REFERENCES

The complete list of references can be found at www.expertconsult.com.

REFERENCES

Equine Renal System

Acute Renal Failure

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42. Leveille R, Miyabayashi T, Weisbrode SE, et al: Ultrasonographic renal changes associated with phenylbutazone administration in three foals, Can Vet J 37:235-236, 1996.

43. Mozaffari AA, Derakhshanfar A, Alinejad A, et al: A comparative study on the adverse effects of flunixin, ketoprofen and phenylbutazone in miniature donkeys: haematological, biochemical and pathological findings, N Z Vet J 58:224-228, 2010.

44. Norregaard R, Kwon T, Frokiaer J: Physiology and pathophysiology of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 in the kidney, Kidney Res Clin Pract 34:194-200, 2015.

45. Gunson DE, Soma LR: Renal papillary necrosis in horses after phenylbutazone and water deprivation, Vet Pathol 20:603-610, 1983.

46. Raidal SL, Hughes KJ, Charman AL, et al: Effects of meloxicam and phenyl­butazone on renal responses to furosemide, dobutamine, and exercise in horses, Am J Vet Res 75:668-679, 2014.

47. Krook L, Wasserman RH, Shively JN, et al: Hypercalcemia and calcinosis in Florida horses: implication of the shrub Cestrum diurnium as the causative agent, Cornell Vet 65:26-56, 1975.

48. Harrington DD, Page EH: Acute vitamin D3 toxicosis in horses: case reports and experimental studies of the comparative toxicity of vitamins D2 and d3, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1358-1369, 1983.

49. McClure JJ, Taylor HW, Littledike ET, et al: Vitamin D intoxication in a thoroughbred racehorse, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 9:573, 1987.

50. Roberts MC, Seawright AA: The effects of prolonged daily low-level mercuric chloride dosing in a horse, Vet Hum Toxicol 20:410-415, 1978.

51. Bayly WM, Elfers RS, Liggitt HD, et al: A reproducible means of studying acute renal failure in the horse, Cornell Vet 76:287-298, 1986.

52. Schuh JC, Ross C, Meschter C: Concurrent mercuric blister and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) application as a cause of mercury toxicity in two horses, Equine Vet J 20:68-71, 1988.

53. Gunson DE, Kowalczyk DF, Shoop CR, et al: Environmental zinc and cadmium pollution associated with generalized osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and nephrocalcinosis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:295-299, 1982.

54. Anderson GA, Mount ME, Vrins AA, et al: Fatal acorn poisoning in a horse: pathologic findings and diagnostic considerations, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1105-1110, 1983.

55. Smith S, Naylor RJ, Knowles EJ, et al: Suspected acorn toxicity in nine horses, Equine Vet J 568-572, 2015.

56. Vivrette S, Cowgill LD, Pascoe J, et al: Hemodialysis for treatment of oxytet­racycline-induced acute renal failure in a neonatal foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:105-107, 1993.

57. Barton MH: Use of polymixin B for treatment endotoxemia in horses, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 22:1056-1059, 2000.

58. MacKay RJ, Clark CK, Logdberg L, et al: Effect of a conjugate of polymyxin B-dextran 70 in horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia, Am J Vet Res 60:68-75, 1999.

59. Wong DL, Sponseller BA, Alcott CJ, et al: Effects of intravenous administration of polymyxin B in neonatal foals with experimental endotoxemia, J Am Vet Med Assoc 243:874-881, 2013.

60. Meyer C, Guthrie AJ, Stevens KB: Clinical and clinicopathological changes in 6 healthy ponies following intramuscular administration of multiple doses of imidocarb dipropionate, J S Afr Vet Assoc 76:26-32, 2005.

61. Schmitz DG: Cantharidin toxicosis in horses, J Vet Intern Med 3:208-215, 1989.

62. Shibahara T, Takai H, Shimizu C, et al: Equine renal granuloma caused by Halicephalobus species, Vet Rec 151:672-674, 2002.

63. Boswinkel M, Neyens IJ, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM: Halic- ephalobus gingivalis infection in a 5-year-old tinker gelding, Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 131:74-80, 2006.

64. Anderson WI, Picut CA, Georgi ME: Klossiella equi - induced tubular nephrosis and interstitial nephritis in a pony, J Comp Pathol 98:363-366, 1988.

65. Strampel W, Emkey R, Civitelli R: Safety considerations with bisphophonates for the treatment of osteoporosis, Drug Saf 9:755-763, 2007.

66. Divers TJ, Whitlock RH, Byars TD, et al: Acute renal failure in six horses resulting from hemodynamic causes, Equine Vet J 19:178-184, 1987.

67. Roberts RC, Kelly WR: Renal dysfunction in a case of purpura haemorrhagica in a horse, Vet Rec 110:144-146, 1982.

68. Tyner GA, Nolen-Walston RD, Hall T, et al: A multicenter retrospective study of 151 renal biopsies in horses, J Vet Intern Med 25:532-539, 2011.

69. Morris CF, Robertson JL, Mann PC, et al: Hemolytic uremic-like syndrome in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1453-1454, 1987.

70. Dickinson CE, Gould DH, Davidson AH, et al: Hemolytic-uremic syndrome in a postpartum mare concurrent with encephalopathy in the neonatal foal, J Vet Diagn Invest 20:239-242, 2008.

71. Dolente BA, Seco OM, Lewis ML: Streptococcal toxic shock in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:64-67, 2000.

72. Hogan PM, Bernard WV, Kazakevicius PA, et al: Acute renal disease due to Leptospira interrogans in a weanling, Equine Vet J 28:331-333, 1996.

73. Divers TJ, Byars TD, Shin SJ: Renal dysfunction associated with infection of Leptospira interrogans in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1391-1392, 1992.

74. Bernard WV, Williams D, Tuttle PA, et al: Hematuria and leptospiruria in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:276-278, 1993.

75. Frazer ML: Acute renal failure from leptospirosis in a foal, Aust Vet J 77:499-500,

1999.

76. Yan W, Faisal SM, Divers TJ, et al: Experimental Leptospira interrogans serovar kennewicki infection of horses, J Vet Intern Med 24:912-917, 2010.

77. Habershon-Butcher J, Bowen M, Hallowell G: Validation of a novel translumbar ultrasound technique for measuring renal dimensions in horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 55:323-330, 2014.

78. Divers TJ, Yeager AE: The value of ultrasonographic examination in the diagnosis and management of renal diseases in horses, Equine Vet Educ 7:334-341, 1997.

79. Roussel AJ, Cohen ND, Ruoff WW et al: Urinary indices of horses after intravenous administration of crystalloid solutions, J Vet Intern Med 7:241-246, 1993.

80. Matthews HK, Andrews FM, Daniel GB, et al: Measuring renal function in horses, VetMed 88:349-356, 1993.

81. Alexander K, Dunn M, Carmel EN, et al: Clinical application of patlak plot CT-GFR in animals with upper urinary tract disease, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 51:421-427, 2010.

82. Barratt-Boyes SM, Spensley MS, Nyland TG, et al: Ultrasound localization and guidance for renal biopsy in the horse, Vet Radiol 32:121-126, 1991.

83. Heliczer N, Lorello O, Casoni D, et al: Accuracy and precision of noninvasive blood pressure in normo-, hyper-, and hypotensive standing and anesthetized adult horses, J Vet Intern Med 30:867-872, 2016.

84. Olsen E, Pedersen Skovgaard TL, Robinson R, et al: Accuracy and precision of oscillometric blood pressure in standing conscious horses, J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 26:89-92, 2016.

85. Wilsterman S, Hackettt ES, Rao S, et al: A technique for central venous pressure measurement in normal horses, J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 19:241-246, 2009.

86. Hall LW, Nigam JM: Measurement of central venous pressure in horses, Vet Rec 97:66-69, 1975.

87. Johansson AM, Gardner SY, Levine JF, et al: Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects, J Vet Intern Med 17:887-895, 2003.

88. Lauschke A, Teichgraber UK, Frei U, et al: Low-dose” dopamine worsens renal perfusion in patients with acute renal failure, Kidney Int 69:1669-1674, 2006.

89. Groover ES, Woolums AR, Cole DJ, et al: Risk factors associated with renal insufficiency in horses with primary gastrointestinal disease: 26 cases (2000­2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:572-577, 2006.

90. Thornhill JA, Roussell AJ, Carter CK: Hemodialysis in a horse with acute renal failure as induced by rhabdomyolysis, In Proceedings. Conf Res Work Anim Dis 16, 1983.

91. Gallatin LL, Couetil LL, Ash SR: Use of continuous-flow peritoneal dialysis for the treatment of acute renal failure in an adult horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:756-759, 2005.

92. Wong DM, Witty D, Alcott CJ, et al: Renal replacement therapy in healthy adult horses, J Vet Intern Med 27:308-316, 2013.

93. Wong DM, Ruby RE, Eatroff A, et al: Use of renal replacement therapy in a neonatal foal with postresuscitation acute renal failure, J Vet Intern Med 31:539-597, 2017.

94. Bauer JE: Normal blood chemistry In Koterba AM, Drummond WH, Kosch PC, editors: Equine clinical neonatology, Philadelphia, 1990, Lea & Febiger, p 608.

95. Schott HC, Mansmann RA: Biochemical profiles of normal equine amniotic fluid at parturition, Equine Vet J Suppl 5:52, 1988.

96. Chaney KP, Holcombe SJ, Schott HC: Spurious hypercreatininemia: 28 neonatal foals (2000-2008), J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 20:244-249, 2010.

97. Edwards DJ, Brownlow MA, Hutchins DR: Indices of renal function: values in eight normal foals from birth to 56 days, Aust Vet J 67:251-254, 1990.

