71. Bristol DG: Diaphragmatic hernias in horses and cattle, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 8:S407, 1986.

72. Wimberly HC, Andrews EJ, Haschek WM: Diaphragmatic hernias in the horse: a review of the literature and an analysis of six additional cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:1404, 1977.

73. Orsini JA, Koch C, Stewart B: Peritoneopericardial hernia in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:907, 1981.

74. Santschi EM, Juzwiak JS, Moll HD, et al: Diaphragmatic hernia repair in three young horses, Vet Surg 26:242, 1997.

75. Romero AE, Rodgerson DH: Diaphragmatic herniation in the horse: 31 cases from 2001-2006, Can Vet J 51:1247, 2010.

76. Hart SK, Brown JA: Diaphragmatic hernia in horses: 44 cases (1986-2006), J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19:357, 2009.

77. Edwards GB: Surgical management of intussusception in the horse, Equine Vet J 18:313, 1986.

78. Ford TS, Freeman DE, Ross MW, et al: Ileocecal intussusception in horses: 26 cases (1981-1988), J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:121, 1990.

79. Bernard WV, Reef VB, Reimer JM, et al: Ultrasonographic diagnosis of small- intestinal intussusception in three foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:395, 1989.

80. Gift LJ, Gaughan EM, Debowes RM, et al: Jejunal intussusception in adult horses: 11 cases (1981-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:110, 1993.

81. Yovich JV, Stashak TS, Bertone AL: Incarceration of small intestine through rents in the gastrosplenic ligament in the horse, Vet Surg 14:303,

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82. Gayle JM, Macharg MA, Smallwood JE: Strangulating obstruction caused by intestinal herniation through the proximal aspect of the cecocolic fold in 9 horses, Vet Surg 30:40, 2001.

83. Gayle JM, Blikslager AT, Bowman KF: Mesenteric rents as a source of small intestinal strangulation in horses: 15 cases (1990-1997), J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1446, 2000.

84. Lawless SP, Werner LA, Baker WT, et al: Duodenojejunal mesenteric rents: survival and complications after surgical correction in 38 broodmares (2006-2014), Vet Surg 46:367, 2017.

85. White NA: Intestinal infarction associated with mesenteric vascular thrombotic disease in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:259, 1981.

Medical Disorders of the Large Intestine

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2. House JK, Mainar-Jaime RC, Smith BP, et al: Risk factors for nosocomial Salmonella infection among hospitalized horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1511,

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3. Par J, Carpenter TE, Thurmond MC: Analysis of spatial and temporal clustering of horses with Salmonella Krefeld in an intensive care unit of a veterinary hospital, J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:626, 1996.

4. Hartmann FA, Callan RJ, McGuirk SM, et al: Control of an outbreak of salmonellosis caused by drug-resistant Salmonella anatum in horses at a veterinary hospital and measures to prevent future infections, J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:629,

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5. Tillotson K, Savage CJ, Salman MD, et al: Outbreak of Salmonella infantis infection in a large animal veterinary teaching hospital, J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1554, 1997.

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8. Dallap Schaer BL, Linton JK, Aceto H: Antimicrobial use in horses undergoing colic surgery, Vet Intern Med 26:1449, 2012.

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10. Hartnack AK, Van Metre DC, Morley PS: Salmonella enterica shedding in hospitalized horses and associations with diarrhea occurrence among their stablemates and gastrointestinal-related illness or death following discharge, J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:726, 2012.

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16. Burgess BA, Weller CB, Pabilonia KL, et al: Detection of different serotypes of Salmonella enterica in experimentally inoculated equine fecal samples by commercially available rapid tests, J Vet Intern Med 28:1853, 2014.

17. Palmer JE, Whitlock RH, Benson CE, et al: Comparison of rectal mucosal cultures and fecal cultures in detecting Salmonella infection in horses and cattle, Am J Vet Res 46:697, 1985.

18. Pusterla N, Byrne BA, Hodzic E, et al: Use of quantitative real-time PCR for the detection of Salmonella spp. in fecal samples from horses at a veterinary teaching hospital, Vet J 186:252, 2010.

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20. Rikihisa Y, Perry BD: Causative ehrlichial organisms in Potomac horse fever, Infect Immun 49:513, 1985.

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24. Ziemer EL, Whitlock RH, Palmer JE, et al: Clinical and hematologic variables in ponies with experimentally induced equine ehrlichial colitis (Potomac horse fever), Am J Vet Res 48:63, 1987.

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26. Burg JG, Roberts AW, Williams NM, et al: Attempted transmission of Ehrlichia risticii (Rickettsiaceae) with Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), J Med Entomol 27:874, 1990.

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30. Pusterla N, Hagerty D, Mapes S, et al: Detection of Neorickettsia risticii from various freshwater snail species collected from a district irrigation canal in Nevada County, California, Vet J 197:489, 2013.

31. Chae JS, Pusterla N, Johnson E, et al: Infection of aquatic insects with trematode metacercariae carrying Ehrlichia risticii, the cause of potomac horse fever, J Med Entomol 37:619, 2000.

32. Reubel GH, Barlough JE, Madigan JE: Production and characterization of Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever, from snails (Pleuroceridae: juga spp.) in aquarium culture and genetic comparison to equine strains, J Clin Microbiol 36:1501, 1998.

33. Pusterla N, Johnson EM, Chae JS, et al: Digenetic trematodes. Acanthatrium sp. and Lecithodendrium sp., as vectors of Neorickettsia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever, J Helminthol 77:335, 2003.

34. Palmer JE, Benson CE, Lotz GW: Serological response of experimental ponies orally infected with Ehrlichia risticii, Equine Vet J Suppl 7:19, 1989.

35. Madigan JE, Pusterla N, Johnson E, et al: Transmission of Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of potomac horse fever, using naturally infected aquatic insects and helminth vectors: preliminary report, Equine Vet J 32:275, 2000.

36. Mott J, Muramatsu Y, Seaton E, et al: Molecular analysis of Neorickettsia risticii in adult aquatic insects in Pennsylvania, in horses infected by ingestion of insects, and isolated in cell culture, J Clin Microbiol 40:690, 2002.

37. Madigan JE, Rikihisa Y, Palmer JE, et al: Evidence for a high rate of false-positive results with the indirect fluorescent antibody test for Ehrlichia risticii, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1448, 1995.

38. Pusterla N, Leutenegger CM, Sigrist B, et al: Detection and quantitation of Ehrlichia risticii genomic DNA in infected horses and snails by real-time PCR, Vet Parasitol 90:129, 2000.

39. Palmer JE: Prevention of Potomac horse fever, Cornell Vet 79:201, 1989.

40. Vemulapalli R, Biswas B, Dutta SK: Pathogenic, immunologic, and molecular differences between two Ehrlichia risticii strains, J Clin Microbiol 33:2987,

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41. Chaichanasiriwithaya W, Rikihisa Y, Yamamoto S, et al: Antigenic, morphologic, and molecular characterization of new Ehrlichia risticii isolates, J Clin Microbiol 32:3026, 1994.

42. Wierup M: Equine intestinal clostridiosis. An acute disease in horses associated with high intestinal counts of Clostridium perfringens type a, Acta Vet Scand Suppl 62:1, 1977.

43. Donaldson MT, Palmer JE: Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile toxin A in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic, J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:358, 1999.

44. Gerding DN, Johnson S, Peterson LR, et al: Clostridium difficile--associated diarrhea and colitis, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 16:459, 1995.

45. Diab SS, Songer G, Uzal FA: Clostridium difficile infection in horses: a review, Vet Microbiol 167:42, 2013.

46. Rocha MF, Soares AM, Flores CA, et al: Intestinal secretory factor released by macrophages stimulated with Clostridium difficile toxin A: role of interleukin 1 beta, Infect Immun 66:4910, 1998.

47. Riegler M, Sedivy R, Sogukoglu T, et al: Epidermal growth factor attenuates Clostridium difficile toxin A- and B-induced damage of human colonic mucosa, Am J Physiol 273:G1014, 1997.

48. Triadafilopoulos G, Pothoulakis C, O'Brien MJ, et al: Differential effects of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B on rabbit ileum, Gastroenterology 93:273,

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49. Wershil BK, Castagliuolo I, Pothoulakis C: Direct evidence of mast cell involvement in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis in mice, Gas­troenterology 114:956, 1998.

50. Linevsky JK, Pothoulakis C, Keates S, et al: IL-8 release and neutrophil activation by Clostridium difficile toxin-exposed human monocytes, Am J Physiol 273:G1333, 1997.

51. Castagliuolo I, Keates AC, Wang CC, et al: Clostridium difficile toxin A stimulates macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 production in rat intestinal epithelial cells, J Immunol 160:6039, 1998.

52. Castagliuolo I, Keates AC, Qiu B, et al: Increased substance P responses in dorsal root ganglia and intestinal macrophages during Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis in rats, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:4788, 1997.

53. Riegler M, Sedivy R, Pothoulakis C, et al: Clostridium difficile toxin B is more potent than toxin A in damaging human colonic epithelium in vitro, J Clin Invest 95:2004, 1995.

54. Shone CC, Hambleton P: Toxigenic clostridia. In Minto NP, Clarke DJ, editors: Biotechnology handbooks: clostridia, New York, 1989, Plenum, p 265.

55. East LM, Savage CJ, Traub-Dargatz JL, et al: Enterocolitis associated with Clostridium perfringens infection in neonatal foals: 54 cases (1988-1997), J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1751, 1998.

56. Netherwood T, Wood JL, Mumford JA, et al: Molecular analysis of the virulence determinants of Clostridium perfringens associated with foal diarrhoea, Vet J 155:289, 1998.

57. Herholz C, Miserez R, Nicolet J, et al: Prevalence of 2-toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in horses with intestinal disorders, J Clin Microbiol 37:3583,

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58. Netherwood T, Wood JL, Townsend HG, et al: Foal diarrhoea between 1991 and 1994 in the United Kingdom associated with Clostridium perfringens, rotavirus, Strongyloides westeri and Cryptosporidium spp, Epidemiol Infect 117:375, 1996.

59. Baverud V, Gunnarsson A, Karlsson M, et al: Antimicrobial susceptibility of equine and environmental isolates of Clostridium difficile, Microb Drug Resist 10:57, 2004.

60. Weese JS, Staempfli HR, Prescott JF: A prospective study of the roles of Clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in equine diarrhoea, Equine Vet J 33:403, 2001.

61. Donaldson MT, Palmer JE: Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile toxin A in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic, J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:358, 1999.

62. Schoster A, Arroyo LG, Staempfli HR, et al: Presence and molecular characteriza­tion of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in intestinal compart­ments of healthy horses, BMC Vet Res 29:8, 2012.

63. Baverud V, Gustafsson A, Franklin A, et al: Clostridium difficile: prevalence in horses and environment, and antimicrobial susceptibility, Equine Vet J 35:465,

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64. Magdesian KG, Dujowich M, Madigan JE, et al: Molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile isolates from horses in an intensive care unit and association of disease severity with strain type, J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:751,

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65. Arroyo LG, Costa MC, Guest BB, et al: Duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses after experimental administration of Clostridium difficile toxins, J Vet Intern Med 31:158, 2017.

66. Madewell BR, Tang YJ, Jang S, et al: Apparent outbreaks of Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhea in horses in a veterinary medical teaching hospital, J Vet Diagn Invest 7:343, 1995.

67. McClane BA: An overview of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, Toxicology 34:1335, 1996.

68. Magdesian KG, Leutenegger CM: Real-time PCR and typing of Clostridium difficile isolates colonizing mare-foal pairs, Vet J 190:119, 2011.

69. Jang SS, Hansen LM, Breher JE, et al: Antimicrobial susceptibilities of equine isolates of Clostridium difficile and molecular characterization of metronidazole- resistant strains, Clin Infect Dis 25(Suppl 2):S266, 1997.

70. Castagliuolo I, Riegler MF, Valenick L, et al: Saccharomyces boulardii protease inhibits the effects of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in human colonic mucosa, Infect Immun 67:302, 1999.

71. Boyle AG, Magdesian KG, Durando MM, et al: Saccharomyces boulardii viability and efficacy in horses with antimicrobial-induced diarrhoea, Vet Rec 172:128,

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72. Desrochers AM, Dolente BA, Roy MF, et al: Efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii for treatment of horses with acute enterocolitis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:954,

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73. Weese JS, Cote NM, deGannes RV: Evaluation of in vitro properties of di-tri- octahedral smectite on clostridial toxins and growth, Equine Vet J 35:638, 2003.

74. Pusterla N, Vin R, Leutenegger CM, et al: Enteric coronavirus infection in adult horses, Vet J 231:13, 2018.

75. Oue Y, Morita Y, Kondo T, et al: Epidemic of equine coronavirus at Obihiro Racecourse, Hokkaido, Japan in 2012, J Vet Med Sci 75:1261, 2013.

76. Oue Y, Ishihara R, Edamatsu H, et al: Isolation of an equine coronavirus from adult horses with pyrogenic and enteric disease and its antigenic and genomic characterization in comparison with the NC99 strain, Vet Microbiol 150:41,

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77. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Wademan C, et al: Emerging outbreaks associated with equine coronavirus in adult horses, Vet Microbiol 162:228, 2013.

78. Fielding CL, Higgins JK, Higgins JC, et al: Disease associated with equine coronavirus infection and high case fatality rate, J Vet Intern Med 29:307, 2015.

79. Slovis NM, Elam J, Estrada M, et al: Infectious agents associated with diarrhoea in neonatal foals in central Kentucky: a comprehensive molecular study, Equine Vet J 46:311, 2014.

80. Giannitti F, Diab S, Mete A, et al: Necrotizing enteritis and hyperammonemic encephalopathy associated with equine coronavirus infection in equids, Vet Pathol 52:1148, 2015.

81. Miszczak F, Tesson V, Kin N, et al: First detection of equine coronavirus (ECoV) in Europe, Vet Microbiol 171:206, 2014.

82. Pusterla N, Holzenkaempfer N, Mapes S, et al: Prevalence of equine coronavirus in nasal secretions from horses with fever and upper respiratory tract infection, Vet Rec 177:289, 2015.

83. Nemoto M, Oue Y, Morita Y, et al: Experimental inoculation of equine coronavirus into Japanese draft horses, Arch Virol 159:3329, 2014.

84. Schmitz DG: Cantharidin toxicosis in horses, J Vet Intern Med 3:208, 1989.

85. Shawley RV, Rolf LL, Jr: Experimental cantharidiasis in the horse, Am J Vet Res 45:2261, 1984.

86. Schoeb TR, Panciera RJ: Pathology of blister beetle (Epicauta) poisoning in horses, Vet Pathol 16:18, 1979.

87. Helman RG, Edwards WC: Clinical features of blister beetle poisoning in equids: 70 cases (1983-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1018, 1997.

88. Ray AC, Kyle AL, Murphy MJ, et al: Etiologic agents, incidence, and improved diagnostic methods of cantharidin toxicosis in horses, Am J Vet Res 50:187, 1989.

89. Raisbeck MF, Holt GR, Osweiler GD: Lincomycin-associated colitis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:362, 1981.

90. Andersson G, Ekman L, Mansson I, et al: Lethal complications following administration of oxytetracycline in the horse, Nord Vet Med 23:9, 1971.

91. Wilson DA, MacFadden KE, Green EM, et al: Case control and historical cohort study of diarrhea associated with administration of trimethoprim- potentiated sulphonamides to horses and ponies, J Vet Intern Med 10:258,

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98. Lindberg R, Nygren A, Oersson SGB: Rectal biopsy diagnosis in horses with clinical signs of intestinal disorders: a retrospective study of 116 cases, Equine Vet J 28:275, 1996.

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Surgical Disorders of the Large Intestine

1. Dabareiner RM, White NA: Large colon impaction in horses: 147 cases (1985-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:679, 1995.

2. Campbell ML, Colahan PC, Brown MP, et al: Cecal impaction in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:950, 1984.

3. Gerard MP, Bowman KF, Blikslager AT, et al: Jejunocolostomy or ileocolostomy for treatment of cecal impaction in horses: nine cases (1985-1995), J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1287, 1996.

4. Dabareiner RM, White NA: Diseases and surgery of the cecum, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:303, 1997.

5. Aitken MR, Southwood LL, Ross BM, et al: “Outcome of surgical and medical management of cecal impaction in 150 horses (1991-2011), Vet Surg 44(5):540-546, 2015.

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7. Little D, Redding WR, Blikslager AT: Risk factors for reduced postoperative fecal output in horses: 37 cases (1997-1998), J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:414, 2001.

8. Sherlock CE, Eggleston RB: “Clinical signs, treatment, and prognosis for horses with impaction of the cranial aspect of the base of the cecum: 7 cases (2000-2010), J Am Vet Med Assoc 243(11):1596-1601, 2013.

9. Collatos C, Romano S: Cecal impaction in horses: causes, diagnosis, and medical treatment, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 15:976, 1993.

10. Craig DR, Pankowski RL, Car BD, et al: Ileocolostomy. A technique for surgical management of equine cecal impaction, Vet Surg 16:451, 1987.

11. Plummer AE, Rakestraw PC, Hardy J, et al: Outcome of medical and surgical treatment of cecal impaction in horses : 114 cases (1994 - 2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1378, 2007.

12. Smith LCR, Payne RJ, Boys Smith SJ, et al: Outcome and long-term follow-up of 20 horses undergoing surgery for caecal impaction: a retrospective study (2000-2008), Equine Vet J 42:388, 2010.

13. White NA, Dabareiner RM: Treatment of impaction colics, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:243, 1997.

