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The complete list of references can be found at www.expertconsult.com.

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Diseases Manifesting Principally With Forebrain Dysfunction or Multiple-Level Brain Dysfunction

Alphaviruses

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30. Grady GF, Maxfield HK, Hildreth SW, et al: Eastern equine encephalitis in Massachusetts, 1957-1976. A prospective study centered upon analyses of mosquitoes, Am J Epidemiol 107:170-178, 1978.

31. Wilson JH, Rubin HL, Lane TJ, et al: A survey of eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida horses—prevalence, economic impact, and management practices, 1982-1983, Prev Vet Med 4:261-271, 1986.

32. Przelomski MM, Orourke E, Grady GF, et al: Eastern equine encephalitis in Massachusetts - A report of 16 cases, 1970-1984, Neurology 38:736-739,

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33. Vander Kelen PT, Downs JA, Stark LM, et al: Spatial epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis in Florida, Int J Health Geogr 11:10, 2012.

34. Weaver SC, Hagenbaugh A, Bellew LA, et al: Evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex, J Virol 68:158-169, 1994.

35. Gardner SN, McLoughlin K, Be NA, et al: Characterization of genetic variability of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis viruses, PLoS ONE 11:e0152604, 2016.

36. Sahu SP, Alstad AD, Pedersen DD, et al: Diagnosis of eastern equine encepha­lomyelitis virus infection in horses by immunoglobulin M and G capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, J Vet Diagn Invest 6:34-38, 1994.

37. Miller LD, Pearson JE, Muhm RL: A comparison of clinical manifestations and pathology of the equine encephalidites: VEE, WEE, EEE, Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 629-631, 1973.

38. Walton TE, Holbrook FR, Bolivarraya R, et al: Venezuelan equine encephalo­myelitis and African horse sickness—current status and review, Ann NY Acad Sci 653:217-227, 1992.

39. Byrne RJ: The control of Eastern and Western arboviral encephalomyelitis of horses, 3rd int Conf Equine Infect Dis. Paris, 1972, Karger, Basel, pp 115-123.

40. Byrne RJ, Hetrick FM, Scanlon JE, et al: Observations on eastern equine encephalitis in Maryland in 1959, J Am Vet Med Assoc 139:661-664, 1961.

41. Gibbs EP: Equine viral encephalitis, Equine Vet J 8:66-71, 1976.

42. Calisher CH, Mahmud M, Elkafrawi AO, et al: Rapid and specific serodiagnosis of western equine encephalitis virus infection in horses, Am J Vet Res 47:1296-1299, 1986.

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Miscellaneous and Foreign Emerging Viruses Causing Neurologic Signs

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2. Boyd AM, Hall RA, Gemmell RT, et al: Experimental infection of Australian brushtail possums, Trichosurus vulpecula (Phalangeridae: Marsupialia), with Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses by use of a natural mosquito vector system, Am J Trop Med Hyg 65:777-782, 2001.

3. Bannai H, Ochi A, Nemoto M, et al: A 2015 outbreak of Getah virus infection occurring among Japanese racehorses sequentially to an outbreak in 2014 at the same site, BMC Vet Res 12:7, 2016.

4. Bannai H, Nemoto M, Ochi A, et al: Epizootiological Investigation of Getah Virus Infection among Racehorses in Japan in 2014, J Clin Micro 53:2286-2291,

2015.

5. Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, et al: Getah virus infection among Racehorses, Japan, 2014, Emerg Infect Dis 21:883-885, 2015.

6. Azuolas JK: Ross River virus disease of horses, Aust Equine Vet 16:56, 1998.

7. Roche SE, Wicks R, Garner MG, et al: Descriptive overview of the 2011 epidemic of arboviral disease in horses in Australia, Aust Vet J 91:5-13, 2013.

8. Barton AJ, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H: Clinical presentation, progression, and management of five cases of Ross River virus infection in performance horses located in southeast queensland: a longitudinal case series, J Eq Vet Sci 51:34-40,

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9. Wressnigg N, van der Velden MVW, Portsmouth D, et al: An inactivated Ross River virus vaccine is well tolerated and immunogenic in an adult population in a randomized phase 3 trial, Clin Vaccine Immunol 22:267-273, 2015.

10. Durrwald R, Ludwig H: Borna disease virus (BDV), a (zoonotic?) worldwide pathogen. A review of the history of the disease and the virus infection with comprehensive bibliography, Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 44:147-184, 1997.

11. Tizard I, Ball J, Stoica G, et al: The pathogenesis of bornaviral diseases in mammals, Anim Health Res Rev 17:92-109, 2016.

12. Kao M, Hamir AN, Rupprecht CE, et al: Detection of antibodies against Borna disease virus in sera and cerebrospinal fluid of horses in the USA, Vet Rec 132:241-244, 1993.

13. Herzog S, Frese K, Richt JA, et al: A contribution to the epizootiology of Borna-disease in horses, Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr 81:374-379, 1994.

14. Kinnunen PM, Palva A, Vaheri A, et al: Epidemiology and host spectrum of Borna disease virus infections, J Gen Virol 94:247-262, 2013.

15. Jordan I, Lipkin WI: Borna disease virus, Rev Med Virol. England, 2001, 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., pp 37-57.

16. Durrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Muluneh A, et al: Epidemiological pattern of classical Borna disease and regional genetic clustering of Borna disease viruses point towards the existence of to-date unknown endemic reservoir host populations, Microbes Infect 8:917-929, 2006.

17. Sauder C, Staeheli P: Rat model of borna disease virus transmission: epidemiologi­cal implications, J Virol 77:12886-12890, 2003.

18. Dietzel J, Kuhrt H, Stahl T, et al: Morphometric analysis of the retina from horses infected with the Borna disease virus, Vet Pathol 44:57-63, 2007.

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West Nile and Other Flavivirus Encephalitis

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Trauma to the Brain and Cranial Nerves

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Traumatic Optic Nerve Blindness of Horses

1. Reppas GP, Hodgson DR, McClintock SA, et al: Trauma-induced blindness in two horses, Aust Vet J 72:270-272, 1995.

2. Kullmann A, Marteniuk JV, Williams MR, et al: Bilateral traumatic optic nerve avulsion in a Thoroughbred gelding, Equine Vet Educ 26:523-526, 2014.

3. Brooks DE, Plummer CE, Craft SLM, et al: Traumatic brain injury manifested as optic neuropathy in the horse: a commentary and clinical case, Equine Vet Educ 26:527-531, 2014.

Thiamine Deficiency of Horses

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2. Cymbaluk NF, Fretz PB, Loew FM: Amprolium-induced thiamine deficiency in horses: clinical features, Am J Vet Res 39:255, 1978.

Equine Leukoencephalomalacia

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2. Wilson BJ, Maronpot RR: Causative fungus agent of leucoencephalomalacia in equine animals, Vet Rec 88:484, 1971.

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Intracarotid Drug Injection

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2. Gabel AA, Koestner A: Effects of intracarotid artery injection of drugs in domestic animals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 142:1397, 1963.

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4. Helper LC, Lerner D: Unilateral retinopathy and blindness in a horse following intra carotid injection of phenyl butazone, Equine Pract 2:33, 1980.

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Brain Tumors

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2. Guarda F, Biolatti B: Cerebral medulloblastoma in two calves, Summa 4:33, 1987.

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4. Zanolari P, Botteron C, Jaggy A, et al: Chromophobe adenocarcinoma of the pituitary gland in a ram, J Vet Intern Med 18:748, 2004.

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6. Jolly RD, Alley MR: Medulloblastoma in calves. A report of three cases, Pathol Vet 6:463, 1969.

7. Saunders GK: Ependymoblastoma in a dairy calf, Vet Pathol 21:528, 1984.

8. Finn JP, Tennant BC: Cerebral and ocular tumor of reticular tissue in a horse, Vet Pathol 8:458, 1971.

9. Brobst DF, Dulac GC: Meningeal tumors induced in calves with the bovine cutaneous papilloma virus, Pathol Vet 6:135, 1969.

10. Wright JA, Giles CJ: Diffuse carcinomatosis involving the meninges of a horse, Equine Vet J 18:147, 1986.

11. Hepburn RJ, Furr MO: Sinonasal adenocarcinoma causing central nervous system disease in a horse, J Vet Intern Med 18:125, 2004.

12. Ladd SM, Crisman MV, Duncan R, et al: Central nervous system hemangio­sarcoma in a horse, J Vet Intern Med 19:914, 2005.

13. Hodgin EC: Meningeal hemangioma and renal hamartoma in a heifer, Vet Pathol 22:420, 1985.

14. Guard CL, Rebhun WC, Perdrizet JA: Cranial tumors in aged cattle causing Horner's syndrome and exophthalmos, Cornell Vet 74:361, 1984.