98. Schott HC: Water homeostasis and diabetes insipidus in horses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 27:175-195, 2011.

99. Collins NM, Axon JE, Carrick JB, et al: Severe hyponatraemia in foals: clinical findings, primary diagnosis and outcome, Aust Vet J 94:186-191, 2016.

100. Arroyo LG, Vengust M, Dobson H, et al: Suspected transient pseudohypoal­dosteronism in a 10-day-old quarter horse foal, Can Vet J 49:494-498, 2008.

101. Hardefeldt LY: Hyponatraemic encephalopathy in azotaemic neonatal foals: four cases, Aust Vet J 92:488-491, 2014.

102. Geor RJ, Brashier MK: Rational approach to gentamicin dosing in neonatal foals, In Proceedings. 37th Annu Conv Am Assoc Eq Pract 37:603-609, 1992

103. Bucki EP, Giguere S, Macpherson M: Pharmacokinetics of once-daily amikacin in healthy foals and therapeutic drug monitoring in hospitalized equine neonates, J Vet Intern Med 18:728-733, 2004.

104. Cotovio M, Monreal L, Armengou L, et al: Fibrin deposits and organ failure in newborn foals with severe septicemia, J Vet Intern Med 22:1403-1410, 2008.

105. Trotter GW, Brown CM, Ainsworth DM: Unilateral nephrectomy for treatment of a renal abscess in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1392-1394, 1984.

Chronic Renal Failure

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2. Schott HC, Patterson KS, Fitzgerald SD, et al: Chronic renal failure in 99 horses, In Proceedings. 43rd Annu Conv Am Assoc Eq Pract 43:345-346, 1997.

3. Banks KL, Henson JB: Immunologically mediated glomerulitis of horses II. Antiglomerular basement membrane antibody and other mechanisms in spontaneous disease, Lab Invest 26:708-715, 1972.

4. Roberts MC, Kelly WR: Renal dysfunction in a case of purpura haemorrhagica in a horse, Vet Rec 110:144-146, 1982.

5. Divers TJ, Timoney JF, Lewis RM, et al: Equine glomerulonephritis and renal failure associated with complexes of group C streptococcal antigen and IgG antibody, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 32:93-102, 1992.

6. Banks KL, Henson JB, McGuire TC: Immunologically mediated glomerulitis of horses. I. pathogenesis in persistent infection by equine infectious anemia virus, Lab Invest 26:701-707, 1972.

7. Sabnis SG, Gunson DE, Antonovych TT: Some unusual features of mesangio- proliferative glomerulonephritis in horses, Vet Pathol 21:574-581, 1984.

8. McSloy A, Poulsen K, Fisher PJ, et al: Diagnosis and treatment of a selective immunoglobulin M glomerulonephropathy in a quarter horse gelding, J Vet Intern Med 21:874-877, 2007.

9. Ehnen SJ, Divers TJ, Gillette D, et al: Obstructive nephrolithiasis and uretero- lithiasis associated with chronic renal failure in horses: eight cases (1981-1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:249-253, 1990.

10. Andrews FM, Rosol TJ, Kohn CW, et al: Bilateral renal hypoplasia in four young horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:209-212, 1986.

11. Plummer PJ: Congenital renal dysplasia in a 7-month old quarter horse colt, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 22:63-69, 2006.

12. Ronen N, Van Amstel SR, Nesbit JW, et al: Renal dysplasia in two adult horses: clinical and pathological aspects, Vet Rec 132:269-270, 1993.

13. Bertone JJ, Traub-Dargatz JL, Fettman MJ, et al: Monitoring the progression of renal failure in a horse with polycystic kidney disease: use of the reciprocal of serum creatinine concentration and sodium sulfanilate clearance half-time, JAm VetMed Assoc 191:565-568, 1987.

14. Held JP, Wright B, Henton JE: Pyelonephritis associated with renal failure in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:688-689, 1986.

15. Carrick JB, Pollitt CC: Chronic pyelonephritis in a brood mare, Aust Vet J 64:252-254, 1987.

16. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Klabec HC: Ureteropyelonephritis in a friesian mare, Vet Rec 122:609-610, 1988.

17. Jakob W: Spontaneous amyloidosis of mammals, Vet Pathol 8:292-306, 1971.

18. Haschek WM, King JM, Tennant BC: Primary renal cell carcinoma in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:992-994, 1981.

19. Wimberly HC, Antonovych TT, Lewis RM: Focal glomerulosclerosis-like disease with nephrotic syndrome in a horse, Vet Pathol 18:692-694, 1981.

20. Roberts MC, Seiler RJ: Renal failure in a horse with chronic glomerulonephritis and renal oxalosis, J Equine Med Surg 3:278-283, 1979.

21. Chandler KJ, Johnston HM, Murphy DM: Polycystic kidney disease in an aged pony, Vet Rec 153:754-756, 2003.

22. McLeland S: Diseases of the equine urinary system, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 31:377-387, 2015.

23. Duesterdieck-Zellmer KF: Equine urolithiasis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 23:613-629, 2007.

24. Frye MA, Johnson JS, Traub-Dargatz JL, et al: Putative uremic encephalopathy in horses: five cases (1978-1998), J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:560-566, 2001.

25. Bouchard PR, Weldon AD, Lewis RM, et al: Uremic encephalopathy in a horse, Vet Pathol 31:111-115, 1994.

26. LeRoy B, Woolums A, Wass J, et al: The relationship between serum calcium concentration and outcome in horses with renal failure presented to referral hospitals, J Vet Intern Med 25:1426-1430, 2011.

27. Brobst DF, Bayly WM, Reed SM, et al: Parathyroid hormone evaluation in normal horses and horses with renal failure, J Equine Vet Sci 2:150-157, 1982.

28. Tennant B, Lowe JE, Tasker JB: Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in ponies following bilateral nephrectomy, Exp Biol Med 167:365-368, 1981.

29. Divers TJ: Chronic renal failure in horses, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:S310-S317, 1983.

30. Naylor JM, Kronfeld DS, Acland H: Hyperlipemia in horses: effects of undernutri­tion and disease, Am J Vet Res 41:899-905, 1980.

31. Schott HC, Hodgson DR, Bayly WM: Haematuria, pigmenturia and proteinuria in exercising horses, Equine Vet J 27:67-72, 1995.

32. Kohn CW, Strasser SL: 24-hour renal clearance and excretion of endogenous substances in the mare, Am J Vet Res 47:1332-1337, 1986.

33. Habershon-Butcher J, Bowen M, Hallowell G: Validation of a novel translumbar ultrasound technique for measuring renal dimensions in horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 55:323-330, 2014.

34. Hoffman KL, Wood AKW, McCarthy PH: Sonographic-anatomic correlation and imaging protocol for the kidneys of horses, Am J Vet Res 56:1403-1412, 1995.

35. Divers TJ, Yeager AE: The value of ultrasonographic examination in the diagnosis and management of renal diseases in horses, Equine Vet Educ 7:334­341, 1997.

36. Garcia-Calvo LA, Duran ME, Martin-Cuervo M, et al: Persistent hematuria as a result of chronic renal hypertension secondary to nephritis in a stallion, J Equine Vet Sci 34:709-714, 2014.

37. Matthews HK, Andrews FM, Daniel GB, et al: Measuring renal function in horses, VetMed 88:349-356, 1993.

38. Morris DD, Divers TJ, Whitlock RH: Renal clearance and fractional excretion of electrolytes over a 24-hour period, Am J Vet Res 45:2431-2435, 1984.

38a. Brewer BD, Clement SF, Lotz B, et al: A comparison of inulin, para-aminohippuric acid and endogenous creatinine clearance as measures of renal function in neonatal foals, J Vet Intern Med 4:301-305, 1990.

39. Matthews HK, Andrews FM, Daniel GB, et al: Comparison of standard and radionuclide methods for measurement of glomerular filtration rate and effective renal blood flow in female horses, Am J Vet Res 53:1612-1616, 1992.

40. Walsh DM, Royal HD: Evaluation of a single injection of 99mTc-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid for measuring glomerular filtration rate in horses, Am J Vet Res 53:776-780, 1992.

41. Schott HC, Roberts GD, Hines MT, et al: Nuclear scintigraphy as a diagnostic aid in the evaluation of renal disease in horses, In Proceedings. 39th Annu Conv Am Assoc Eq Pract 39, 1993.

42. Navas de Solis C, Slack J, Boston RC, et al: Hypertensive cardiomyopathy in horses: 5 cases (1995-2011), J Am Vet Med Assoc 243:126-130, 2013.

43. Heliczer N, Lorello O, Casoni D, et al: Accuracy and precision of noninvasive blood pressure in normo-, hyper-, and hypotensive standing and anesthetized adult horses, J Vet Intern Med 30:867-872, 2016.

44. Olsen E, Pedersen Skovgaard TL, Robinson R, et al: Accuracy and precision of oscillometric blood pressure in standing conscious horses, J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 26:89-92, 2016.

45. Parry BW, McCarthy MA, Anderson GA: Survey of resting blood pressure values in clinically normal horses, Equine Vet J 16:53-58, 1984.

46. Tyner GA, Nolen-Walston RD, Hall T, et al: A multicenter retrospective study of 151 renal biopsies in horses, J Vet Intern Med 25:532-539, 2011.

47. Cianciaruso B, Bellizzi V, Minutolo R, et al: Salt intake and renal outcome in patients with progressive renal disease, Miner Electrolyte Metab 24:296-301, 1998.

48. Erslev AJ: Erythropoietin, N Engl J Med 324:1339-1344, 1991.

49. Watson TD, Burns L, Packard CJ, et al: Selective measurement of lipoprotein and hepatic triglyceride lipase in heparinized plasma from horses, Am J Vet Res 53:771-775, 1992.