14. Jennings K, Curtis L, Burford J, et al: Prospective survey of veterinary practitioners' primary assessment of equine colic: clinical features, diagnoses, and treatment of 120 cases of large colon impaction, BMC Vet Res 10(Suppl 1):S2, 2014.

15. Clarke LL, Roberts MC, Argenzio RA: Feeding and digestive problems in horses. Physiologic responses to a concentrated meal, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 6:433, 1990.

16. Clarke LL, Roberts MC, Grubb BR, et al: Short-term effect of aldosterone on Na-Cl transport across equine colon, Am J Physiol 262:R939, 1992.

17. Ziegler A, Fogle C, Blikslager A: Update on the use of cyclooxygenase-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 250:1271, 2017.

18. Lopes MA, White NA, Donaldson L, et al: Effects of enteral and intravenous fluid therapy, magnesium sulfate, and sodium sulfate on colonic contents and feces in horses, Am J Vet Res 65:695, 2004.

19. Lopes MA, Walker BL, White NA, 2nd, et al: Treatments to promote colonic hydration: enteral fluid therapy versus intravenous fluid therapy and magnesium sulphate, Equine Vet J 34:505, 2002.

20. Blue MG, Wittkopp RW: Clinical and structural features of equine enteroliths, J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:79, 1981.

21. Lloyd K, Hintz HF, Wheat JD, et al: Enteroliths in horses, Cornell Vet 77:172,

1987.

22. Hassel DM, Langer DL, Snyder JR, et al: Evaluation of enterolithiasis in equids: 900 cases (1973-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:233, 1999.

23. Hassel DM, Rakestraw PC, Gardner IA, et al: Dietary risk factors and colonic pH and mineral concentrations in horses with enterolithiasis, J Vet Intern Med 18:346, 2004.

24. Blue MG: Enteroliths in horses—a retrospective study of 30 cases, Equine Vet J 11:76, 1979.

25. Specht TE, Colahan PT: Surgical treatment of sand colic in equids: 48 cases (1978-1985), J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1560, 1988.

26. Ragle CA, Meagher DM, Lacroix CA, et al: Surgical treatment of sand colic. Results in 40 horses, Vet Surg 18:48, 1989.

27. Bertone JJ, Traub-Dargatz JL, Wrigley RW, et al: Diarrhea associated with sand in the gastrointestinal tract of horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1409, 1988.

28. Ragle CA, Meagher DM, Schrader JL, et al: Abdominal auscultation in the detection of experimentally induced gastrointestinal sand accumulation, J Vet Intern Med 3:12, 1989.

29. Hart KA, Linnenkohl W, Mayer JR, et al: Medical management of sand enteropathy in 62 horses, Equine Vet J 45:465, 2013.

30. Kilcoyne I, Dechant JE, Spier SJ, et al: Clinical findings and management of 153 horses with large colon sand accumulations, Vet Surg 46:860, 2017.

31. Hammock PD, Freeman DE, Baker GJ: Failure of psyllium mucilloid to hasten evaluation of sand from the equine large intestine, Vet Surg 27:547,

1998.

32. Granot N, Milgram J, Bdolah-Abram T, et al: Surgical management of sand colic impactions in horses: a retrospective study of 41 cases, Aust Vet J 86:404,

2008.

33. McGovern KF, Bladon BM, Fraser BS, et al: Attempted medical management of suspected ascending colon displacement in horses, Vet Surg 41:399, 2012.

34. Johnston JK, Freeman DE: Diseases and surgery of the large colon, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:317, 1997.

35. Hackett RP: Nonstrangulated colonic displacement in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:235, 1983.

36. Dukti S, White NA: Prognosticating equine colic, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 25:217, 2009.

37. Huskamp B: Displacement of the large colon. In Robinson NE, editor: Current therapy in equine medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 1987, WB Saunders, p 60.

38. Smith LJ, Mair TS: Are horses that undergo an exploratory laparotomy for correction of a right dorsal displacement of the large colon predisposed to post operative colic, compared to other forms of large colon displacement?, Equine Vet J 42:44, 2010.

39. Santschi EM, Slone DEJ, Frank WM: Use of ultrasound in horses for diagnosis of left dorsal displacement of the large colon and monitoring its nonsurgical correction, Vet Surg 22:281, 1993.

40. Hardy J, Minton M, Robertson JT, et al: Nephrosplenic entrapment in the horse: a retrospective study of 174 cases, Equine Vet J Suppl 32:95, 2000.

41. Baker WT, Frederick J, Giguere S, et al: Reevaluation of the effect of phenylephrine on resolution of nephrosplenic entrapment by the rolling procedure in 87 horses, Vet Surg 40:825, 2011.

42. Hardy J, Bednarski RM, Biller DS: Effect of phenylephrine on hemodynamics and splenic dimensions in horses, Am J Vet Res 55:1570, 1994.

43. Van Harreveld PD, Gaughan EM, Valentino LW: A retrospective analysis of left dorsal displacement of the large colon treated with phenylephrine hydro­chloride and exercise in 12 horses (1996-98), N Z Vet J 47:109, 1999.

44. Kalsbeek HC: Further experiences with non-surgical correction of nephrosplenic entrapment of the left colon in the horse, Equine Vet J 21:442, 1989.

45. Fultz LE, Peloso JG, Giguere S, et al: Comparison of phenylephrine administration and exercise versus phenylephrine administration and a rolling procedure for the correction of nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon in horses: 88 cases (2004-2010), J Am Vet Med Assoc 242:1146, 2013.

46. Lindegaard C, Ekstrom CT, Wulf SB, et al: Nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon in 142 horses (2000-2009): analysis of factors associated with decision of treatment and short-term survival, Equine Vet J Suppl 43:63, 2011.

47. Nelson BB, Ruple-Czerniak AA, Hendrickson DA, et al: Laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space in horses with nephrosplenic colonic entrapment: factors associated with survival and colic recurrence, Vet Surg 45(S1):O60, 2016.

48. Rocken M, Schubert C, Mosel G, et al: Indications, surgical technique, and long-term experience with laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space in standing horses, Vet Surg 34:637, 2005.

49. Burke MJ, Parente EJ: Prosthetic mesh for obliteration of the nephrosplenic space in horses: 26 clinical cases, Vet Surg 45:201, 2016.

50. Benamou A, Blikslager AT, Sellon D: Intestinal atresia in horses, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 17:1510, 1995.

51. Gonzalez LM, Fogle CA, Baker WT, et al: Operative factors associated with short-term outcome in horses with large colon volvulus: 47 cases from 2006 to 2013, Equine Vet J 47:279, 2015.

52. Hackett ES, Embertson RM, Hopper SA, et al: Duration of disease influences survival to discharge of Thoroughbred mares with surgically treated large colon volvulus, Equine Vet J 47:650, 2015.

53. Hughes FE, Slone DE: Large colon resection, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:341, 1997.

54. Snyder JR, Pascoe JR, Olander HJ, et al: Strangulating volvulus of the ascending colon in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:757, 1989.

55. Snyder JR, Olander HJ, Pascoe JR, et al: Morphologic alterations observed during experimental ischemia of the equine large colon, Am J Vet Res 49:801, 1988.

56. Kelleher ME, Brosnan RJ, Kass PH, et al: Use of physiologic and arterial blood gas variables to predict short-term survival in horses with large colon volvulus, Vet Surg 42:107, 2012.

57. Johnston K, Holcombe SJ, Hauptman JG: Plasma lactate as a predictor of colonic viability and survival after 360 volvulus of the ascending colon in horses, Vet Surg 36:563, 2007.

58. Harrison IW: Equine large intestinal volvulus. A review of 124 cases, Vet Surg 17:77, 1988.

59. Van Hoogmoed L, Snyder JR, Pascoe JR, et al: Evaluation of uniformity of morphological injury of the large colon following severe colonic torsion, Equine Vet J Suppl 32:98, 2000.

60. Van Hoogmoed L, Snyder JR, Pascoe JR, et al: Use of pelvic flexure biopsies to predict survival after large colon torsion in horses, Vet Surg 29:572, 2000.

61. Van Hoogmoed L, Snyder JR: Adjunctive methods in equine gastrointestinal surgery, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:221, 1997.

62. Levi O, Affolter VK, Benak J, et al: Use of pelvic flexure biopsy scores to predict short-term survival after large colon volvulus, Vet Surg 41:582, 2012.

63. Mathis SC, Slone DE, Lynch TM, et al: Use of colonic luminal pressure to predict outcome after surgical treatment of strangulating large colon volvulus in horses, Vet Surg 35:356, 2006.

64. Ellis CM, Lynch TM, Slone DE, et al: Survival and complications after large colon resection and end-to-end anastomosis for strangulating large colon volvulus in seventy-three horses, Vet Surg 37:786, 2008.

65. Suthers JM, Pinchbeck GL, Proudman CJ, et al: Survival of horses fol­lowing strangulating large colon volvulus, Equine Vet J 2012, doi:10.1111/ j.2042-3306.2012.00620.x.

66. Driscoll N, Baia P, Fischer AT, et al: Large colon resection and anastomosis in horses: 52 cases (1996-2006), Equine Vet J 40:342, 2008.

67. Mair TS, Smith LJ: Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 1: short-term survival following a single lapa­rotomy, Equine Vet J 37:296, 2005.

68. Hance SR: Colopexy, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:351, 1997.

69. Hance SR, Embertson RM: Colopexy in broodmares: 44 cases (1986-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:782, 1992.

70. Gaughan EM, Hackett RP: Cecocolic intussusception in horses: 11 cases (1979-1989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1373, 1990.

71. Martin BB, Freeman DE, Ross MW, et al: Cecocolic and cecocecal intussusception in horses: 30 cases (1976-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:80, 1999.

72. Mair TS, Sutton DG, Love S: Caecocaecal and caecocolic intussusceptions associated with larval cyathostomosis in four young horses, Equine Vet J Suppl 32:77, 2000.

73. Robertson JT, Tate LP: Resection of intussuscepted large colon in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:927, 1982.

74. Dyson S, Orsini J: Intussusception of the large colon in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:720, 1983.

75. Wilson DG, Wilson WD, Reinertson EL: Intussusception of the left dorsal colon in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:464, 1983.

76. Meagher DM, Stirk AJ: Intussusception of the colon in a filly, Mod Vet Pract 55:951, 1974.

Disorders of the Descending (Small) Colon

1. Edwards GB: Diseases and surgery of the small colon, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:359, 1997.

2. Dart A, Snyder J, Meagher D: Abnormal conditions of the equine descending (small) colon: 102 cases (1979-1989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:971, 1992.

3. Rhoads WS: Small colon impactions in adult horses, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 21:770, 1999.

4. Ragle CA, Snyder JR, Meagher DM, et al: Surgical treatment of colic in American miniature horses: 15 cases (1980-1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:329,

1992.

5. Haupt JL, McAndrews AG, Chaney KP, et al: Surgical treatment of colic in the miniature horse: a retrospective study of 57 cases (1993-2006), Equine Vet J 40:364, 2008.

6. Edwards GB: A review of 38 cases of small colon obstruction in the horse, Equine Vet J 24(S13):42-50, 1992.

7. Prange T, Holcombe SJ, Brown JA, et al: Resection and anastomosis of the descending colon in 43 horses, Vet Surg 39:748, 2010.

8. Frederico LM, Jones SL, Blikslager AT: Predisposing factors for small colon impaction in horses and outcome of medical and surgical treatment: 44 cases (1999-2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:1612, 2006.

9. Ruggles AJ, Ross MW: Medical and surgical management of small-colon impaction in horses: 28 cases (1984-1989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1762, 1991.

10. Nappert G, Laverty S, Drolet R, et al: Atresia coli in 7 foals (1964-1990), Equine Vet J 24(S13):57, 1992.

11. Benamou A, Blikslager A, Sellon D: Intestinal atresia in foals, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 17:1510, 1995.

12. Louw JH, Barnard CN: Congenital intestinal atresia observations on its origin, Lancet 265:1069, 1955.

13. Fairbanks TJ, Kanard RC, Del Moral PM, et al: Colonic atresia without mesenteric vascular occlusion. The role of the fibroblast growth factor 10 signaling pathway, J Pediatr Surg 40:390, 2005.

14. Young RL, Linford RL, Olander HJ: Atresia coli in the foal: a review of six cases, Equine Vet J 24:60-62, 1992.

15. Van Der Gaag I, Tibboel D: Intestinal atresia and stenosis in animals: a report of 34 cases, Vet Pathol 17:565, 1980.

16. Santschi EM, Vrotsos PD, Purdy AK, et al: Incidence of the endothelin receptor B mutation that causes lethal white foal syndrome in white-patterned horses, Am J Vet Res 62:97, 2001.

17. Santschi EM, Purdy AK, Valberg SJ, et al: Endothelin receptor B polymorphism associated with lethal white foal syndrome in horses, Mamm Genome 9:306, 1998.

18. Doxey DL, Milne EM, Woodman MP, et al: Small intestine and small colon neuropathy in equine dysautonomia (grass sickness), Vet Res Commun 19:529,

1995.

19. Hunter B, Belgrave RL: Atresia coli in a foal: diagnosis made with colonoscopy aided by N-butylscopolammonium bromide, Equine Vet Educ 22:429, 2010.

20. Fischer AT, Yarbrough TY: Retrograde contrast radiography of the distal portions of the intestinal tract in foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:734, 1995.

21. Constable PD, Rings DM, Hull BL, et al: Atresia coli in calves: 26 cases (1977­1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:118, 1989.

22. Smith DF, Ducharme NG, Fubini SL, et al: Clinical management and surgical repair of atresia coli in calves: 66 cases (1977-1988), J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1185, 1991.

23. Rhoads WS, Barton MH, Parks AH: Comparison of medical and surgical treatment for impaction of the small colon in horses: 84 cases (1986-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1042, 1999.

24. Blikslager AT: The paradox of diarrhoeal disease and small colon obstruction, Equine Vet Educ 28:424, 2016.

25. Freeman DE, Ferrante PL, Palmer JE: Comparison of the effects of intragastric infusions of equal volumes of water, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, and mag­nesium sulfate on fecal composition and output in clinically normal horses, Am J Vet Res 53:1347, 1992.

26. Clark ES, Becht JL: Clinical pharmacology of the gastrointestinal tract, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 3:101, 1987.

27. Luo T, Bertone JJ, Greene HM, et al: A comparison of N-butylscopolammonium and lidocaine for control of rectal pressure in horses, Vet Ther 7:243, 2006.

28. Keller S, Horney F: Diseases of the equine small colon, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 7:113, 1985.

29. McClure JT, Kobluk C, Voller K, et al: Fecalith impaction in four miniature foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:205, 1992.

30. Hughes FE, Moll HD, Slone DE: Outcome of surgical correction of meconium impaction in 8 foals, J Equine Vet Sci 16:172, 1996.

31. Boles CL, Kohn CW: Fibrous foreign body impaction colic in young horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 171:193, 1977.

32. Mogg TD, Palmer JE: Hyperlipidemia, hyperlipemia, and hepatic lipidosis in American miniature horses: 23 cases (1990-1994), J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:604, 1995.

33. Hassel DM, Schiffman PS, Snyder JR: Petrographic and geochemic evaluation of equine enteroliths, Am J Vet Res 62:350, 2001.

34. Hassel DM, Langer DL, Snyder JR, et al: Evaluation of enterolithiasis in equids: 900 cases (1973-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999.

35. Cohen ND, Vontur CA, Rakestraw PC: Risk factors for enterolithiasis among horses in Texas, J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1787, 2000.

36. Blue MG: Colonic obstructions due to enteroliths in four horses, Vet Rec 104:209,

1979.

37. Blue MG: Enteroliths in Horses-a retrospective study of 30 cases, Equine Vet J 11:76, 1979.

38. Pierce RL, Fischer AT, Rohrbach BW, et al: Postoperative complications and survival after enterolith removal from the ascending or descending colon in horses, Vet Surg 39:609, 2010.

39. Kelleher ME, Puchalski SM, Drake C, et al: Use of digital abdominal radiography for the diagnosis of enterolithiasis in equids: 238 cases (2008-2011), J Am Vet Med Assoc 245:126, 2014.

40. Maher O, Puchalski SM, Drake C, et al: Abdominal computed radiography for the diagnosis of enterolithiasis in horses: 142 cases (2003-2007), J Am Vet Med Assoc 239:1483, 2011.

41. Yarbrough TB, Langer DL, Snyder JR, et al: Abdominal radiography for diagnosis of enterolithiasis in horses: 141 cases (1990-1993), J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:592, 1994.

42. Gay CC, Speirs VC, Christie BA, et al: Foreign body obstruction of the small colon in six horses, Equine Vet J 11:60, 1979.

43. Archer RM, Parsons JC, Lindsay WA, et al: A comparison of enterotomies through the antimesenteric band and the sacculation of the small (descending) colon of ponies, Equine Vet J 20:406, 1988.

44. Beard WL, Robertson JT, Getzy DM: Enterotomy technique in the descending colon of the horse effect of location and suture pattern, Vet Surg 18:135,

1989.

45. Hassel DM, Yarbrough TB: A modified teniotomy technique for facilitated removal of descending colon enteroliths in horses, Vet Surg 27:1, 1998.

46. McCue P: Meconium impaction in newborn foals, J Equine Vet Sci 26:152,

2006.

47. Pusterla N, Magdesian KG, Maleski K, et al: Retrospective evaluation of the use of acetylcysteine enemas in the treatment of meconium retention in foals: 44 cases (1987-2002), Equine Vet Educ 16:133, 2004.