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17. Sweeney RW, Divers TJ, Ziemer E, et al: Intracranial lymphosarcoma in a Holstein bull, J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:555, 1986.

18. Davis JL, Gilger BC, Spaulding K, et al: Nasal adenocarcinoma with diffuse metastases involving the orbit, cerebrum, and multiple cranial nerves in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:1460, 2002.

19. Baloh RW, Konrad HR, Dirks D, et al: Cerebellar-pontine angle tumors. Results of quantitative vestibulo-ocular testing, Arch Neurol 33:507, 1976.

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21. Chaffin MK, Walker MA, McArthur NH, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of normal neonatal foals, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 38:102, 1997.

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Cholinesteric Granuloma Encephalopathy

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2. Tofflemire KL, Whitley RD, Wong DM, et al: Episodic blindness and ataxia in a horse with cholesterinic granulomas, Vet Ophthalmol 16:149, 2013.

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4. Maulet BEB, Bestbier M, Jose-Cunilleras E, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of a cholesterol granuloma and hydrocephalus in a horse, Equine Vet Educ 20:74, 2008.

5. Finding E, Fletcher N, Avella C, et al: Standing CT and clinical progression of equine cholesterol granulomata, Vet Rec 170:289, 2012.

Epilepsy

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5. Atkeson FW, Ibsen HL, Eldridge F: Inheritance of an epileptic type character in Brown Swiss cattle, J Hered 35:45-48, 1944.

6. Chigerwe M, Aleman M: Seizure disorders in goats and sheep, J Vet Intern Med 30:1752-1757, 2016.

7. DAngelo A, Bellino C, Bertone I, et al: Seizure disorders in 43 cattle, J Vet Intern Med 29:967-971, 2015.

8. Lacombe VA, Mayes M, Mosseri S, et al: Distribution and predictive factors of seizure types in 104 cases, Equine Vet J 46:441-445, 2014.

9. van der Ree M, Wijnberg I: A review on epilepsy in the horse and the potential of ambulatory EEG as a diagnostic tool, Vet Q 32:159-167, 2012.

10. Mayhew IG: Seizures and epilepsy. Large animal neurology, ed 2, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell, pp 83-86.

11. Cesar FB, Stewart AJ, Boothe DM, et al: Disposition of levetiracetam in healthy adult horses, J Vet Pharmacol Iher 41:92-97, 2018.

Narcolepsy-Cataplexy

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2. Ludvikova E, Nishino S, Sakai N, et al: Familial narcolepsy in the Lipizzaner horse: a report of three fillies born to the same sire, Vet Q 32:99-102, 2012.

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10. Vannieuwstadt RA, Vanderwant CJ, Binkhorst GJ: Narcolepsy in the horse, Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 118:765-768, 1993.

11. White EC, De Lahunta A: Narcolepsy in a ram lamb, Vet Rec 149:156-157,

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12. Mayhew IG: Sleep attacks, ProcNAVC 174-175, 2003.

13. Toth B, Aleman M, Brosnan RJ, et al: Evaluation of squeeze-induced somnolence in neonatal foals, Am J Vet Res 73:1881-1889, 2012.

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Headshaking in Horses

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2. Lane JG, Mair TS: Observations on headshaking in the horse, Equine Vet J 19:331-336, 1987.

3. Madigan JE, Kortz G, Murphy C, et al: Photic headshaking in the horse - 7 cases, Equine Vet J 27:306-311, 1995.

4. Madigan JE, Bell SA: Owner survey of headshaking in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:334-337, 2001.

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7. Aleman M, Williams DC, Brosnan RJ, et al: Sensory nerve conduction and somatosensory evoked potentials of the trigeminal nerve in horses with idiopathic headshaking, J Vet Intern Med 27:1571-1580, 2013.

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12. Smyth T, Allen AL, Carmalt JL: Clinically significant, nontraumatic, degenerative joint disease of the temporomandibular joints in a horse, Equine Vet Educ 29:72-77, 2017.

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15. Mair TS: Assessment of bilateral infra-orbital nerve blockade and bilateral infra-orbital neurectomy in the investigation and treatment of idiopathic headshaking, Equine Vet J 31:262-264, 1999.

16. Roberts VLH, Perkins JD, Skarlina E, et al: Caudal anaesthesia of the infraorbital nerve for diagnosis of idiopathic headshaking and caudal compression of the infraorbital nerve for its treatment, in 58 horses, Equine Vet J 45:107-110, 2013.

17. Roberts VL, McKane SA, Williams A, et al: Caudal compression of the infraorbital nerve: a novel surgical technique for treatment of idiopathic headshaking and assessment of its efficacy in 24 horses, Equine Vet J 41:165-170, 2009.

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19. Mills DS, Taylor K: Field study of the efficacy of three types of nose net for the treatment of headshaking in horses, Vet Rec 152:41-44, 2003.

20. Magdesian KG, Williams DC, Aleman M, et al: Evaluation of deafness in American Paint Horses by phenotype, brainstem auditory-evoked responses, and endothelin receptor B genotype, J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:1204-1211, 2009.

21. Cook WR: Bit-induced pain: a cause of fear, flight, fight and facial neuralgia in the horse, Pferdeheilkunde 19:75-82, 2003.

22. Mair TS, Howarth S, Lane JG: Evaluation of some prophylactic therapies for the idiopathic headshaker syndrome, Equine Vet J Suppl 10-12:1992.

23. Mills DS, Cook S, Jones B: Reported response to treatment among 245 cases of equine headshaking, Vet Rec 150:311-313, 2002.

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26. Tomlinson JE, Neff P, Boston RC, et al: Treatment of idiopathic headshaking in horses with pulsed high-dose dexamethasone, J Vet Intern Med 27:1551-1554, 2013.

27. Roberts VLH, Patel NK, Tremaine WH: Neuromodulation using percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the management of trigeminal-mediated headshaking: a safe procedure resulting in medium-term remission in five of seven horses, Equine Vet J 48:201-204, 2016.

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Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infections

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2. Gjerset B, Jonassen CM, Rimstadt E: Natural transmission and comparative analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in the Norwegian sheep and goat popula­tions, Virus Res 125:153, 2007.

3. Pisoni G, Bertoni G, Puricelli M, et al: Demonstration of coinfection with and recombination by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and maedi-visna virus in naturally infected goats, J Virol 81:4948, 2007.

4. Pepin M, Vitu C, Russo P, et al: Maedi-visna virus infection in sheep: a review, Vet Res 29:341, 1998.

Maedi-Visna Virus Infection (Ovine Progressive Pneumonia

Virus Infection; Zwoegerziekte)

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11. Benavides J, Fuertes M, Garcia-Pariente C, et al: Natural cases of visna in sheep with myelitis as the sole lesion in the central nervous system, J Comp Pathol 134:219, 2006.

12. Molitor T, Schipper IA, Berryhill DL: Evaluation of the agar gel immunodiffusion test for the detection of precipitating antibodies against progressive pneumonia virus of sheep, Can J Comp Med 43:280, 1979.

13. Cutlip RA, Jackson TA, Laird GA: Immunodiffusion test for ovine progressive pneumonia, Am J Vet Res 38:1081, 1977.

14. Griffin DE, Naravan O, Bukowski JF, et al: The cerebrospinal fluid in visna, a slow viral disease of sheep, Ann Neurol 4:212, 1978.

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18. De Andres D, Klein D, Watt NJ, et al: Diagnostic tests for small ruminant lentiviruses, Vet Microbiol 107:49, 2005.

Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus Infection (Infectious Leukoencephalomyelitis)

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5. Dahme E, Stavrou D, Deutschlander N, et al: Klinik und pathologie einer ubertragbaren granulomatosen meningoencephalomyelitis (MEM) bei der hausziege, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 23:59, 1973.

6. Cork LC, Hadlow WJ, Crawford TB: Infectious leukoencephalomyelitis of young goats, J Infect Dis 129:131, 1974.

7. Thomson RG: Viral leukoencephalomyelitis arthritis of goats, Can Vet J 22:358,

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8. O'Sullivan BM, Eaves FW, Baxendell SA, et al: Leucoencephalomyelitis of goat kids, Aust Vet J 54:479, 1978.

9. Wilkie IW: Leukomyelitis in the goat: a report of three cases, Can Vet J 21:203, 1980.

10. Summers BA, Appel MJG, Griesen HA: Studies of viral leukoencephalomyelitis and swayback in goats, Cornell Vet 70:372, 1980.

11. Cork LC: Differential diagnosis of viral leukoencephalomyelitis of goats, J Am Vet Med Assoc 171:1303, 1976.

12. Crawford TB, Adams DS: Caprine arthritis-encephalitis: clinical features and presence of antibody in selected goat populations, J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:713, 1981.

