REFERENCES

The complete list of references can be found at www.expertconsult.com.

REFERENCES

Diagnosis of Liver Disease

1. Iber SM, Latham PS: Normal and pathologic physiology of the liver.

2. Tennant BC, Center SA: Hepatic function. In Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, editors: Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, ed 6, San Diego, CA, 2008, Academic Press, pp 379-412.

3. Engelking LR, Anwer MS: Liver and biliary tract. In Anderson NV, editor: Veterinary gastroenterology, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 1992, Lea & Febiger, pp 211-274.

4. Galitzer SJ, Oehme FW: Photosensitization: a literature review, Vet Sci Commun 2:217, 1978.

5. Ford AJH, Gopinath C: The excretion of phylloerythrin and bilirubin by calves and sheep, Res Vet Sci 21:12, 1976.

6. Pearson EG: Liver failure attributable to pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis and associated with inspiratory dyspnea in ponies: three cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1651, 1991.

7. Mas A: Hepatic encephalopathy: from pathophysiology to treatment, Digestion 73(Suppl 1):86, 2006.

8. Morris DD, Henry MM: Hepatic encephalopathy, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 13:1153, 1991.

9. McGorum BC, Murphy D, Love S, et al: Clinicopathological features of equine primary hepatic disease: a review of 50 cases, Vet Rec 145:134, 1999.

10. Binesh N, Huda A, Thomas MA, et al: Hepatic encephalopathy: a neu­rochemical neuroanatomical and neuropsychologicl study, J Appl Clin Med Phys 7:86, 2006.

11. Butterworth RF: Hepatic encephalopathy-a serious complication of alcoholic liver disease, Alcohol Res Health 27:143, 2003.

12. Peek SF, Divers TJ, Jackson CJ: Hyperammonaemia associated with encephalopathy and abdominal pain without liver disease in four mature horses, Equine Vet J 29:70, 1997.

13. Ahbouchas S, Butterworth RF: Pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy: a new look at GABA from the molecular standpoint, Metab Brain Dis 19:331, 2004.

14. Maddison JE: Hepatic encephalopathy: current concepts of pathogenesis, J Vet Intern Med 6:341, 1992.

15. Tyler JW: Hepatic encephalopathy. Part I. Pathophysiology and treatment, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:1260, 1990.

16. Russell KE, Roussel AJ: Evaluation of the ruminant serum chemistry profile, Vet Clin Food Anim 23:403, 2007.

17. Pearson EG, Dirksen G, Meyer J, et al: Evaluation of liver-derived serum enzymes and liver function tests in young calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1466, 1995.

18. Boyd JW: Serum enzyme changes in newborn calves fed colostrum, Vet Clin Pathol 18:47, 1989.

19. Thompson JC, Pauli JV: Colostral transfer of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in calves, N Z Vet J 29:223, 1981.

20. Gossett KA, French DD: Effect of age on liver enzyme activities in serum of healthyquarter horses, Am J Vet Res 45:354, 1984.

21. Gardner RB, Nydam DV, Mohammed HO, et al: Serum gamma glutamyl transferase activity in horses with right or left dorsal displacements of the large colon, J Vet Intern Med 19:761, 2005.

22. Divers TJ: Biochemical diagnosis of hepatic disease and dysfunction in the horse, Equine Pract 15:15, 1993.

23. Hoffman WE, Solter PF: Clinical enzymology. In Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, editors: Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, ed 6, San Diego, CA, 2008, Academic Press, pp 351-378.

24. Lechtenberg KF, Nagaraja TG: Hepatic ultrasonography and blood changes in cattle with experimentally induced hepatic abscesses, Am J Vet Res 52:509,

1991.

25. Eckersall PD: Proteins, proteomics and the dysproteinemias. In Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, editors: Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, ed 6, San Diego, CA, 2008, Academic Press, pp 117-156.

26. Paraga ME, Carlson GP, Thurmond M: Serum protein concentrations in horses with severe liver disease: a retrospective study and review of the literature, J Vet Intern Med 9:154, 1995.

27. Gulick BA, Liu IKM, Qualls CW, et al: Effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloid- induced hepatic disease on plasma amino acid patterns in the horse, Am J Vet Res 41:1894, 1980.

28. Gronwall RR, Mia AS: Fasting, hyperbilirubinemia in horses, Am J Dig Dis 17:241, 1972.

29. Gronwall R, Engelking RL, Noonan N: Direct measurement of biliary bilirubin excretion in ponies during fasting, Am J Vet Res 41:125, 1980.

30. O’Maille ER, Richards TG, Short AH: The influence of conjugation of cholic acid on its uptake and secretion: hepatic extraction of taurocholate and cholate in the dog, J Physiol (Lond) 189:37, 1967.

31. Pearson EG, Craig AM, Rowe K: Variability of serum bile acid concentrations over time in dairy cattle, and effect of feed deprivation on the variability, Am J Vet Res 53:1780, 1992.

32. Olsson T: Serum bile acids in cattle: diurnal variations and variations due to stage of lactation, Res Vet Sci 35:467, 1988.

33. West HJ: Evaluation of total plasma bile acid concentrations for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in horses, Res Vet Sci 46:264, 1989.

34. Dunkel B, Jones SA, Pinilla MJ, et al: Serum bile acid concentrations, histopathological features, and short-, and long-term survival in horses with hepatic disease, J Vet Int Med 29:644, 2015.

35. Craig AM, Pearson EG, Rowe K: Serum bile acid concentrations in clinically normal cattle: comparison by type, age, and stage of lactation, Am J Vet Res 53:1784, 1992.

36. West HJ: Evaluation of total serum bile acid concentration for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in cattle, Res Vet Sci 51:133, 1991.

37. Rendle D: Liver biopsy in horses, In Pract 32:300, 2010.

38. Sammons SC, Norman TE, Chaffin MK, et al: Ultrasonographic visualiza­tion of the liver in sites recommended for blind percutaneous liver biopsy in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 245:939, 2014.

39. Durham AE, Smith KC, Newton JR, et al: Development and application of a scoring system for prognostic evaluation of equine liver biopsies, Equine Vet J 35:534, 2003.

40. Rantanen NW: Diseases of the liver, Vet Clin Equine 2:105, 1986.

41. Braun U: Ultrasonography of the liver in cattle, Vet Clin Food Anim 25:591-609, 2009.

42. Braun U: Ultrasonographic examination of the liver and gallbladder in cows: normal findings, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:S61, 1996.

43. Braun U: Ultrasonographic examination of the liver and gallbladder in cows: abnormal findings, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:1255, 1996.

44. Braun U: Ultrasonographic examination of the liver in sheep, Am J Vet Res 53:198, 1992.

45. Streeter RN, Step DL: Diagnostic ultrasonography in ruminants, Vet Clin Food Anim 23:541, 2007.

46. Barton MH: Understanding abdominal ultrasonography in horses: which way is up?, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 33:E1, 2011.

47. Johns IC, Miles A: Ultrasonographically visible hepatic location in clinically normal horses, Aust Vet J 94:192, 2016.

48. Durham AE, Newton JR, Smith KC, et al: Retrospective analysis of historical, clinical, ultrasonographic, serum biochemical and haematological data in prognostic evaluation of equine liver disease, Equine Vet J 35:542, 2003.

Infectious, Toxic, and Parasitic Liver Disease

1. Tennant B: Acute hepatitis in horses: problems differentiating toxic and infectious causes in adults, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 24:465, 1978.

2. Divers TJ: Hepatic disease. In Robinson NE, editor: Current therapy in equine medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 1992, WB Saunders, pp 253-257.

3. Howarth L, Shires M 1976. Serum hepatitis in a horse. Iowa State Vet 38:28.

4. Blood DC, Radostits OM: Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, ed 7, London, 1989, Bailliere Tindall.

5. Hjerpe CA: Serum hepatitis in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 144:734, 1964.

6. Theiler A 1918. Acute liver atrophy and parenchymatous hepatitis of horses. Fifth and Sixth Reports of the Director of Veterinary Research Department of Agriculture, Union of South Africa: 7.