50. Scharschmidt LA, Gibbons NB, McGarry L, et al: Effects of dietary fish oil on renal insufficiency in rats with subtotal nephrectomy, Kidney Int 32:700-709, 1987.

51. Cappelli P, Evangelista M, Bonomini M, et al: Lipids in the progression of chronic renal failure, Nephron 62:31-35, 1992.

52. Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ, et al: The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease, N Engl J Med 330:877-884, 1994.

53. Palmer SC, Maggo JK, Campbell KL, et al: Dietary interventions for adults with chronic kidney disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):CD011998, 2017, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011998.pub2.

54. Bretzel RG: Protecting the residual renal function: which drugs of choice?, Am J Hypertens 10:159S-166S, 1997.

55. Porush JG: Hypertension and chronic renal failure: the use of ACE inhibitors, Am J Kidney Dis 31:177-184, 1998.

56. Valden SL, Elliot J: Management of proteinuria in dogs and cats with chronic kidney disease, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 46:1115-1130, 2016.

57. Afonso T, Giguere S, Rapoport G, et al: Attenuation of the blood pressure response to exogenous angiotensin 1 after oral administration of benazepril to healthy adult horses, Equine Vet J 49:358-362, 2016.

Urinary Tract Infections

1. Frye MA: Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in the horse, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 22:497-517, 2006.

2. MacLeay JM, Kohn CW: Results of quantative cultures of urine by free catch and catheterization from healthy adult horses, J Vet Intern Med 12:76­78, 1998.

3. Sheffield JS, Cunningham FG: Urinary tract infection in women, Obstet Gynecol 106:1085-1092, 2005.

4. Sonnex C: Influence of ovarian hormones on urogenital infection, Sex Transm Infect 74:11-19, 1998.

5. Adams LG, Dollahite JW, Romane WM, et al: Cystitis and ataxia associated with sorghum ingestion, J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:518-524, 1969.

6. Roberts MC: Ascending urinary tract infection in ponies, Aust Vet J 55:191-193, 1979.

7. Clark C, Greenwood S, Boison JO, et al: Bacterial isolates from equine infections in western Canada, Can Vet J 49:153-160, 2008.

8. Kisthardt KK, Schumacher J, Finn-Bodner ST, et al: Severe renal hemorrhage caused by pyelonephritis in 7 horses: clinical and ultrasonographic evaluation, Can Vet J 40:571-576, 1999.

9. Saulez MN, Cebra CK, Heidel JR, et al: Encrusted cystitis secondary to cory- nebacterium matruchotii infection in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:246-248, 2005.

10. Squinas SC, Britton AP: An unusual case of urinary retention and ulcerative cystitis in a horse, sequelae of pelvic abscessation, and adhesions, Can Vet J 54:690-692, 2013.

11. Robinson JA, Allen GK, Green EM, et al: A prospective study of septicaemia in colostrum-deprived foals, Equine Vet J 25:214-219, 1994.

12. Arroyo LG, Vengust M, Dobson H, et al: Suspected transient pseudohypoal­dosteronism in a 10-day-old quarter horse foal, Can Vet J 49:494-498, 2008.

13. Layman QD, Rezabek GB, Ramachandran A, et al: A retrospective study of equine actinobacillus cases: 1999-2011, J Vet Diagn Invest 26:365-375, 2014.

14. McLeland S: Diseases of the equine urinary system, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 31:377-387, 2015.

15. Ballweber LR, Dailey D, Landolt G: Klossiella equi infection in an immunosup­pressed horse: evidence of long-term infection, Case Rep Vet Med 2012. Article ID 230398.

16. Rezaie A, Bahrami S, Ansari M: Klossiella equi in a donkey—a first case report from Iran, Trop Biomed 30:543-546, 2013.

17. Suedmeyer WK, Restis E, Beerntsen BT: Klossiella equi infection in a Hartmann's Mountain zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae), J Zoo Wildl Med 37:420-423, 2006.

18. Anderson WI, Picut CA, Georgi ME: Klossiella equi induced tubular necrosis and interstitial nephritis in a pony, J Comp Pathol 98:363-366, 1988.

19. Kinde H, Mathews M, Ash L, et al: Halicephalobus gingivalis infection in two horses in southern california, J Vet Diagn Invest 12:162-165, 2000.

20. Akagami M, Shibahara T, Yoshiga T, et al: Granulomatous nephritis and meningoencephalitis caused by halicephalobus gingivalis in a pony gelding, J Vet Med Sci 69:1187-1190, 2007.

21. Taulescu MA, Ionica AM, Diugan E, et al: First report of fatal systemic halic- ephalobus gingivalis infection in two lipizzaner horses from Romania: clinical, pathological, and molecular characterization, Parasitol Res 115:1097-1103, 2016.

22. Jennings SH, Wise AG, Nickeleit V, et al: Polyomavirus-associated nephritis in 2 horses, Vet Pathol 50:769-774, 2013.

23. Ambalathingal GR, Francis RS, Smyth MJ, et al: BK polyomavirus: clinical aspects, immune regulation, and emerging therapies, Clin Microbiol Rev 30:503-528, 2017.

24. Aleman M, Nieto JE, Higgins JK: Ulcerative cystitis associated with phenylbu­tazone administration in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 239:499­503, 2011.

25. Smith FL, Magdesian KG, Michel AO, et al: Equine idiopathic hemorrhagic cystitis: clinical features and comparison with neoplasia, J Vet Intern Med 2018, doi:10.1111/jvim.15121. Mar 31.

26. Wise GJ, Schlegel PN: Sterile pyuria, N Engl J Med 372:1048-1054, 2015.

27. Dallap Schaer B, Orsini JA: Urinary system. In Orsini JA, Divers TJ, editors: Equine emergencies treatment and proceedures, ed 4, St. Louis, 2014, Elsevier, pp 485-496.

28. Hoffmann KL, Wood AKW, McCarthy PH: Sonographic-anatomic correlation and imaging protocol for the kidneys of horses, Am J Vet Res 56:1403-1412, 1995.

29. Habershon-Butcher J, Bowen M, Hallowell G: Validation of a novel translumbar ultrasound technique for measuring renal dimensions in horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 55:323-330, 2014.

30. Hoffmann KL, Wood AK, McCarthy PH: Ultrasonography of the equine neonatal kidney, Equine Vet J 32:109-113, 2000.

31. Divers TJ, Yeager AE: The value of ultrasonographic examination in the diagnosis and management of renal diseases in horses, Equine Vet Educ 7:334-341, 1997.

32. Traub-Dargatz JL, McKinnon AO: Adjunctive methods of examination of the urogenital tract, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 4:339-358, 1988.

33. Schott HC, Hodgson DR, Bayly WM: Ureteral catheterisation in the horse, Equine Vet Educ 2:140-143, 1990.

34. Giguere S, Alfonso T: Antimicrobial drug use in horses. In Giguere S, Prescott JF, Dowling PM, editors: Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine, ed 5, Ames, 2013, Wiley Blackwell, pp 457-472.

35. Van Duijkeren E, Vulto AG, Van Miert AS: Trimethoprim/sulfonamide combina­tions in the horse: a review, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 17:64-73, 1994.

36. Reid G, Burton J: Use of Lactobacillus to prevent infection by pathogenic bacteria, Microbes Infect 4:319-324, 2002.

37. Barrons R, Tassone D: Use of Lactobacillus probiotics for bacterial genitourinary infections in women: a review, Clin Ther 30:453-468, 2008.

38. O’Brien VP, Hannan TJ, Nielsen HV: Drug and vaccine development for the treatment and prevention of urinary tract infections, Microbiol Spectr 4:2016, doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0013-2012.

Urinary Incontinence

1. Holt PE, Mair TS: Ten cases of bladder paralysis associated with sabulous urolithiasis in horses, Vet Rec 127:108-110, 1990.

2. Rendle DI, Durham AE, Hughes KJ, et al: Long-term management of sabulous cystitis in five horses, Vet Rec 162:783-787, 2008.

3. Laverty S, Pascoe JR, Ling GV, et al: Urolithiasis in 68 horses, Vet Surg 21:56-62, 1992.

4. Duesterdieck-Zellmer KF: Equine urolithiasis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 23:613-629, 2007.

5. Pringle JK, Ducharme NG, Baird JD: Ectopic ureter in the horse: three cases and a review of the literature, Can Vet J 31:26-30, 1990.

6. Blikslager AT, Green EM: Ectopic ureters in horses, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 14:802-807, 1992.

7. Chaney KP: Congenital anomalies of the equine urinary tract, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 23:691-696, 2007.

8. Sponseller BA, McElhaney R, Carlson GP, et al: Frontal septation of the bladder in a mare, J Vet Intern Med 12:313-315, 1998.

9. Pusterla N, Hussey GS: Equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalopathy, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 30:489-506, 2014.

10. Johnson JS, Hibler CP, Tillotson KM, et al: Radiculomeningomyelitis due to halicephalobus gingivalis in a horse, Vet Pathol 38:559-561, 2001.

11. Chaffin MK, Honnas CM, Crabill MR, et al: Cauda equina syndrome, dis- kospondylitis, and a paravertebral abscess caused by rhodococcus equi in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:215-220, 1995.

12. Aleman M, Katzman SA, Vaughan B, et al: Antemortem diagnosis of polyneuritis equi, J Vet Intern Med 23:665-668, 2009.

13. Rousseaux CG, Futcher KG, Clark EG, et al: Cauda equine neuritis: a chronic idiopathic polyneuritis in two horses, Can Vet J 25:214-218, 1984.