13. Cork LC, Hadow WJ, Gorham JR, et al: Pathology of viral leukoencephalomyelitis of goats, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 29:281, 1974.

14. De Andres D, Klein D, Watt NJ, et al: Diagnostic tests for small ruminant lentiviruses, Vet Microbiol 107:49, 2005.

15. Konishi M, Tsuduku S, Haritani M, et al: An epidemic of caprine arthritis encephalitis in Japan: isolation of the virus, J Vet Med Sci 66:911, 2004.

Border Disease (Hairy Shaker Lambs; Hypomyelogenesis Congenita)

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4. Harkness JW, King AA, Terlecki S, et al: Border disease of sheep: isolation of the virus in tissue culture and experimental reproduction of the disease, Vet Rec 100:71, 1977.

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7. Nettleton PF, Gilmour JS, Herring JA, et al: The production and survival of lambs persistently infected with a border disease virus, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 15:179, 1992.

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18. Terpstra C: Border disease: virus persistence, antibody response, and transmission studies, Res Vet Sci 30:185, 1981.

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22. McFadden AM, Tisdall DJ, Hill FI, et al: The first case of a bull persistently infected with Border disease virus in New Zealand, N Zeal Vet J 60:290, 2012.

23. Gardiner AC, Zakarian B, Barlow RM: Periarteritis in experimental border disease of sheep. III. Immunopathological observations, J Comp Pathol 90:469,

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24. Roeder PL, Drew TW: Persistence in tissues of border disease virus antigen demonstrable by immunofluorescence, Res Vet Sci 29:394, 1980.

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Encephalitic Bovine Herpesvirus Infection

1. DOffay JM, Mock RE, Fulton RW, et al: Isolation and characterization of encephalitic bovine herpesvirus type 1 isolates from cattle in North America, Am J Vet Res 54:534, 1993.

2. Gardiner MR, Nairn ME, Sier AM: Viral meningoencephalitis of calves in western Australia, Aust Vet J 40:225, 1964.

3. Hill BD, Hill MW, Chung YS, et al: Meningoencephalitis in calves due to bovine herpesvirus type 1 infection, Aust Vet J 61:242, 1984.

4. Perez SE, Bretschneider G, Leunda MR, et al: Primary infection, latency, and reactivation of bovine herpesvirus type 5 in the bovine nervous system, Vet Pathol 39:437, 2002.

5. Wentink GH, van Oirschot JT, Verhoeff J: Risk of infection with bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV1): a review, Vet Q 15:30, 1993.

6. Carrillo BJ, Ambrogi A, Schudel AA, et al: Meningoencephalitis caused by IBR virus in calves in Argentina, Zentralbl Veterinarmed 30:327, 1983.

7. Cascio KE, Belknap EB, Schultheiss PC, et al: Encephalitis induced by bovine herpesvirus 5 and protection by prior vaccination or infection with bovine herpesvirus 1, J Vet Diagn Invest 11:134, 1999.

8. Roels S, Charlier G, Letellier C, et al: Natural case of bovine herpesvirus 1 meningoencephalitis in an adult cow, Vet Rec 146:586, 2000.

9. Meyer G, Lemaire M, Ros C, et al: Comparative pathogenesis of acute and latent infections of calves with bovine herpesvirus types 1 and 5, Arch Virol 146:633, 2001.

10. Isernhagen AJ, daCosta MC, Medici KC, et al: Asymptomatic encephalitis in calves experimentally infected with bovine herpesvirus 5, Can Vet J 52:1312, 2011.

11. Brower A, Homb KM, Boschler P, et al: Encephalitis in bovine fetuses associated with bovine herpesvirus 1 infection, J Vet Diagn Invest 20:297, 2008.

12. Moore S, Gunn M, Walls D: A rapid and sensitive PCR-based diagnostic assay to detect bovine herpesvirus 1 in routine diagnostic submissions, Vet Microbiol 75:145, 2000.

13. Ely RW, dOffay JM, Ruefer AH, et al: Bovine herpesviral encephalitis: a retrospec­tive study on archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue, J Vet Diagn Invest 8:487, 1996.

14. DOffay JM, Ely RW, Baldwin CA, et al: Diagnosis of encephalitic bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) infection in cattle: virus isolation and immuno­histochemical detection of antigen in formalin-fixed bovine brain tissues, J Vet Diagn Invest 7:247, 1995.

15. Alegre M, Nanni M, Fondevila N: Development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the differentiation of bovine herpesvirus-1 and -5, J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 48:613, 2001.

16. Petzhold SA, Reckziegel PE, Prado JA, et al: Neutralizing antibodies to bovine herpesviruses types 1 (BHV-1) and 5 (BHV-5) induced by an inactivated vaccine to BHV-1, Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 38184:2001.

17. Spilki FR, Silva AD, Hubner S, et al: Partial protection induced by a BHV-1 recombinant vaccine against challenge with BHV-5, Ann N Y Acad Sci 1026:247, 2004.

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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (“Mad Cow" Disease)

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2. Prusiner SB: Novel proteinacious infectious particles cause scrapie, Science 216:136, 1982.

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7. Simmons MM, Harris P, Jeffrey M, et al: BSE in Great Britain: consistency of the neurohistopathological findings in two random annual samples of clinically suspect cases, Vet Rec 138:175, 1996.

8. Orge L, Simas JP, Fernandes AC, et al: Similarity of the lesion profile of BSE in Portuguese cattle to that described in British cattle, Vet Rec 147:486, 2000.

9. Jeffrey M: Neurohistopathological observations on bovine spongiform encepha­lopathy submissions in Scotland, State Vet J 44:151, 1990.

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17. Buschmann A, Groschup MH: Highly bovine spongiform encephalopathy­sensitive transgenic mice confirm the essential restriction of infectivity to the nervous system in clinically diseased cattle, J Infect Dis 192:934, 2005.

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21. Wells GAH, Spiropoulos J, Hawkins SAC, et al: Pathogenesis of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy: preclinical infectivity in tonsil and observations on the distribution of lingual tonsil in slaughtered cattle, Vet Rec 156:401, 2005.

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Scrapie

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36. Miller JM, Jenny AL, Taylor WD, et al: Immunohistochemical detection of prion protein in sheep with scrapie, J Vet Diagn Invest 5:309, 1993.

37. Webb PR, Powell L, Denyer M, et al: A retrospective immunohistochemical study reveals atypical scrapie has existed in the United Kingdom since at least 1987, J Vet Diagn Invest 21:826, 2009.

38. Hoare M, Davies DC, Pattison IH: Experimental production of scrapie-resistant Swaledale sheep, Vet Rec 101:482, 1977.

39. Nussbaum RE, Henderson WM, Pattison IH: The establishment of sheep flocks of predictable susceptibility to experimental scrapie, Res Vet Sci 18:49, 1975.

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's Disease, Mad Itch, Bulbar Paralysis)

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4. Aujeszky A: Uber eine neue infektionskrankheit bei haustieren (A new infectious disease in husbandry animals), Zentralbl Bakteriol I Abt Orig 32:353, 1902.

5. Van Oirschot JT, Gielkens ALJ: In vivo and in vitro reactivation of latent pseudorabies virus in pigs born to vaccinated sows, Am J Vet Res 45:567, 1984.

6. Herweijer CH, De Jonge WK: De ziekte van Aujeszky bij de geit, Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 102:425, 1977.

7. Bitsch V: A study of outbreaks of Aujeszky’s disease in cattle, Acta Vet Scand 16:420, 1975.

8. Romero CH, Meade PN, Homer BL, et al: Potential sites of virus latency associated with indigenous pseudorabies viruses in feral swine, J Wildl Dis 39:567, 2003.

9. Wright JC, Thawley DG: Role of the raccoon in the transmission of pseudorabies: a field and laboratory investigation, Am J Vet Res 41:581, 1980.

10. Maes RK, Kanitz CL, Gustafson DP, et al: Pseudorabies virus infections in wild and laboratory rats, Am J Vet Res 40:393, 1979.

11. Dow C, McFerran JB: The pathology of Aujeszky’s disease in cattle, J Comp Pathol 72:337, 1962.

12. Beasley TR, et al: A clinical episode demonstrating variable characteristics of pseudorabies infection in cattle, Vet Res Commun 4:125, 1980.

13. Hagemoser WA, Hill HT, Moss EW: Nonfatal pseudorabies in cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:205, 1978.

14. Brown TT: Laboratory evaluation of selected disinfectants as virucidal agents against porcine parvovirus, pseudorabies virus, and transmissible gastroenteritis virus, Am J Vet Res 42:1033, 1981.

Ovine Encephalomyelitis (Louping Ill)

1. Timoney PJ: Susceptibility of the horse to experimental inoculation with louping ill virus, J Comp Pathol 90:73, 1980.