7. Rose JA, Immenschuh RD, Rose EM: Serum hepatitis in the horse, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 20:175, 1975.

8. Robinson M, Gopinath C, Hughes DL: Histopathology of acute hepatitis in the horse, J Comp Pathol 85:111, 1975.

9. Baker JC, Ames T: Equine serum hepatitis: a case report, Minn Vet 21:19, 1981.

10. Messer NT, Johnson PJ: Idiopathic acute hepatic disease in horses: 12 cases (1982-1992), JAm Vet Med Assoc 204:1934, 1994.

11. Aleman M, Nieto JE, Carr EA, et al: Serum hepatitis associated with commercial plasma transfusion in horses, J Vet Intern Med 19:120, 2005.

12. Chandriani S, Skewes-Cox P, Zhong W et al: Identification of a previously undescribed divergent virus from the flaviviridae family in an outbreak of equine serum hepatitis, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA E1407:2013.

13. Thomsett LR: Acute hepatic failure in the horse, Equine Vet J 3:15, 1971.

14. Smith HL, Chalmers GA, Wedel R: Acute hepatic failure (theiler’s disease) in a horse, Can Vet J 32:362, 1991.

15. Scarratt WK, Furr MO, Robertson JL: Hepatoencephalopathy and hypocalcemia in a miniature horse mare, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1754, 1991.

16. Guglick MA, MacAllister CG, Ely RW, et al: Hepatic disease associated with administration of tetanus antitoxin in eight horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:1737, 1995.

17. Sahal M, Altinas A, Arslan HH, et al: Serum hepatitis associated with administration of tetanus toxin in serum producing horses and therapy, Revue Med Vet 155:476, 2004.

18. Divers TJ, Tennant BC, Kumar A, et al: A new parvovirus associated with serum hepatitis in horses following inoculation of a common equine biologi­cal, Emerg Infect Dis 24:2, 2018.

19. Pearson EG: Liver disease in the mature horse, Equine Vet Educ 11:87, 1999.

Black Disease

1. Gay CC, Lording PM, McNeil P, et al: Infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease) in a horse, Equine Vet J 12:26, 1980.

2. Songer JG: Clostridium novyi (myonecrosis, black disease, and bacillary hemoglobinuria) and clostridium septicum (braxy) infections.

3. Parsonson IM: Epidemic catarrh of sheep: the possible role of black disease, Aust Vet J 85:78, 2007.

4. Stalker MJ, Hayes MA: Liver and biliary system. In Maxie MG, editor: Pathology of domestic animals, (vol 2). ed 5, St Louis, MO, 2007, Saunders Elsevier, pp 297-388.

Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (“Redwater”)

1. Navarro MA, Dutra F, Briano C, et al: Pathology of naturally occurring bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle, Vet Pathol 54:457, 2017.

2. Hauer PJ, Yeary TJ, Rosenbusch RF: Cloning and molecular characteristics of the beta toxin (phospholipase c) gene of clostridium haemolyticum, Anaerobe 10:243, 2004.

3. Erwin BG: Experimental induction of bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle, Am J Vet Res 38:1625, 1977.

4. Stalker MJ, Hayes MA: Liver and biliary system. In Maxie MG, editor: Pathology of domestic animals, (vol 2). ed 5, St Louis, MO, 2007, Saunders Elsevier, pp 297-388.

5. Janzen ED, Orr JP, Osborne AD: Bacillary hemoglobinuria associated with necrobacillosis in a yearling feedlot heifer, Can Vet J 22:393, 1981.

6. Olander HJ, Hughes JP, Biberstein EL: Bacillary hemoglobinuria: induction by liver biopsy in naturally and experimentally infected animals, Pathol Vet 3:421, 1966.

7. Takagi M, Yamato O, Sasaki Y, et al: Successful treatment of bacillary hemoglobinuria in Japanese black cows, J Vet Med Sci 71:1105, 2009.

8. Vine N, Fayer J, Harwood D: Bacillary hemoglobinuria in dairy cows, Vet Rec 159:160, 2006.

9. Hussein HA, El-Amir YO, Aamer AA, et al: Bacillary hemoglobinuria in dairy cows: clinical, hematological, biochemical, and pathological alterations, Comp Clm Pathol 22:1137, 2013.

10. Williams BM: Clostridium oedematous infections (black disease and bacillary hemoglobinuria) of cattle in mid Wales, Vet Rec 76:591, 1964.

Liver Disease in Foals

1. Bauer JE, Asquith RL, Kivipelto J: Serum biochemical indicators of liver function in neonatal foals, Am J Vet Res 50:2037, 1989.

2. Gossett KA, French DD: Effect of age on liver enzyme activities in serum of healthy quarter horses, Am J Vet Res 45:354, 1984.

3. Barton MH, LeRoy BE: Serum bile acids concentrations in healthy and clinically ill neonatal foals, J Vet Intern Med 21:508, 2007.

4. Haggett EF, Magdesian KG, Kass PH: Clinical implications of high liver enzyme activities in hospitalized neonatal foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 239:661,

2011.

5. Hall WC, Van Kruiningen HJ: Tyzzer’s disease in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 164:1187, 1974.

6. Pulley LT, Shively JN: Tyzzer’s disease in a foal. Light- and electron- microscopic observations, Vet Pathol 11:203, 1974.

7. Yates WD, Hayes MA, Finell GR, et al: Tyzzer’s disease in foals in western Canada, Can Vet J 21:63, 1980.

8. Turk MA, Gallina AM, Perryman LE: Bacillus piliformis infection (tyzzer’s disease) in foals in northwestern United States: a retrospective study of 21 cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:279, 1981.

9. Brown CM, Ainsworth DM, Personett LA, et al: Serum biochemical and hematological findings in 2 foals with focal bacterial hepatitis (tyzzer’s disease), Equine Vet J 15:376, 1983.

10. Nold JB, Swanson T, Spraker TR: Bacillus piliformis infection (tyzzer’s disease) in a colorado foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:306, 1984.

11. Humber KA, Sweeney RW, Saik JE, et al: Clinical and clinicopathologic findings in two foals infected with bacillus piliformis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1425, 1988.

12. Chanter N: Infection of horses by Tyzzer’s bacillus, Equine Vet J 27:1, 1995.

13. Swerczek TW: Tyzzer’s disease in foals: retrospective studies from 1969 to 2010, Can Vet J 54(9):876-880, 2013.

14. Shirota K, Une Y, Nomura Y, et al: Naturally occurring Tyzzer’s disease in a calf, Vet Pathol 36:253, 1999.

15. Scholes SF, Edwards GT: Tyzzer’s disease (clostridium piliforme infection) and possible copper toxicity in a lamb, Vet Rec 164:470, 2009.

16. Headley SA, Shirota K, Baba T, et al: Diagnostic exercise: Tyzzer’s disease, distemper, and coccidiosis in a pup, Vet Pathol 46:151, 2009.

17. Duncan TJ, Carman RJ, Olsen G, et al: The agent of Tyzzer’s disease is a clostridium species, Clin Infect Dis 16(Suppl 4):S422, 1993.

18. Hook RR: Seroanalysis of Tyzzer’s disease in horses: implications that multiple strains can infect equidae, Equine Vet J 27:8, 1995.

19. Swerczek TW: Multi-focal hepatic necrosis and hepatitis in foals caused by bacillus piliformis (tyzzer’s disease), Vet Annu 17:130, 1977.

20. Fosgate GT, Hird DW, Read DH, et al: Risk factors for clostridium piliforme infection in foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:785, 2002.

21. Ganaway JR, Allen AM: Diagnostic exercise. Tyzzer’s disease, Lab Anim Sci 31:249, 1981.

22. Borchers A, Magdesian KG, Halland S, et al: Successful treatment and PCR confirmation of Tyzzer’s disease in a foal and clinical and pathologic characteristics of 6 additional foals (1986-2005), J Vet Intern Med 20:1212,

2006.

23. Peek SF, Byars TD, Rueve E: Neonatal hepatic failure in a thoroughbred foal: successful treatment of a case of presumptive Tyzzer’s disease, Equine Vet Educ 6:307, 1994.