14. Morgan SE, Johnson B, Brewer B, et al: Sorghum cystitis ataxia syndrome in horses, Vet Hum Toxicol 32:582, 1990.

15. Madison JB: Estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence in an aged pony mare, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6:S390-S392, 1984.

16. Watson ED, McGorum BC, Keeling N, et al: Oestrogen responsive urinary incontinence in two mares, Equine Vet Educ 9:81-84, 1997.

17. Coleman MC, Chaffin MK, Arnold CE, et al: The use of computed tomography in the diagnosis of an ectopic ureter in a quarter horse filly, Equine Vet Educ 23:597-602, 2011.

18. Kay AD, Lavoie JP: Urethral pressure profilometry in mares, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:212-216, 1987.

19. Clark ES, Semrad SD, Bichsel P, et al: Cystometrography and urethral pressure profiles in healthy horse and pony mares, Am J Vet Res 48:552-555, 1987.

20. Ronen N: Measurements of urethral pressure profiles in the male horse, Equine Vet J 26:55-58, 1994.

21. Smarick SD, Haskins SC, Aldrich J, et al: Incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infection among dogs in a small animal intensive care unit, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:1936-1940, 2004.

22. Booth TM, Howes DA, Edwards GB: Bethanecol-responsive bladder atony in a colt foal after cystorrhaphy for cystorrhexis, Vet Rec 9:306-308, 2000.

23. Schumacher J, Brink P: Repair of an incompetent urethral sphincter in a mare, Vet Surg 40:93-96, 2011.

Ectopic Ureter

1. Pringle JK, Ducharme NG, Baird JD: Ectopic ureter in the horse: three cases and a review of the literature, Can Vet J 31:26-30, 1990.

2. MacAllister CG, Perdue BD: Endoscopic diagnosis of unilateral ectopic ureter in a yearling filly, J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:617-618, 1990.

3. Blikslager AT, Green EM, MacFadden KE, et al: Excretory urography and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of bilateral ectopic ureters in a foal, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 33:41-47, 1992.

4. Blikslager AT, Green EM: Ectopic ureters in horses, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 14:802-807, 1992.

5. Tomlinson JE, Farnsworth K, Sage AM, et al: Percutaneous ultrasound-guided pyelography aided diagnosis of ectopic ureter and hydronephrosis in a 3-week-old filly, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:349-351, 2001.

6. Chaney KP: Congenital anomalies of the equine urinary tract, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 23:691-696, 2007.

7. Coleman MC, Chaffin MK, Arnold CE, et al: The use of computed tomography in the diagnosis of an ectopic ureter in a quarter horse filly, Equine Vet Educ 23:597-602, 2011.

8. Modransky PD, Wagoner PC, Robinette JD: Surgical correction of bilateral ectopic ureters in two foals, Vet Surg 12:141-147, 1983.

9. Sullins KE, McIlwraith CW, Yovich JV, et al: Ectopic ureter managed by unilateral nephrectomy in two female horses, Equine Vet J 20:463-466, 1988.

10. Squire KRE, Adams SB: Bilateral ureterocystostomy in a 450-kg horse with ectopic ureters, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1213-1215, 1992.

11. Gettman LM, Ross MW, Elce YA: Bilateral ureterocystostomy to correct left ureteral atresia and right ureteral ectopia in an 8-month-old standardbred filly, Vet Surg 34:657-661, 2005.

12. Cokelaere SM, Martens A, Vanschandevijl K, et al: Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy after initial ureterocystostomy in a shire filly with left ureteral ectopia, Vet Rec 161:424-427, 2007.

13. Arnold CE, Taylor T, Chaffin MK, et al: Nephrectomy via ventral median celiotomy in equids, Vet Surg 42:275-279, 2013.

14. Figueroa VH, Chavhan GB, Oudjhane K, et al: Utility of MR urography in children suspected of having ectopic ureter, Pediatr Radiol 44:956-962, 2014.

Neoplasia

1. Vienenkotter J, Siudak K, Stallenberger L, et al: Renal neoplasia in horses - a retrospective study, Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 45:290-295, 2017.

2. Miller MA, Moore GE, Bertin FR, et al: What's new in old horses? Postmortem diagnoses in mature and aged equids, Vet Pathol 53:390-398, 2016.

3. Smith FL, Magdesian KG, Michel AO, et al: Equine idiopathic hemorrhagic cystitis: clinical features and comparison with bladder neoplasia, J Vet Intern Med 2018, doi:10.1111/jvim.15121.

4. Traub-Dargatz JL: Urinary tract neoplasia, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 14:495-504, 1998.

5. Brown PJ, Holt PE: Primary renal cell carcinoma in four horses, Equine Vet J 17:473-477, 1985.

6. Matsuda K, Kousaka Y, Nagamine N, et al: Papillary renal adenoma of distal nephron differentiation in a horse, J Vet Med Sci 69:763-765, 2007.

7. Wise LN, Bryan JN, Sellon DC, et al: A retrospective analysis of renal carcinoma in the horse, J Vet Intern Med 23:913-918, 2009.

8. Rumbaugh ML, Latimer FG, Porthouse KP, et al: Renal carcinoma with osseous and pulmonary metastases in an arabian gelding, Equine Vet J 35:107-109, 2003.

9. Rhind SM, Sturgeon B: Papillary renal carcinoma with an unusual clinical presentation in a horse, Equine Vet Educ 11:171-173, 1999.

10. Rhind SM, Hawe C, Dixon PM, et al: Oral metastasis of renal cell carcinoma in a horse, J Comp Pathol 120:97-103, 1999.

11. Baker JL, Aleman M, Madigan J: Intermittent hypoglycemia in a horse with anaplastic carcinoma of the kidney, J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:235-237, 2001.

12. Swain JM, Pirie RS, Hudson NPH, et al: Insulin-like growth factors and recurrent hypoglycemia associated with renal cell carcinoma in a horse, J Vet Intern Med 19:613-616, 2005.

13. Hilton HG, Aleman M, Maher O, et al: Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy in a standing horse for the management of renal carcinoma, Equine Vet Educ 20:239-244, 2008.

14. Young AC, Hoffmann KL, Begg AP, et al: Acute lameness associated with osseous metastasis of a peri-renal carcinoma in a horse, Aust Vet J 88:346-350, 2010.

15. Romero A, Rodgerson DH, Fontaine GL: Hand-assisted laparoscopic removal of a nephroblastoma in a horse, Can Vet J 51:637-639, 2010.

16. Murray RC, Brodbelt DC: Hematuria due to renal hemangiosarcoma in a donkey, Equine Pract 21:14-17, 1999.

17. Barton MH, Sharma P, LeRoy BE, et al: Hypercalcemia and high serum parathyroid hormone-related protein concentration in a horse with multiple myeloma, J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:409-413, 2004.

18. Sweeney RW, Hamir AN, Fisher RR: Lymphosarcoma with urinary bladder infiltration in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1177-1178, 1991.

19. Fischer AT, Spier S, Carlson GP, et al: Neoplasia of the equine urinary bladder as a cause of hematuria, J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:1294-1296, 1985.

20. Hurcombe SD, Slovis NM, Kohn CW, et al: Poorly differentiated leiomyosarcoma of the urogenital tract in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:1908-1912, 2008.

21. Tyner GA, Nolen-Walston RD, Hall T, et al: A multicenter retrospective study of 151 renal biopsies in horses, J Vet Intern Med 25:532-539, 2011.

22. Ramirez S, Seahorn TL: Ultrasonography as an aid in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma in a horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 37:383-386, 1996.

23. Aleman M, Nieto JE, Higgins JK: Ulcerative cystitis associated with phenylbu­tazone administration in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 239:499-503, 2011.

Urolithiasis and Obstructive Disease

1. Duesterdieck-Zellmer KF: Equine urolithiasis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 23:613-629, 2007.

2. Ehnen SJ, Divers TJ, Gillette D, et al: Obstructive nephrolithiasis and uterolithiasis associated with chronic renal failure in horses: eight cases (1981-1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:249-253, 1990.

3. Woolridge AA, Seahorn TL, Williams J, et al: Chronic renal failure associated with nephrolithiasis, ureterolithiasis, and renal dysplasia in a 2-year-old quarter horse gelding, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 40:361-364, 1999.

4. Diaz-Espineira M, Escolar E, Bellanato J, et al: Structure and composition of equine uroliths, J Equine Vet Sci 15:27-34, 1995.

5. Reef VB: The use of diagnostic ultrasound in the horse, Ultrasound Q 9:1-34,

1991.

6. Byars TD, Halley J: Uses of ultrasound in equine internal medicine, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2:253-258, 1986.

7. Habershon-Butcher J, Bowen M, Hallowell G, et al: Validation of a novel translumbar ultrasound technique for measuring renal dimensions in horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 55:323-330, 2014.

8. Hillyer MH, Mair TS, Lucke VM: Bilateral renal calculi in an adult horse, Equine Vet Educ 2:117-120, 1990.

9. Rocken M, Mosel G, Stehle C, et al: Left- and right-sided laparoscopic-assisted nephrectomy in standing horses with unilateral renal disease, Vet Surg 568-572,

2007.

10. Arnold CE, Taylor T, Chaffin MK: Nephrectomy via ventral median celiotomy in equids, Vet Surg 42:275-279, 2013.

11. Byars TD, Simpson JS, Divers TJ, et al: Percutaneous nephrostomy in short-term management of ureterolithiasis and renal dysfunction in a filly, J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:499-501, 1989.

12. Frederick J, Freeman DE, MacKay RJ, et al: Removal of ureteral calculi in two geldings via a standing flank approach, J Am Vet Med Assoc 241:1214-1220,

2012.