2. Doherty PC, Smith W, Reid HW: Louping ill encephalomyelitis in the sheep. V. Histopathogenesis of the fatal disease, J Comp Pathol 82:337, 1972.

3. Svedmyr A, von Ziepel J, Borg J, et al: Infections with tick-borne encephalitis virus in the Swedish population of the elk (Alces a. alces), Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 65:613, 1965.

4. Pavlov P: Studies on tick-borne encephalitis of sheep and their natural foci in Bulgaria, Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitendk 206:360, 1968.

5. Hartley WJ, Martin WB, Hakioglu F, et al: A viral encephalitis of sheep in Turkey, Pendik Inst J 2:89, 1969.

6. Gao GF: Sequencing and antigenic studies of a Norwegian virus isolated from encephalomyelitic sheep confirm the existence of louping ill virus outside Great Britain and Ireland, J Gen Virol 74:109, 1993.

7. Callan RJ, Van Metre DC: Viral diseases of the ruminant nervous system, Vet Clin Food Anim 20:327, 2004.

8. Gao GF, Zanotto PM, Holmes EC, et al: Molecular variation, evolution and geographical distribution of louping ill virus, Acta Virol 41:259, 1997.

9. Reid HW, Boyce JB: The effect of colostrum-derived antibody on louping ill virus infection in lambs, J Hyg (Cambridge) 77:349, 1976.

10. Reid HW, Moss R, Pow I, et al: The response of three grouse species (Tetrao urogallus, Lagopus mutus, Lagopus lagopus) to louping ill virus, J Comp Pathol 90:257, 1980.

11. Timoney PJ: Recovery of louping ill virus from the red grouse in Ireland, Br Vet J 128:19, 1972.

12. Hudson P, Gould E, Laurenson K, et al: The epidemiology of louping-ill, a tick borne infection of red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus), Parassitologia 39:319, 1997.

13. Jones LD, Gaunt M, Hails RS, et al: Transmission of louping ill virus between infected and uninfected ticks co-feeding on mountain hares, Med Vet Entomol 11:172, 1997.

14. Gilbert L, Jones LD, Laurenson MK, et al: Ticks need not bite their red grouse hosts to infect them with louping ill virus, Proc Biol Sci 271(Suppl 4):S202, 2004.

15. 15Reid HW, Doherty PC: Louping ill encephalomyelitis in the sheep. I. The relationship of viraemia and the antibody response to susceptibility, J Comp Pathol 81:521, 1971.

16. Reid HW, et al: Response of sheep to experimental concurrent infection with tick-borne fever (Cytoecetes phagocytophila) and louping ill virus, Res Vet Sci 41:56, 1986.

17. Hubalek Z, Rudolf I: Tick-borne viruses in Europe, Parisitol Res 11:9, 2012.

18. Reid HW, Doherty PC: Experimental louping ill in sheep and lambs. I. Viraemia and the antibody response, J Comp Pathol 81:291, 1971.

19. Doherty PC, Vantsis JT, Hart R: Louping ill encephalomyelitis in the sheep. VI. Infection of the 120-day foetus, J Comp Pathol 82:385, 1972.

20. Doherty PC, Reid HW: Louping ill encephalomyelitis in the sheep. II. Distribution of virus and lesions in the nervous tissue, J Comp Pathol 81:531, 1971.

21. Doherty PC, Reid HW: Experimental louping ill in sheep and lambs. II. Neuropathology, J Comp Pathol 81:331, 1971.

22. Krueger N, Reid HW: Detection of louping ill virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissues of mice, sheep and a pig by the avidin-biotin-complex immunoperoxidase technique, Vet Rec 135:224, 1994.

23. Marriott L, Willoughby K, Chianini F, et al: Detection of louping ill virus in clinical specimens from mammals and birds using TaqMan RT-PCR, J Virol Methods 137:21, 2006.

24. Brotherson JG, Bannatyne C, Mathieson AO, et al: Field trials of an inactivated oil-adjuvant vaccine against louping ill (arbovirus group B), J Hyg (Cambridge) 69:479, 1971.

Rabies

1. Rabies and rabies-related Lyssaviruses, November 2012. Iowa State University: Diseases Fact Sheets, Center for Food Security and Public Health. [WWW page]. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/rabies.pdf. (Accessed 13 May 2018).

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4. Blanton JD, Palmer D, Dyer J, et al: Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2010, J Am Vet Med Assoc 239:773, 2011.

5. Fischman HR, Ward FE: Oral transmission of rabies virus in experimental animals, Am J Epidemiol 88:132, 1968.

6. Pablo Correa-Giron E, Allen R, Sulkin SE: The infectivity and pathogenesis of rabies virus administered orally, Am J Epidemiol 91:203, 1970.

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8. Constantine DG: Transmission experiments with bat rabies isolates: bite transmission of rabies to foxes and coyote by free-tailed bats, Am J Vet Res 27:20, 1966.

9. Childs JE, Real LA: Epidemiology. In Jackson AC, Wunner WH, editors: Rabies, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 2007, Elsevier, p 123.

10. Steck F, Wandeler A: The epidemiology of fox rabies in Europe, Epidemiol Rev 2:71, 1980.

11. Wiltzer L, Larrous F, Oksayan S, et al: Conservation of a unique mechanism of immune evasion across the Lyssavirus genus, J Viorol 86:10194, 2012.

12. Rupprecht CE, Hanlon CA, Hemachudha T: Rabies re-examined, Lancet Infect Dis 2:327, 2002.

13. Marler RJ, Howard DR, Morris PG, et al: Rabies in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 175:293, 1979.

14. Ferris DH, Badiali L, Abou-Yousef M, et al: A note on experimental rabies in the donkey, Cornell Vet 58:270, 1968.

15. Owen RR: Rabies in the horse, Vet Rec 191:69, 1978.

16. Glaes AM: Rabies in the equine, Southwest Vet 283, 1974.

17. Green SL: Equine rabies, Vet Clin North Am 9:337, 1993.

18. Trimarch CV, Nadin-Davis SA: Post mortem diagnosis of rabies in animals. In Jackson AC, Wunner WH, editors: Rabies, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 2007, Elsevier, p 413.

19. O'Toole D, Mills K, Ellis J, et al: Poliomyelomalacia and ganglioneuritis in a horse with paralytic rabies, J Vet Diagn Invest 5:95, 1993.

20. Lentz T: Structure-function relationships of curaremimetic neurotoxin loop 2 and of a structurally similar segment of rabies virus glycoprotein in their interaction with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, Biochemistry 30:10949, 1991.

21. Centers for Disease Control Control and Prevention: 2007 Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2011, National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians (NASPHV), MMWR Recomm Rep 6056:1, 2011. http:// www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6006.pdf. ((Accessed 13 May 2018)). [WWW page].

22. Rosatte RC, Tinline RR, Johnston DH: Rabies control in wild carnivores. In Jackson AC, Wunner WH, editors: Rabies, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 2007, Elsevier, p 595.

23. Brochier BM, Languet B, Blancou J, et al: Use of recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus for oral vaccination of fox cubs (Vulpes vulpes) against rabies, Vet Microbiol 18:103, 1988.

Sporadic Bovine Encephalomyelitis (Buss Disease; Polyserositis; Chlamydophila pecorum Infection)

1. Mohamad KY, Rodolakis A: Recent advances in the understanding of Chla- mydophila pecorum infections, sixteen years after it was named as the fourth species of the Chlamydiaceae family, Vet Res 41:27, 2010.

2. Stearns TW, McNutt SH: Sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis: filtration of the causal agent, Am J Vet Res 3:253, 1942.

3. Egan AN: The occurrence of sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis in Australia, Aust Vet J 36:444, 1960.

4. French EL, Snowden W: The occurrence of sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis in Australia, Aust Vet J 36:444, 1960.

5. Harding WB: Transmissible serositis and its relationship to sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis, Aust Vet J 39:333, 1963.

6. Harshfield GS: Sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 156:466, 1970.

Meningitis (Suppurative Meningitis; Bacterial Meningitis)

1. Mitchell E, Furr MO, McKenzie HC: Antimicrobial therapy for bacterial meningitis, Equine Vet Educ 19:316, 2007.

2. Green SL: Meningitis in neonatal calves: 32 cases (1983-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:125, 1992.

3. Fecteau G, Smith BP, George LW: Septicemia and meningitis in the newborn calf, Vet Clin N Am Food Anim Pract 25:195, 2009.

4. Pellegrini-Masini A, Bentz AI, Johns IC, et al: Common variable immunode­ficiency in three horses with presumptive bacterial meningitis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:114, 2005.

5. James F, Engiles JB, Beech J: Meningitis, cranial neuritis and radiculoneuritis associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 237:1180, 2010.

6. Fjeldborg J, Andresen PH, Svalastoga E: Osteomyelitis secondary to basilar skull fracture in a Thoroughbred foal, Equine Pract 19:29, 1997.