48. Barton MH: Gastrointestinal disease. In Paradis MR, editor: Equine neonatal medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 2006, Elsevier Saunders., p 197.

49. Reef VB: Equine diagnostic ultrasound, Philadelphia, PA, 1998, W. B. Saunders Company., p 389.

50. McAuliffe SB: Abdominal ultrasonography of the foal, Clin Tech Equine Pract 3:308, 2004.

51. Ryan CA, Sanchez LC: Nondiarrheal disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in neonatal foals, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 21:313, 2005.

52. Cable CS, Fubini SL, Erb HN, et al: Abdominal surgery in foals: a review of 119 cases (1977-1994), Equine Vet J 29:257, 1997.

53. Evard JH, Fischer AT, Greenwood LD: Ovarian strangulation as a cause of small colon obstruction in a foal, Equine Vet J 20:217, 1988.

54. Parks AH, Wyn-Jones G, Cox JE, et al: Partial obstruction of the small colon associated with an abdominal testicular teratoma in a foal, Equine Vet J 18:342,

1986.

55. Taylor SD, Pusterla N, Vaughan B, et al: Intestinal neoplasia in horses, J Vet Intern Med 20:1429, 2006.

56. Mair TS, Davies EV, Lucke VM: Small colon intussusception associated with an intralumenal leiomyoma in a pony, Vet Rec 130:403, 1992.

57. Pearson H, Waterman AE: Submucosal haematoma as a cause of obstruction of the small colon in the horse: a review of four cases, Equine Vet J 18:340,

1986.

58. Speirs VC, van Veenendaal JC, Christie BA, et al: Obstruction of the small colon by intramural haematoma in three horses, Aust Vet J 57:88, 1981.

59. Karjoo M, Domachowske J, Trust S: Intramural hematoma of the descending colon after blunt abdominal trauma, Clin Pediatr (Phila) 39:373, 2000.

60. Livesey M, Keller S: Segmental ischemic necrosis following mesocolic rupture in postparturient mares, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 8:763, 1986.

61. Dart AJ, Pascoe JR, Snyder JR: Mesenteric tears of the descending (small) colon as a postpartum complication in two mares, J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:971, 1991.

62. Freeman D: Rectum and anus. In Stick A, editor: Equine surgery, ed 3, St. Louis, MO, 2006, Elsevier, p 479.

63. Ragle CA, Southwood LL, Galuppo LD, et al: Laparoscopic diagnosis of ischemic necrosis of the descending colon after rectal prolapse and rupture of the mesocolon in two postpartum mares, J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:1646, 1997.

64. Freeman DE, Richardson DW, Tulleners EP, et al: Loop colostomy for management of rectal tears and small-colon injuries in horses: 10 cases (1976-1989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1365, 1992.

65. Bailey GD, Hutchins DR: Small colon intussusception in a mare managed with a diverting colostomy, Aust Vet J 64:114, 1987.

66. Garcia-Seco E, Wilson DA, Kramer J, et al: Prevalence and risk factors associated with outcome of surgical removal of pedunculated lipomas in horses: 102 cases (1987-2002), J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:1529, 2005.

67. Blikslager a T, Bowman KF, Haven ML, et al: Pedunculated lipomas as a cause of intestinal obstruction in horses: 17 cases (1983-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1249, 1992.

68. Rhoads WS, Parks AH: Incarceration of the small colon through a rent in the gastrosplenic ligament in a pony, J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:226, 1999.

69. Ross MW, Stephens PR, Reimer JM: Small colon intussusception in a broodmare, J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:372, 1988.

70. McClure S, Faber N, Mealey R: Diagnosing and correcting an intussusception of the small colon in a foal, Vet Med 90:177, 1995.

71. Mair TS, Smith LJ: Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 3: long-term complications and survival, Equine Vet J 37:310, 2005.

Disorders of the Peritoneum in Horses

1. Hosgood G: Peritonitis part 1: a review of pathophysiology and diagnosis, Aust Vet Pract 16:184, 1986.

2. Henderson IS, Mair TS, Keen JA, et al: Study of the short- and long-term outcomes of 65 horses with peritonitis, Vet Rec 163:293, 2008.

3. Nogradi N, Toth B, MacGillivray KC: Peritonitis in horses: 55 cases, Acta Vet Hung 59:181, 2011.

4. Baxter GM: Intraabdominal adhesions in horses, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 13:1587, 1991.

5. Hawkins JF, Bowman KF, Roberts MC: Peritonitis in horses: 67 cases (1985-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:284, 1993.

6. Rumbaugh GE, Smith BP, Carlson GP: Internal abdominal abscesses in the horse: a study of 25 cases, J Am Vet Assoc 172:304, 1978.

7. Nelson AW: Analysis of equine peritoneal fluid, Vet Clin North Am Large Animal Pract 2:267, 1979.

8. Santschi EM, Grindem CP, Tate LP, et al: Peritoneal fluid analysis in ponies after abdominal surgery, Vet Surg 17:6, 1988.

9. Schumacher J, Spano JS, McGuire J, et al: Effects of castration on peritoneal fluid in the horse, J Vet Intern Med 2:22, 1988.

10. Van Hoogmoed L, Snyder JR, Christopher M, et al: Peritoneal fluid analysis in peripartum mares, J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1280, 1996.

11. Zicker SC, Wilson WD, Medearis I: Differentiation between intra-abdominal neoplasms and abscesses in horses, using clinical and laboratory data: 40 cases (1973-1988), J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1130, 1990.

12. Van Hoogmoed L, Rodger LD, Spier SJ, et al: Evaluation of peritoneal fluid pH, glucose concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase activity for the detection of septic peritonitis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1032, 1999.

13. Yamout SZ, Nieto JE, Beldomenico PM, et al: Peritoneal and plasma D-lactate concentrations in horses with colic, Vet Surg 40:817, 2011.

14. Arguelles D, Casteljins G, Carmona JU, et al: Peritoneal concentrations of transforming growth factor beta in horses with colic, Equine Vet J 42:451, 2010.

15. Delgado MA, Monreal L, Armengou L, et al: Peritoneal D-dimer concentration for assessing peritoneal fibrinolytic activity in horses with colic, J Vet Intern Med 23:882, 2009.

16. Javsicas L: Peritonitis. In Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC, editors: Equine internal medicine, ed 3, St. Louis, MO, 2010, Saunders, pp 895-899.

17. Jones PA, Tomasic M, Gentry PA: Oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of isotonic saline and hydroxyethyl starch solutions in clinically normal ponies, Am J Vet Res 58:541, 1997.

18. Davis JL: Treatment of peritonitis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 19:765, 2003.

19. Davis JL, Gardner SY, Jones SL, et al: Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in foals after IV and oral dose and disposition into phagocytes, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 25:99, 2002.

20. Giguere S, Jacks S, Roberts GD, et al: Retrospective comparison of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin for the treatment of foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia, J Vet Intern Med 18:568, 2004.

21. Peiro JR, Barnabe PA, Cadioli FA, et al: Effects of lidocaine infusion during experimental endotoxemia in horses, J Vet Intern Med 24:940, 2010.

22. Hague BA, Honnas CM, Berridge BK, et al: Evaluation of postoperative peritoneal lavage in standing horses for prevention of experimentally induced abdominal adhesions, Vet Surg 27:122, 2008.

23. Chase JP, Beard WL, Bertone AL, et al: Open peritoneal drainage in horses with experimentally induced peritonitis, Vet Surg 25:189, 1996.

24. Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Vatistas NJ, et al: Use of an active intra-abdominal drain in 67 horses, Vet Surg 32:1, 2003.

25. Eggleston RB, Mueller POE: Prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal adhesions, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 19:741, 2003.

26. Kelmer G: Update on recent advances in equine abdominal surgery, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 25:271, 2009.

27. Hay WP, Mueller POE, Harmon B, et al: One percent sodium carboxymethylcel­lulose prevents experimentally induced abdominal adhesions in horses, Vet Surg 30:223, 2001.

28. Fogle CA, Gerard MP, Elce YA, et al: Analysis of sodium carboxymethylcellulose administration and related factors associated with postoperative colic and survival in horses with small intestinal disease, Vet Surg 37:558, 2008.

29. Golland LC, Hodgson DR, Hodgson JL, et al: Peritonitis associated with Actinobacillus equuli in horses: 15 cases (1982-1992), J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:340, 1994.

30. Matthews S, Dart AJ, Dowling BA, et al: Peritonitis associated with Actinobacillus equuli in horses: 51 cases, Aust Vet J 79:536, 2001.

31. Watts AE, Johnson AL, Felippe MJ, et al: Recurrent Actinobacillus peritonitis in an otherwise healthy Thoroughbred horse, Aust Vet J 89:143, 2011.

32. Pusterla N, Fecteau ME, Madigan JE, et al: Acute hemoperitoneum in horses: a review of 19 cases (1992-2003), J Vet Intern Med 19:344, 2005.

33. Dechant JE, Nieto JE, LeJune SS: Hemoperitoneum in horses: 67 cases (1989-2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:253, 2006.

34. Conwell RC, Hillyer MH, Mair TS, et al: Haemoperitoneum in horses: a retrospec­tive review of 54 cases, Vet Rec 167:514, 2010.

35. Ross J, Dallap BL, Dolente BA, et al: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of epsilon-aminocaproic acid in horses, Am J Vet Res 68:1016, 2007.

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26. Campbell ML, Colahan PC, Brown MP, et al: Cecal impaction in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:950, 1984.

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36. Freeman DE, Hammock P, Baker GJ, et al: Short- and long-term survival and prevalence of postoperative ileus after small intestinal surgery in the horse, Equine Vet J Suppl 32:42, 2000.

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38. Cohen ND, Lester GD, Sanchez LC, et al: Evaluation of risk factors associated with development of postoperative ileus in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1070,

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39. Freeman DE: Post operative ileus (POI): another perspective, Equine Vet J 40:297, 2008.

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47. Clark ES, Thompson SA, Becht JL, et al: Effects of xylazine on cecal mechanical activity and cecal blood flow in healthy horses, Am J Vet Res 49:720, 1988.

48. Lester GD, Merritt AM, Neuwirth L, et al: Effect of alpha 2-adrenergic, cholinergic, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on myoelectric activity of ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon and on cecal emptying of radiolabeled markers in clinically normal ponies, Am J Vet Res 59:320, 1998.

49. Merritt AM, Campbell-Thompson ML, Lowrey S: Effect of xylazine treatment on equine proximal gastrointestinal tract myoelectrical activity, Am J Vet Res 50:945, 1989.

50. Merritt AM, Burrow JA, Hartless CS: Effect of xylazine, detomidine, and a combination of xylazine and butorphanol on equine duodenal motility, Am J Vet Res 59:619, 1998.

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52. Rutkowski JA, Ross MW, Cullen K: Effects of xylazine and/or butorphanol or neostigmine on myoelectric activity of the cecum and right ventral colon in female ponies, Am J Vet Res 50:1096, 1989.

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54. Mitchell CF, Malone ED, Sage AM, et al: Evaluation of gastrointestinal activity patterns in healthy horses using B mode and Doppler ultrasonography, Can Vet J 46:134, 2005.

55. Wood JD, Galligan JJ: Function of opioids in the enteric nervous system, Neurogastroenterol Motil 16:17, 2004.

56. Boscan P, Van Hoogmoed LM, Farver TB, et al: Evaluation of the effects of the opioid agonist morphine on gastrointestinal tract function in horses, Am J Vet Res 67:992, 2006.

57. Kohn CW, Muir WW, III: Selected aspects of the clinical pharmacology of visceral analgesics and gut motility modifying drugs in the horse, J Vet Intern Med 2:85, 1988.

58. Merritt AM, Campbell-Thompson ML, Lowrey S: Effect of butorphanol on equine antroduodenal motility, Equine Vet J Suppl 7:21, 1989.

59. Roger T, Bardon T, Ruckebusch Y: Comparative effects of mu and kappa opiate agonists on the cecocolic motility in the pony, Can J Vet Res 58:163, 1994.

60. Menozzi A, Pozzoli C, Zullian C, et al: Inhibition of motility in isolated horse small intestine is mediated by kappa but not micro opioid receptors, Equine Vet J 44:368, 2012.

61. Elfenbein JR, Robertson SA, Corser AA, et al: Systemic effects of a prolonged continuous infusion of ketamine in healthy horses, J Vet Intern Med 25:1134, 2011.

62. Lester GD: The development and application of a computer system for the recording and analysis of intestinal myoelectrical activity in the horse. Doctoral dissertation. Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, 1990.

63. Williams MM, Spiess BM, Pascoe PJ, et al: Systemic effects of topical and subconjunctival ophthalmic atropine in the horse, Vet Ophthalmol 3:193, 2000.

64. Patipa LA, Sherlock CE, Witte SH, et al: Risk factors for colic in equids hospital­ized for ocular disease, J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:1488, 2012.

65. Hillyer MH, Smith MR, Milligan PJ: Gastric and small intestinal ileus as a cause of acute colic in the post parturient mare, Equine Vet J 40:368, 2008.

66. Cruz AM, Li R, Kenney DG, et al: Effects of indwelling nasogastric intubation on gastric emptying of a liquid marker in horses, Am J Vet Res 67:1100, 2006.

67. Lammers TW, Roussel AJ, Boothe DM, et al: Effect of an indwelling nasogastric tube on gastric emptying rates of liquids in horses, Am J Vet Res 66:642, 2005.

68. Gerard MP, Bowman KF, Blikslager AT, et al: Jejunocolostomy or ileocolostomy for treatment of cecal impaction in horses: nine cases (1985-1995), J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1287, 1996.

69. Lisowski ZM, Pirie RS, Blikslager AT, et al: An update on equine post-operative ileus: definitions, pathophysiology and management, Equine Vet J 50:292, 2018.

70. Durham AE, Phillips TJ, Walmsley JP, et al: Study of the clinical effects of postoperative parenteral nutrition in 15 horses, Vet Rec 153:493, 2003.

71. Durham AE, Phillips TJ, Walmsley JP, et al: Nutritional and clinicopathological effects of post operative parenteral nutrition following small intestinal resection and anastomosis in the mature horse, Equine Vet J 36:390, 2004.

72. Lopes MA, White NA: Parenteral nutrition for horses with gastrointestinal disease: a retrospective study of 79 cases, Equine Vet J 34:250, 2002.

73. Waldhausen JH, Schirmer BD: The effect of ambulation on recovery from postoperative ileus, Ann Surg 212:671, 1990.

74. Van Hoogmoed L, Rakestraw PC, Snyder JR, et al: In vitro effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and prostaglandins I2, E2, and F2alpha on contractility of taenia of the large colon of horses, Am J Vet Res 60:1004, 1999.

75. Roger T, Ruckebusch Y: Pharmacological modulation of postprandial colonic motor activity in the pony, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 10:273, 1987.

76. Ziegler A, Fogle C, Blikslager A: Update on the use of cyclooxygenase-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 250:1271, 2017.

77. Paradelis AG: Inhibition of the pendular movements of the intestine by aminoglycoside antibiotics, Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 3:173, 1981.

78. Andersen MS, Clark L, Dyson SJ, et al: Risk factors for colic in horses after general anaesthesia for MRI or nonabdominal surgery: absence of evidence of effect from perianaesthetic morphine, Equine Vet J 38:368, 2006.

79. Roussel AJ, Hooper RN, Cohen ND, et al: Evaluation of the effects of penicillin G potassium and potassium chloride on the motility of the large intestine in horses, Am J Vet Res 64:1360, 2003.

80. Sparnon AL, Spitz L: Pharmacological manipulation of postoperative intestinal adhesions, Aust N Z J Surg 59:725, 1989.

81. Eggleston RB, Mueller PO: Prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal adhesions, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 19:741, 2003.

82. Garcia-Olmo D, Paya J, Lucas FJ, et al: The effects of the pharmacological manipulation of postoperative intestinal motility on colonic anastomoses. An experimental study in a rat model, Int J Colorectal Dis 12:73, 1997.

83. Mattei P, Rombeau JL: Review of the pathophysiology and management of postoperative ileus, World J Surg 30:1382, 2006.

84. Van Hoogmoed LM, Nieto JE, Snyder JR, et al: Survey of prokinetic use in horses with gastrointestinal injury, Vet Surg 33:279, 2004.

85. Rusiecki KE, Nieto JE, Puchalski SM, et al: Evaluation of continuous infusion of lidocaine on gastrointestinal tract function in normal horses, Vet Surg 37:564,

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86. Malone E, Ensink J, Turner T, et al: Intravenous continuous infusion of lidocaine for treatment of equine ileus, Vet Surg 35:60, 2006.

87. Li CY, Tsai CS, Hsu PC, et al: Lidocaine attenuates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production and chemotaxis in human monocytes: possible mechanisms for its effect on inflammation, Anesth Analg 97:1312, 2003.

88. Peiro JR, Barnabe PA, Cadioli FA, et al: Effects of lidocaine infusion during experimental endotoxemia in horses, J Vet Intern Med 24:940, 2010.

89. Cook VL, Jones SJ, McDowell M, et al: Attenuation of ischaemic injury in the equine jejunum by administration of systemic lidocaine, Equine Vet J 40:353,

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90. Cook VL, Jones Shults J, McDowell MR, et al: Anti-inflammatory effects of intravenously administered lidocaine hydrochloride on ischemia-injured jejunum in horses, Am J Vet Res 70:1259, 2009.

91. Robertson SA, Sanchez LC, Merritt AM, et al: Effect of systemic lidocaine on visceral and somatic nociception in conscious horses, Equine Vet J 37:122,

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92. Guschlbauer M, Feige K, Geburek F, et al: Effects of in vivo lidocaine administra­tion at the time of ischemia and reperfusion on in vitro contractility of equine jejunal smooth muscle, Am J Vet Res 72:1449, 2011.