13. Laverty S, Pascoe JR, Ling GV, et al: Urolithiasis in 68 horses, Vet Surg 21:56-62,

1992.

14. DeBowes RM: Surgical management of urolithiasis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 4:461-471, 1988.

15. Saulez MN, Cebra CK, Heidel JR, et al: Encrusted cystitis secondary to Cory- nebacterium matruchotii infection in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:246-248, 2005.

16. Holt PE, Mair TS: Ten cases of bladder paralysis associated with sabulous urolithiasis in horses, Vet Rec 127:108-110, 2008.

17. Rendle DI, Durham AE, Hughes KJ: Long-term management of sabulous cystitis in five horses, Vet Rec 162:783-787, 2008.

18. Beard W: Parainguinal laparocystotomy for urolith removal in geldings, Vet Surg 33:386-390, 2004.

19. Rocken M, Stehle C, Mosel G, et al: Laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy for urolith removal in geldings, Vet Surg 35:394-397, 2006.

20. Watts AE, Fubini SL: Modified parainguinal approach for cystic calculus removal in five equids, Equine Vet J 45:94-96, 2013.

21. Lund CM, Ragle CA, Lutter JD: Laparoscopic removal of a bladder urolith in a standing horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 1323-1328, 2013.

22. Katzman SA, Vaughan B, Nieto JE: Use of laparoscopic specimen retrieval pouch to facilitate removal of intact or fragmented cystic calculi from standing sedated horses: 8 cases (2012-2015), J Am Vet Med Assoc 249:304-310, 2016.

23. Abuja GA, Garcia-Lopez JM, Doran R, et al: Pararectal cystotomy for urolith removal in nine horses, Vet Surg 39:654-659, 2010.

24. Rocken M, Kummer M, Mosel G, et al: Endoscopic-assisted electrohydraulic shockwave lithotripsy in standing sedated horses, Vet Surg 41:620-624, 2012.

25. Reichelt U, Lischer C: Compications associated with transurethral endoscopic- assisted electrohydraulic lithotripsy for treatment of a balder calculus in a gelding, Equine Vet Educ 25:55-59, 2013.

26. Johnson PJ, Crensahw KL: The treatment of cystic and urethral calculi in a gelding, VetMed 85:891-900, 1990.

27. Remillard RL, Modransky PD, Welker FH, et al: Dietary management of cystic calculi in a horse, J Equine Vet Sci 12:359-363, 1992.

28. Verwilghen D, Ponthier G, VanGalen A, et al: The use of radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy in the treatment of urethral urolithiasis in the horse: a preliminary study, J Vet Intern Med 22:1449-1451, 2008.

Idiopathic Renal Hematuria

1. Schott HC, Hines MT: Severe urinary tract hemorrhage in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1320, 1994.

2. Vits L, Araya O, Bustamante H, et al: Idiopathic renal haematuria in a 15-year-old arabian mare, Vet Rec 162:251-252, 2008.

3. Larsdotter S, Ley C, Pringle J: Renal pseudoaneurysm as a cause of hematuria in a colt, Can Vet J 50:759-762, 2009.

4. Latimer FG, Magnus R, Duncan RB: Arterioureteral fistula in a colt, Equine Vet J 23:483-484, 1991.

5. Schott HC, Barbee DD, Hines MT, et al: Clinical vignette. Renal arteriovenous malformation in a quarter horse foal, J Vet Intern Med 10:204-206, 1996.

6. Pardo V, Berian MG, Levi DF, et al: Benign primary hematuria: clinicopathologic study of 65 patients, Am J Med 67:817-822, 1979.

7. Hughes JH, Stanisic TH, Buster D, et al: Massive nontraumatic hematuria: a challenging demand demanding immediate action, Postgrad Med 67:97, 1990.

8. Stone EA, DeNovo RC, Rawlings CA: Massive hematuria of nontraumatic renal origin in dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:868-871, 1983.

9. Holt PE, Lucke VM, Pearson H: Idiopathic renal hemorrhage in the dog, J Small Anim Pract 28:253-263, 1987.

10. Kaufman AC, Barsanti JA, Selcer BA: Benign essential hematuria in dogs, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 16:1317, 1994.

11. Schumacher J: Hematuria and pigmenturia of horses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 23:655-675, 2007.

12. Kisthardt KK, Schumacher J, Finn-Bodner ST, et al: Severe renal hemorrhage caused by pyelonephritis in 7 horses: clinical and ultrasonographic evaluation, Can Vet J 40:571-576, 1999.

13. Berent AC, Weisse CW, Branter E, et al: Endoscopic-guided sclerotherapy for renal-sparing treatment of idiopathic renal hematuria in dogs: 6 cases (2010-2012), J Am Vet Med Assoc 242:1556-1563, 2013.

14. Adelman LB, Bartges J, Whittemore JC: Povidone iodine sclerotherapy for treatment of idiopathic renal hematuria in two dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 250:205-210, 2017.

Urethral Hemorrhage

1. Sullins KE, Bertone JJ, Voss JL, et al: Treatment of hemospermia in stallions: a discussion of 18 cases, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 10:1396-1403, 1988.

2. Lloyd KC, Wheat JD, Ryan AM, et al: Ulceration in the proximal portion of the urethra as a cause of hematuria in horses: four cases (1978-1985), J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1324-1326, 1989.

3. Schumacher J, Varner DD, Schmitz DG, et al: Urethral defects in geldings with hematuria and stallions with hemospermia, Vet Surg 24:250-254, 1995.

4. Glass KG, Arnold CE, Varner DD, et al: Signalment, clinical features, and outcome for male horses with urethral rents following perineal urethrotomy or corpus spongiotomy: 33 cases (1989-2013), J Am Vet Med Assoc 249:1421-1427,

2016.

5. Hackett ES, Bruemmer J, Hendrickson DA, et al: Buccal mucosal urethroplasty for treatment of recurrent hemospermia in a stallion, J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:1212-1215, 2009.

Polyuria and Polydipsia

1. Hughes D: Polyuria and polydipsia, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 14:1161-1175, 1992.

2. McKenzie EC: Polyuria and polydipsia in horses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 641-653, 2007.

3. Sufit E, Houpt KA, Sweeting M: Physiological stimuli of thirst and drinking patterns of ponies, Equine Vet J 17:12-16, 1985.

4. Houpt KA: Thirst in horses: the physiological and psychological causes, Equine Pract 9:28-30, 1987.

5. Cymbaluk NF: Water balance of horses fed various diets, Equine Pract 11:19-24,

1989.

6. Moore JN, Steiss J, Nicholson WE: A case of pituitary adrenocorticotropin­dependent Cushing's syndrome in the horse, Endocrinology 104:576-582, 1979.

7. McFarlane D: Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 27:93-113, 2011.

8. Link RP: Glucose tolerance in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 97:261-262, 1940.

9. Browning AP: Polydipsia and polyuria in two horses caused by psychogenic polydipsia, Equine Vet Educ 12:175-178, 2000.

10. Brobst DF, Bayly WM: Responses of horses to a water deprivation test, J Equine Vet Sci 2:51-56, 1982.

11. Genetzky RM, Loparco FV, Ledet AE: Clinical pathological alterations in horses during a water deprivation test, Am J Vet Res 48:1007-1011, 1987.

12. Buntain BJ, Coffman JR: Polyuria and polydipsia in a horse induced by psy­chogenic salt consumption, Equine Vet J 13:266-268, 1981.

13. Schryver HF, Parker MT, Daniluk PD, et al: Salt consumption and the effect of salt on mineral metabolism in horses, Cornell Vet 77:122-131, 1987.

14. Schott HCII: Water homeostasis and diabetes insipidus in horses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 27:175-195, 2011.

15. Majzoub JA, Srivatsa A: Diabetes insipidus: clinical and basic aspects, Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 4:60-65, 2006.

16. Breukink HJ, Van Wegen P, Schotman AJH: Idiopathic diabetes insipidus in a welsh pony, Equine Vet J 15:284-287, 1983.

17. Filar J, Ziolo T, Szalecki J: Diabetes insipidus in the course of encephalitis in the horse, Med Weter 27:205-207, 1971.

18. Kranenburg LC, Thelen MH, Westermann CM, et al: Use of desmopressin eye drops in the treatment of equine congenital central diabetes insipidus, Vet Rec 167:790-791, 2010.

19. Moses ME, Johnson PJ, Messer NT, et al: Antidiuretic response of a horse affected with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction to desmopressin acetate, Equine Vet Educ 25:111-115, 2013.

20. Schott HC, II, Bayly WM, Reed SM, et al: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in sibling colts, J Vet Intern Med 7:68-72, 1993.

21. Morgan RA, Malalana F, McGowan CM: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a 14-year-old gelding, N Z Vet J 60:254-257, 2012.

22. Harb MF, Nelson RW, Feldman EC, et al: Central diabetes insipidus in dogs: 20 cases (1986-1995), J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1884-1888, 1996.

23. Aroch I, Mazaki-Tovi M, Shemesh O, et al: Central diabetes insipidus in five cats: clinical presentation, diagnosis and oral desmopressin therapy, J Feline Med Surg 7:333-339, 2005.

24. Takemura N: Successful long-term treatment of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a dog, J Small Anim Pract 39:592-594, 1998.

25. Muylle E, van den Hende C, Deprez P, et al: Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in a horse, Equine Vet J 18:145-146, 1986.

26. McCoy DJ: Diabetes mellitus associated with bilateral granulosa cell tumors in a mare, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:733-735, 1986.