24. Hodgin EC, Miller DA, Lozano F: Leptospira abortion in horses, J Vet Diagn Invest 1:283, 1989.

25. Warner SL, Boggs J, Lee JK, et al: Clinical pathological, and genetic characterization of listeria monocytogenes causingsepsis and necrotizing typhlocolitis and hepatitis in a foal, J Vet Diagn Invest 24:581, 2012.

26. Setlakwe EL, Sweeney R, Engiles JB, et al: Identification of bartonella- henselae in the liver of a thoroughbred foal with severe suppurativechol- angiohepatitis, J Vet Intern Med 28:1341, 2014.

27. Ness SL, Kennedy LA, Slovis NM: Hyperammonemic encephalopathy associated with portal vein thrombosis in a thoroughbred foal, J Vet Intern Med 27:382, 2013.

28. Divers TJ: The equine liver in health and disease, Proc. AAEP 61:66, 2015.

29. Corley K: Metabolic disorders in foals, Equine Vet Educ 24:392, 2012.

30. Unt VE, McSloy A, Kerbyson N, et al: Gastrointestinal hyperammonaemia in a 35-day-old Warmblood-cross filly, Equine Vet Educ 24:387, 2012.

31. Dunkel B, Chaney KP, Dallap-Schaer BL, et al: Putative intestinal hyperam- monaemia in horses: 36 cases, Equine Vet J 43:133, 2011.

32. Bryans JT, Sweezle TW, Dorlington RW, et al: Neonatal foal disease associated with perinatal infection by equine herpesvirus 1, Equine Med Surg 1:20, 1977.

33. Perkins G, Ainsworth DM, Erb HN, et al: Clinical, haematological and biochemical findings in foals with neonatal equine herpesvirus-1 infection compared with septic and premature foals, Equine Vet J 31:422, 1999.

34. Murray MJ, Piero F, Jeffrey SC, et al: Neonatal equine herpesvirus type I infection on a thoroughbred breeding farm, J Vet Intern Med 12:36, 1998.

35. Boyle AG, Magdesian KG, Ruby RE: Neonatal isoerythrolysis in horse foals and a mule foal: 18 cases (1988-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1276, 2005.

36. Polkes AC, Giguere S, Lester GD, et al: Factors associated with outcome in foals with neonatal isoerythrolysis (72 cases, 1988-2003), J Vet Intern Med 22:1216, 2008.

37. Elfenbein JR, Giguere S, Meyer SK, et al: The effects of deferoxamine mesylate on iron elimination after blood transfusion in neonatal foals, J Vet Intern Med 24:1475, 2010.

38. Loynachan AT, Williams NM, Freestone JF: Kernicterus in a neonatal foal, J Vet Diagn Invest 19:209, 2007.

39. Broux B, Lefere L, Deprez P, et al: Plasma exchange as a treatment forhyperbilirubinemia in 2 foals with neonatal isoerythrolysis, J Vet Intern Med 29:736, 2015.

40. Divers TJ, Warner A, Vaala WE, et al: Toxic hepatic failure in newborn foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:1407, 1983.

41. Venner M, Astheimer K, Lammer M, et al: Efficacy of mass antimicrobi­altreatment of foals with subclinical pulmonary abscesses associated withRhodococcus equi, J Vet Intern Med 27:171, 2013.

42. Mullaney TP, Brown CM: Iron toxicity in neonatal foals, Equine Vet J 20:119, 1988.

43. Acland HM, Mann PC, Robertson JL, et al: Toxic hepatopathy in neonatal foals, Vet Pathol 21:3, 1984.

44. Fortier LA, Fubini SL, Flanders JA, et al: Guidelines for the diagnosis and surgical correction of equine and bovine congenital portosystemic shunts, Vet Surg 22:379, 1993.

45. Reimer JM, Donawick WJ, Reef VB, et al: Diagnosis and surgical correction of patent ductus venosus in a calf, J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1539, 1988.

46. Hug SA, Guerrero TG, Makara M, et al: Diagnosis and surgical cellophane banding of an intrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunt in a foal, J Vet Intern Med 26:171, 2012.

47. Divers TJ, Tennant BC, Murray MJ, et al: Unusual cases of liver disease in morgan foals, Gastroenterol View 2:6, 1994.

48. McConnico R, Duckett WM, Wood PA: Persistent hyperammonemia in two related morgan weanlings, J Vet Intern Med 11:264, 1997.

49. Valberg SJ, Ward TL, Rush B, et al: Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency in quarter horse foals, J Vet Intern Med 15:572, 2001.

Chronic Active Hepatitis

1. Smith MRW, Stevens KB, Furham AE, et al: Equine hepatic disease: the effect of patient and case specific variables on risk and prognosis, Equine Vet J 35:549, 2003.

2. Byars TD: Chronic liver failure in horses, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:S423, 1983.

3. Carlson GP: Icterus in the horse. In Anderson NV, editor: Veterinary gas­troenterology, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 1992, Lea & Febiger, pp 695-721.

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicity

1. Muth OH: Tansy ragwort (senecio jacobaea) a potential menace to livestock, J Am Vet Med Assoc 153:310, 1968.

2. Stegelmeier BL, Edgar JA, Colegate SM, et al: Pyrrolizidine alkaloid plants: metabolism and toxicity, J Nat Toxins 8:95, 1999.

3. Stegelmeier BL: Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants (senecio, Crotalaria, Cynoglossum, Amsinckia, Heliotropium, and echium spp, Vet Clin Food Anim 27:419, 2011.

4. Hill BD, Baul KL, Noble JW: Poisoning of feedlot cattle by seeds of heliotropium europaeum, Aust Vet J 75:360, 1997.

5. Mendel VE, Witt MR, Gitchell BS, et al: Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced liver disease in horses: an early diagnosis, Am J Vet Res 49:572, 1988.

6. Stegelmeier BL, Gardner DR, James LF, et al: Pyrrole detection and pathologic progression of cynoglossum officinale (hound’s tongue) poisoning in horses, J Vet Diagn Invest 8:81, 1996.

7. Craig AM, Pearson EG, Meyer C, et al: Serum liver enzyme and histo­pathologic changes in calves with chronic and chronic delayed senecio jacobaea toxicosis, Am J Vet Res 52:1969, 1991.

8. Molyneux RJ, Johnson AE, Stuart LD: Delayed manifestation of Senecio- induced pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis in cattle: case reports, Vet Hum Toxicol 30:201, 1988.

9. Skaanild MT, Friis C, Grimer L: Interplant alkaloid variation and senecio vernalis toxicity in cattle, Vet Hum Toxicol 43:147, 2001.

10. Jago MB: Factors affecting chronic hepatotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, J Pathol 105:1, 1971.

11. Kim HY, Stermitz FR, Li JK, et al: Comparative DNA cross-linking by activated pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Food Chem Toxicol 37:619, 1999.

12. Rieben WK, Coulombe RA: DNA cross-linking by dehydromonocrotaline lacks apparent base sequence preference, Toxicol Sci 82:497, 2004.

13. Pearson EG: Liver failure attributable to pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis and associated with inspiratory dyspnea in ponies: three cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1651, 1991.

14. Byars TD: Chronic liver failure in horses, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:S423, 1983.

15. Lessard P, Wilson WD, Olander HJ, et al: Clinicopathologic study of horses surviving pyrrolizidine alkaloid (senecio vulgaris) toxicosis, Am J Vet Res 47:1776, 1986.

16. Milne EM, Pogson DM, Doxey DL: Secondary gastric impaction associated with ragwort poisoning in three ponies, Vet Rec 124:502, 1990.

17. Lodge-Ivey SL, Rappe MS, Johnston WH, et al: Molecular analysis of a consortium of ruminal microbes that detoxify pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Can J Microbiol 51:455, 2005.

18. Duringer JM, Buhler DR, Craig AM: Comparison of hepatic in vitro metabolism of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine in sheep and cattle, Am J Vet Res 65:1563, 2004.

19. Craig AM, Pearson EG, Meyer C, et al: Clinicopathologic studies of tansy ragwort toxicosis in ponies: sequential serum and histopathological changes, J Equine Vet Sci 11:261, 1991.