93. Brianceau P, Chevalier H, Karas A, et al: Intravenous lidocaine and small- intestinal size, abdominal fluid, and outcome after colic surgery in horses, J Vet Intern Med 16:736, 2002.

94. Salem SE, Proudman CJ, Archer DC: Has intravenous lidocaine improved the outcome in horses following surgical management of small intestinal lesions in a UK hospital population?, BMC Vet Res 12:157, 2016.

95. Marti M, Mevissen M, Althaus H, et al: In vitro effects of bethanechol on equine gastrointestinal contractility and functional characterization of involved muscarinic receptor subtypes, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 28:565, 2005.

96. Eglen RM: Muscarinic receptors and gastrointestinal tract smooth muscle function, Life Sci 68:2573, 2001.

97. Ringger NC, Lester GD, Neuwirth L, et al: Effect of bethanechol or erythromycin on gastric emptying in horses, Am J Vet Res 57:1771, 1996.

98. Gerring EE, Hunt JM: Pathophysiology of equine postoperative ileus: effect of adrenergic blockade, parasympathetic stimulation and metoclopramide in an experimental model, Equine Vet J 18:249, 1986.

99. Doherty TJ, Andrews FM, Abraha TW, et al: Metoclopramide ameliorates the effects of endotoxin on gastric emptying of acetaminophen in horses, Can J Vet Res 63:37, 1999.

100. Dart AJ, Peauroi JR, Hodgson DR, et al: Efficacy of metoclopramide for treatment of ileus in horses following small intestinal surgery: 70 cases (1989-1992), Aust Vet J 74:280, 1996.

101. Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Kollias-Baker C, et al: In vitro effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and cisapride on the circular smooth muscle of the jejunum of horses, Am J Vet Res 61:1561, 2000.

102. Gerring EL, King JN: Cisapride in the prophylaxis of equine post operative ileus, Equine Vet J Suppl 7:52, 1989.

103. Milne EM, Doxey DL, Woodman MP, et al: An evaluation of the use of cisapride in horses with chronic grass sickness (equine dysautonomia), Br Vet J 152:537,

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104. Steinebach MA, Cole D: Use of cisapride in the resolution of pelvic flexure impaction in a horse, Can Vet J 36:624, 1995.

105. Valk N, Doherty TJ, Blackford JT, et al: Effect of cisapride on gastric emptying in horses following endotoxin treatment, Equine Vet J 30:344, 1998.

106. Okamura K, Sasaki N, Yamada M, et al: Effects of mosapride citrate, metoclo­pramide hydrochloride, lidocaine hydrochloride, and cisapride citrate on equine gastric emptying, small intestinal and caecal motility, Res Vet Sci 86:302, 2009.

107. Okamura K, Sasaki N, Kikuchi T, et al: Effects of mosapride on motility of the small intestine and caecum in normal horses after jejunocaecostomy, J Vet Sci 10:157, 2009.

108. Camilleri M: Management of the irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology 120:652, 2001.

109. Lippold BS, Hildebrand J, Straub R: Tegaserod (HTF 919) stimulates gut motility in normal horses, Equine Vet J 36:622, 2004.

110. Delco ML, Nieto JE, Craigmill AL, et al: Pharmacokinetics and in vitro effects of tegaserod, a serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 (5-HT4) receptor agonist with prokinetic activity in horses, Vet Ther 8:77, 2007.

111. Weiss R, Abel D, Scholtysik G, et al: 5-Hydroxytryptamine mediated contractions in isolated preparations of equine ileum and pelvic flexure: pharmacological characterization of a new 5-HT(4) agonist, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 25:49, 2002.

112. Ahmad N, Keith-Ferris J, Gooden E, et al: Making a case for domperidone in the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders, Curr Opin Pharmacol 6:571, 2006.

113. Gerring EL: Effects of pharmacological agents on gastrointestinal motility, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:283, 1989.

114. Lester GD, Merritt AM, Neuwirth L, et al: Effect of erythromycin lactobionate on myoelectric activity of ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon, and cecal emptying of radiolabeled markers in clinically normal ponies, Am J Vet Res 59:328, 1998.

115. Koenig JB, Cote N, LaMarre J, et al: Binding of radiolabeled porcine motilin and erythromycin lactobionate to smooth muscle membranes in various segments of the equine gastrointestinal tract, Am J Vet Res 63:1545, 2002.

116. Galligan JJ, Vanner S: Basic and clinical pharmacology of new motility promoting agents, Neurogastroenterol Motil 17:643, 2005.

117. Koenig JB, Sawhney S, Cote N, et al: Effect of intraluminal distension or ischemic strangulation obstruction of the equine jejunum on jejunal motilin receptors and binding of erythromycin lactobionate, Am J Vet Res 67:815,

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118. Baverud V, Franklin A, Gunnarsson A, et al: Clostridium difficile associated with acute colitis in mares when their foals are treated with erythromycin and rifampicin for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia, Equine Vet J 30:482, 1998.

119. Roger T, Bardon T, Ruckebusch Y: Colonic motor responses in the pony: relevance of colonic stimulation by opiate antagonists, Am J Vet Res 46:31, 1985.

120. Luckey A, Livingston E, Tache Y: Mechanisms and treatment of postoperative ileus, Arch Surg 138:206, 2003.

121. Van Hoogmoed LM, Boscan PL: In vitro evaluation of the effect of the opioid antagonist N-methylnaltrexone on motility of the equine jejunum and pelvic flexure, Equine Vet J 37:325, 2005.

122. Boscan P, Van Hoogmoed LM, Pypendop BH, et al: Pharmacokinetics of the opioid antagonist N-methylnaltrexone and evaluation of its effects on gastrointestinal tract function in horses treated or not treated with morphine, Am J Vet Res 67:998, 2006.

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Toxicity

1. Taylor JB, Walland A, Lees P, et al: Biochemical and hematological effects of a revised dosage schedule of phenylbutazone in horses, Vet Rec 112:599, 1983.

2. Lees P, Creed RF, Gerring EE, et al: Biochemical and hematological effects of phenylbutazone in horses, Equine Vet J 15:158, 1983.

3. Cohen ND: Medical management of right dorsal colitis in 5 horses: a retrospective study (1987-1993), J Vet Intern Med 9:272, 1995.

4. Tomlinson J, Blikslager A: Role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in gastrointestinal tract injury and repair, J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:946, 2003.

5. Beretta C, Garavaglia G, Cavalli M: COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition in horse blood by phenylbutazone, flunixin, carprofen and meloxicam: an in vitro analysis, Pharmacol Res 52:302, 2005.

6. Brideau C, Van Staden C, Chan CC: In vitro effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in whole blood of horses, dogs, and cats, Am J Vet Res 62:1755, 2001.

7. Kvaternick V, Pollmeier M, Fischer J, et al: Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of orally administered firocoxib, a novel second generation coxib, in horses, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 30:208, 2007.

8. Tomlinson JE, Blikslager AT: Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors flunixin and deracoxib on permeability of ischaemic-injured equine jejunum, Equine Vet J 37:75, 2005.

9. Wallace JL, Bak A, McKnight W, et al: Cyclooxygenase 1 contributes to inflam­matory responses in rats and mice: implications for gastrointestinal toxicity, Gastroenterology 115:101, 1998.

10. McCarthy DM: COX-1 and COX-2 in health and disease, Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med 17:593, 1999.

11. MacAllister CG, Morgan SJ, Borne AT, et al: Comparison of adverse effects of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:71, 1993.

12. McCarthy DM: Mechanisms of mucosal injury and healing: the role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Scand J Gastroenterol 30:24, 1995.

13. Ehnen SJ, Divers TJ, Gillette D, et al: Obstructive nephrolithiasis and uretero- lithiasis associated with chronic renal failure in horses: eight cases (1981-1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:249, 1990.

14. McCafferty DM, Granger DN, Wallace JL: Indomethacin-induced gastric injury and leukocyte adherence in arthritic versus healthy rats, Gastroenterology 109:1173, 1995.

15. Semrad SD, Sams RA, Harris ON, et al: Effects of concurrent administration of phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine on pharmacokinetic variables and in vitro generation of thromboxane B2 in mares, Am J Vet Res 54:1901,

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16. East LM, et al: Nuclear imaging of right dorsal colitis with Tc-99m hexameth­ylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPOA) labeled white blood cells in two horses, Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med 17:739, 1999.

17. Jones SL, Davis J, Rowlingson K: Ultrasonographic findings in horses with right dorsal colitis: five cases (2000-2001), J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1248, 2003.

18. Geor RJ, Petrie L, Papich MG, et al: The protective effects of sucralfate and ranitidine in foals experimentally intoxicated with phenylbutazone, Can J Vet Res 53:231, 1989.

19. Collins LG, Tyler DE: Experimentally induced phenylbutazone toxicosis in ponies: description of the syndrome and its prevention with synthetic prosta­glandin E2, Am J Vet Res 46:1605, 1985.

20. Cook VL, Meyer CT, Campbell NB, et al: Effect of firocoxib or flunixin meglumine on recovery of ischemic-injured equine jejunum, Am J Vet Res 70:992,

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21. Martin EM, Messenger KM, Sheats MK, et al: Misoprostol inhibits lipopoly­saccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by equine leukocytes, Front Vet Sci 4:160, 2017.

22. Martin EM, Till RL, Sheats MK, et al: Misoprostol inhibits equine neutrophil adhesion, migration, and respiratory burst in an in vitro model of inflammation, Front Vet Sci 4:159, 2017.

23. Yamada T, Deitch E, Specian RD, et al: Mechanisms of acute and chronic intestinal inflammation induced by indomethacin, Inflammation 17:641, 1993.

24. Fahey GC: Dietary fiber: definition and influence on enteric physiology, colonic proliferation, and inflammatory mediators, Proc Am Coll VetIntern Med 12:536, 1994.

Fluid Therapy for Horses with Gastrointestinal Diseases

1. Furr MO, Lessard P, White NA: Development of a colic severity score for predict­ing the outcome of equine colic, Vet Surg 24:97, 1995.

2. Corley KTT, Marr CM: Pathophysiology, assessment and treatment of acid-base disturbances in the horse, Equine Vet Educ 10:255, 1998.

3. Tennant B, Lowe JE, Tasker JB: Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in ponies following bilateral nephrectomy, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 167:365, 1981.

4. Magdesian KG: Monitoring the critically ill equine patient, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 20:11, 2004.

5. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al: Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock, N Engl J Med 345:1368, 2001.

6. Moon PF, Snyder JR, Haskins SC, et al: Effects of a highly concentrated hypertonic saline-dextran volume expander on cardiopulmonary function in anesthetized normovolemic horses, Am J Vet Res 52:1611, 1991.

7. Bertone JJ, Shoemaker KE: Effect of hypertonic and isotonic saline solutions on plasma constituents of conscious horses, Am J Vet Res 53:1844, 1992.

8. Seahorn JL, Seahorn TL: Fluid therapy in horses with gastrointestinal disease, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 19:665, 2003.

9. Fielding CL, Magdesian KG: A Comparison of hypertonic (7.2%) and isotonic saline (0.9%) saline for fluid resuscitation in horses: a randomized double-blinded, clinical trial, J Vet Intern Med 25:1138, 2011.

10. Schusser GF, Rieckhoff K, Ungemach FR, et al: Effect of hydroxyethyl starch solution in normal horses and horses with colic or acute colitis, J Vet Med 54:592, 2007.

11. Hallowell GD, Corely KTT: Preoperative administration of hydroxyethyl starch or hypertonic saline to horses with colic, J Vet Intern Med 20:980, 2006.

12. Houpt KA, Eggleston A, Kunkle K, et al: Effect of water restriction on equine behaviour and physiology, Equine Vet J 32:341, 2000.

13. Rainger JE, Dart AJ: Enteral fluid therapy in large animals, Aust Vet J 84:447,

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14. Sosa Leon LA, Hodgson DR, Carlson GP, et al: Effects of concentrated electrolytes administered via a paste on fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance in horses, Am J Vet Res 59:898, 1998.

15. Lopes MAF, Walker BL, White NA, et al: Treatments to promote colonic hydration: enteral fluid therapy versus intravenous fluid therapy and magnesium sulphate, Equine Vet J 34:505, 2002.

16. Lopes MAF, White NA, Donaldson L, et al: Effects of enteral and intravenous fluid therapy, magnesium sulfate, and sodium sulfate on colonic contents and feces in horses, Am J Vet Res 65:695, 2004.

17. Corely KTT: Fluid therapy for horses with gastrointestinal diseases. In Smith BP, editor: Large animal internal medicine, ed 4, St. Louis, MO, 2009, Elsevier, p 770.

18. Monreal L, Navarro M, Armengou L, et al: Enteral fluid therapy in 108 horses with large colon impactions and dorsal displacements, Vet Rec 166:259, 2010.

19. Brownlow MA, Hutchins DR: The concept of osmolality: its use in the evaluation of dehydration in the horse, Equine Vet J 14:106, 1982.

20. Svendsen CK, Hjortkjaer RK, Hesselholt M: Colic in the horse. A clinical and clinical chemical study of 42 cases, Nord Vet Med 31:1, 1979.

21. Dart AJ, Snyder JR, Spier SJ, et al: Ionized calcium concentration in horses with surgically managed gastrointestinal disease: 147 cases (1988-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1244, 1992.

22. Costa LRR, Eades SE, Tulley RT, et al: Plasma magnesium concentrations in horses with gastrointestinal tract disease, J Vet Intern Med 13:274, 1999.

23. McFarlane D: Hetastarch: a synthetic colloid with potential in equine patients, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 21:867, 1999.

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26. Jones PA, Bain FT, Byars TD, et al: Effect of hydroxyethyl starch infusion on colloid oncotic pressure in hypoproteinemic horses, J Am Vet Med 218:1130, 2001.

27. Wendt-Hornickle EL, Snyder LBC, Tang R, et al: The effects of lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) or LRS and 6% hetastarch on the colloid osmotic pressure, total protein, and osmolality in healthy horses under general anesthesia, Vet Anaesth Analg 38:336, 2011.

28. Mazzoni MC, Borgstrom P, Intaglietta M, et al: Capillary narrowing in hemor­rhagic shock is rectified by hyperosmotic saline-dextran reinfusion, Circ Shock 31:407, 1990.

29. Bertone JJ, Gossett KA, Shoemaker KE, et al: Effect of hypertonic vs isotonic saline solution on responses to sublethal Escherichia coli endotoxemia in horses, Am J Vet Res 51:999, 1990.

30. Pantaleon LG, Furr MO, McKenzie HC, et al: Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of hetastarch plus hypertonic saline solutions during experimental endotoxemia in anesthetized horses, J Vet Int Med 20:1422, 2006.

31. Pantaleon LG, Furr MO, McKenzie HC, et al: Effects of small- and large-volume resuscitation on coagulation and electrolytes during experimental endotoxemia in anesthetized horses, J Vet Med 21:1374, 2007.

32. Spurlock SL, Ward MV: Parenteral nutrition in equine patients: principles and theory, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 13:461, 1991.

Ruminant Alimentary Disease

Dental and Oral Diseases

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2. Andrews AH: First molar eruption in cattle and its use in age determination, Vet Rec 107:419, 1980.

3. Andrews AH: A comparison of first molar eruption in Friesian steers and heifers, Br Vet J 137:31, 1981.

4. Hofmeyr CFB: The digestive system. In Oehme FW, editor: Textbook of large animal surgery, Baltimore, MD, 1982, Williams & Wilkins.

5. St Clair LE: Teeth. In Getty R, editor: The anatomy of the domestic animal, Philadelphia, PA, 1975, Saunders.

6. Garlick NL: The teeth of the ox in clinical diagnosis. III, developmental anomalies and general pathology, Am J Vet Res 15:500, 1957.

7. Spense J, Aitchison G: Clinical aspects of dental disease in sheep, In Pract 8:128,

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8. Rogers GM, Poore MH, Ferko BL, et al: Dental wear and growth performance in steers fed sweet potato cannery waste, J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:681, 1999.

9. Rogers GM, Poore MH, Ferko BL, et al: In vitro effects of an acidic by-product feed on bovine teeth, Am J Vet Res 58:498, 1997.

10. Moxham BJ, Shore RC, Berkovitz BKB: Effects of inflammatory periodontal disease (broken mouth) on the mobility of the sheep incisor, Res Vet Sci 48:99,

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11. Barnicoat CP, Hall DM: Attritions of incisors of grazing sheep, Nature 185:179, 1960.

12. Steenkamp JDG: Effect of the brittle hardness and abrasive hardness of enamel on the degree of attrition of deciduous teeth of representative breeds of Bos indicus and bos taurus origin, Agroanimalia 1:23, 1969.

13. Denholm LJ, Vizard A: Periodontal disease and premature incisor tooth loss (broken mouth) in Australian sheep: is tooth grinding an effective solution?, Wool Tech Sheep Breed 34:113, 1986.

14. MacKinnon MM: A pathological study of an enzootic parodontal disease of mature sheep, N Z Vet J 7:18, 1959.

15. Bruere AN, West DM, Orr MB, et al: A syndrome of dental abnormalities of sheep. I, clinical aspects on a commercial sheep farm in the Wairarapa, N Z Vet J 27:152, 1979.

16. Andrews AH: Acquired diseases of the teeth and mouth in ruminants. In Harvey CE, editor: Veterinary dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, 1985, Saunders.