27. Ruoff WW, Baker DC, Morgan SJ, et al: Type II diabetes mellitus in a horse, Equine Vet J 18:143-144, 1986.

28. Johnson PJ, Scotty NC, Wiedmeyer C, et al: Diabetes mellitus in a domesticated Spanish mustang, J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:584-588, 2005.

29. Durham AE, Hughes KJ, Cottle HJ, et al: Type 2 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis, Equine Vet J 41:924-929, 2009.

30. Morgan R, Keen J, McGowan C, et al: Equine metabolic syndrome, Vet Rec 177:173-179, 2015.

31. Thurmon JC, Steffey EP, Zinkl JG, et al: Xylazine causes transient dose-related hyperglycemia and increased urine volume in mares, Am J Vet Res 45:224-227,

1984.

32. Nunez E, Steffey EP, Ocampo L, et al: Effects of alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists on urine production in horses deprived of food and water, Am J Vet Res 65:1342-1346, 2004.

33. Gellai M: Modulation of vasopressin antidiuretic action by renal α2-adrenoceptors, Am J Physiol 259:F1-F8, 1990.

Renal Tubular Acidosis

1. Brandt K, Swagemakers JH, Bickhardt K, et al: Renal tubular acidosis in a friesian stallion caused by carbonic anhydrase deficiency, Equine Vet Educ 10:250-254, 1998.

2. Aleman MR, Kuesis B, Schott H, et al: Renal tubular acidosis in horses (1980-1999), J Vet Intern Med 15:136-143, 2001.

3. Arroyo LG, Stampfli HR: Equine renal tubular disorders, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 23:631-639, 2007.

4. Battle D: Renal tubular acidosis, Med Clin North Am 67:859, 1983.

5. Mueller DL, Jergens AE: Renal tubular acidosis, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 13:435, 1991.

6. Rocher LL, Tannen RL: The clinical spectrum of renal tubular acidosis, Annu Rev Med 37:319-331, 1986.

7. van der Kolk JH, de Graaf-Roelfsema E, Joles JA, et al: Mixed proximal and distal renal tubular acidosis without aminoaciduria in a mare, J Vet Intern Med 21:1121-1125, 2007.

8. Ohmes CM, Davis EG, Beard LA, et al: Transient fanconi syndrome in quarter horses, Can Vet J 55:147-151, 2014.

9. Trotter GW, Miller D, Parks A, et al: Type II renal tubular acidosis in a mare, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:1050-1051, 1986.

10. Hansen TO: Renal tubular acidosis in a mare, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 8:864, 1986.

11. van der Kolk JH, Kalsbeek HC: Renal tubular acidosis in a mare, Vet Rec 133:43-44, 1993.

12. Ziemer EL, Parker HR, Carlson GP, et al: Clinical features and treatment of renal tubular acidosis in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:294-296, 1987.

13. MacLeay JM, Wilson JH: Type-II renal tubular acidosis and ventricular tachycardia in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1597-1599, 1998.

14. Gull T: Type 1 renal tubular acidosis in a broodmare, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 22:229-237, 2006.

15. Stewart AJ: Secondary renal tubular acidosis in a quarter horse gelding, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 22:e47-e61, 2006.

16. van der Kolk JH: Renal tubular acidosis (type 2) in a friesian mare, Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 119:675-676, 1994.

17. Halbmayr E, Schusser G: Distal renal tubular acidosis in a three-year-old warmblood gelding, Pferdeheilkunde 15:335-340, 1999.

18. Da Costa Rebelo RM, Gembicki N, Fey K: Proximal renal tubular acidosis in a friesian mare, Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 38:109-112, 2010.

19. Halperin ML, Richardson RM, Bear RA, et al: Urine ammonium: the key to the diagnosis of distal renal tubular acidosis, Nephron 50:1-4, 1988.

20. Ziemer EL, Parker HR, Carlson GP, et al: Renal tubular acidosis in two horses: diagnostic studies, J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:289-293, 1987.

Bladder Rupture in Adult Horses

1. Nyrop KA, DeBowes RM, Cox JH, et al: Rupture of the urinary bladder in two post-parturient mares, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6:S510-S513, 1984.

2. Jones PA, Sertich PS, Johnston JK: Uroperitoneum associated with ruptured urinary bladder in a postpartum mare, Aust Vet J 74:354-358, 1996.

3. Rodgerson DH, Spirito MA, Thorpe PE, et al: Standing surgical repair of cystor- rhexis in two mares, Vet Surg 28:113-116, 1999.

4. Higuchi T, Nanao Y, Senba H: Repair of urinary bladder rupture through a urethrotomy and urethral sphincterotomy in four postpartum mares, Vet Surg 31:344-348, 2002.

5. Stephen J, Harty M, Hollis A, et al: A non-invasive technique for standing surgical repair of urinary bladder rupture in a post-partum mare: a case report, Ir Vet J 62:724-736, 2009.

6. Walesby HA, Ragle CA, Booth LC: Laparoscopic repair of ruptured urinary bladder in a stallion, J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:1737-1741, 2002.

7. Trela JM, Dechant JE, Culp WT, et al: Use of an absorbable urethral stent for the management of urethral stricture in a stallion, Vet Surg 45:O41-O48, 2016.

8. Saam D: Urethrolithiasis and nephrolithiasis in a horse, Can Vet J 42:880-883, 2001.

9. Gibson KT, Trotter GW, Gustafson SB: Conservative management of uroperi­toneum in a gelding, J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1692-1694, 1992.

10. Rocken M, Furst A, Kummer M, et al: Endoscopic-assisted electrohydraulic shockwave lithotripsy in standing sedated horses, Vet Surg 41:620-624, 2012.

11. Pankowski RL, Fubini SL: Urinary bladder rupture in a two-year-old horse: sequel to a surgically repaired neonatal injury, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:560-562,

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12. Voss ED, Taylor DS, Slovis NM: Use of a temporary indwelling ureteral stent catheter in a mare with a traumatic ureteral tear, J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1523-1526, 1999.

13. Diaz OS, Zarucco L, Dolente B, et al: Sonographic diagnosis of a presumed ureteral tear in a horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:73-77, 2004.

Urinary System Disorders in the Foal

1. Richardson DW, Kohn CW: Uroperitoneum in the foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:267-271, 1983.

2. Hackett RP: Rupture of the urinary bladder in neonatal foals, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6:S488-S492, 1984.

3. Hardy J: Uroabdomen in foals, Equine Vet Educ 10:21-25, 1998.

4. Kablack KA, Embertson RM, Bernard WV, et al: Uroperitoneum in the hospi­talised equine neonate: retrospective study of 31 cases, 1988-1997, Equine Vet J 32:505-508, 2000.

5. Dunkel B, Palmer JE, Olson KN, et al: Uroperitoneum in 32 foals: influence of intravenous fluid therapy, infection, and sepsis, J Vet Intern Med 19:889-893, 2005.

6. Finno C, Pusterla N, Aleman M, et al: Streptococcus equi meningoencephalo- myelitis in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:721-724, 2006.

7. Lores M, Lofstedt J, Martinson S, et al: Septic peritonitis and uroperitoneum secondary to subclinical omphalitis and concurrent necrotizing cystitis in a colt, Can Vet J 52:888-892, 2011.

8. Hyman SS, Wilkins PA, Palmer JE, et al: Clostridium perfringens urachitis and uroperitoneum in 2 neonatal foals, J Vet Intern Med 16:489-493, 2002.

9. Behr MJ, Hackett RP, Bentinck-Smith J, et al: Metabolic abnormalities associated with rupture of the urinary bladder in neonatal foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:263-266, 1981.

10. Butters A: Medical and surgical management of uroperitoneum in a foal, Can Vet J 49:401-403, 2008.

11. Adams R, Koterba AM, Cudd TC, et al: Exploratory celiotomy for suspected urinary tract disruption in neonatal foals: a review of 18 cases, Equine Vet J 20:13-17, 1988.

12. Booth TM, Howes DA, Edwards GB: Bethanechol-responsive bladder atony in a colt foal after cystorrhaphy for cystorrhexis, Vet Rec 147:306-308, 2000.

13. Lavoie JP, Harnagel SH: Nonsurgical management of ruptured urinary bladder in a critically ill foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:1577-1580, 1988.

14. Lees MJ, Easley KJ, Sutherland RJ, et al: Subcutaneous rupture of the urachus, its diagnosis and surgical management in three foals, Equine Vet J 21:462-464, 1989.

15. Robertson JT, Spurlock GH, Bramlage LL, et al: Repair of a ureteral defect in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:799-800, 1983.

16. Divers TJ, Byars TD, Spirito M: Correction of bilateral ureteral defects in a foal, JAm VetMed Assoc 192:384-386, 1988.

17. Jean D, Marcoux M, Louf CF: Congenital bilateral distal defect of the ureters in a foal, Equine Vet Educ 10:17-20, 1998.

18. Cutler TJ, MacKay RJ, Johnson CM, et al: Bilateral ureteral tears in a foal, Aust Vet J 75:413, 1997.

19. Chaney KP: Congenital anomalies of the equine urinary tract, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 23:691-696, 2007.

20. Blikslager AT, Green EM, MacFadden KE, et al: Excretory urography and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of bilateral ectopic ureters in a foal, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 33:41-47, 1992.

21. Coleman MC, Chaffin MK, Arnold CE, et al: The use of computed tomography in the diagnosis of an ectopic ureter in a quarter horse filly, Equine Vet Educ 23:597-602, 2011.

22. Beccati F, Cercone M, Angeli G, et al: Imaging diagnosis - use of multiphase computed tomographic urography in the diagnosis of ureteral tear in a 6 day old foal, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 57:E10-E15, 2016.