7. Atherton RP, Mitchell EV, McKenzie HC, et al: Traumatic fracture of the basisphenoid and secondary bacterial meningitis in a Thoroughbred gelding, Equine Vet Educ 19:359, 2007.

8. Van Metre DC, Barrington GM, Parish SM, et al: Otitis media-interna and meningoencephalomyelitis associated with Listeria monocytogenes in a llama, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:236, 1991.

9. Thompson KG, Bateman RS, Morris PJ: Cerebral infarction and meningoen­cephalitis following hot-iron disbudding of goat kids, N Z Vet J 53:368, 2005.

10. Smith JJ, Provost PJ, Paradis MR: Bacterial meningitis and brain abscesses secondary to infectious disease processes involving the head in horses: seven cases (1980-2001), J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:739, 2004.

11. Van de Beek D, Brouer MC, Tunkel AR: Advances in treatment of bacterial meningitis, Lancet 380:1693, 2012.

12. Jamison JM, Prescott JF: Bacterial meningitis in large animals. I, Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 9:3996, 1987.

13. Auburtin M, Wolff M, Charpentier J, et al: Detrimental role of delayed antibiotic administration and penicillin-nonsusceptible strains in adult intensive care unit patients with pneumococcal meningitis: the PNEUMOREA prospective multicenter study, Crit Care Med 34:2758, 2006.

14. Morris DD: Bacterial infections of the newborn foal. II. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 6(Suppl):436, 1984.

15. Spehar AM, Hill MR, Mayhew IG, et al: Preliminary study on the pharmacokinet­ics of phenobarbital in the neonatal foal, Equine Vet J 16:368, 1984.

16. Ravis WR, Pedersoli WM, Schumacher J: A pharmacokinetic study of pheno­barbital in mature horses after oral dosing, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 10: 283, 1987.

17. Duran SH, Ravis WR, Pedersoli WM, et al: Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in the horse, Am J Vet Res 48:807, 1987.

18. Kowalczyk DF, Beech J: Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin (diphenyl-hydantoin) in horses, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 6:133, 1983.

19. Viu J, Monreal L, Jose-Cunilleras E, et al: Clinical findings in 10 foals with bacterial meningoencephalitis, Equine Vet J 44:100, 2012.

Pituitary Abscesses

1. Perdrizet JA, Dinsmore P: Pituitary abscess syndrome, Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 8(Suppl):311, 1986.

2. Perl SH, Niska A, Tromp A: Abscess in the hypophysis of a cow, Refuah Vet 35:175, 1978.

3. Moriwaki M, Watase H, Fukumoto M, et al: Exophthalmos due to rete mirabile abscesses caused by infection with Corynebacterium pyogenes in cattle, Natl Inst Anim Health Q 13:14, 1973.

4. Espersen G: Hypofyseabsces-syndrom hos dvaeg I, Kliniske undersogelseer, Nord Vet Med 27:465, 1975.

5. Taylor PA, Meads EB: Pituitary abscessation and a “farcy like” condition in cattle due to Corynebacterium pyogenes, Can Vet J 4:208, 1963.

Brain Abscesses

1. Raphel CF: Brain abscess in three horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:874, 1982.

2. McCormack JE: Papilledema related to left cerebral hemisphere abscess in a heifer, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 68:1249, 1973.

3. Allen JR, Barbec DD, Boulton CR: Brain abscess in a horse: diagnosis by computerized axial tomography and successful surgical treatment, Equine Vet J 19:552, 1987.

4. Tsuka T, Taura Y: Abscess of bovine brainstem diagnosed by contrast MRI examinations, J Vet Med Sci 61:425, 1999.

5. Hanche-Olsen S, Ottensen N, Larsen H, et al: Brain abscess in a filly: a case report, J Equine Vet Sci 32:1, 2012.

6. Scott PR: Diagnostic techniques and clinicopathologic findings in ruminant neurologic disease, Vet Clin Food Anim 20:215, 2004.

7. Allen JR, Barbec DD, Boulton CR: Brain abscess in a horse: diagnosis by computerized axial tomography and successful surgical treatment, Equine Vet J 19:552, 1987.

Nervous Coccidiosis

1. Eness P, Owen W: Bovine coccidiosis survey results, Ames, IA, 1984, Iowa State University Newsletter.

2. Isler CM, Bellamy JEC, Wobeser GA: Labile neurotoxin in serum of calves with nervous coccidiosis, Can J Vet Res 51:253, 1987.

3. Nillo L: Bovine coccidiosis in Canada, Can Vet J 11:91, 1970.

4. Radostits OM, Stockdale PHG: A brief review of coccidiosis in western Canada, Can Vet J 21:227, 1980.

5. Julian RJ, Harrison KB, Richardson JA: Nervous signs in bovine coccidiosis, Mod Vet Pract 57:711, 1976.

6. Fanelli HH: Observations on nervous coccidiosis in calves, Bovine Pract 18:50, 1983.

7. Clayburg J: Neurological signs seen in coccidial infections, Iowa State Vet 2:85, 1970.

8. Tubb TF: Nervous disease associated with coccidiosis in young cattle, Aust Vet J 65:353, 1988.

Sporozoan Infections of Ruminants (Sarcocystis Infection)

1. Fayer R, Dubey JP: Bovine sarcocystosis, Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 8:F130,

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2. Dubey JP, Fayer R: Sarcocystosis, Br Vet J 139:371, 1983.

3. Dubey JP: Lesions in sheep inoculated with Sarcocystis tenella sporocysts from canine feces, Vet Pathol 26:237, 1988.

4. Dubey JP, Fayer R: Sarcocystosis: present and future, J Vet Parasitol 1:1, 1987.

5. Jolley WR, et al: Encephalitic sarcocystosis in a newborn calf, Am J Vet Res 44:1908, 1983.

6. Dubey JP, Perry A, Kennedy MJ: Encephalitis caused by a Sarcocystis-like organism in a steer, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:231, 1987.

7. Fayer R, Johnson AJ, Lunde M: Abortion and other signs of disease in cows experimentally infected with Sarcocystis fusiformis from dogs, J Infect Dis 134:624,

1976.

8. Fayer R, Prasse KW: Hematology of experimental acute Sarcocystis bovicanis infection in calves. I. Cellular and serologic changes, Vet Pathol 18:351, 1981.

9. Lunde MN, Fayer R: Serologic tests for antibody to Sarcocystis in cattle, J Parasitol 63:222, 1977.

10. Fayer R, Lunde MN: Changes in serum and plasma proteins and in IgG and IgM antibodies in calves experimentally infected with Sarcocystis from dogs, J Parasitol 63:438, 1977.

11. Gasbarre LC, Fayer R: Humoral and cellular immune responses in cattle and sheep inoculated with Sarcocystis, Am J Vet Res 45:1592, 1984.

12. Dubey JP, Speer CA, Douglass TG: Development and ultrastructure of first- generation meronts of Sarcocystis cruzi in calves fed sporocysts from dogs, J Parasitol 59:1135, 1973.

13. Pacheco ND, Sheffield HG, Fayer R: Fine structure of immature cysts of Sarcocystis cruzi, J Parasitol 64:320, 1978.

14. Leek RG, Fayer R: Experimental Sarcocystis ovicanus infection in lambs, sali- nomycin chemoprophylaxis, and protective immunity, J Parasitol 69:271, 1983.

15. Fayer R, Johnson AJ: Effect of amprolium on acute sarcocystosis in experimentally infected calves, J Parasitol 61:932, 1975.

Neospora Infection of Cattle (Protozoal Abortion)

1. Dubey JP, Schares G: Neosporosis in animals - the last five years, Vet Parasitol 180:90, 2011.

2. Anderson ML, Blanchard PC, Barr BC, et al: Neospora-like protozoan infection as a major cause of abortion in California dairy cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:241, 1991.

3. Barr BC, Anderson ML, Blanchard BC, et al: Bovine fetal encephalitis and myocarditis associated with protozoal infections, Vet Pathol 27:354, 1990.

4. Barr BC: Neospora-like encephalomyelitis in a calf: pathology, ultrastructure, and immunoreactivity, J Vet Diagn Invest 3:39, 1991.

5. O'Toole D, Jeffrey M: Congenital sporozoan encephalomyelitis in a calf, Vet Rec 121:563, 1987.

6. Conrad PA, Barr BC, Sverlow KW, et al: In vitro isolation and characterization of a Neospora sp. from aborted bovine foetuses, Parasitology 106:239, 1993.

7. Parish SM, Maag-Miller L, Besser TE, et al: Myelitis associated with protozoal infection in newborn calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1599, 1987.

8. Hartley WJ, Bridge PS: A case of suspected congenital Toxoplasma encephalo­myelitis in a lamb associated with a spinal cord anomaly, Br Vet J 131:380,

1975.