17. Cutress TW, Ludwig TG: Periodontal disease in sheep. I, review of the literature, J Periodontol 40:529, 1969.

18. Cutress TW: Histopathology of periodontal disease in sheep, Periodontology 47:643, 1976.

19. Blobel H, Dobereiner J, Rosa IV, et al: Bakteriologische Untersuchungen an der “cara inchada,” einer periodontalen erkrankung bei Rindern in Brasilien, Tierarztl Umschau 42:152, 1987.

20. Dobereiner J, Rosa IV, Dutra IS, et al: Efeito de espiramicina na profilaxia DA “cara inchada” dos bovinos, Pesq Vet Bras 10:27, 1990.

21. Borsanelli AC, Viora L, Lappin DF, et al: Periodontal lesions in slaughtered cattle in the west Scotland, Vet Rec 179:652, 2016.

22. McCourtie J: The bacteriology of periodontal disease in sheep, Rev Med Microbiol 1:116, 1990.

23. Spence JA, Aitchison GH, Fraser J: Development of periodontal disease in a single flock of sheep: clinical signs, morphology of subgingival plaque, and influence of antimicrobial agents, Res Vet Sci 45:324, 1988.

24. Spence JA, Aitchison GH: Early tooth loss in sheep: a review, Vet Ann 25:125, 1985.

25. Spence JA, Sykes AR, Atkinson PJ, et al: Skeletal and blood biochemical characteristics of sheep during growth and breeding: a comparison of flocks with and without broken mouth, J Comp Pathol 95:505, 1985.

26. Van Dyke TE, Levine MJ, Genco RJ: Periodontal diseases and neutrophil abnormalities. In Genco RJ, Mergenhagen SE, editors: Host-parasite interactions in periodontal diseases, Washington, DC, 1982, American Society for Microbiology, pp 235-245.

27. Healy WB, Ludwig TG: Wear of sheep's teeth, N Z J Agric Res 8:737, 1965.

28. Mitchum GD, Bruere AN: Solubilization of sheep's teeth: a new look at a widespread New Zealand problem, pp 44-56. Proceedings of the 14th Seminar of the Sheep and Beef Cattle Society of the New Zealand Veterinary Association Bulls, New Zealand, 1984.

29. Cutress TW, Suckling GW, Healy WB, et al: Periodontal disease in sheep. II, the composition of sera from sheep with periodontosis, Periodontology 43:668, 1972.

30. Aitchinson GH, Spense JA: Dental disease in hill sheep: an abattoir survey, J Comp Pathol 94:285, 1984.

31. Anderson BC, Bulgin MS: Starvation associated with dental disease in range ewes, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:737, 1984.

32. Orr MB, Mackey D, McNally K: A pilot study of the effects of mechanical shortening of ewes' incisors (bite correction) on body weight and the development of periodontal disease, Vet J 39:108, 1991.

33. Orr MB, O'Callaghan MW, West DM, et al: A syndrome of dental abnormalities of sheep. II, the pathology and radiology, N Z Vet J 27:276, 1979.

34. St. Jean G, Basaraba RJ, Kennedy GA, et al: Maxillary lymphosarcoma in a cow, Can Vet J 35:56, 1994.

35. Andrews AH, Ingram PL, Longstaffe JA: Osteodystrophia fibrosa in young goats, Vet Rec 112:404, 1983.

36. Nourani H, Dehkordi EV, Namjoo A: Vascular hamartoma in the gingiva of a calf, J Bio Sci 6:460-461, 2007.

37. Yeruham I, Abramovitch Q, Perl S: Gingival vascular hamartoma in two calves, Aust Vet J 82:152-153, 2004.

38. Tsuka T, Okamoto Y, Yamamoto N, et al: Unilateral rostral mandibulectomy for gingival vascular hamartoma in two calves, J Vet Sci 2018. Epub ahead of print.

39. Varga A, Samii VF, Rings DM: Vet med today: what is your diagnosis?, J Am Vet Med Assoc 237:903-904, 2010.

40. Gardner DG: Ameloblastic fibromas and related tumors in cattle, J Oral Pathol Med 25:119-124, 1996.

41. Tetens J, Ross MW, Sweeney RW: Rostral mandibulectomy for treatment of an ameloblastic fibro-odontoma in a cow, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1616-1617, 1995.

Salivary Gland Diseases

1. Williams EL: The mouth and salivary glands. In Amstutz HE, editor: Bovine medicine and surgery, ed 2, Santa Barbara, CA, 1980, American Veterinary Publication.

2. Budras KD, Habel RE: Trigeminal n., masticatory mm., salivary gll., and lymphatic system. In Bovine anatomy, Hannover, Germany, 2003, Schlutersche GmbH &Co, pp 38-39.

3. Sjaastad OV, Sand O, Hove K: Physiology of domestic animals, ed 2, Oslo, 2010, Scandinavian Veterinary Press, pp 548-551.

4. Hagler WM, Croom WJ, Jr: Slaframine: occurrence, chemistry, and physiological activity. In Cheeke PR, editor: Toxicants of plant origin, (vol 1). Boca Raton, FL, 1989, Alkaloids CRC.

5. Ducharme NG: Surgery of the bovine digestive system: surgical diseases of the oral cavity. In Fubini SL, Ducharme NG, editors: Farm animal surgery, ed 2, St. Louis, MO, 2017, Elsevier, pp 223-228.

6. Misk NA, Hifny A, Ahmed IH: Extirpation of the mandibular salivary glands in equine and ruminants, Vet Med J 25:169, 1991.

7. Mouli SP: Surgical treatment and chemical debridement of parotid salivary cysts in bovines: report of three cases, Indian Vet J 65:725, 1988.

8. Bundza A: Primary salivary gland neoplasia in three cows, J Comp Pathol 93:629,

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9. Kainer RA: Current concepts in the treatment of bovine ocular squamous cell tumors. In Moore CP, editor: Large animal ophthalmology, Philadelphia, PA,

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Actinobacillosis (Woody Tongue, Wooden Tongue)

1. Buttenschon J: The occurrence of lesions in the tongue of adult cattle and their implications for the development of actinobacillosis, J Vet Med Assoc 36:393, 1989.

2. Campbell SG, Whitlock TRH, Timoney JF, et al: An unusual epizootic of actinobacillosis in dairy heifers, J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:604, 1975.

3. Hebeler HF, Linton AH, Osborne AD: Atypical actinobacillosis in a dairy herd, Vet Rec 73:517, 1961.

4. Rebhun WC, King JM, Hillman RB: Atypical actinobacillosis granulomas in cattle, Cornell Vet 78:125, 1988.

5. Smith HW: A laboratory consideration of the treatment of Actinobacillus lignieresii infection, Vet Rec 63:674, 1951.

6. Miller HV, Drost M: Failure to cause abortion in cows with intravenous sodium iodide treatment, J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:466, 1978.

Actinomycosis (Lumpy Jaw)

1. Vos NJ: Actinomycosis of the mandible mimicking malignancy in a horse, Can Vet J 48:1261, 2007.

2. Fagin DA, Oosterhuis JF, Benirschke K: Lumpy jaw in exotic hoof stock. A histopathologic interpretation with a treatment proposal, J Zoo Wildlife Med 360:36, 2005.

3. Bose VSC, Nath I, Patnaik TK, et al: Cryotherapy for actinomycosis in crosses bred cows, Indian Vet J 81:76, 2004.

4. Miller HV, Drost M: Failure to cause abortion in cows with intravenous sodium iodide treatment, J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:466, 1978.

5. Watts TC, Olson SM, Rhodes CS: Treatment of bovine actinomycosis with isoniazid, Can Vet J 14:223, 1973.

Pharyngeal Trauma and Abscess

1. Davidson HP, Rebhun WC, Habel RE: Pharyngeal trauma in cattle, Cornell Vet 71:15, 1981.

2. Dougherty RW, Habel RE, Bond HE: Esophageal innervation and eructation reflex in sheep, Am J Vet Res 19:115, 1958.

3. Dougherty RW, Hill KJ, Campeti FL, et al: Studies of the pharyngeal and laryngeal activity during eructation of ruminants, Am J Vet Res 23:213, 1962.

Contagious Ecthyma (Sore Mouth, Orf, Contagious Pustular Dermatitis, Scabby Mouth)

1. Anonymous: Contagious ecthyma, 2007. www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/ contagious_ecthyma.pdf. (Accessed 7 November 2012).

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3. Barraviera SRCS: Diseases caused by poxvirus-orf and milker's nodules: a review, J Venom Anim Toxins 11:102, 2005.

4. Spyrou V, Valiakos G: Orf Virus infection in sheep and goats, Vet Micro 181:178, 2015.

5. Feng CY, Min XY, Cheng PG, et al: Molecular detection of a mixed infection of goatpox virus, orf virus, and Mycoplasma capripneumoniae in goats, J Vet Diag Invest 23:786, 2011.

6. Smith GW, Scherba G, Constable PD, et al: Atypical parapoxvirus infection in sheep, J Vet Intern Med 16:287, 2002.

7. de la Concha-Bermejillo A, Guo J, Ahang Z, et al: Severe persistent orf in young goats, J Vet Diagn Invest 15:423, 2003.

8. Leavell UW, Jr, McNamara MJ, Muelling R, et al: Orf: report of 19 human cases with clinical and pathological observations, JAMA 204:657, 1968.

9. Wise LM, Veikkola T, Mercer AA, et al: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-like protein from orf virus NZ2 binds to VEGFR-2 and neuropilin-1, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:3071, 1999.

10. Nettleton PF, Gilray JA, Yirrell DL, et al: Natural transmission of orf virus from clinically normal ewes to orf-naive sheep, Vet Rec 139:364, 1996.

11. Musser JMB, Waldron DF, Taylor CA: Evaluation of homologous and heterologous protection induced by a virulent field strain of orf virus and an orf vaccine for goats, Am J Vet Res 73:86, 2012.

12. Buddle BM, Pulford HD: Effect of passively acquired antibodies and vaccination on the immune response to contagious ecthyma virus, Vet Microbiol 9:515,

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13. Musser JMB, Taylor CA, Guo CA, et al: Development of a contagious ecthyma vaccine for goats, Am J Vet Res 69:1366, 2008.

Bovine Papular Stomatitis (Proliferative Stomatitis)

1. Gonzales GS, Romero RA, Tortora PJ: Antigenic relationships between samples of contagious ecthyma (orf) and bovine parapox by immuno-diffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis, Proc Eighth Nat Cong AZTECA 1:151,

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2. Roess AA, McCollum AM, Gruszynski K, et al: Surveillance of parapoxvirus among ruminants in Virginia and Connecticut, Zoonoses Public Health 60:543, 2013.

3. Laguardia-Nascimento M, de Oliveira APF, Azevedo IC, et al: Spread of poxviruses in livestock in Brazil associated with cases of double and triple infection, Arch Virol 162:2797, 2017.

4. Chalmers GA: Papular stomatitis in beef calves, Can Vet J 28:108, 1987.

5. Yeruham I, Abraham A, Nyska A: Clinical and pathological description of a chronic form of bovine papular stomatitis, J Comp Pathol 111:279, 1994.

6. Crandell RA, Gosser HS: Ulcerative esophagitis associated with poxvirus infection in a calf, J Am Vet Med Assoc 165:282, 1974.

7. de SantAna FJ, Rabelo RE, Vulcani VA, et al: Bovine papular stomatitis affecting dairy cows and milkers in midwestern Brazil, J Vet Diag Invest 24:442, 2012.

8. Inoshima Y, Nakane T, Sentsui H: Severe dermatitis on cattle teats caused by bovine papular stomatitis virus, Vet Rec 164:311, 2009.

9. Jeckel S, Bidewell C, Everest C, et al: Severe oesophagitis in an adult bull caused by bovine papular stomatitis virus, Vet Rec 169:317, 2011.

10. Griesemer RA, Cole CR: Bovine papular stomatitis. I. Recognition in the United States, J Am Vet Med Assoc 37:404, 1960.

11. Schaaf J, Traub E, Beller K: Untersuchungen uber die stomatitis papulosa des Rindes, Z Hyg Infektionskr 56:85, 1940.

12. Irwin MR, Brown LN, Deyhle CE, et al: Association of bovine papular stomatitis with the “rat tail” syndrome of feedlot cattle, Southwest Vet 29:120, 1976.

13. Schnurrenberger PR, Swango LJ, Bowman GM, et al: Bovine papular stomatitis incidence in veterinary students, Can J Comp Med 44:239, 1980.

Bluetongue

1. Verwoerd DW, Erasmus BJ: Bluetongue. In Coetzer JA, Tustin RC, editors: Infectious diseases of livestock, ed 2, Cape Town, South Africa, 2004, Oxford Press, pp 1201-1220.

2. Maclachlan NJ: Bluetongue: history, global epidemiology, and pathogenesis, Prev Vet Med 102:107-111, 2011.

3. Gibbs EP, Greiner EC: The epidemiology of bluetongue, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 17:207-220, 1994.

4. Tabachnick WJ: Culicoides and the global epidemiology of bluetongue virus infection, Vet Ital 40:144-150, 2004.

5. Purse BV, Mellor PS, Rogers DJ, et al: Opinion: climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe, Nat Rev Microbiol 3:171-181, 2005.

6. Purse BV, Brown HE, Harrup L, et al: Invasion of bluetongue and other orbivirus infections into Europe: the role of biological and climatic processes, Rev Sci Tech Int Des Epizoot 27:427-442, 2008.

7. Guis H, Caminade C, Calvete C, et al: Modelling the effects of past and future climate on the risk of bluetongue emergence in Europe, J R Soc Interface 9:339-350, 2012.

8. Saegerman C, Berkvens D, Mellor PS: Bluetongue epidemiology in the European Union, Emerg Infect Dis 14:539-544, 2008.

9. Johnson DJ: Identification of new United States bluetongue types, Proc Annu Meet United States Anim Heal Assoc 2007.

10. Jewiss-Gaines A, Barelli L, Hunter FF, et al: First records of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), a known vector of bluetongue virus, in Southern Ontario, J Med Entomol 54:757-762, 2017.

11. Maclachlan NJ: Global implications of the recent emergence of bluetongue virus in Europe, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pr 26:163-171, table of contents,

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12. MacLachlan NJ, Osburn BI: Impact of bluetongue virus infection on the international movement and trade of ruminants, J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1346-1349, 2006.

13. Maan S, Maan NS, Nomikou K, et al: Novel bluetongue virus serotype from Kuwait, Emerg Infect Dis 17:886-889, 2011.

14. Caporale M, Di Gialleonorado L, Janowicz A, et al: Virus and host factors affecting the clinical outcome of bluetongue virus infection, J Virol 88:10399­10411, 2014.

15. Balasuriya UB, Nadler SA, Wilson WC, et al: The NS3 proteins of global strains of bluetongue virus evolve into regional topotypes through negative (purifying) selection, Vet Microbiol 126:91-100, 2008.

16. Bonneau KR, Mullens BA, MacLachlan NJ: Occurrence of genetic drift and founder effect during quasispecies evolution of the VP2 and NS3/NS3A genes of bluetongue virus upon passage between sheep, cattle, and Culicoides sonorensis, J Virol 75:8298-8305, 2001.

17. Maclachlan NJ, Drew CP, Darpel KE, et al: The pathology and pathogenesis of bluetongue, J Comp Pathol 141:1-16, 2009.

18. Savini G, Puggioni G, Meloni G, et al: Novel putative Bluetongue virus in healthy goats from Sardinia, Italy, Infect Genet Evol 51:108-117, 2017.

19. Batten C, Darpel K, Henstock M, et al: Evidence for transmission of bluetongue virus serotype 26 through direct contact, PLoS ONE 9:2014.

20. Vogtlin A, Hofmann MA, Nenniger C, et al: Long-term infection of goats with bluetongue virus serotype 25, Vet Microbiol 166:165-173, 2013.

21. Breard E, Schulz C, Sailleau C, et al: Bluetongue virus serotype 27: experimental infection of goats, sheep and cattle with three BTV-27 variants reveal atypical characteristics and likely direct contact transmission BTV-27 between goats, Transbound Emerg Dis 65:e251-e263, 2018.

22. Schultz G, Delay PD: Losses in newborn lambs associated with bluetongue vaccination of pregnancy ewes, J Am Vet Med Assoc 127:224, 1955.

23. Maclachlan NJ, Osburn BI: Teratogenic bluetongue and related orbivirus infections in pregnant ruminant livestock: timing and pathogen genetics are critical, Curr Opin Virol 27:31-35, 2017.

24. Savini G, Lorusso A, Paladini C, et al: Bluetongue serotype 2 and 9 modified live vaccine viruses as causative agents of abortion in livestock: a retrospective analysis in Italy, Transbound Emerg Dis 61:69-74, 2014.

25. MacLachlan NJ, Conley AJ, Kennedy PC: Bluetongue and equine viral arteritis viruses as models of virus-induced fetal injury and abortion, Anim Reprod Sci 60-61:643-651, 2000.

26. Osburn BI, Johnson RT, Silverstein AM, et al: Experimental viral-induced congenital encephalopathies. II. The pathogenesis of bluetongue vaccine virus infection in fetal lambs, Lab Invest 25:206-210, 1971.

27. MacLachlan NJ, Conley AJ, Kennedy PC: Bluetongue and equine viral arteritis viruses as models of virus-induced fetal injury and abortion, Anim Reprod Sci 60-61:643-651, 2000.

28. Saegerman C, Bolkaerts B, Baricalla C, et al: The impact of naturally-occurring, trans-placental bluetongue virus serotype-8 infection on reproductive perfor­mance in sheep, Vet J 187:72-80, 2011.