23. Morisset S, Hawkins JF, Frank N, et al: Surgical management of a ureteral defect with ureterorrhaphy and of ureteritis with ureteroneocystostomy in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:354-358, 2002.

24. Hoffmann KL, Wood AK, McCarthy PH: Ultrasonography of the equine neonatal kidney, Equine Vet J 32:109-113, 2000.

25. Kawashima A, Sandler CM, Corriere JN, Jr, et al: Ureteropelvic junction injuries secondary to blunt abdominal trauma, Radiology 205:487-492, 1997.

Ruminant Renal System

Ulcerative Posthitis and Vulvitis

1. Ali A, Derar D, Al-Sobyil FA, et al: Phimosis in male dromedary camels: clinical findings and changes in the hemogram, nitric oxide metabolites, and testosterone concentrations, Theriogenology 85:1576-1581, 2016.

2. Radostits OM, Blood DC, Gay CC, et al: Diseases associated with bacteria - I. In Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, et al, editors: Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and horses, ed 10, Phila­delphia, 2007, Saunders, pp 793-795.

3. Rutten M: Outbreak of ulcerative vulvitis in a sheep flock caused by ovine herpesvirus type 2, J Comp Pathol 146:71, 2012.

4. Piper KL, Fitzgerald CJ, Ficorilli N, et al: Isolation of caprine herpesvirus 1 from a major outbreak of infectious pustular vulvovaginitis in goats, Aust Vet J 86:136-138, 2008.

5. Pritchard GC, Scholes SF, Foster AP, et al: Ulcerative vulvitis and balanitis in sheep flocks, Vet Rec 163:86-89, 2008.

6. Uzal FA, Woods L, Stillian M, et al: Abortion and ulcerative posthitis associated with caprine herpesvirus-1 infection in goats in california, J Vet Diagn Invest 16:478-484, 2004.

7. Jones M, Miesner MD, Baird AN, et al: Diseases of the urinary system. In Pugh DG, Baird AN, editors: Sheep and goat medicine, ed 2, Saint Louis, 2012, W.B. Saunders, pp 325-360.

8. Kidanemariam A, Gouws J, van Vuuren M, et al: Ulcerative balanitis and vulvitis of dorper sheep in South Africa: A study on its aetiology and clinical features, J S Afr Vet Assoc 76:197-203, 2005.

9. Trichard CJV, Jordaan P, Prozesky L, et al: The identification of Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides LC as aetiological agent of balanoposthitis and vulvovaginitis in sheep in South Africa, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 60:29-37, 1993.

10. Loste A, Ramos JJ, Garcia L, et al: High prevalence of ulcerative posthitis in rasa aragonesa rams associated with a legume-rich diet, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 52:176-179, 2005.

11. Mozo R, Galeote AI, Alabart JL, et al: Evaluating the reproductive ability of breeding rams in North-eastern Spain using clinical examination of the body and external genitalia, BMC Vet Res 11:289, 2015.

12. Van Metre DC, Rao S, Kimberling CV, et al: Factors associated with failure in breeding soundness examination of western USA rams, Prev Vet Med 105:118-126, 2012.

Urolithiasis

1. Gasthuys F, Martens A, De Moor A: Surgical treatment of urethral dilatation in seven male cattle, Vet Rec 138:17-19, 1996.

2. Aldridge BM, Garry FB: Chronic partial obstructive urolithiasis causing hydronephrosis and chronic renal failure in a steer, Cornell Vet 82:311-317, 1992.

3. Todhunter P, Baird AN, Wolfe DF: Erection failure as a sequela to obstructive urolithiasis in a male goat, J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:650-652, 1996.

4. Carr EA, Schott HC, Barrington GM, et al: Ruptured urinary bladder after dystocia in a cow, J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:631-632, 1993.

5. Baxter GM, Zamos DT, Mueller PO: Uroperitoneum attributable to ruptured urachus in a yearling bull, J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:517-520, 1992.

6. Divers TJ, Reef VB, Roby KA: Nephrolithiasis resulting in intermittent ureteral obstruction in a cow, Cornell Vet 79:143-149, 1989.

7. Braun U, Schefer U: Fohn J. Urinary tract ultrasonography in normal rams and in rams with obstructive urolithiasis, Can Vet J 33:654-659, 1992.

8. Floeck M: Ultrasonography of bovine urinary tract disorders, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:651-667, 2009.

9. Kinsley MA, Semevolos S, Parker JE, et al: Use of plain radiography in the diagnosis, surgical management, and postoperative treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in 25 goats and 2 sheep, Vet Surg 42:663-668, 2013.

10. Palmer JL, Dykes NL, Love K, et al: Contrast radiography of the lower urinary tract in the management of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants and swine, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 39:175-180, 1998.

11. Scott PR, Rhind S: Ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of azotaemia in an adult cheviot ram, Vet Rec 150:150-151, 2002.

12. Maxie M, Newman S: Urolithiasis. In Maxie M, editor: Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer’s pathology of domestic animals, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2007, Elsevier, pp 508-514.

13. Stewart SR, Emerick RJ, Pritchard RH: Effects of dietary ammonium chloride and variations in calcium to phosphorus ratio on silica urolithiasis in sheep, J Anim Sci 69:2225-2229, 1991.

14. Hay L: Prevention and treatment of urolithiasis in sheep, In Pract 12:87-91,

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15. Sahinduran S, Buyukoglu T, Gulay MS, et al: Increased water hardness and magnesium levels may increase occurrence of urolithiasis in cows from the burdur region (Turkey), Vet Res Commun 31:665-671, 2007.

16. Loretti AP, Oliveira LO, Cruz CEF, et al: Clinical and pathological study of an outbreak of obstructive urolithiasis in feedlot cattle in southern Brazil, Pesq Vet Bras 23:61-64, 2003.

17. Freeman SR, Poore MH, Young GA, et al: Influence of calcium (0.6 or 1.2%) and phosphorus (0.3 or 0.6%) content and ratio on the formation of urolithogenic compounds in the urine of Boer-cross goats fed high-concentrate diets, Small Rumin Res 93:94-102, 2010.

18. Wang JY, Sun WD, Wang XL: Comparison of effect of high intake of magnesium with high intake of phosphorus and potassium on urolithiasis in goats fed with cottonseed meal diet, Res Vet Sci 87:79-84, 2009.

19. Jones ML, Streeter RN, Goad CL: Use of dietary cation anion difference for control of urolithiasis risk factors in goats, Am J Vet Res 70:149-155, 2009.

20. Stewart SR, Emerick RJ, Pritchard RH: High dietary calcium to phosphorus ratio and alkali-forming potential as factors promoting silica urolithiasis in sheep, J Anim Sci 68:498-503, 1990.

21. Ewoldt JM, Jones ML, Miesner MD: Surgery of obstructive urolithiasis in ruminants, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 24:455-465, 2008.

22. Tiruneh R: Minerals and oxalate content of feed and water in relation with ruminant urolithiasis in adea district, central Ethiopia, Rev Med Vet (Toulouse) 155:272-277, 2004.

23. Bani Ismail ZA, Al-Zghoul MF, Al-Majali AM, et al: Effects of castration on penile and urethral development in awassi lambs, BJVM 10:29-34, 2007.

24. Marsh H, Safford JW: Effect of deferred castration on urethral development in calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 130:342-344, 1957.

25. Maes DGD, Vrielinck J, Millet S, et al: Urolithiasis in finishing pigs, Vet J 168:317-322, 2004.

26. Janke JJ, Osterstock JB, Washburn KE, et al: Use of Walpole's solution for treatment of goats with urolithiasis: 25 cases (2001-2006), JAm VetMed Assoc 234:249-252, 2009.

27. Videla R, van Amstel S: Urolithiasis, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 32:687-700, 2016.

28. Haven ML, Bowman KF, Engelbert TA, et al: Surgical management of urolithiasis in small ruminants, Cornell Vet 83:47-55, 1993.

29. Tobias KM, van Amstel SR: Modified proximal perineal urethrostomy technique for treatment of urethral stricture in goats, Vet Surg 42:455-462, 2013.

30. Stone WC, Bjorling DE, Trostle SS, et al: Prepubic urethrostomy for relief of urethral obstruction in a sheep and a goat, J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:939-941, 1997.

31. Wolfe D, Moll H, May K: Urolithiasis. In Wolfe DF, Moll HD, editors: Large animal urogenital surgery, ed 2, Baltimore, 1999, Williams & Wilkins, pp 349-359.

32. Cypher EE, van Amstel SR, Videla R, et al: Vesicopreputial anastomosis for the treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in goats, Vet Surg 46:281-288, 2017.

33. Ewoldt JM, Anderson DE, Miesner MD, et al: Short- and long-term outcome and factors predicting survival after surgical tube cystostomy for treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants, Vet Surg 35:417-422, 2006.

34. Rakestraw PC, Fubini SL, Gilbert RO, et al: Tube cystostomy for treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants, Vet Surg 24:498-505, 1995.

35. Streeter RN, Washburn KE, McCauley CT: Percutaneous tube cystostomy and vesicular irrigation for treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in a goat, J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:546-549, 2002.

36. May KA, Moll HD, Wallace LM, et al: Urinary bladder marsupialization for treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in male goats, Vet Surg 27:583-588, 1998.

37. Fubini SL: Surgery of the urinary bladder and ureters. In Fubini SL, Ducharme NG, editors: Farm animal surgery, ed 2, St. Louis, 2017, Elsevier, pp 499-503.

38. Fubini SL: Surgery of the kidney. In Fubini SL, Ducharme NG, editors: Farm animal surgery, ed 2, St. Louis, 2017, Elsevier, pp 496-499.