Liver Flukes in Ruminants

1. Malone JB: Fascioliasis and cestodiasis in cattle, Vet Clin Food Anim 2:261, 1986.

2. Bargues MD, Mas-Coma S: Reviewing lymnaeid vectors of fascioliasis by ribosomal DNA sequence analyses, J Helminthol 79:257, 2005.

3. Malone JB, Yilma JM: Predicting outbreaks of fasciolosis: from ollerenshaw to satellites. In Dalton JP, editor: Fasciolosis, Cambridge, 1999, CAB International Publications, pp 151-184.

4. Zukowski SH, Wilkerson G, Malone JB: Fascioliasis in cattle in louisiana. II. Development of a system to use soil maps in a geographic information system to estimate disease risk on louisiana coastal ranges, Vet Parasitol 47:51, 1992.

5. MaloneJB, Craig TM: Cattle liver flukes: risk assessment and control, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:747, 1990.

6. Modavi S, Isseroff H: Fasciola hepatica: collagen deposition and other histopathology in the rat host’s bile ducts caused by the parasite and by proline infusion, Exp Parasitol 58:239, 1984.

7. Mulcahy G, Joyce P, Dalton JP: Immunology of fasciola hepatica infections. In Dalton JP, editor: Fasciolosis, Cambridge, 1999, CAB International Publications, pp 341-376.

8. Behm CA, Sangster NC: Pathology, pathophysiology, and clinical aspects. In Dalton JP, editor: Fasciolosis, Cambridge, 1999, CAB International Publications, pp 185-224.

9. Quigley A, Sekiya M, Egan S, et al: Prevalence ofliver fluke infection in Irish horses and assessment of a serological test fordiagnosis of equine fasciolosis, Equine Vet J 49:183, 2017.

10. Abdel-Rahman SM, O’Reilly KL, Malone JB: Evaluation of a diagnostic monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of a 26-28 kd fasciola hepatica coproantigen in cattle, Am J Vet Res 59:533, 1998.

11. Gordon DK, Zadoks RN, Stephenson H, et al: On farm evaluation of the coproantigen ELISA and coproantigen reduction test n Scottish sheep naturally infected with fasciola hepatica, Vet Parasitol 187:436, 2012.

12. Fairweather I, Boray JC: Mechanisms of fasciolicide action and drug resistance in F. hepatica. In Dalton JP, editor: Fasciolosis, Cambridge, 1999, CAB International Publications, pp 225-276.

Hepatic Abscesses

1. Amachawadi RG, Nagaraja TG: Liver abscesses in cattle: a review of incidence in holsteins and of bacteriology and vaccine approach to control in feedlot cattle, J Anim Sci 94:1620, 2016.

2. Rezac DJ, Thomson DU, Siemens MG, et al: A survey of gross pathologic conditions in cull cows at slaughter in the great lakes region of the United States, J Dairy Sci 97:4227, 2014.

3. Reinhardt CD, Hubbert ME: Control of liver abscesses in feedlot cattle: a review, The Prof Anim Scientist 31:10, 2015.

4. Nagaraja TG, Chengappa MM: Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle: a review, J Anim Sci 76:287, 1998.

5. Amachawadi RG, Purvis TJ, Lubbers BV, et al: Bacterial flora of liver abscesses in crossbred beef cattle and holstein steers finishing diets with or without tylosin, J Anim Sci 95:3425, 2017.

6. Emery DL, Vaughan JA, Clark BL, et al: Cultural characteristics and viru­lence of strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum isolated from the feet of cattle and sheep, Aust Vet J 62:43, 1985.

7. Tan ZL, Nagaraja TG, Chengappa MM: Fusobacterium necrophorum infec­tions: virulence factors, pathogenic mechanism and control measures, Vet Res Commun 20:113, 1996.

8. Tadepalli S, Narayanan SK, Stewart GC, et al: Fusobacterium necrophorum: a ruminal bacterium that invades liver to cause abscesses in cattle, Anaerobe 15:36, 2009.

9. Nagaraja TG, Narayanan SK, Stewart GC, et al: Fusobacterium necrophorum infections in animals: pathogenesis and pathogenic mechanisms, Anaerobe 11:239, 2005.

10. Scanlan CM, Hathcock TL: Bovine rumenitis—liver abscess complex: a bacteriological review, Cornell Vet 73:288, 1983.

11. Lechtenberg KF, Nagaraja TG, Leipold HW, et al: Bacteriologic and histologic studies of hepatic abscesses in cattle, Am J Vet Res 49:58, 1988.

12. Narayanan SK, Nagaraja TG, Wallace N, et al: Biochemical and ribotypic comparison of Actinomyces pyogenes and A. pyogenes-like isolates from liver abscesses, ruminal wall, and ruminal contents of cattle, Am J Vet Res 59:271,

1998.

13. Amachawadi RG, Nagaraja TG: First report of anaerobic isolation of Salmonella enterica from liver abscesses of feedlot cattle, J Clin Microbiol 53:3100, 2015.

14. Bugarel MH, den Baker HC, Nightingale KK, et al: Two draft genome sequences of a new serovar of salmonella enterica, serovar lubbock, Genome A 3:e00215, 2015.

15. Qu F, Fan Z, Cui E, et al: First report of liver abscess caused by Salmonella enterica serovar dublin, J Clin Microbiol 51:3140, 2013.

16. Yamamoto NY, Droffner ML: Mechanisms determining aerobic or anaerobic growth in the facultative anaerobe Salmonella typhimurium, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:2077, 1985.

17. Ibarra JA, Steele-Mortimer O: Salmonella - the ultimate insider. Salmonella virulence factors that modulate intracellular survival, Cell Microbiol 11:1579, 2009.

18. Weiser MF, Preston TR, Macdearmid A: Intensive beef production 8. The effect of chlortetracycline on growth, feed utilization and incidence of liver abscesses in barley beef cattle, Anim Prod 8:411, 1966.

19. Narayanan SK, Nagaraja TG, Okwumabua O, et al: Ribotyping to compare Fusobacterium necrophorum isolates from bovine liver abscesses, ruminal walls, and ruminal contents, Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4671, 1997.

20. Nagaraja TG, Laudert SB, Parrott JC: Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle. Part 1. Causes, pathogenesis, pathology and diagnosis, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:S230, 1996.

21. Liberg P, Jonsson G: Ultrasonography and determination of proteins and enzymes in blood for the diagnosis of liver abscess in intensively fed beef cattle, Acta Vet Scand 34:21, 1993.

22. Lechtenberg KF, Nagaraja TG: Hepatic ultrasonography and blood changes in steers with experimentally induced liver abscesses, Am J Vet Res 52:803, 1991.

23. Braun U, Pusterla N, Wild K: Ultrasonographic examination of the liver and gallbladder in cows: abnormal findings, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:255, 1996.

24. Nagaraja TG, Laudert SJ, Parrott JC: Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle. Part 2. Incidence, economic importance and prevention, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:S264, 1996.

25. Dore E, Fecteau G, Helie P, et al: Liver abscessin in holstein dairy cattle: 18 cases, J Vet Intern Med 21:853, 2007.

26. Feed additive compendium. 2018. Bloomington, MN. Accessible at feedcompendium.com.

27. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2013. Guidance for Industry # 213. December 12, 2013. The judicious use of medically important antimicrobial drugs in food producing animals. FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD.

28. Meyer NF, Erickson GE, Klopfenstein TJ, et al: Effect of essential oils, tylosin, and monensin on finishing steer performance, carcass characteristics, liver abscesses, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility, J Anim Sci 87:2346-2354, 2009, doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1493.

29. Checkley SL, Janzen ED, Campbell JR, et al: Efficacy of vaccination against Fusobacterium necrophorum infection for control of liver abscesses and footrot in feedlot cattle in western Canada, Can Vet J 46:1002, 2005.

30. Narayanan SK, Nagaraja TG, Chengappa MM, et al: Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the leukotoxin gene from Fusobacterium necrophorum, Infect Immun 69:5447, 2001.