29. Savini G, Afonso A, Mellor P, et al: Epizootic heamorragic disease, Res Vet Sci 91:1-17, 2011.

30. Holzhauer M, Vos J: Blue eyes” in newborn calves associated with bluetongue infection, Vet Rec 164:403-404, 2009.

31. Makoschey B, Maclachlan J, v Wuijckhuise L, et al: Bluetongue control in Europe-new challenges and achievements, Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 122:314-324, 2009.

32. Reynolds GE, Schmitz JA, Mattson DE, et al: White eye calf” syndrome in Oregon associated with bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses, Prog Clin Biol Res 178:67, 1985.

33. Nomikou K, Hughes J, Wash R, et al: Widespread reassortment shapes the evolution and epidemiology of bluetongue virus following European invasion, PLoS Pathog 11:1-23, 2015.

34. DeMaula CD, Leutenegger CM, Bonneau KR, et al: The role of endothelial cell-derived inflammatory and vasoactive mediators in the pathogenesis of bluetongue, Virology 296:330-337, 2002.

35. Tabachnick WJ: Culicoides and the global distribution of bluetongue virus infections, Vet Ital 40:145-150, 2004.

36. Jochim MM, Luedke AJ, Bowne JG: The clinical and immunogenic response of sheep to oral and intradermal administrations of bluetongue virus, Am J Vet Res 26:1254-1260, 1965.

37. Mayo CE, Crossley BM, Hietala SK, et al: Colostral transmission of bluetongue virus nucleic acid among newborn dairy calves in California, Transbound Emerg Dis 57:2010.

38. Mayo CE, Mullens BA, Reisen WK, et al: Seasonal and interseasonal dynamics of bluetongue virus infection of dairy cattle and Culicoides sonorensis midges in northern California - Implications for virus overwintering in temperate zones, PLoS ONE 9:2014.

39. Mayo CE, Mullens BA, Gibbs EPJ, et al: Overwintering of bluetongue virus in temperate zones, Vet Ital 52:2016.

40. Veronesi E, Darpel KE, Hamblin C, et al: Viraemia and clinical disease in Dorset Poll sheep following vaccination with live attenuated bluetongue virus vaccines serotypes 16 and 4, Vaccine 28:1397-1403, 2010.

41. MacLachlan NJ, Crafford JE, Vernau W, et al: Experimental reproduction of severe bluetongue in sheep, Vet Pathol 45:310-315, 2008.

42. Caporale V: Bluetongue control strategy, including recourse to vaccine. A critical review, Conf OIE 189-207, 2008.

43. Zientara S, MacLachlan NJ, Calistri P, et al: Bluetongue vaccination in Europe, Expert Rev Vaccines 9:989-991, 2010.

44. Boone JD, Balasuriya UB, Karaca K, et al: Recombinant canarypox virus vaccine co-expressing genes encoding the VP2 and VP5 outer capsid proteins of bluetongue virus induces high level protection in sheep, Vaccine 25:672-678,

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Diseases Caused by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)

1. Walz PH, Grooms DL, Passler T, et al: Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus in ruminants, J Vet Intern Med 24:476-486, 2010.

2. Grooms DL: Reproductive consequences of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 20:5-19, 2004.

3. McClurkin AW, Littledike ET, Cutlip RC, et al: Production of cattle immunotoler- ant to bovine viral diarrhea virus, Can J Comp Med 48:156-161, 1984.

4. Smith DB, Meyers G, Bukh J, et al: Proposed revision to the taxonomy of the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae, J Gen Virol 98:2106-2112, 2017.

5. Yesilbag K, Alpay G, Becher P: Variability and global distribution of subgenotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus, Viruses 9:2017.

6. Workman AM, Heaton MP, Harhay GP, et al: Resolving bovine viral diarrhea virus subtypes from persistently infected U.S. beef calves with complete genome sequence, J Vet Diagn Invest 28:519-528, 2016.

7. Fulton RW: Impact of species and subgenotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus on control by vaccination, Anim Health Res Rev 16:40-54, 2015.

8. Harding MJ, Cao X, Shams H, et al: Role of bovine viral diarrhea virus biotype in the establishment of fetal infections, Am J Vet Res 63:1455-1463,

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9. Fulton RW, Ridpath JF, Ore S, et al: Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) subgenotypes in diagnostic laboratory accessions: distribution of BVDV1a, 1b, and 2a subgenotypes, Vet Microbiol 111:35-40, 2005.

10. Bauermann FV, Ridpath JF, Dargatz DA: A serosurvey for ruminant pestivirus exposure conducted using cattle sera collected for brucellosis surveillance in the United States, J Vet Diagn Invest 29:76-82, 2017.

11. Wittum TE, Grotelueschen DM, Brock KV, et al: Persistent bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in US beef herds, Prev Vet Med 49:83-94, 2001.

12. O'Connor AM, Reed MC, Denagamage TN, et al: Prevalence of calves persistently infected with Bovine viral diarrhea virus in beef cow-calf herds enrolled in a voluntary screening project, J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1691-1696, 2007.

13. Fulton RW, Hessman BE, Ridpath JF, et al: Multiple diagnostic tests to identify cattle with bovine viral diarrhea virus and duration of positive test results in persistently infected cattle, Can J Vet Res 73:117-124, 2009.

14. Bolin SR, McClurkin AW, Coria MF: Frequency of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in selected cattle herds, Am J Vet Res 46:2385-2387,

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15. Houe H, Baker JC, Maes RK, et al: Comparison of the prevalence and incidence of infection with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Denmark and Michigan and association with possible risk factors, Acta Vet Scand 36:521-531, 1995.

16. O’Connor AM, Sorden SD, Apley MD: Association between the existence of calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus and commingling on pen morbidity in feedlot cattle, Am J Vet Res 66:2130-2134, 2005.

17. Hessman BE, Fulton RW, Sjeklocha DB, et al: Evaluation of economic effects and the health and performance of the general cattle population after exposure to cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus in a starter feedlot, Am J Vet Res 70:73-85, 2009.

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Vesicular Stomatitis

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Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Aftosa, Aphthous Fever)

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Peste des Petits Ruminants (Sheep and Goat Plague) and

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Choke and Esophageal Disorders

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Esophageal Dilation (Megaesophagus) and Hiatal Hernia

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Ultrasonography of the Ruminant Abdomen

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5. Braun U: Ultrasonography of the liver in cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:591-609, Table of Contents, 2009.

6. Braun U, Gerber D: Influence of age, breed, and stage of pregnancy on hepatic ultrasonographic findings in cows, Am J Vet Res 55:1201-1205, 1994.

7. Amachawadi RG, Nagaraja TG: Liver abscesses in cattle: a review of incidence in Holsteins and of bacteriology and vaccine approaches to control in feedlot cattle, J Anim Sci 94:1620-1632, 2016.

8. Liberg P, Jonsson G: Ultrasonography and determination of proteins and enzymes in blood for the diagnosis of liver abscesses in intensively fed beef cattle, Acta Vet Scand 34:21-28, 1993.

9. Braun U, Nuss K, Soldati G, et al: Clinical and ultrasonographic findings in four cows with liver tumours, Vet Rec 157:482-484, 2005.

10. Tharwat M: Ultrasonographic findings in cattle and buffaloes with chronic hepatic fascioliosis, Trop Anim Health Prod 44:1555-1560, 2012.

11. Braun U, Wolfensberger R, Hertzberg H, et al: Diagnosis of liver flukes in cows-a comparison of the findings in the liver, in the feces, and in the bile: percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in cows, Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 137:438-444, 1995.

12. Banzato T, Fiore E, Morgante M, et al: Texture analysis of B-mode ultrasound images to stage hepatic lipidosis in the dairy cow: a methodological study, Res Vet Sci 108:71-75, 2016.

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14. Steiner A, Lejeune B: Ultrasonographic assessment of umbilical disorders, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:781-794, Table of Contents, 2009.

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16. Pusterla N, Braun U, Mohamed T, et al: Ultrasonic examination of the pancreas in healthy cows: ultrasonographic imaging of experimentally induced pancreatitis in cattle, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 38:63-67, 1997.

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Acute Abdomen in Ruminants

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30. Braun U, Fluckiger M, Nageli F: Radiography as an aid in the diagnosis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle, Vet Rec 132:103-109, 1993.

31. Partington BP, Biller DS: Radiography of the bovine cranioventral abdomen, Vet Radiol 32:155-168, 1991.

32. Fubini SL, Yeager AE, Mohammed HO, et al: Accuracy of radiography of the reticulum for predicting surgical findings in adult dairy cattle with traumatic reticuloperitonitis:123 cases (1981-1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1060-1064,

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33. Pearson H, Pinsent PJN: Intestinal obstruction in cattle, Vet Rec 101:162-166, 1977.

34. Constable PD: Fluid and electrolyte therapy in ruminants, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 19:557-597, 2003.

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37. Walker PG, Constable PD, Morin DE, et al: Comparison of hypertonic saline- dextran solution and lactate Ringers solution for resuscitating severely dehydrated calves with diarrhea, J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:113-121, 1998.

38. Constable PD: Hypertonic saline, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 15:559-585,

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39. Geishauser T, Oekentorp N: The association between blood calcium and selected parameters in dairy cows diagnosed with left displaced abomasum, Zbl Vet Med A 44:493-500, 1997.

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47. Stock ML, Coetzee JF: Clinical pharmacology of analgesic drugs in cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 31:113-138, 2015.

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55. Kasari TR, Woodbury AH, Morcom-Kasari E: Adverse effect of orally administered magnesium hydroxide on serum magnesium concentration and systemic acid-base balance in adult cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:735-742, 1990.

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Indigestion in Ruminants

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2. Allen MS: Relationship between fermentation acid production in the rumen and the requirement for physically effective fiber, J Dairy Sci 80:1447, 1997.

3. AlZahal O, Dionissopoulos L, Laarman AH, et al: Active dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae can alleviate the effect of subacute ruminal acidosis in lactating dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 97:7751-7763, 2014.

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5. Andersen PH, Bergelin B, Christensen KA: Effect of feeding regimen on concentration of free endotoxin in ruminal fluid of cattle, J Anim Sci 72:487-491,

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7. Andersson B, Kitchell R, Persson N: A study of rumination induced by milking in the goat, Acta Physiol Scand 44:92-102, 1958.

8. Aschenbach JR, Gabel G: Effect and absorption of histamine in sheep rumen: significance of acidotic epithelial damage, J Anim Sci 78:464-470, 2000.

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10. Balcells J, Aris A, Serrano A, et al: Effects of an extract of plant flavonoids (Bioflavex) on rumen fermentation and performance in heifers fed high- concentrate diets, J Anim Sci 90:4975-4984, 2012.

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13. Bartley EE, Nagaraja TG, Pressman ES, et al: Effects of lasalocid or monensin on legume or grain (feedlot) bloat [Cattle], J Anim Sci 56:1400-1406, 1983.

14. Bide RW: Excess rumen product anions in cattle. I. Blood clearance rates and reduced liver function from sublethal doses of volatile fatty acids, lactate and succinate, Can J Comp Med 47:222-229, 1983.

15. Braun U: Ultrasonography of the gastrointestinal tract in cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:567-590, Table of Contents, 2009.

16. Braun U, Gautschi A: Ultrasonographic examination of the forestomachs and the abomasum in ruminal drinker calves, Acta Vet Scand 55:1, 2013.

17. Braun U, Gotz M: Ultrasonography of the reticulum in cows, Am J Vet Res 55:325-332, 1994.

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21. Braun U, Rihs T, Eicher R: Rumen fluid investigations in cows with chronic inactivity of forestomach flora and fauna before and after treatment and change of diet, Schweiz Arch Tierh 130:545-558, 1988.

22. Braun U, Rihs T, Schefer U: Ruminal lactic acidosis in sheep and goats, Vet Rec 130:343-349, 1992.

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27. Chapman HW, Butler DG, Newell M: The route of liquids administered to calves by esophageal feeder, Can J Vet Res 50:84-87, 1986.

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16. Nazifi S, Ansari-Lari M, Tabandeh MR, et al: Clinical relevance of serum sialic acids evaluation and correlation with haptoglobin and serum amyloid a in diseases cattle, Bulg J Vet Med 13:45, 2010.

17. Braun U, Fluckiger M, Gotz M: Comparison of ultrasonographic and radiographic findings in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis, Vet Rec 135:470, 1994.

18. Braun U, Fluckiger M, Nageli F: Radiography as an aid in the diagnosis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle, Vet Rec 132:103, 1993.

19. Fubini SL, Yeager AE, Mohammed HO, et al: Accuracy of radiography of the reticulum for predicting surgical findings in adult dairy cattle with traumatic reticuloperitonitis: 123 cases (1981-1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1060, 1990.

20. Braun U: Ultrasonography of the gastrointestinal tract in cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:567, 2009.

21. Braun U, Gansohr B, Fluckiger M: Effects of atropine, scopolamine and xylazine on the placement of an orally administered magnet in cows, Vet Rec 152:258, 2003.

22. Braun U, Gansohr B, Fluckiger M: Radiographic findings before and after oral administration of a magnet in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis, Am J Vet Res 64:115, 2003.

23. Stock ML, Coetzee JF: Clinical pharmacology of analgesic drugs in cattle, Vet Clinic North Am Food Anim Pract 31:113, 2015.

24. Braun U, Tschoner T, Haessig M, et al: Eating and rumination behaviour in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis, Schweiz Arch Tierh 159:101, 2017.

25. Braun U, Iselin U, Lischer C, et al: Ultrasonographic findings in five cows before and after treatment of reticular abscesses, Vet Rec 142:84, 1998.

26. Herzog K, Kaske M, Bischoff C, et al: Post surgical development of inflammatory adhesions and reticular function in cows suffering from traumatic reticulo- peritonitis, Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 111:57, 2004.

27. Hartnack AK, Niehaus A, Rousseau M, et al: Indications for and factors relating to outcome after rumenotomy or rumenostomy in cattle: 95 cases (199-2011), J Am Vet Med Assoc 246:659, 2015.

Abomasal Displacement and Volvulus

1. McArt JA, Nydam DV, Oetzel GR: Epidemiology of subclinical ketosis in early lactation dairy cattle, J Dairy Sci 95:5056, 2012.

2. Duffield TF, Lissemore KD, McBride BW, et al: Impact of hyperketonemia in early lactation dairy cows on health and production, J Dairy Sci 92:571, 2009.

3. LeBlanc SJ, Leslie KE, Duffield TF: Metabolic predictors of displaced abomasum in dairy cattle, J Dairy Sci 88:159, 2005.

4. Chapinal N, Carson M, Duffield TF, et al: The association of serum metabolites with clinical disease during the transition period, J Dairy Sci 94:4897, 2011.

5. Stengarde L, Holtenius K, Emanuelson U, et al: Blood parameters in Swedish dairy herds with high or low incidence of displaced abomasum or ketosis, Vet J 190:124, 2011.

6. Stengarde L, Holtenius K, Traven M, et al: Blood profiles in dairy cows with displaced abomasum, J Dairy Sci 93:4691, 2010.

7. Fubini SL, Ducharme NG: Surgery of the bovine digestive system. In Fathman EM, Merchant T, editors: Farm animal surgery, St. Louis, MO, 2004, Saunders, pp 161-281.

8. Mulon PY, Babkine M, Desrochers A: Ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy in 18 cattle with displaced abomasum, Vet Surg 35:347, 2006.

9. Babkine M, Desrochers A, Boure L, et al: Ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy on adult cows, Can Vet J 47:343, 2006.

10. Seeger T, Kumper H, Failing K, et al: Comparison of laparoscopic-guided abomasopexy versus omentopexy via right flank laparotomy for the treatment of left abomasal displacement in dairy cows, Am J Vet Res 67:472, 2006.

11. Newman KD, Anderson DE, Silveira F: One-step laparoscopic abomasopexy for correction of left-sided displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows, J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1142, 2005.

12. Roy JP, Harvey D, Belanger AM, et al: Comparison of 2-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy versus omentopexy via right flank laparotomy for the treatment of dairy cows with left displacement of the abomasum in on-farm settings, J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1700, 2008.

13. Wittek T, Furll M, Grosche A: Peritoneal inflammatory response to surgical correction of left displaced abomasum using different techniques, Vet Rec 171:594, 2012.

14. Jorritsma R, Westerlaan B, Bierma MP, et al: Milk yield and survival of Holstein- Friesian dairy cattle after laparoscopic correction of left-displaced abomasum, Vet Rec 162:743, 2008.

15. Wittek T, Locher LF, Alkaassem A, et al: Effect of surgical correction of left displaced abomasum by means of omentopexy via right flank laparotomy or two-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy on postoperative abomasal emptying rate in lactating dairy cows, J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:652, 2009.

16. Remsburg DW, Galligan DT, Ferguson JD: Use of decision analysis to evaluate the delivery method of veterinary health care on dairy farms as measured by correction of left displaced abomasum, J Am Vet Med Assoc 238:60, 2011.

17. Sterner KE, Grymer J, Bartlett PC, et al: Factors influencing the survival of dairy cows after correction of left displaced abomasum, J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1521, 2008.

18. Wittek T, Constable PD, Morin DE: Ultrasonographic assessment of change in abomasal position during the last three months of gestation and first three months of lactation in Holstein-Friesian cows, J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1469, 2005.

19. Guzelbektes H, Sen I, Ok M, et al: Serum amyloid A and haptoglobin concentra­tions and liver fat percentage in lactating dairy cows with abomasal displacement, J Vet Intern Med 24:213, 2010.