9. Dubey JP, Hartley WJ, Lindsay DS, et al: Fatal congenital Neospora caninum infection in a lamb, J Parasitol 76:127, 1990.

10. Dubey JP, Acland H, Hamiir AN: Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa) in a stillborn goat, J Parasitol 78:532, 1992.

11. Corbellini LG, Colodel EM, Driemeier D: Granulomatous encephalitis in a neurologically impaired goat kid associated with degeneration of Neospora caninum tissue cysts, J Vet Diagn Invest 13:416, 2001.

Babesia Encephalitis (Babesiosis; Piroplasmosis; Texas Cattle Fever; Tick Fever; Redwater)

1. Bock R, Jackson L, De Vos A, et al: Babesiosis of cattle, Parasitology 129(Suppl):S247, 2004.

2. Rogers RJ: Observations on the pathology of Babesia argentina infections in cattle, Aust Vet J 47:242, 1971.

3. Yeruham I, Avidar Y, Aroch I, et al: Intra-uterine infection with Babesia bovis in a 2-day-old calf, J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 50:60, 2003.

4. O’Connor RM, Long JA, Allred DR: Cytoadherence of Babesia bovis—infected erythrocytes to bovine brain capillary endothelial cells provides an in vitro model for sequestration, InfectImmun 67:3921, 1999.

5. Hadani A, Guglielmone AA, Gonzalez de Rios L, et al: Use of cerebellar brain smears in the diagnosis of babesiosis (Babesia bovis) in cattle, Trop Anim Health Prod 14:242, 1982.

6. Dalgliesh RJ, et al: Babesia argentina: disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute infections in splenectomized calves, Exp Parasitol 40:124, 1976.

7. Wright IG: An electron microscopic study of intravascular agglutination in the cerebral cortex due to Babesia argentina, Int J Parasitol 2:209, 1972.

8. Mahoney DF, Goodger BV: Babesia argentina: serum changes in infected calves, Exp Parasitol 24:375, 1969.

9. Patarroyo JH, Vargas MI, Bicudo PL: Description of lesions in cattle in a natural outbreak of Babesia bovis infection in Brazil, Vet Parasitol 11:301, 1982.

10. Yeruham I, Hadani A, Galker F, et al: Clinical, clinico-pathological and serological studies of Babesia ovis in experimentally infected sheep, Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 45:385, 1998.

Ehrlichia (Cowdria, Rickettsia) ruminantium Infection

(Heartwater Disease)

1. Cowdry EV: Studies on the etiology of heart water. I. Observation of a rickettsia, Rickettsia ruminantium (n. sp.), in the tissues of infected animals, J Exp Med 42:231, 1925.

2. Camus E, Barre N: Epidemiology of heart water in Guadeloupe and in the Caribbean, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 54:419, 1987.

3. Cowdry EV: Studies on the etiology of heart water. II. Rickettsia (n. sp.) in the tissues of ticks transmitting the disease, J Exp Med 42:253, 1925.

4. Wesonga FD, Mukolwe SW, Grootenhuis J: Transmission of Cowdria ruminantium by Amblyomma gemma from infected African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and eland (Taurotragus oryx) to sheep, Trop Anim Health Prod 33:379, 2001.

5. Bezuidenhout JD, Jacobsz CJ: Proof of transovarial transmission of Cowdria ruminantium by Amblyomma hebraeum, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 53:31, 1986.

6. Kocan KM, Morzaria SP, Voigt WP, et al: Demonstration of colonies of Cowdria ruminantium in midgut epithelial cells of Amblyomma variegatum, Am J Vet Res 48:356, 1987.

7. Bryson NR, Horak IG, Venter EH, et al: The prevalence of Cowdria ruminantium in free-living adult Amblyomma hebraeum collected at a communal grazing area and in 2 wildlife reserves in South Africa, J S Afr Vet Assoc 73:131, 2002.

8. Du Pleiss JL: Electron microscopy of Cowdria ruminantium-reticuloendothelial cells of the mammalian host, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 42:1, 1975.

9. Pienaar JG: Electron microscopy of Cowdria (Rickettsia) ruminantium (Cowdry, 1926) in the endothelial cells of the vertebrate host, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 37:67, 1970.

10. Du Pleissis JL: Pathogenesis of heartwater. Cowdria ruminantium in the lymph nodes of domestic ruminants, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 37:89, 1970.

11. Norval RAI, Andrew HR, Yunker C, et al: Biological processes in the epidemiology of heartwater. In Fivaz B, editor: Tick vector biology: medical and veterinary aspects, New York, 1992, Springer-Verlag.

12. Andrew HR, Norval RA: The carrier status of sheep, cattle, and African buffalo recovered from heartwater, Vet Parasitol 34:261, 1989.

13. Barre N, Camus E, Iemvt-Craag BP: The reservoir status of goats recovered from heartwater, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 54:435, 1987.

14. Neitz WO: The immunity in heartwater, Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Ind 13:245, 1939.

15. Schreuder BEC: A simple technique for the collection of brain samples for the diagnosis of heartwater, Trop Anim Health Prod 12:25, 1980.

16. Johnston LAY, Callow LL: Intracerebral inoculation and brain biopsy in cattle, Aust Vet J 39:22, 1963.

17. Synge BA: Brain biopsy for the diagnosis of heartwater, Trop Anim Health Prod 10:45, 1978.

18. Malika J, Lawrence JA, Whiteland AP, et al: A simple method for collection of brain samples for the diagnosis of heartwater, Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 40:157, 1992.

19. Burdin ML: Selective staining of Rickettsia ruminantium in tissue sections, Vet Rec 74:1371, 1962.

20. Purchase HS: A simple and rapid method for demonstrating Rickettsia rumi- nantium (Cowdry, 1925) in heartwater brains, Vet Rec 36:413, 1945.

21. Semu SM, Mahan SM, Yunker C, et al: Development and persistence of Cowdria ruminantium-specific antibodies following experimental infection in cattle as detected by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 333:339, 1992.

22. Mahan SM, Waghela SD, McGuire TC, et al: A cloned DNA probe for Cowdria ruminantium hybridizes with eight heartwater strains and detects infected sheep, J Clin Microbiol 30:981, 1992.

23. Bell-Sakyi L, Koney EBM, Dogbey O, et al: Detection by two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of antibodies to Ehrlichia ruminantium in field sera collected from sheep and cattle in Ghana, Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10:917, 2003.

24. Simbi BH, Peter TF, Burridge MJ, et al: Comparing the detection of exposure to Ehrlichia ruminantium infection on a heartwater-endemic farm by the pCS20 polymerase chain reaction assay and an indirect MAP1-B enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 70:231, 2003.

25. Uilenberg G: Heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection): current status, Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 27:427, 1983.

26. Gueye A, Vassilaides G: Traitment et perspectives de chimioprophylaxie de la codriose ovine pare une oxytetracycline a longue duree, Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 38:428, 1985.

27. Spickett AM, Fivaz BH: A survey of small stock tick control practices in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 59:197, 1992.

28. Erasmus JA: Heartwater: the immunization of Angora goats, J S Afr Vet Med Assoc 47:143, 1976.

29. Duplessis JL, Potgieter FT, Van Gas L: An attempt to improve the immunization of sheep against heartwater by using different combinations of three stocks of Cowdria ruminantium, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 57:205, 1990.

30. Brown CC, Logan LL, Mebus CA, et al: Protection of goats against Caribbean and African heartwater isolates by the ball 3 heartwater vaccine, Trop Animal Health Prod 21:100, 1989.

31. Jongejan F, Uilenberg G, Franssen FFJ: Antigenic differences between stocks of Cowdria ruminantium, Res Vet Sci 44:186, 1988.

32. Jongejan F: Protective immunity to heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection) is acquired after vaccination with in vitro-attenuated rickettsiae, Infect Immun 59:729, 1991.

33. Collins NE, Pretorius A, Van Kleef M, et al: Development of improved vaccines for heartwater, Ann N Y Acad Sci 990:474, 2003.

34. Mahan SM, Smith GE, Kumbula D, et al: Reduction in mortality from heartwater in cattle, sheep and goats exposed to field challenge using an inactivated vaccine, Vet Parasitol 97:295, 2001.

35. Simbi BH, Bowie MV, McGuire TC, et al: Evaluation of E. ruminantium genes in DBA/2 mice as potential DNA vaccine candidates for control of heartwater, Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078:424, 2006.

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Cerebral Theileriasis (Turning Sickness; Draaisiekte; East Coast Fever; Corridor Disease; January Disease; Tropical Fever)

1. Van Veen TWS: Parasitic disease of the bovine nervous system, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 3:99, 1987.