31. Kumar A, Menon S, Nagaraja TG, et al: Identification of an outer membrane protein of Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum that binds with high affinity to bovine endothelial cells, Vet Microbiol 176:196, 2015.

32. Narayanan SK, Chengappa MM, Stewart GC, et al: Immunogenicity and protective effects of truncated recombinant leukotoxin proteins of Fuso- bacterium necrophorum in mice, Vet Microbiol 93:335, 2003.

33. Machado VS, Bicalho ML, Meira Junior EB, et al: Subcutaneous immuniza­tion with inactivated bacterial components and purified protein of Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Trueperella pyogenes prevents puerperal metritis in holstein dairy cows, PLoS ONE 9:e91734, 2014.

34. Nagaraja TG, Lectenberg KL: Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle, Vet Clin Food Anim 23:351, 2007.

35. Gudmundson J, Radostitis OM, Doige CE: Pulmonary thromboembolism in cattle due to thrombosis of the posterior vena cava associated with hepatic abscessation, Can Vet J 19:304, 1980.

36. Rebhun WC, Rendano VT, Gill SG, et al: Caudal vena caval thrombosis in four cattle with acute dyspnea, J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:1366, 1980.

37. McKeith RO, Gray GD, Hale DS, et al: National beef quality audit-2011: Harvest-floor assessments of targeted characteristics that affect quality and value of cattle, carcasses, and byproducts, J Anim Sci 90:5135, 2012.

38. Brown TR, Lawrence TE: Association of liver abnormalities with carcass grading performance and value, J Anim Sci 88:4037, 2010.

39. Rumbaugh GE, Smith BP, Carlson GP: Internal abdominal abscesses in the horse: a study of 25 cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:304, 1978.

40. Arnold CE, Chaffin MK: Abdominal abscesses in adult horses: 61 cases (1993-2008), J Am Vet Med Assoc 241:1659, 2012.

41. Sellon DC, Spaulding K, Brehaus BA, et al: Hepatic abscesses in three horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:882, 2000.

42. Ruby R, Buckles E, Pinn T et al: Transdiaphragmatic hepatic and pulmonary abscess attributed to ileal diverticulitis in a horse, J Vet Intern Med 27:1633, 2013.

43. Cypher EE, Kendall AT, Panizzi L, et al: Medical and surgical management of an intra-abdominal abscess of hepatic origin in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 247:98, 2015.

Hepatic Lipidosis

1. Deem DA: Bovine fatty liver syndrome, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 11:S185, 1985.

2. Geelen MJH, Wensin T: Studies on hepatic lipidosis and coinciding health and fertility problems of high-producing cows using the “utrecht fettle liver model of dairy cows.”, Vet Quart 28:90, 2006.

3. Bobe G, Young JW Beitz DC: Pathology, etiology, prevention, and treatment of fatty liver in dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 87:3105, 2004.

4. Cebra CK, Garry FB, Getzy DM, et al: Hepatic lipidosis in anorectic, lactating holstein cattle: a retrospective study of serum biochemical abnormalities, J Vet Intern Med 11:231, 1997.

5. Kalaitzakia E, Roubies N, Panousis N, et al: Clinicopathologic evaluation of hepatic lipidosis in periparturient dairy cattle, J Vet Intern Med 21:835,

2007.

6. Rings DM 1990. Heptatic lipidosis: mechanisms, diagnostics, and treatments, p 19. Proceedings of the 1990 American Association of Bovine Practitioners Meeting, Sept 9-12, Milwaukee, WI.

7. Farid AS, Honkawa K, Fath EM, et al: Serum paraoxonase-1 as biomarker for improveddiagnosis of fatty liver in dairy cows, BMC Vet Res 9:73, 2013.

8. Imhasly S, Naegeli1 H, Baumann S, et al: Metabolomic biomarkers cor­relating with hepaticlipidosis in dairy cows, BMC Vet Res 10:122, 2014.

9. Haudum A, Starke A, Beyerbach M, et al: Ultrasonographic measurement of liver dimensions in dairy cows with different hepatic triacylglycerol content, J Anim Sci 89:1392, 2011.

10. Starke A, Haudum A, Weigers G, et al: Noninvasive detection of hepatic lipidosis in dairy cows with calibrated ultrasonographic image analysis, J Dairy Sci 93:2952, 2010.

11. Banzato T, Fiore E, Morgante M, et al: Texture analysis of b-mode ultrasound images to stage hepatic lipidosis in the dairy cow: A methodological study, Res Vet Sci 108:71, 2016.

12. Reid IM: Incidence and severity of fatty liver in dairy cows, Vet Rec 107:281, 1980.

13. Herdt TH, Goeders L, Liesman JS, et al: Test for estimation of bovine hepatic lipid content, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:953, 1983.

14. Fry M, Yao B, Rios C, et al: Diagnostic performance of cytology for assessmentof hepatic lipid content in dairy cattle, J Dairy Sci 101:1379, 2017.

15. Baird GD: Lipometabolism in the dairy cow: problems involved in meeting the demand of high productivity, Bovine Pract 17:147, 1982.

16. Oikawa S, Oetzel GR: Decreased insulin response in dairy cows following a four-day fast to induce hepatic lipidosis, J Dairy Sci 89:2999, 2006.

17. Holtenius P, Hjort M: Studies on the pathogenesis of fatty liver in cows, Bovine Pract 25:91, 1990.

18. Rayssinguier Y, Mazur A, Gueux E: Plasma lipoproteins and fatty liver in dairy cows, Res Vet Sci 45:389, 1988.

19. Uchida E, Katoh N, Takahashi K: Induction of fatty liver in cows by ethionine administration and concomitant decreases of serum apolipoproteins b-100 and a-1 concentrations, Am J Vet Res 53:2035, 1992.

20. Berties SJ, Grummer RR, Cadorninga-Valino C, et al: Effect of prepartum dry matter intake on liver triglyceride concentration and early lactation, J Dairy Sci 75:1914, 1992.

21. Reid IM, Stark HA, Isenor RA: Fasting and refeeding in the lactating dairy cow, J Comp Pathol 87:2141, 1977.

22. Treachers RJ, Sansom BF: Liver function in dairy cows at parturition, Res Vet Sci 10:461, 1969.

23. West HJ: Liver function in dairy cows in late pregnancy and early lactation, Bovine Pract 25:127, 1990.

24. Bobe G, Ametaj BN, Young JW, et al: Potential treatment of fatty liver with 14-day subcutaneous injections of glucagon, J Dairy Sci 86:3138, 2003.

25. Dawson RMC, Grime DW, Lindsay DB: On the insensitivity of sheep to the almost complete microbial destruction of dietary choline before ali­mentary-tract absorption, Biochem J 196:499, 1981.

26. Gerloff BJ, Herdt TH, Wells WW, et al: Inositol and hepatic lipidosis. I. effect of inositol supplementation and time from parturition on liver and serum lipids in dairy cattle, J Anim Sci 62:1682, 1986.

27. Piepenbrink MS, Overton TR: Liver metabolism and production of cows fed increasing amountsof rumen-protected choline during the periparturient period, J Dairy Sci 86:1722, 2003.

28. Rings DM: Therapeutic consideration in ketosis and hepatic lipidosis in cattle, Mod Vet Pract 66:523, 1985.

29. Duffield TF: Subclinical ketosis in lactating dairy cattle, Vet Clin Food Anim 16:213, 2000.

30. Duffield TF, LeBlanc S, Bagg R, et al: Effect of a monensin controlled-release capsule on metabolic parameters in transition dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 86:1171, 2003.

31. Nafikov RA, Ametaj BN, Bobe G, et al: Prevention of fatty liver in transition dairy cows by subcutaneous injections of glucagon, J Dairy Sci 89:1533, 2006.

32. Bjerre-Harpoth V, Storm AC, Eslamizad M, et al: Effect of propylene glycol on adipose tissue mobilizationin postpartum over-conditioned holstein cows, J Dairy Sci 98:8581, 2015.

33. Hayirli A, Bertics SJ, Grummer RR: Effects of slow-release insulin on production, liver triglyceride and metabolic profiles of holsteins in early lactation, J Dairy Sci 85:2180, 2002.