20. Kalaitzakis E, Roubies N, Panousis N, et al: Evaluation of ornithine carbamoyl transferase and other serum and liver-derived analytes in diagnosis of fatty liver and postsurgical outcome of left-displaced abomasum in dairy cows, J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:1463, 2006.

21. Grunberg W, Constable P, Schroder U, et al: Phosphorus homeostasis in dairy cows with abomasal displacement or abomasal volvulus, J Vet Intern Med 19:894, 2005.

22. Grosche A, Furll M, Wittek T: Peritoneal fluid analysis in dairy cows with left displaced abomasum and abomasal volvulus, Vet Rec 170:413, 2012.

23. Stengarde L, Hultgren J, Traven M, et al: Risk factors for displaced abomasum or ketosis in Swedish dairy herds, Prev Vet Med 103:280, 2012.

24. Fox FH: Abomasal disorders, J Am Vet Med Assoc 147:383, 1965.

25. Becker JC, Heins BJ, Hansen LB: Costs for health care of Holstein cows selected for large versus small body size, J Dairy Sci 95:5384, 2012.

26. Wittek T, Sen I, Constable PD: Changes in abdominal dimensions during late gestation and early lactation in Holstein-Friesian heifers and cows and their relationship to left displaced abomasum, Vet Rec 161:155, 2007.

27. Braun U, Feller B, Hassig M, et al: Ultrasonographic examination of the omasum, liver, and small and large intestines in cows with right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus, Am J Vet Res 69:777, 2008.

28. Irmak K, Turgut K: Disseminated intravascular coagulation in cattle with abomasal displacement, Vet Res Commun 29:61, 2005.

29. Sharifi K, Mostaghni K, Maleki M, et al: IschaemiaZreperfusion injury in experimentally induced abomasal volvulus in sheep, Vet Res Commun 31:575, 2007.

30. Grohn YT, Fubini SL, Smith DF: Use of a multiple logistic regression model to determine prognosis of dairy cows with right displacement of the abomasum or abomasal volvulus, Am J Vet Res 51:1895, 1990.

31. Constable PD, St-Jean G, Hull BL, et al: Prognostic value of surgical and postoperative findings in cattle with abomasal volvulus, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:892, 1991.

32. Menard L, St-Pierre H, Lamothe P: Les affections de la caillette chez la vache laitiere au Quebec II. Etude retrospective de 1000 cas, Can Vet J 19:143, 1978.

33. Smith DF: Right-side torsion of the abomasum in dairy cows: classification of severity and evaluation of outcome, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:108, 1978.

34. Garry FB, Hull BL, Rings DM, et al: Prognostic value of anion gap calculation in cattle with abomasal volvulus: 58 cases (1980-1985), J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:1107, 1988.

35. Wallace CE: Reticulo, omasal, abomasal volvulus in dairy cows, Bovine Pract 24:74, 1989.

36. Pearson H: The treatment of surgical disorders of the bovine abdomen, Vet Rec 92:245, 1973.

37. Esperson G: Dilatation and displacement of the abomasum to the right, flank and dilatation and dislocation of the caecum, Vet Rec 76:1423, 1964.

38. Fubini SL, Grohn YT, Smith DF: Right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus in dairy cows: 458 cases (1980-1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:460, 1991.

39. Hjortkjear RK, Svendsen CK: Right abomasal displacement in dairy cows: clinical, clinical chemistry and hemodynamic findings with special reference to prognosis and circulatory disturbance, Nord Vet Med 31:1, 1979.

40. Sattler N, Fecteau G, Helie P, et al: Etiology, forms, and prognosis of gastrointestinal dysfunction resembling vagal indigestion occurring after surgical correction of right abomasal displacement, Can Vet J 41:777, 2000.

41. Rebhun WC, Fubini SL, Miller TK: Vagus indigestion in cattle: clinical features, causes, treatments and long-term follow-up of 112 cases, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 10:387, 1998.

42. Wittek T, Tischer K, Korner I, et al: Effect of preoperative erythromycin or dexamethasone/vitamin C on postoperative abomasal emptying rate in dairy cows undergoing surgical correction of abomasal volvulus, Vet Surg 37:537, 2008.

43. Constable PD, Nouri M, Sen I, et al: Evidence-based use of prokinetic drugs for abomasal disorders in cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 28:51, 2012.

Abomasal Ulcers

1. Smith DF, Munson L, Erb HN: Abomasal ulcer disease in adult dairy cattle, Cornell Vet 73:213, 1983.

2. Braun U, Eicher R, Ehrensperger F: Type 1 abomasal ulcers in dairy cattle, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 38:357, 1991.

3. Constable PD: Abomasal ulcers, 2016. Merck Veterinary Manual, ed 11. Available at: http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/diseases_of_the_ abomasum/abomasal_ulcers.html?qt5abomasal_ulcers&alt5sh. (Accessed 9 May 2018).

4. Welchman DD, Baust GN: A survey of abomasal ulceration in veal calves, Vet Rec 121:586, 1987. Lilley CW, Hamar DW, Gerlach M, et al. 1985. Linking copper and bacteria with abomasal ulcers in beef calves. Vet Med 80:85.

5. Wiepkema PR, Van Hellemond KK, Roessingh P, et al: Behaviour and abomasal damage in individual veal calves, Appl Anim Behav Sci 18:257, 1987.

6. Waldner CL, Kennedy RI, Rosengren LB, et al: Gross postmortem and histologic examination findings from abortion losses and calf mortalities in western Canadian beef herds, Can Vet J 51:1227, 2010.

7. Palmer JE, Whitlock RH: Bleeding abomasal ulcers in adult dairy cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:448, 1983.

8. Palmer JE, Whitlock RH: Perforated abomasal ulcers in adult dairy cows, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:171, 1984.

9. Mostaghni K: Abomasal ulceration in goats and its association with the presence of nematodes, Zbl Vet Med B 26:353, 1979.

10. Jassim A, Yousif ABR, Kshash QH: Study on abomasal ulcer in sheep in Iraq, Int J Adv Res 2:342, 2014.

11. Khodakaram-Tafti A, Hajimohammadi A, Amiri F: Prevalence and pathology of abomasal abnormalities in sheep in southern Iran, Bulg J Vet Med 18:270,

2015.

12. Hund A, Wittek T: Abomasal and third compartment ulcers in ruminants and south American camelids, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 34:35, 2017.

13. Smith DF, Munson L, Erb HN: Predictive values for clinical signs of abomasal ulcer disease in adult dairy cattle, Prev Vet Med 3:573, 1986.

14. Constable PD, St Jean G, Hull BL, et al: Intussusception in cattle: 336 cases (1964-1993), J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:531, 1997.

15. Dennison AC, Van Metre DC, Callan RJ, et al: Hemorrhagic bowel syn­drome in dairy cattle: 22 cases (1997-2000), J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:686, 2002.

16. Francoz D, Babkine M, Couture Y, et al: [Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in cattle: a retrospective study of 37 cases], Medecin Veterinaire du Quebec 35:65, 2005.

17. Peek SF, Santschi EM, Livesey MA, et al: Surgical findings and outcome for dairy cattle with jejunal hemorrhage syndrome: 31 cases (2000-2007), J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:1308, 2009.

18. Braun U, Bretscher R, Gerber D: Bleeding abomasal ulcers in dairy cows, Vet Rec 129:279, 1991.

19. Mesaric M: Role of serum pepsinogen in detecting cows with abomasal ulcer, Vet Arh 75:111, 2005.

20. Mesaric M, Zadnik T, Klinkon M: Comparison of serum pepsinogen activity between enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) positive beef cattle and cows with abomasal ulcers, Slov Vet Res 39:227, 2002.

21. Ok M, Sen I, Turgut K, et al: Plasma gastrin activity and the diagnosis of bleeding abomasal ulcers in cattle, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 48:563,

2001.

22. Marshall TS: Abomasal ulceration and tympany of calves, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:209, 2009.

23. Hund A, Beer T, Wittek T: Abomasal ulcers at slaughtered cattle in Austria, Tierazlt Prax G N 44:279, 2016.

24. Bucsinki S, Belanger AM, Francoz D: Ultrasonographic appearance of lympho- matous infiltration of the abomasum in cows with lymphoma, J Am Vet Med Assoc 238:1044, 2011.

25. Braun U, Wild K, Merz M, et al: Percutaneous ultrasound-guided abomasocentesis in cows, Vet Rec 140:599, 1997.

26. Rebhun WC: The medical treatment of abomasal ulcers in dairy cattle, Compend Cont Educ Vet Med 4:S91, 1982.

27. Constable PD, Wittek T, Ahmed AF, et al: Abomasal pH and emptying rate in the calf and dairy cow and the effect of commonly administered therapeutic agents, pp 54-68. Proceedings of the 24th Annual World Buiatrics Congress, Nice, France, 2006.

28. Ahmed AF, Constable PD, Misk NA: Effect of orally administered omeprazole on abomasal luminal pH in dairy calves fed milk replacer, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 52:238, 2005.

29. Mikhail M, Brugere H, Le Bars H, et al: Stimulated esophageal groove closure in adult goats, Am J Vet Res 49:1713, 1988.

30. Morgado AA, Nunes GR, Martins AS, et al: Metabolic profile and ruminal and abomasal pH in sheep subjected to intravenous ranitidine, Pesq Vet Bras 34:17,

2014.

31. Balcomb C, Heller M, Kynch H, et al: Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of intravenous famotidine in adult steers, J Vet Intern Med 30:1518, 2016.

32. Tulleners EP, Hamilton GF: Surgical resection of perforated abomasal ulcers in calves, Can Vet J 21:262, 1980.

33. Mulon PY, Desrochers A: Surgical abdomen of the calf, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 21:101, 2005.

34. Cable CS, Rebhun WC, Fubini SL, et al: Concurrent abomasal displacement and perforating ulceration in cattle: 21 cases (1985-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1442, 1998.

Abomasal Dilation and Emptying Defect of Suffolk Sheep

1. Pruden SJ, McAllister MM, et al: Abomasal emptying defect of sheep may be an acquired form of dysautonomia, Vet Pathol 41:164, 2004.

2. Smith RM, Underwood WJ, Petersen GC, et al: Abomasal dilatation and impaction in two Hampshire rams, Vet Rec 130:468, 1992.

3. Gabb K, Lofstedt J, Bildfell R: Abomasal emptying defect in a ewe of predomi­nantly Dorset breeding, Vet Rec 131:127, 1992.

4. Sharp MW, Collings DF: Ovine abomasal enlargement and scrapie, Vet Rec 120:215, 1987.

5. Edwards GT, Nevel A: Abomasal emptying defect in two British Toggenburg goats, Vet Rec 162:418, 2008.

6. Ruegg PL, George LW, East NE: Abomasal dilatation and emptying defect in a flock of Suffolk ewes, J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1534, 1988.

7. Kopcha M: Abomasal dilatation and emptying defect in a ewe, J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:783, 1988.

8. Kline EE, Meyer JR, Nelson DR, et al: Abomasal impaction in sheep, Vet Rec 113:177, 1983.

9. Rings DM, Welker FH, Hull BL, et al: Abomasal emptying defect in Suffolk sheep, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:1520, 1984.

10. Constable PD, Nouri M, Sen I, et al: Evidence-based use of prokinetic drugs for abomasal disorders in cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 28(1):51-70, 2012.

11. Steiner A: Modifiers of gastrointestinal motility of cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 19:647, 2003.

12. Fazeli M, Shomali T, Firouzi MJ, et al: Erythromycin enhances abomasal emptying in healthy unweaned lambs as shown by acetaminophen absorption test, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 35(4):410-412, 2012.

Abomasal Impaction

1. Wittek T, Constable PD, Morin DE: Abomasal impaction in Holstein-Friesian cows: 80 cases (1980-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:287, 2005.

2. Cebra C, Cebra M, Garry F: Gravel obstruction in the abomasum or duodenum of two cows, J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1294-1296, 1996.

3. Melendez P, Krueger T, Benzaquen M, et al: An outbreak of sand impaction in postpartum dairy cows, Can Vet J 48:1067-1070, 2007.

4. Erickson N, Hendrick S: Sand impactions in a Saskatchewan beef cow-calf herd, Can Vet J 52:74, 2011.

5. Simsek A, Sekin S, Icen H, et al: Abomasal impaction due to sand accumulation in two cows, Large Anim Rev 21:125, 2015.

6. Constable PD, Nouri M, Sen I, et al: Evidence-based use of prokinetic drugs for abomasal disorders in cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 28:51, 2012.

Obstructive Intestinal Diseases

1. Vogel SR, Nichols S, Buczinski S, et al: Duodenal obstruction caused by duodenal sigmoid flexure volvulus in dairy cattle: 29 cases (2006-2010), J Am Vet Med Assoc 241:621, 2012.

2. Barker IK, Van Dreumel AA, et al: Congenital anomalies of the intestine. In Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N, editors: Pathology of domestic animals, ed 4, Toronto, ON, 1993, Academic Press, pp 85-87.

3. Syed M, Shanks RD: Incidence of atresia coli and relationships among the affected calves born in one herd of Holstein cattle, J Dairy Sci 75:1357, 1992.

4. Constable PD, Shanks RD, Huhn J, et al: Evaluation of breed as a risk factor for atresia coli in cattle, Theriogenology 48:775, 1997.

5. Brenner J, Orgad U: Epidemiological investigations of an outbreak of intestinal atresia in two Israeli dairy herds, J Vet Med Sci 65:141, 2003.

6. Mulon PY, Desrochers A: Surgical abdomen of the calf, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 21:101, 2005.

7. Ducharme NG, Arighi M, Horney FD, et al: Colonic atresia in cattle: a prospective study of 43 cases, Can Vet J 29:818, 1988.

8. Smith DF, Ducharme NG, Fubini SL, et al: Clinical management and surgical repair of atresia coli in calves: 66 cases (1977-1988), J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1185,

1991.

9. Anderson DE, Ewoldt JM: Intestinal surgery of adult cattle, Vet Clin Food Anim 21:133, 2005.

10. Constable PD, St Jean G, Hull BL, et al: Intussusception in cattle: 336 cases (1964-1993), J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:531, 1997.

11. Mitchell WC: Intussusception in goats, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 78:1918, 1983.

12. Khodakaram Tafti A: Ileoileal intussusception associated with coccidiosis in sheep, Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 46:659, 1999.

13. Shakespeare A: Intussusception as a complication of rectal prolapse replacement in a ewe, Vet Rec 147:78, 2000.

14. Braun U: Ultrasonography of the gastrointestinal tract in cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:567, 2009.

15. Ducharme NG, Smith DF, Koch DB: Small intestinal obstruction caused by a persistent round ligament of the liver in a cow, J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:1234,

1982.

16. Boerboom D, Mulon PY, Desrochers A: Duodenal obstruction caused by malposition of the gallbladder in a heifer, J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1475, 2003.

17. Steiner A: Surgery of the cecum. In Fubini SL, Ducharme NG, editors: Farm animal surgery, St. Louis, MO, 2004, Saunders, p 249.

18. Braun U, Beckmann C, Gerspach C, et al: Clinical findings and treatment in cattle with caecal dilatation, BMC Vet Res 8:75, 2012.

19. Meylan M, Eicher R, Blum JW, et al: Effects of an abrupt increase of starch-rich concentrates in the diet of dairy cows on concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen and large intestine and on myoelectric activity of the spiral colon, Am J Vet Res 63:857, 2002.

20. Braun U, Steiner A, Bearth G: Therapy and clinical progress of cattle with dilatation and torsion of the caecum, Vet Rec 125:430, 1989.

21. Kasari TR, Woodbury AH, Morcom-Kasari E: Adverse effect of orally administered magnesium hydroxide on serum magnesium concentration and systemic acid-base balance in adult cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:735, 1990.

22. Smith GW, Correa MT: The effects of oral magnesium hydroxide administration on rumen fluid in cattle, J Vet Intern Med 18:109, 20o4.

23. Bertone AL: Neoplasms of the bovine gastrointestinal tract, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 6:515, 1990.

24. Munday JS, Keenan JI, Beaugie CR, et al: Ovine small intestinal adenocarcinomas are not associated with infection by herpesviruses, Helicobacter species or Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, J Comp Pathol 140:177, 2009.

25. Loken T, Bjornstad ER, Ersdal C: Intestinal adenocarcinomas in three generations of sheep, Vet Rec 170:54, 2012.

26. Bristol DG, Baum KH, Mezza LE: Adenocarcinoma of the jejunum in two cows, JAm VetMed Assoc 185:551, 1984.

27. el Sebaie A, el Amrousi S: Bovine fat necrosis (Lipomatosis): an overview, Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 108:427, 1995.

28. Smith GW, Rotstein DS, Brownie CF: Abdominal fat necrosis in a pygmy goat associated with fescue toxicosis, J Vet Diagn Invest 16:356, 2004.

29. Oka A, Yamasaki T, Shibatani M, et al: Efficacy of isoprothiolane for the treatment of fat necrosis in cattle, Br Vet J 144:507, 1988.

30. Johnson R, Ames NK, Dunstan R: Abdominal fat necrosis in a heifer, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 7:S103, 1985.

31. Tharwat M, Buczinski S: Diagnostic ultrasonography in cattle with abdominal fat necrosis, Can Vet J 53:41, 2012.

32. Ruggles AJ, Sweeney RW, Freeman DE, et al: Intraluminal hemorrhage from small intestinal ulceration in two cows, Cornell Vet 82:181, 1992.

33. Abutarbush SM, Radostits OM: Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in dairy and beef cattle: 11 cases (2001 to 2003), Can Vet J 46:711, 2005.