2. Dolan TT: Dogmas and misunderstandings in East Coast fever, Trop Med Int Health 4:A3, 1999.

3. Kuttler KL, Craig TM: Isolation of a bovine Theileria, Am J Vet Res 36:323, 1975.

4. Ndungu SG, Brown CGD, Dolan TT: In vivo comparison of susceptibility between Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle types to Theileria parva infection, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 72:13, 2005.

5. Viseras J, Hueli LE, Adroher FJ: Studies on the transmission of Theileria annulata to cattle by the tick Hyalomma lusitanicum, Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 46:505,

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6. Campbell JD, Spooner RL: Macrophages behaving badly: infected cells and subversion of immune responses to Theileria annulata, Parasitol Today 15:10, 1999.

7. Heussle VT, Machado J, Jr, Fernandez PC, et al: The intracellular parasite Theileria parva protects infected T cells from apoptosis, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:7312, 1999.

8. Dobbelaere DA, Fernandez PC, Heussle VT: Theileria parva: taking control of host cell proliferation and survival mechanisms, Cell Microbiol 2:91, 2000.

9. Dobbelaere D, Heussler V: Transformation of leukocytes by Theileria parva and T. annulata, Annu Rev Microbiol 53:1, 1999.

10. De Kock G, van Heerden CJ, du Toit R, et al: Bovine theileriasis in South Africa with special reference to Theileria mutans, Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Ind 8:9, 1937.

11. Khanna BM, Kharole MU, Shruti D: Histopathological studies in cerebral theileriosis of calves experimentally infected with Theileria annulata, Indian J Parasitol 6:91, 1982.

12. Van Amstel SR: Bovine cerebral theileriosis: some aspects of its clinical diagnosis. Proceedings of the Twelfth World Congress on Diseases of Cattle, Sept 7-10, Amsterdam, 1982.

13. Van Rensburg IBJ: Bovine cerebral theileriosis: a report on five cases with splenic infarction, J S Afr Vet Assoc 47:137, 1976.

14. Muraguri GR, Kiara HH, McHardy N: Treatment of East Coast fever: a comparison of parvaquone and buparvaquone, Vet Parasitol 87:25, 1999.

15. Muraguri GR, Ngumi PN, Wesonga D, et al: Clinical efficacy and plasma concentrations of two formulations of buparvaquone in cattle infected with East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection), Res Vet Sci 81:119, 2006.

16. Mbwambo HA, Magwisha HB, Mfinanga JM: Evaluation of buparvaquone (BUTA-Kel KELA, Belgium) as a treatment of East Coast fever in cattle, in the peri-urban of Dar Es Salaam City, Tanzania, Vet Parasitol 139:67, 2006.

17. Musoke RA, Tweyongyere R, Bizimenyera E, et al: Treatment of East Coast fever of cattle with a combination of parvaquone and frusemide, Trop Anim Health Prod 36:233, 2004.

18. McHardy N, Haigh AJB, Dolan TT: Chemotherapy of Theileria parva infection, Nature 261:698, 1976.

19. Boulter N, Hall R: Immunity and vaccine development in the bovine theilerioses, Adv Parasitol 44:41, 1999.

20. Pipano E, Shkap V: Vaccination against tropical theileriosis, Ann N Y Acad Sci 916:484, 2000.

21. Woodford JD: The use of cypermethrin-impregnated ear tags as an adjunct to East Coast fever immunization in theileriosis in eastern, central, and southern Africa. Proceedings of a Workshop on East Coast Fever Immunization, Sept 20-22, Lilongwe, Malawi, 1988.

Cerebral Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)

1. Masake RA, Nantulya GWO: Cerebral trypanosomiasis in cattle with mixed Trypanosoma congolense and T. brucei brucei infections, Acta Trop 41:237, 1984.

2. Wellde B, Lotzsch R, Deindl G, et al: Trypanosoma congolense. I. Clinical observations of experimentally infected cattle, Exp Parasitol 36:6, 1974.

3. Wellde BT, Chumo A, Onyango FK, et al: Trypanosoma vivax: disseminated intravascular coagulation in cattle, Ann Trop Med Parasitol 83:177, 1989.

4. Wellde BT, Preston JM, Kovatch RM, et al: Trypanosoma congolense: erythrocyte indices, plasma iron turnover, and effects of treatment in infected cattle, Ann Trop Med Parasitol 83:201, 1989.

5. Wellde BT, Reardon MJ, Chumo DA, et al: Cerebral trypanosomiasis in naturally infected cattle in the Lambwe Valley, South Nayanza, Kenya, Ann Trop Med Parasitol 83:151, 1989.

6. Olubayo RO, Mugera GM: The pathogenesis of hemorrhages in Trypanosoma vivax infection. II. Pathomorphological changes, Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 35:286, 1987.

7. Murray MM, Murray PK, McIntyre WIM: An improved parasitological technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 71:325,

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8. Holmes PH, Whitelaw DD, Bell I, et al: The association between samorin chemoprophylaxis and immune responses in cattle under experimental metacyclic Trypanosoma congolense challenge. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control, Nov 23-27, Harare, Nairobi, Kenya Pub No 113, 1985.

9. Munstermann S, Mbura RJ, Maloo SH, et al: Trypanosomiasis control in Boran cattle in Kenya: a comparison between chemoprophylaxis and a parasite detection and intravenous treatment method using isometamidium chloride, Trop Anim Health Prod 24:17, 1992.

10. Dowler ME, Schillinger D, Connor RJ: Notes on the routine intravenous use of isometamidium in the control of bovine trypanosomiasis on the Kenya coast, Trop Anim Health Prod 21:3, 1989.

11. ILRAD Reports: Improved trypanosomiasis control: studies on drug treatment, (vol 5). Nairobi, 1987, ILRAD.

12. Rowlands GJ, et al: Epidemiology of bovine trypanosomiasis in the Ghibe Valley, southwest Ethiopia. II. Factors associated with variations in trypanosome prevalence, incidence of new infections, and prevalence of recurrent infections, Acta Trop 53:135, 1993.

13. Codjia V, et al: Epidemiology of bovine trypanosomiasis in the Ghibe Valley, southwest Ethiopia. III. Occurrence of populations of Trypanosoma congolense resistant to diminazene, isometamidium, and homidium, Acta Trop 53:151,

1993.

14. Mwambo HA, Mella PNP, Lekaki KA: Trypanosomiasis chemotherapy: further observations on a strain of Trypanosoma congolense resistant to diminazene aceturate, Tanz Vet Bull 8:45, 1988.

15. Thompson M: The effect on tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) of deltamethrin applied to cattle either as a spray or incorporated into ear tags, Trop Pest Manag 33:329,

1987.

16. Leak SGA, Paling RW, Moloo SK: The trypanotolerance network. II. A study on health and productivity of N'Dama Nguni and their crosses under quantified levels of tsetse challenge in Gabon. II. Tsetse survey. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control, Nov 23-27, Nairobi, Kenya, 1985.

17. Paling RW, Moloo SK, Scott JR, et al: Susceptibility of N'Dama and Boran cattle to sequential challenges with tsetse-transmitted clones of Trypanosoma congolense, Parasite Immunol 13:427, 1991.

18. Murray M, Trail JCM, D'ieteren GDM: Trypanotolerance in cattle and prospects for the control of trypanosomiasis by selective breeding, Rev - Off Int Epizoot 9:369, 1990.

Polioencephalomalacia (Cerebrocortical Necrosis)

1. Jensen R, Griner LA, Adams OR: Polioencephalomalacia of cattle and sheep, J Am Vet Med Assoc 129:311, 1956.

2. Terlecki S, Markson LM: Cerebrocortical necrosis in cattle and sheep, Vet Rec 43:23, 1961.

3. Jubb KVF, Huxtable CR: The nervous system. In Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N, editors: Pathology of domestic animals, ed 4, New York, NY, 1993, Academic.

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5. Raisbeck MF: Is polioencephalomalacia associated with high-sulfate diets?, J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:1303, 1982.

6. McAllister MM, Gould DH, Hamar DW: Sulphide-induced polioencephalomalacia in lambs, J Comp Pathol 106:267, 1992.

7. McAllister MM, Gould DH, Raisbeck MF, et al: Evaluation of ruminal sulfide concentrations and seasonal outbreaks of polioencephalomalacia in beef cattle in a feedlot, J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1275, 1997.

8. Loneragan GH, Gould DH, Callan RJ, et al: Association of excess sulfur intake and an increase in hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the ruminal gas cap of recently weaned beef calves with polioencephalomalacia, J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1599, 1998.

9. Pill AH: Evidence of thiamine deficiency in calves affected with cerebrocortical necrosis, Vet Rec 81:178, 1967.

10. Padovan D: Polioencephalomalacia associated with water deprivation in cattle, Cornell Vet 70:153, 1980.

11. Wernery U, Haydn-Evans J, Kinne J: Amprolium-induced cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) in dromedary racing camels, Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 45:335, 1998.