34. Fetrow JP, Pankowski JW, Vicini JL, et al: Use of bovine somatotropin at the time of surgery for left displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows. Minnesota dairy practitioners study group, J Am Vet Med Asssoc 214:529,

1999.

35. Oetzel GR, Berger LL: Protein-energy malnutrition in domestic ruminants.

II. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 8:S16, 1986.

36. East NE: Pregnancy toxemia, abortions and paraparturient diseases, Vet Clin Food Anim 5:601, 1983.

37. Lima MS, Pascoal RA, Stilwell GT: Glycaemia as a sign of the viability of the foetuses in the last days of gestation in dairy goats with pregnancy toxaemia, Ir Vet J 65:1, 2012.

38. Gonzalez FHD, Hernandez F, Madrid J, et al: Acid-base and electrolyte status during early induced pregnancy toxaemia in goats, Vet J 193:598,

2012.

39. Hallford DM, Sansom DW: Serum profiles determined during ovine pregnancy toxemia, Agric Pract 4:27, 1983.

40. Dore V, Dubuc J, Belanger AM, et al: Evaluation of the accuracy of an electronic on-farm test to quantify blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration in dairy goats, J Dairy Sci 96:4505, 2013.

41. Panousis N, Brozos CH, Karagiannis I, et al: Evaluation of precision xceed meter for on-site monitoring of blood b-hydroxybutyric acid and glucose concentrations in dairy sheep, Res Vet Sci 93:435, 2012.

42. Pichler M, Damberger A, Arnholdt T, et al: Evaluation of 2 electronic handheld devices for diagnosis of ketonemia and glycemia in dairy goats, J Dairy Sci 97:7538, 2014.

43. Brozos C, Mavrogianni VS, Fthenakis GC: Treatment and control of peri-parturient metabolic diseases: pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, Vet Clin Food Anim 27:105, 2011.

44. Scott PR, Sargison ND, Penny CD: Evaluation of recombinant-bovine somatotropin in the treatment of ovine pregnancy toxaemia, Vet J 155:197, 1998.

45. Dore V, Dubuc J, Belanger AM, et al: Definition of prepartum hyperke- tonemia in dairy goats, J Dairy Sci 98:4535, 2015.

46. Tharwat M, Al-Sobayil F, Al-Sobayil K: The cardiac biomarkers troponin I and CK-MB in nonpregnant and pregnant goats, goats with normal birth, goats with prolonged birth, and goats with pregnancy toxemia, Theriogenology 78:1500, 2012.

47. Naylor JM: Hyperlipemia and hyperlipidemia in horses, ponies, and donkeys, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 4:S321, 1982.

48. Mogg TD, Palmer JE: Hyperlipidemia: hyperlipemia and hepatic lipidosis in American miniature horses: 23 cases (1990-1994), J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:604, 1995.

49. Moore BR, Abood SK, Hinchcliff KW: Hyperlipemia in 9 miniature horses and miniature donkeys, J Vet Intern Med 8:376, 1994.

50. Dunkel B, McKenzie HC, III: Severe hypertriglyceridaemia in clinically ill horses: diagnosis, treatment and outcome, Equine Vet J 35:590, 2003.

51. Watson TDG, Burns L, Love S, et al: Plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and lipases in ponies with hyperlipaemia, Equine Vet J 24:341, 1992.

52. Waitt LH, Cebra CK: Characterization of hypertriglyceridemia and response to treatment with insulin in horses, ponies, and donkeys: 44 cases (1995­2005), J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:915, 2009.

53. Mckenzie H: Equine hyperlipidemias, Vet Clin Equine 27:59, 2011.

54. Hughes KJ, Hodgson DR, Dart AJ: Equine hyperlipaemia: a review, Aust Vet J 82:136, 2004.

55. Burden FA, Du Toit N, Hazell-Smith E, et al: Hyperlipemia in a population of aged donkeys : description, prevalence, and potential risk factors, J Vet Intern Med 25:1420, 2011.

Congenital Hyperbilirubinemia

1. Cornelius CE, Gronwall RR: Congenital photosensitivity and hyperbiliru­binemia in southdown sheep in the United States, Am J Vet Res 29:291, 1968.

2. Black M, Billing BH: Hepatic bilirubin UDP glucuronyltransferase activity in liver disease and Gilbert’s syndrome, NEngl J Med 280:1266, 1969.

3. Martin JF, Vierling JM, Wolkoff AW, et al: Abnormal hepatic transport of indocyanine green in Gilbert’s syndrome, Gastroenterology 70:385, 1979.

4. Engelking LR, Gronwall R: Bile acid clearance in sheep with hereditary hyperbilirubinemia, Am J Vet Res 40:1277, 1979.

5. Arias IM, Bernstein L, Toffler R: Black liver disease in corriedale sheep: a new mutant affecting hepatic excretory function, J Clin Invest 43:1249, 1964.

6. Divers TJ, Schappel KA, Sweeney RW, et al: Persistent hyperbilirubinemia in a healthy throughbred horse, Cornell Vet 83:237, 1993.

Miscellaneous Liver Diseases

1. Salman M: Is the United States really at risk for introduction of rift valley fever virus?, J Am Vet Med Assoc 242:606, 2013.

2. House JA, Turell MJ, Mebus CA: Rift valley fever: present status and risk to the western hemisphere, Ann N YAcad Sci 653:233, 1992.

3. Stotland EI, Edwards JF, Roussel AJ, et al: Bacterial microflora of normal and telangiectatic livers in cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:36, 2001.

4. Atasever A, Atalay Vural S, Berkin S: Incidence and pathologic studies on liver telangiectasis in beef cattle, Turk J Vet Anim Sci 26:235, 2002.

5. Rensen R, Johnson LW, Layerman LH, et al: Ischemia: a cause of hepatic telangiectasis in cattle, Am J Vet Res 43:1436, 1982.

Failure of Drug Metabolism and Excretion

1. Boothe DM: Factors affecting drug disposition and extrapolation of dosing regimens. In Boothe DM, editor: Small animal clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, 2001, WB Saunders Company, pp 18-40.

2. Hebert MF: Guide to drug dosage in hepatic disease. In Speight TM, Holford NH, editors: Avery's drug treatment, ed 4, Auckland, 1997, Adis International.

3. Riviere JE: Calculation of dosage regimens of antimicrobial drugs in animals with renal and hepatic dysfunction, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:1094, 1984.

4. Witassek F, Bircher J, Huguenin P, et al: Abnormal glucuronidation of zomepirac in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, Hepatology 3:415, 1983.

5. Howden CW, Birnie GG, Brodie MJ: Drug metabolism in liver disease, Pharmacol Ther 40:439, 1989.

6. Kawata S, Imai Y, Inada M, et al: Selective reduction of hepatic cytochrome P450 content in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis. A mechanism for impairment of microsomal drug oxidation, Gastroenterology 92:299, 1987.

7. Knych HK, McKemie DS, Stanley SD: Molecular cloning, expression, and initial characterization of members of the CYP3a family in horses, Drug Metab Dispos 38:1820, 2010.

8. Zancanella V, Giantin M, Lopparelli RM, et al: Constitutive expression and phenobarbital modulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and related nuclear receptors in cattle liver and extra-hepatic tissues, Xenobiotica 42:1096, 2012.

9. Corado CR, McKemie DS, Young A, et al: Evidence for polymorphism in the cytochrome P450 2d50 gene in horses, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 39:245, 2016.

10. Hempfling W, Grunhage F, Dilger K, et al: Pharmacokinetics and phar­macodynamic action of budesonide in early- and late-stage primary biliary cirrhosis, Hepatology 38:196, 2003.

11. Wojcicki M, Drozdzik M, Sulikowski T, et al: Pharmacokinetics of intragastrically administered digoxin in rabbits with experimental bile duct obstruction, J Pharm Pharmacol 49:1082, 1997.

12. Demontes-Mainard F, Vincon G, Labat L, et al: Cefpiramide kinetics and plasma protein binding in cholestasis, Br J Clin Pharmacol 37:295, 1994.