39. Chigerwe M, Mavangira V, Byrne BA, et al: Antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from indwelling foley catheters following tube cystostomy in goats with obstructive urolithiasis, J Vet Diagn Invest 29:316-320, 2017.

40. MacLeay JM, Olson JD, Enns RM, et al: Dietary-induced metabolic acidosis decreases bone mineral density in mature ovariectomized ewes, Calcif Tissue Int 75:431-437, 2004.

Urachal Disorders

1. Bloch RA, Haefele H, Stephens L: Medical management of a patent urachus in a southern white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum) calf, J Zoo Wildl Med 45:420-422, 2014.

2. Batchelder CA, Bertolini M, Mason JB, et al: Perinatal physiology in cloned and normal calves: physical and clinical characteristics, Cloning Stem Cells 9:63-82, 2007.

3. Baxter GM, Zamos DT, Mueller PO: Uroperitoneum attributable to ruptured urachus in a yearling bull, J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:517-520, 1992.

4. Bell GJ, Macrae AI, Milne EM, et al: Extensive uroperitoneum and pleural effusion associated with necrotic urachal remnant in a bull calf, Vet Rec 154:508-509, 2004.

5. Hassel DM, Tyler JW, Tucker RL, et al: Clinical vignette: urachal abscess and cystitis in a calf, J Vet Intern Med 9:286-288, 1995.

6. Mesaric M, Modic T: Strangulation of the small intestine in a cow by a persistent urachal remnant, Vet Rec 153:688-689, 2003.

7. Braun U, Nuss K: Uroperitoneum in cattle: utrasonographic findings, diagnosis and treatment, Acta Vet Scand 57:1-9, 2015.

8. Steiner A, Lejeune B: Ultrasonographic assessment of umbilical disorders, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:781-794, 2009.

9. Robert M, Touzot-Jourde G, Nikolayenkova-Topie O, et al: Laparoscopic evaluation of umbilical disorders in calves, Vet Surg 45:1041-1048, 2016.

10. Starost MF: Haemophilus somnus isolated from a urachal abscess in a calf, Vet Pathol 38:547-548, 2001.

11. Boure L, Foster RA, Palmer M, et al: Use of an endoscopic suturing device for laparoscopic resection of the apex of the bladder and umbilical structures in normal neonatal calves, Vet Surg 30:319-326, 2001.

12. Rings DM: Umbilical hernias, umbilical abscesses, and urachal fistulas. Surgical considerations, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 11:137-148, 1995.

Urinary Bladder Eversion and Prolapse

1. Divers TJ: Urinary tract diseases. In Divers TJ, Peek SF, editors: Rebhuns diseases of dairy cattle, ed 2, St. Louis, 2008, Elsevier, pp 447-466.

2. Friesen CH, Theoret CL, Barber SM: Urinary bladder eversion with hydronephrosis and renal failure in a beef cow, Can Vet J 36:710-711, 1995.

Pelvic Entrapment of the Bladder

1. Divers TJ: Assessment of the urinary system, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 8:373-382, 1992.

2. McClanahan SL, Malone ED, Anderson KL: Bladder outlet obstruction in a 6-month-old alpaca secondary to pelvic displacement of the urinary bladder, Can Vet J 46:247-249, 2005.

3. Scott PR, Gessert ME: Ultrasonographic examination of 12 ovine vaginal prolapses, Vet J 155:323-324, 1998.

Enzootic Hematuria

1. Campo MS, Jarrett WF, Barron R, et al: Association of bovine papillomavirus type 2 and bracken fern with bladder cancer in cattle, Cancer Res 52:6898-6904, 1992.

2. Micheloud JF, Colque-Caro LA, Martinez OG, et al: Bovine enzootic haematuria from consumption of Pteris deflexa and Pteris plumula in northwestern Argentina, Toxicon 134:26-29, 2017.

3. Gil da Costa RM, Bastos MMSM, Oliveira PA, et al: Bracken-associated human and animal health hazards: chemical, biological and pathological evidence, J Hazard Mater 203-204:1-12, 2012.

4. Di Loria A, Piantedosi D, Cortese L, et al: Clotting profile in cattle showing chronic enzootic haematuria (CEH) and bladder neoplasms, Res Vet Sci 93:331-335, 2012.

5. Guccione J, Di Loria A, De Rosa A, et al: Diagnostic imaging procedures and herd management algorithm in grazing cows affected by chronic enzootic hematuria, Large Anim Rev 23:89-95, 2017.

6. Hoque M, Somvanshi R, Singh GR, et al: Ultrasonographic evaluation of urinary bladder in normal, fern fed and enzootic bovine haematuria-affected cattle, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 49:403-407, 2002.

7. Campo MS: Bovine papillomavirus and cancer, Vet J 154:175-188, 1997.

8. Sharma R, Bhat TK, Sharma OP: The environmental and human effects of ptaquiloside-induced enzootic bovine hematuria: a tumorous disease of cattle. In Whitacre DM, editor: Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, (vol 224). New York, 2013, Springer, pp 53-95.

9. Alonso-Amelot ME, Castillo U, Smith BL, et al: Bracken ptaquiloside in milk, Nature 382:587, 1996.

10. Borzacchiello G, Ambrosio V, Galati P, et al: Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 expression in urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder in cows, Vet Pathol 40:455-459, 2003.

11. Maxie M, Newman S: Inflammation of the lower urinary tract. In Maxie M, editor: Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer’s pathology of domestic animals, ed 5, Phila­delphia, 2007, Elsevier Saunders, pp 514-520.

Urinary Tract Infection

1. Rebhun WC, Dill SG, Perdrizet JA, et al: Pyelonephritis in cows: 15 cases (1982-1986), J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:953-955, 1989.

2. Wallace LL, Bouchard G, Nicholson W, et al: Polypoid cystitis, pyelonephritis, and obstructive uropathy in a cow, J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1181-1183, 1990.

3. Moore R, Miyoshi A, Pacheco LGC, et al: Corynebacterium and arcanobacterium. In Gyles CL, Prescott JF, Songer JG, et al, editors: Pathogenesis of bacterial infection in animals, ed 4, Ames, IA, 2010, Blackwell, pp 133-147.

4. Yeruham I, Elad D, Avidar Y, et al: A herd level analysis of urinary tract infection in dairy cattle, Vet J 171:172-176, 2006.

5. Rosenbaum A, Guard CL, Njaa BL, et al: Slaughterhouse survey of pyelonephritis in dairy cows, Vet Rec 157:652-655, 2005.

6. Hajikolaei MRH, Jamshidian M, Mohammadian B: Bacteriological study of urine and its relationship with histopathological findings of bladder and kidney, Comp Clin Pathol 24:251-253, 2015.

7. Abe T, Iizuka A, Kojima H, et al: Necrotizing suppurative nephritis in a Japanese black feedlot steer due to proteus mirabilis infection, J Vet Med Sci 79:709-713,

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8. Angus KW: Nephropathy in young lambs, Vet Rec 126:525-528, 1990.

9. Franz S, Winter P, Baumgartner W: Cystoscopy in cattle—a valuable additional tool for clinical examination, Acta Vet Hung 52:423-438, 2004.

10. Hayashi H, Biller DS, Rings DM, et al: Ultrasonographic diagnosis of pyelo­nephritis in a cow, J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:736-738, 1994.

11. Floeck M: Ultrasonography of bovine urinary tract disorders, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:651-667, 2009.

12. Braun U, Nuss K, Wehbrink D, et al: Clinical and ultrasonographic findings, diagnosis and treatment of pyelonephritis in 17 cows, Vet J 175:240-248, 2008.

13. Markusfeld O, Nahari N, Kessner D, et al: Observations on bovine pyelonephritis, Br Vet J 145:573-579, 1989.

14. Higgins RJ, Weaver CR: Corynebacterium renale pyelonephritis and cystitis in a sheep, Vet Rec 109:256, 1981.

15. Elias S, Abbas B, San-Ousi SME: The goat as a model for Corynebacterium renale pyelonephritis, Br Vet J 149:485-493, 1993.

16. Sheldon IM: Suspected venereal spread of corynebacterium renale, Vet Rec 137:100, 1995.

17. Honda E, Yanagawa R: Attachment of corynebacterium renale to tissue culture cells by the pili, Am J Vet Res 36:1663-1666, 1975.

18. Takai S, Yanagawa R, Kitamura Y: pH-dependent adhesion of piliated corynebacterium renale to bovine bladder epithelial cells, Infect Immun 28:669-674, 1980.

19. Yeruham I, Elad D, Avidar Y, et al: Four-year survey of urinary tract infections in calves in Israel, Vet Rec 154:204-206, 2004.

20. Vogel SR, Desrochers A, Babkine M, et al: Unilateral nephrectomy in 10 cattle, Vet Surg 40:233-239, 2011.

21. Tyler JW, Ruffin DC, Yu A: Probable ceftiofur-induced cutaneous drug reaction in a cow, Can Vet J 39:296-298, 1998.

22. New Animal Drugs; Cephalosporin Drugs; Extralabel Animal Drug Use; Order of Prohibition FDA-2008-N-0326 21 CFR 530.

23. El-Deeb WM, Elmoslemany AM: Acute phase proteins as biomarkers of urinary tract infection in dairy cows: diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, Jpn J Vet Res 64:57-66, 2016.

Amyloidosis

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3. Elitok OM, Elitok B, Unver O: Renal amyloidosis in cattle with inflammatory diseases, J Vet Intern Med 22:450-455, 2008.

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Glomerulonephritis

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Congenital Defects

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Neoplasia

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Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

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10. MacLachlan NJ, Divers TJ: Hemolytic anemia and fibrinoid change of renal vessels in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:716-717, 1982.

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Tubular Necrosis

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Leptospirosis

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