34. Francoz D, Babkine M, Couture Y, et al: [Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in cattle: a retrospective study of 37 cases], Medecin Veterinaire du Quebec 35:65, 2005.

35. Godden S, Frank R, Ames T: Survey of Minnesota Dairy veterinarians on the occurrence of and potential risk factors for jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in adult dairy cows, Bovine Pract 35:97, 2001.

36. Kirkpatrick MA, Timms LL: Case report—Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome of dairy cattle, Bovine Pract 35:104, 2001.

37. Dennison AC, Van Metre DC, Callan RJ, et al: Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: 22 cases (1997-2000), J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:686, 2002.

38. Peek SF, Santschi EM, Livesey MA, et al: Surgical findings and outcome for dairy cattle with jejuna hemorrhage syndrome: 31 cases (2000-2007), J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:1308, 2009.

Diseases Caused by Clostridium Perfringens Toxins (Enterotoxemia, Yellow Lamb Disease, Lamb Dysentery, Necrotic Enteritis, Enterotoxemia)

1. Rood JI, Adams V, Lacey J, et al: Expansion of the Clostridium perfringens toxin-based typing scheme, Anaerobe 2018.

2. Uzal FA, Navarro M, Li J, et al: Comparative pathogenesis of enteric clostridial infections in humans and animals, Anaerobe 2018.

3. Uzal FA, Hostetter J, Plattner B: The alimentary system. In Maxie MG, editor: Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmers Pathology of domestic animals, (vol 2). ed 6, St. Louis, MO, 2016, Elsevier., p 1.

4. Uzal FA, Songer JG: Diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens intestinal infections in sheep and goats, J Vet Diagn Invest 20:253, 2008.

5. Meer RR, Songer JG: Multiplex PCR method for genotyping Clostridium per- fringens, Am J Vet Res 58:702, 1997.

6. Macias Rioseco M, Beingesser J, Uzal FA: Freezing or adding trypsin inhibitor to equine intestinal contents extends the lifespan of Clostridium perfringens beta toxin for diagnostic purposes, Anaerobe 18:357, 2012.

7. Uzal FA: Diseases produced by Clostridium perfringens type A in mammalian species. In Uzal FA, Songer JG, Prescott J, et al, editors: Clostridial diseases of animals, Ames, IA, 2016, Willey and Blackwell, p 109.

8. Ewoldt JM, Anderson DE: Determination of the effect of single abomasal or jejunal inoculation of Clostridium perfringens type A in dairy cows, Can Vet J 46:821, 2005.

9. Kirkpatrick MA, Timms LL, Kersting KW, et al: Case report—jejunal hemorrhage syndrome of dairy cattle, Bovine Pract 35:104, 2001.

10. Uzal FA, Songer JG: Infections by Clostridium perfringens type B. In Uzal FA, Songer JG, Prescott J, et al, editors: Clostridial diseases of animals, Ames, IA, 2016, Willey and Blackwell, p 139.

11. Rumah KR, Linden J, Fischetti VA, et al: Isolation of Clostridium perfringens type B in an individual at first clinical presentation of multiple sclerosis provides clues for environmental triggers of the disease, PLoS ONE 8:e76359, 2013.

12. Wagley S, Bokori-Brown M, Morcrette H, et al: Evidence of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin associated with multiple sclerosis, Mult Scler 1:2018. [Epub ahead of print].

13. Fernandez-Miyakawa ME, Fisher DJ, Poon R, et al: Both epsilon-toxin and beta-toxin are important for the lethal properties of Clostridium perfringens typeb isolates in the mouse intravenous injection model, Infect Immun 75:1443, 2007.

14. Sayeed S, Uzal FA, Fisher DJ, et al: Beta toxin is essential for the intestinal virulence of Clostridium perfringens type C disease isolate CN3685 in a rabbit ileal loop model, Mol Microbiol 67:15, 2008.

15. Diab SS, Kinde H, Moore J, et al: Pathology of Clostridium perfringens type C enterotoxemia in horses, Vet Pathol 49:255, 2012.

16. Diab SS: Diseases produced by Clostridium perfringens type C. In Uzal FA, Songer JG, Prescott J, et al, editors: Clostridial diseases of animals, Ames, IA, 2016, Willey and Blackwell, p 143.

17. Uzal FA, Diab SS, Blanchard P, et al: Clostridium perfringens type C and Clostridium difficile co-infection in foals, Vet Microbiol 156:395, 2012.

18. Garcia JP, Beingesser J, Fisher DJ, et al: The effect of Clostridium perfringens type C strain CN3685 and its isogenic beta toxin null mutant in goats, Vet Microbiol 157:412, 2012.

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20. Lawrence G, Cooke R: Experimental pigbel: the production and pathology of necrotizing enteritis due to Clostridium welchii Type C in the guinea pig, Br J Exp Path 61:261, 1980.

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Oak (Acorn) Toxicosis in Ruminants and Horses

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8. Dollahite JW, Houshoulder BS, Camp BJ: Effect of calcium hydroxide on the toxicity of post oak (Quercus stellata) in calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 148:908, 1966.

Winter Dysentery in Cattle (Bovine Coronavirus)

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5. Van Kruiningen HJ, Khairallah LH, Sasseville VG, et al: Calfhood coronavirus enterocolitis: a clue to the etiology of winter dysentery, Vet Pathol 24:564,

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6. Saif LJ, Redman DR, Brock KV, et al: Winter dysentery in adult dairy cattle: detection of coronavirus in the faeces, Vet Rec 123:300, 1988.

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8. Campbell SG, Cookingham CA: The enigma of winter dysentery, Cornell Vet 68:423, 1978.

9. Kahrs RF, Scott FW, Hillman RB: Epidemiologic observations on bovine winter dysentery, Bovine Pract 8:36, 1973.

10. Roberts SJ: Winter dysentery in dairy cattle, Cornell Vet 47:373, 1957.

Salmonellosis in Ruminants

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28. Berge ACB, Moore DA, Sischo WM: Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella enterica in preweaned calves from dairies and calf ranches, Am J Vet Res 67:1580, 2006.

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30. Smith BP, Oliver DG, Singh P, et al: Detection of Salmonella Dublin mammary gland infection in carrier cows using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody in milk and serum, Am J Vet Res 50:1352, 1989.

31. Nielsen LR, Schukken YH, Grohn YT, et al: Salmonella Dublin infection in dairy cattle: risk factors for becoming a carrier, Prev Vet Med 65:47, 2004.

32. Parker AM, House JK, Hazelton MS, et al: Milk acidification to control the growth of Mycoplasma bovis and Salmonella Dublin in contaminated milk, J Dairy Sci 99(12):9875-9884, 2016.

33. Likavec T, Pires AF, Funk JA: Association between thermal environment and Salmonella in fecal samples from dairy cattle in the midwestern United States, Can J Vet Res 80(3):183-188, 2016.

34. Forshell LP, Ekesbo I: Salmonella Dublin survival in dry feces in a cow barn and the implications thereof, Dtsch Veterinarmed Ges 229, 1990.

35. Daniels EK, Woollen NE, Fryda-Bradley SJ, et al: Salmonella viability in frozen bovine feces, Bovine Pract 27:166, 1993.

36. Habing GG, Lombard JE, Kopral CE, et al: Farm level associations with the shedding of Salmonella and antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in US dairy cattle, Foodborne Pathog Dis 9(9):815-821, 2012.

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49. Hoorfar J, Bitsch V: Evaluation of an O antigen ELISA for screening cattle herds for S. Typhimurium, Vet Rec 137:374, 1995.

50. Gay JM, Rice DH, Steiger JH: Prevalence of fecal Salmonella shedding by cull dairy cattle marketed in Washington state, J Food Protect 57:195, 1994.

51. Smith BP, House JK: Prospects for Salmonella control in cattle, Proc XVII World Buiatrics Congr 67:73, 1992.

52. House JK, Smith BP, Dilling GW, et al: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serologic detection of Salmonella Dublin carriers on a large dairy, Am J Vet Res 54:1391, 1993.

53. Nielsen BB, Vestergaard EM: Use of ELISA in the eradication of Salmonella Dublin infection, pp 220-224. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Salmonella, Ploufragan, France, 1992.

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55. Hoorfar J, Wedderkopp A, Lind P: Comparison between persisting anti-lipo- polysaccharide antibodies and culture at postmortem in Salmonella-infected cattle herds, Vet Microbiol 50:81, 1996.

56. Nielsen LR, Toft N, Ersboll AK: Evaluation of an indirect serum ELISA and a bacteriological faecal culture test for diagnosis of Salmonella serotype Dublin in cattle using latent class models, J ApplMicrobiol 96:311, 2004.

57. Davies RH: A 2-year study of S. Typhimurium DT104 infection and contamination on cattle farms, Cattle Pract 5:189, 1997.

58. Tublante NL, Lane VM: Wild mice as potential reservoirs of Salmonella Dublin in a closed dairy herd, Can Vet J 30:590, 1989.

59. Evans SJ: A case control study of multiple-resistant S. Typhimurium DT104 infection of cattle in great britain, Cattle Pract 4:259, 1996.

60. Habasha FG, Smith BP, Schwartz L, et al: Correlation of macrophage migration inhibition factor and protection from challenge exposure in calves vaccinated with S. Typhimurium, Am J Vet Res 46:1415, 1985.

61. Johnson E, Hietala S, Smith BP: Chemiluminescence of bovine alveolar mac­rophages as an indicator of developing immunity in calves vaccinated with aromatic-dependent Salmonella, Vet Microbiol 10:451, 1985.

62. Clarke RC, Cyles CL: Salmonella. In Gyles CL, Thoen CO, editors: Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals, Ames, IA, 1986, Iowa State University Press.

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64. Cullor J, Fenwick BW, Smith BP, et al: Decreased mortality and severity of infection from salmonellosis in calves immunized with E. coli (J5), abstract #352. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, November, Chicago, IL, 1985.

65. Smith GW, Smith F, Zuidhof S, et al: Characterization of the serologic response induced by vaccination of late gestation cows with a Salmonella Dublin vaccine, J Dairy Sci 98(4):2529-2532, 2015.

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67. Bairey M: Immunization of calves against salmonellosis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:610, 1978.

68. Da Roden L, Smith BP, Spier SJ, et al: Effects of calf age and Salmonella bacterin type on ability to produce immunoglobulins directed against Salmonella whole cells or lipopolysaccharide, Am J Vet Res 53:1895, 1992.

69. Spier SJ, Smith Bp, Tyler JW, et al: Use of ELISA for detection of immunoglobulins G and M that recognize Salmonella Dublin lipopolysaccharide for prediction of carrier status in cattle, Am J Vet Res 51:1900, 1990.

70. Mohler VL, Heithoff DM, Mahan MJ, et al: Cross-protective immunity in calves conferred by a DNA adenine methylase deficient Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine, Vaccine 24:1339, 2006.

71. Fox BC, Roof MB, Carter DP, et al: Safety and efficacy of an avirulent live Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine for protection of calves against S. Dublin infection, Am J Vet Res 58:265, 1997.

72. Pecoraro HL, Thompson B, Duhamel G: Histopathology case definition of naturally acquired Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin infection in young Holstein cattle in the northeastern United States, J Vet Diagn Invest 29(6):860, 2017.

73. Dargatz DA, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Ladely SR, et al: Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates from cattle in feedlots, J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:268, 2002.

74. Fecteau ME, House JK, Kotarski SE, et al: Efficacy of ceftiofur for treatment of experimental salmonellosis in neonatal calves, Am J Vet Res 65:918, 2003.

75. Mollenkopf DF, Mathys DA, Dargatz DA, et al: Genotypic and epidemiologic characterization of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistant Salmonella enterica from US beef feedlots, Prev Vet Med 146:143, 2017.

76. Hong S, Rovira A, Davies P, et al: Serotypes and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica recovered from clinical samples from cattle and swine in Minnesota, 2006 to 2015, PLoS ONE 11(12):e0168016, 2016.

77. Valenzuela JR, Sethi AK, Aulik NA, et al: Antimicrobial resistance patterns of bovine Salmonella enterica isolates submitted to the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory: 2006-2015, J Dairy Sci 100(2):1319, 2017.

78. Smith AB, Renter DG, Natalia C, et al: Prevalence and quinolone susceptibilities of Salmonella isolated from the feces of preharvest cattle within feedlots the used a fluoroquinolone to treat bovine respiratory disease, Foodborne Pathog Dis 13(6):303, 2016.

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82. Ravary B, Fecteau G, Higgins R, et al: Prevalence of Salmonella spp. infections in cattle and horses from the veterinary teaching hospital, University of montreal, Can Vet J 39:566, 1998.

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Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease)

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13. Sweeney RW, Jones DE, Habecker P, et al: Interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 gene expression in cows infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Am J Vet Res 59:842, 1998.

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18. Nielsen SS, Krogh MA, Enevoldsen C: Time to the occurrence of a decline in milk production in cows with various paratuberculosis antibody profiles, J Dairy Sci 92:149, 2009.

19. Benedictus G, Dijkhuizen AA, Stelwagen J: Economic losses due to paratuber­culosis in dairy cattle, Vet Record 121:142, 1987.

20. Gonda MG, Chang YM, Shook GE, et al: Effect of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection on production, reproduction, and health traits in US cattle, Prev Vet Med 80:103, 2007.

21. Johnson-Ifearulundu YJ, Kaneene JB, Sprecher DJ, et al: The effect of subclinical Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection on days open in Michigan, USA dairy cow, Prev Vet Med 46:171, 2000.

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Copper Deficiency in Ruminants

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2. National Research Council: Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, Washington, DC, 1996, National Academy of Sciences, pp 62-64.

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13. Hawley J, Kegley EB, Bauer JM, et al: Effects of copper oxide bolus administration on productivity and copper and zinc status in grazing beef calves supplemented with dried distillers grain, Prof Anim Sci 33:205-211, 2017.

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21. Claypool DW, Adams FW, Pendell HW, et al: Relationship between the level of copper in the blood plasma and liver of cattle, J Anim Sci 41:911, 1975.

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Cobalt Deficiency in Ruminants

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Color Plate 32.1 Endoscopic view of the esophagus of a 20-year- old gelding that presented with a 3-day history of esophageal obstruction. The horse had recently been rescued, and its previous history was unknown. After an obstruction consisting of grass was forcefully relieved by flushing water through a nasogastric tube, endoscopy revealed ulceration of the esophageal mucosa just orad to a stricture of the esophageal lumen. (Courtesy Dr. MJ. Murray.)

Color Plate 32.4 Endoscopic view of the right side of a normal stomach in a horse. Note the pale squamous mucosa (S) and the red glandular mucosa (G).

Color Plate 32.2 Endoscopic view of the esophagus of the same horse as in Plate 32.1, 14 days after flushing. The mucosa adjacent to the stricture remained ulcerated, and the diameter of the esophageal lumen had progressively diminished. At this point, it was not possible to advance the 10-mm-diameter endoscope through the stricture. (Courtesy Dr MJ. Murray.)

Color Plate 32.5 Endoscopic view of the lesser curvature of a normal stomach in a horse, showing the pale squamous mucosa (S). The antrum lies ventral to a fold formed by the squamous mucosa along the lesser curvature, and the pylorus is immediately ventral to the cardia, through which the endoscope (arrow) can be seen entering the stomach.

Color Plate 32.3 Endoscopic view of megaesophagus in a 10-month-old foal (also shown in Fig. 32.45). The esophageal lumen is greatly distended, and the mucosa has multifocal erosion. (Courtesy Dr MJ. Murray.)

Color Plate 32.6 Endoscopic view of a large area of ulceration of the squamous mucosa adjacent to the margo plicatus along the right side of the stomach in a horse.

Color Plate 32.7 Endoscopic view of a large area of ulceration of the squamous mucosa along the lesser curvature of the stomach in a horse. The ulceration has a “butterfly” pattern, which is typical of ulcers at this site, and this pattern may reflect protection of the mucosa immediately ventral to the cardia by saliva entering the stomach from the esophagus. The endoscope (arrow) is entering the stomach through the cardia.

Color Plate 32.10 Endoscopic view of normal duodenal mucosa in a horse. The endoscope has advanced aborad to the major duodenal papilla, which in most foals and horses is difficult and unusual to accomplish because of the anatomic configuration of duodenum in relation to the stomach.

Color Plate 32.8 Endoscopic view of an ulcer in the gastric glandular mucosa in a horse. The ulcer is in a rugal fold, which is a typical site of ulcers in the glandular portion of the stomach.

Color Plate 32.11 Duodenum of a foal that presented with fever, depression, leukocytosis, and hyperfibrinogenemia. This endoscopic view is orad to the major duodenal papilla. The mucosa is inflamed, and a yellow-orange fibrinous exudate adheres to the mucosal surface.

Color Plate 32.9 Endoscopic view of an ulcer in the antrum of the stomach in a horse. The white arrow points at the pylorus. The black arrow points at an area of ulceration and thickening of a rugal fold leading to the pylorus. This is a severe example of a frequent finding in the stomach of adult horses: thickening of a rugal fold in the antrum in association with erosion or ulceration of the mucosa. The cause of these lesions is undetermined.

Color Plate 32.12 Endoscopic view of the stomach of the foal in Color Plate 32.11. Severe ulceration of the squamous mucosa (S) adjacent to the margo plicatus (arrows) was caused by delayed gastric emptying secondary to the severe duodenitis. Many foals with duodenitis present with classic gastric ulcer signs because of delayed stomach emptying, accumulation of acidic peptic secretions in the stomach, and, often, gastroesophageal reflux. GI, Glandular mucosa.