13. Davis JL, Sheats MK, Papich MG: Pharmacokinetics of intravenous enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in hospitalized horses, J Vet Intern Med 23:726, 2009.

14. Hildebrandt R, Gundert-Remy U, Raedsch R, et al: Biliary excretion of mezlocillin in patients with hepatic disease, Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 33:384, 1995.

15. Adamson PJ, Wilson WD, Baggot JD, et al: Influence of age on the disposi­tion kinetics of chloramphenicol in equine neonates, Am J Vet Res 52:426, 1991.

16. Wilcke JR, Crisman MV, Sams RA, et al: Pharmacokinetics of phenylbu­tazonein neonatal foals, Am J Vet Res 54:2064, 1993.

17. Crisman MV, Wilcke JR, Sams RA: Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in healthy foals less than twenty-four hours old, Am J Vet Res 57:1759, 1996.

18. Wilcke JR, Crisman MV, Scarratt WK, et al: Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in healthy foals less than twenty-four hours old, Am J Vet Res 59:290, 1998.

19. Bermingham EC, Papich MG, Vivrette SL: Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin administered intravenously and orally to foals, Am J Vet Res 61:706, 2000.

20. Shoaf SE, Schwark WS, Guard CL, et al: The development of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity in the neonatal calf and its effect on drug disposition, Drug Metab Dispos 15:676, 1987.

21. Gow PJ, Ghabrial H, Smallwood RA, et al: Neonatal hepatic drug elimina­tion, Pharmacol Toxicol 88:3, 2001.

Neoplasia of the Liver

1. Stalker MJ, Hayes MA: Liver and biliary system. In Maxie MG, editor: Pathology of domestic animals, (vol 2). ed 5, St Louis, MO, 2007, Saunders Elsevier, pp 297-388.

2. Schnable L, Njaa BL, Gold JR, et al: Primary alimentary lymphoma with metastasis to the liver causing encephalopathy in a horse, J Vet Intern Med 20:204, 2006.

3. East LM, Savage CJ: Abdominal neoplasia, Vet Clin Equine 14:475, 1998.

4. Beeler-Marfisi J, Arroyo L, Caswell JL, et al: Equine primary liver tumors: a case series and review of the literature, J Vet Diagn Invest 22:174, 2010.

5. Lennox TJ, Wilson JH, Hayden DW, et al: Hepatoblastoma with eryth- rocytosis in a young female horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:718, 2000.

6. Roby KA, Beech J, Bloom JC, et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with erythrocytosis and hypoglycemia in a yearling filly, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:465, 1990.

7. Mueller POE, Morris DD, Carmichael KP, et al: Antemortem diagnosis of cholangiocellular carcinoma in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:899,

1992.

8. Wong D, Hepworth K, Yaeger M, et al: Imaging diagnosis-hypoglycemia associated with cholangiocarcinoma and peritoneal carcinomatosis in a horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 56:E9, 2015.

9. Jeong WI, Do SH, Sohn HS, et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma with metastasis to the spleen in a holstein cow, Vet Pathol 42:230, 2005.

10. Braun U, Nuss K, Soldati G, et al: Clinical and ultrasonographic findings in four cows with liver tumours, Vet Rec 157:482, 2005.

11. Braun U, Caplazi P, Linggi T, et al: Polycythemia caused by liver carcinoma in cattle and sheep, Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 139:165, 1997.

12. House JK, Smith BP, Maas J, et al: Hemochromatosis in salers cattle, J Vet Intern Med 8:105, 1994.

13. Pearson EG, Hedstrom OR, Poppengor RR: Equine hepatic cirrhosis associated with hemochromatosis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1053, 1994.

14. Holland KK, Spivak JL: Hemochromatosis, Med Clin North Am 73:831,

1989.

15. O’Toole D, Kelly EJ, McAllister MM, et al: Hepatic failure and hemo­chromatosis of salers and Salers-cross cattle, Vet Pathol 38:372, 2001.

Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Disease

1. Pearson EG: Clinical management of the icteric horse, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 4:S114, 1982.

2. Cable CS, Rebhun WC, Fortier LA: Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis in a dairy cow, J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:899, 1997.

3. Ryu S, Bak U, Lee C, et al: Cholelithiasis associated with recurrent colic in a thoroughbred mare, J Vet Sci 5:79, 2004.

4. Van der Luer RJT, Kroneman J: Three cases of cholelithiasis and biliary fibrosis in the horse, Equine Vet J 14:251, 1982.

5. Tulleners EP, Becht JL, Richardson DW, et al: Choledocholithotripsy in a mare, J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:1317, 1985.

6. Traub JL, Grant BD, Rantanen NW, et al: Surgical removal of choleliths in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:714, 1983.

7. Green DS, Davies JV: Successful choledocholithotomy in a horse, Equine Vet J 21:464, 1989.

8. Reef VB, Johnston JK, Divers TJ, et al: Ultrasonographic findings in horses with cholelithiasis: eight cases (1985-1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1836,

1990.

9. Johnson JK, Divers TF, Reef VB, et al: Cholelithiasis in horses: ten cases (1982-1986), J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:405, 1989.

10. Dickson J, Nottle MC, White JB: Sand impaction of the bile duct of a sheep, Aust Vet J 60:64, 1983.

11. Pertruzzi J, Mangini V, Messa C, et al: Spontaneous cholelithiasis in sheep: prevalence survey and analysis of gallstones and bile, J Comp Pathol 98:367, 1988.

12. Laverty S, Pascoe JR, Williams JW, et al: Cholelith causing duodenal obstruction in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:751, 1992.

13. Holland PS, Schmitz DG, Read WK: Hepatolithiasis in an arabian mare, Equine Vet J 23:229, 1991.

14. Gerros TC, McGuirk SM, Biller DS, et al: Choledocholithiasis attributable to a foreign body in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:301, 1993.

15. Ford EJH: A case of biliary calculus and jaundice in a cow, Vet Rec 67:634, 1955.

16. Moens Y: Cholelithiasis associated with partial liver atrophy in a horse, Vlaams Diergeneeskd Tijdschr 59:230, 1990.

17. Haaland MA, Manspeaker JE, Davidson JP, et al: Bovine leucosis involving the gallbladder in a dairy cow, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 78:403, 1983.

18. Tulleners EP: Empyema of the gallbladder in a cow, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:410, 1983.

19. Anderson WA, Monlux AW, Davis CL: Epithelial tumors of the bovine gallbladder: a report of 18 cases, Am J Vet Res 19:58, 1958.

20. Grymer J, Coy CH: Ruptured gallbladder as the cause of bovine jaundice, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 78:947, 1983.

21. Schulz KS, Simmons TR, Johnson R: Primary cholangiohepatitis in a horse, Cornell Vet 80:35, 1990.

22. Davis JL, Jones SL: Suppurative cholangiohepatitis and enteritis in adult horses, J Vet Intern Med 17:583, 2003.

23. Gardner RB, Nydam DV, Mohammed HO, et al: Serum gamma glutamyl transferase activity in horses with right or left dorsal displacements of the large colon, J Vet Intern Med 19:761, 2005.

24. Banse HE, Tennent-Brown BS, Mueller PO: Case report: left dorsal displace­ment of the large colon manifested as increased γ-glutamyl transferase activity in a horse, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 34:E1, 2012.

25. Clabough DL, Duckett W: Septic cholangitis and peritonitis in a gelding, J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1521, 1992.

Therapy of Liver Failure

1. Peek SF, Divers TJ: Medical treatment of cholangiohepatitis and cholelithiasis in adult horses: 9 cases (1991-1998), Equine Vet J 32:301, 2000.

2. Borchers A, Magdesian KG, Halland S, et al: Successful treatment and PCR confirmation of Tyzzer’s disease in a foal and clinical and pathologic characteristics of 6 additional foals (1986-2005), J Vet Intern Med 20:1212, 2006.

3. Jones EA, Skolnick P, Gammal SH, et al: The γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor complex and hepatic encephalopathy, Ann Intern Med 110:532, 1989.

4. Grimm C, Ferencie P, Katzenschlager R, et al: Improvement of hepatic encephalopathy treated with flumazenil, Lancet 2:1392, 1988.

5. Meyer HP, Legemate DA, van den Brom W, et al: Improvement of chronic hepatic encephalopathy in dogs by the benzodiazepine-receptor partial inverse agonist sarmazenil, but not by the antagonist flumazenil, Metab Brain Dis 13:241, 1998.

6. Muller JM, Fiege K, Kastner SB, et al: The use of sarmazenil in the treatment of a moxidectin intoxication in a foal, J Vet Intern Med 19:348, 2005.

7. Gulick BA, Lidd IKM, Qualls CWζ et al: Effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloid- induced hepatic disease on plasma amino acid patterns in the horse, Am J Vet Res 41:1894, 1980.

8. Charlton C: Branched-chain amino acid enriched supplements as therapy for liver disease, J Nutr 136(1 Suppl):295, 2006.

9. McGorum BC, Murphy D, Love S, et al: Clinicopathological features of equine primary hepatic disease: a review of 50 cases, Vet Rec 145:134, 1999.

10. Divers TJ 2015. Acute liver failure and acute renal failure - what to do. In Proceedings of the North Carolina Veterinary Conference, Nov 4-8, Raleigh, NC.

11. Muting D, ReikowskiJ: Hepatic coma: principles of pathogenesis and treatment. 2. Treatment, prognosis, Fortschr Med 101:1766, 1983.

12. Divers TJ: Liver disease and liver failure in horses. In Milne FJ, editor: Proceedings of the 29th annual convention of the American association of equine practitioners, Dec 4-8, Las Vegas, NV, 1983.

13. Liska DA, Akucewich LH, Marsella R, et al: Pharmacokinetics of pentoxifyl­line and its 5-hydroxyhexylmetabolite after oral and intravenous administra­tion of pentoxifylline to healthy adult horses, Am J Vet Res 67:1621, 2006.

14. Webster CR, Cooper J: Therapeutic use of cytoprotective agents in canine and feline hepatobiliary disease, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 39:631, 2009.

15. Hackett ES, Mama KR, Twedt DC, et al: Pharmacokinetics and safety ofsilibinin in horses, Am J Vet Res 74:1327, 2013.

16. Hackett ES, Mama KR, Twedt DC, et al: Evaluation of antioxidantcapacity and inflammatory cytokine gene expression in horses fed silibinincomplexed with phospholipid, Am J Vet Res 74:1333, 2013.

17. Naylor JM: Hyperlipemia. In Robinson NE, editor: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 1987, WB Saunders, pp 114-117.

18. Jeffcott LB, Field JR: Current concepts of hyperlipaemia in horses and ponies, Vet Rec 116:461, 1985.

19. Sweeney RW, Divers TJ, Whitlock RH, et al: Hepatic failure in dairy cattle following mastitis or metritis, J Vet Intern Med 2:80, 1988.

Pancreatic Disease

1. Newman SJ: Equine pancreatic disease: a review and characterization of the lesions of four cases (2005-2014), J Vet Diagn Invest 27:92, 2015.

2. Lilley CW, Beeman GM: Gastric dilatation associated with acute necrotizing pancreatitis, Equine Pract 3:8, 1981.

3. Furr MO, Robertson J: Two cases of equine pancreatic disease and a review of the literature, Equine Vet Educ 4:55, 1992.

4. Hamir AN: Verminous pancreatitis in a horse, Vet Rec 121:301, 1987.

5. McClure JJ: Acute pancreatitis. In Robinson NE, editor: Current therapy in equine medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 1987, WB Saunders, pp 46-47.

6. Dacre KJP, Pirie RS: Hyperlipaemia and pancreatitis in a pony with Cushing’s disease, Equine Vet Educ 5:225, 2003.

7. Kawaguchi K, Church S, Slocombe RF: Acute necrotizing pancreatitis following grain overload in a donkey, Aust Vet J 82:619, 2004.

8. Ollivett TJ, Divers TJ, Cushing T, et al: Acute pancreatitis in two five- day-old appaloosa foals, Equine Vet J Suppl S41:96, 2012.

9. Taintor J, Sartin EA, Waldridge BM, et al: Acute pancreatitis in a 3-day-old foal, J Vet Intern Med 20:210, 2006.

10. Buote M: Cholangiohepatitis and pancreatitis secondary to severe gastro­duodenal ulceration in a foal, Can Vet J 44:746, 2003.

11. Gomez DE, Radtke CL, Russell LA, et al: Acute pancreatitis following granulosa cell tumor removal in a mare, Can Vet J 56:1049, 2015.

12. Tani C, Pratakpiriya W, Tani M, et al: Histopathological changes in the pancreas of cattle with abdominal fat necrosis, J Vet Med Sci 79:52, 2017.

13. Nyack B: Abdominal crisis in a horse, Equine Pract 4:35, 1982.

14. Baker RH: Acute necrotizing pancreatitis in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:268, 1978.

15. Leipig M, Abenthum K, Wollanke B, et al: Chronic pancreatitis with acinar-ductal metaplasia and ductal dysplasia in a horse, J Comp Pathol 153:131, 2015.

16. Lohmann KL, Allen AL: Chronic active interstitial pancreatitis as a cause of transverse colonic obstruction and colic in a horse, Can Vet J 56:1177, 2015.

17. Parry BW, Crisman MV: Serum and peritoneal fluid amylase and lipase reference values in horses, Equine Vet J 23:390, 1991.

18. Charles JA: Pancreas. In Maxie MG, editor: Pathology of domestic animals, (vol 2). ed 5, St Louis, MO, 2007, Saunders Elsevier, pp 389-424.

19. Grulke S, Deby-Dupont G: Pancreatic injury in equine acute abdomen evaluated by plasma trypsin activity and histopathology of pancreatic tissue, Vet Pathol 40:8, 2003.

20. Mohamed T, Sato H, Kurosawa T, et al: Ultrasonographic imaging of experimentally induced pancreatitis in cattle, Vet J 165:314, 2003.

21. Reef VB: Pancreatitis. In Reef B, editor: Equine diagnostic ultrasound, Philadelphia, PA, 1998, WB Saunders, pp 321-347.

22. Pusteria N, Braun U: Ultrasonic examination of the pancreas in healthy cows, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 38:63, 1997.

23. Bulgin MS, Anderson BC: Verminous arteritis and pancreatic necrosis with diabetes mellitus in a pony, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:482, 1983.

24. Collobert C: Chronic pancreatitis associated with diabetes mellitus in a standardbred racehorse, Equine Vet Sci 10:58, 1990.

25. Kaneko JJ, Rhode EA: Diabetes mellitus in a cow, J Am Vet Med Assoc 144:367, 1964.

26. Mostaghni K, Ivoghli B: Diabetes mellitus in the bovine, Cornell Vet 67:24, 1977.

27. Baker JS, Jackson HD, Sommers EL: Diabetes mellitus in a 4-year-old pregnant holstein, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:328, 1983.

28. Giri JK, Magdesian KG, Gaffney PM: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus associated with presumed autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome in a mare, Can Vet J 52:506, 2011.

29. Durham AE, Hughes KJ, Cottle HJ, et al: Type 2 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis, Equine Vet J 41:924, 2009.

30. Navas de Solis C, Foreman JH: Transient diabetes mellitus in a neonatal thoroughbred foal, J Vet Emerg Crit Care 20:611, 2010.

31. Holdstock NB, Allen VL, Fowden AL: Pancreatic endocrine function in newborn pony foals after induced or spontaneous delivery at term, Equine Vet J Suppl S41:30, 2012.

32. Kerr OM, Pearson GR, Rice DA: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a donkey, Equine Vet J 14:338, 1982.

33. Church C, West HJ, Baker JR: Two cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in horses, Equine Vet J 19:77, 1987.

34. Groom S: Pancreolithiasis in a Holstein-friesian cow, Can Vet J 35:244, 1994.

35. Lopez A, McKenna S: Bovine pancreatolithiasis: case report and review of the literature, J Vet Diagn Invest 2018.