12. Spicer EM, Horton BJ: Biochemistry of natural and amprolium-induced polioencephalomalacia in sheep, Aust Vet J 57:230, 1981.

13. Loew FM, Dunlop RH: Induction of thiamine inadequacy and polioencepha- lomalacia in adult sheep with amprolium, Am J Vet Res 33:2195, 1972.

14. Mella CM, Perez-Oliva O, Loew FM: Induction of bovine polioencephalomalacia with a feeding system based on molasses and urea, Can J Comp Med 40:104,

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15. Wells GAH, Howell JM, Gopinath C: Experimental lead encephalopathy in calves: histological observations on the nature and distribution of the lesions, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2:175, 1976.

16. Smith MC: Polioencephalomalacia in goats, J Am Vet Med Assoc 174:1328, 1979.

17. Seimiya Y, Itoh H, Ohshima K: A case of Cerebrocortical necrosis in a sheep, Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 51:1075, 1989.

18. Kurtz HJ, Karns PD: Polioencephalomalacia in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis), Pathol Vet 6:475, 1969.

19. Beck C, Dart A, Collins MB, et al: Polioencephalomalacia in two alpacas, Aust Vet J 74:350, 1996.

20. Gabbedy BJ, Richards RB: Polioencephalomalacia of sheep and cattle, Aust Vet J 53:36, 1977.

21. Thomas KW, Kelly AP, Beers PT, et al: Thiamine deficiency in sheep exported live by sea, Aust Vet J 67:215, 1990.

22. Siebert G, Gessner B, Klasser M: Energy supply of the central nervous system, Bibl Nutr Dieta 38:1, 1986.

23. Forster RE, Estabrook RW: Is oxygen an essential nutrient?, Annu Rev Nutr 13:383, 1993.

24. Breves G, Hoeller H, Harmeyer J, et al: Thiamine balance in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep, J Anim Sci 51:1177, 1980.

25. Gaitonde MK, Evison E, Evans GM: The rate of utilization of glucose via hexosemonophosphate shunt in brain, J Neurochem 41:1253, 1983.

26. Shreeve JE, Edwin EE: Thiaminase-producing strains of Cl. sporogenes associated with outbreaks of cerebrocortical necrosis, Vet Rec 94:330, 1974.

27. Edwin EE, Jackman R: Thiaminase I in the development of cerebrocortical necrosis in sheep and cattle, Nature 228:772, 1970.

28. Bakker HJ, Dickson J, Steele P, et al: Experimental induction of ovine polioen- cephalomalacia, Vet Rec 107:464, 1980.

29. Meyer P: Thiaminase activities and thiamine content of Pteridium aquilinum, Equisetum ramosissimum, Malva parviflora, Pennisetum clandestinum and Medicago sativa, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 56:145, 1989.

30. Pritchard D, Eggleston GW, Macadam JF: Nardoo fern and polioencephalomalacia, Aust Vet J 54:204, 1978.

31. Murata K: Actions of two types of thiaminase on thiamine and its analogs, Ann N Y Acad Sci 378:146, 1982.

32. Linklater KA, Dyson DA, Morgan KT: Faecal thiaminase in clinically normal sheep associated with outbreaks of polioencephalomalacia, Res Vet Sci 22:308,

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33. Edwin EE, Jackman R: Elevation of blood keto acids in cerebrocortical necrosis, Vet Rec 109:75, 1981.

34. Plaitakis A, Hwang EC, Woert MH, et al: Effect of thiamine deficiency on brain neurotransmitter systems, Ann N Y Acad Sci 378:3671, 1982.

35. National Research Council: Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, ed 7, Washington, DC, 1996, National Academy of Sciences.

36. Jeffrey M, Duff JP, Higgins RJ, et al: Polioencephalomalacia associated with the ingestion of ammonium sulphate by sheep and cattle (see comments), Vet Rec 134:343, 1994.

37. Loneragan GH, Gould DH, Garry FB: Field investigations of sulfur-associated polioencephalomalacia (PEM). Proceedings of the Ninetieth Annual Meeting of the American Society of Animal Science, July 28-30, Denver, CO, 1998.

38. Hill FI, Ebbett PC: Polioencephalomalacia in cattle in New Zealand fed chou moellier (Brassica oleracea), N Z Vet J 45:37, 1997.

39. Hamlen H, Clark E, Janzen E: Polioencephalomalacia in cattle consuming water with elevated sodium sulfate levels: a herd investigation, Can Vet J 34:153, 1993.

40. Beke GJ, Hironaka R: Toxicity to beef cattle of sulfur in saline well water: a case study, Sci Total Environ 101:281, 1991.

41. Bird PR, Moir RJ: Sulphur metabolism and excretion studies in ruminants. I. The absorption of sulphate in the sheep after intraruminal or intraduodenal infusions of sodium sulphate, Aust J Biol Sci 24:1319, 1971.

42. Bray AC, Till AR: Metabolism of sulfur in the gastrointestinal tract: digestion and metabolism in the ruminant. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology, Tamworth, Australia, 1975.

43. Goodrich RD, Kahlon TS, Pamp DE, et al: Sulfur in ruminant nutrition, West Des Moines, IA, 1978, National Feed Ingredients Association.

44. Lewis D: The reduction of sulphate in the rumen of the sheep, Biochem J 56:391, 1954.

45. Cummings BA, Caldwell DR, Gould DH, et al: Identity and interactions of rumen microbes associated with dietary sulfate-induced polioencephalomalacia in cattle, Am J Vet Res 56:1384, 1995.

46. Macy JM, et al: Growth of Wolinella succinogenes on H₂S plus fumarate and on fomate plus sulphur as energy sources, Arch Microbiol 144:147, 1986.

47. Bray AC: Sulphur metabolism in sheep. II. The absorption of inorganic sulphate and inorganic sulphide from the sheep's rumen, Aust J Agric Res 20:739, 1969.

48. Bray AC: Sulphur metabolism in sheep. III. The movement of blood inorganic sulphate across the rumen wall of sheep, Aust J Agric Res 20:749, 1969.

49. Gould DH, McAllister MM, Savage JC, et al: High sulfide concentrations in rumen fluid associated with nutritionally induced polioencephalomalacia in calves, Am J Vet Res 52:1164, 1991.

50. Bray AC: Sulphur metabolism in sheep. IV. The effect of a varied dietary sulphur content on some body fluid sulphate levels and on the utilization of urea- supplemented roughage by sheep, Aust J Agric Res 20:759, 1969.

51. Kandylis K, Bray AC: Loss of volatile sulfur from sheep, Aust J Agric Res 33:585, 1982.

52. Bird PR, Hume ID: Sulfur metabolism and excretion studies in ruminants. IV. Cystine and sulphate effects upon the flow of sulphur from the rumen and upon sulphur excretion by sheep, Aust J Agric Res 22:443, 1971.

53. Kennedy PM, Milligan LP: Quantitative aspects of the transformations of sulphur in sheep, Br J Nutr 39:65, 1978.

54. Kandylis K: Transfer of plasma sulfate from blood to rumen: a review, J Dairy Sci 66:2263, 1983.

55. Alves de Oliveira L, Jean-Blain C, Durix A, et al: Use of a semicontinuous culture system (RUSITEC) to study the effect of pH on microbial metabolism of thiamin (vitamin B1), Arch Tierernahr 49:193, 1996.

56. Cummings BA, Gould DH, Caldwell DR, et al: Ruminal microbial alterations associated with sulfide generation in steers with dietary sulfate-induced polioencephalomalacia, Am J Vet Res 56:1390, 1995.

57. Doyle PT, Adams NR: Toxic effects of large amounts of DL-methionine infused into the rumen of sheep, Aust Vet J 56:331, 1980.

58. Beauchamp RO, Jr, Bus JS, Popp JA, et al: A critical review of the literature on hydrogen sulfide toxicity, Crit Rev Toxicol 13:25, 1984.

59. Evans CL: The toxicity of hydrogen sulphide and other sulphides, Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 52:231, 1967.

60. Dougherty RW, Stewart WE, Nold MM, et al: Pulmonary absorption of eructated gas in ruminants, Am J Vet Res 23:205, 1962.

61. Olkowski AA: Neurotoxicity and secondary metabolic problems associated with low to moderate levels of exposure to excess dietary sulphur in ruminants: a review, Vet Hum Toxicol 39:355, 1997.

62. Rousseaux CG, Olkowski AA, Chauvet A, et al: Ovine polioencephalomalacia associated with dietary sulphur intake, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 38:229, 1991.

63. Olkowski AA, Gooneratne SR, Rousseaux CG, et al: Role of thiamine status in sulphur-induced polioencephalomalacia in sheep, Res Vet Sci 52:78, 1992.

64. Alves de Oliveira L, Jean-Blain C, Dal Corso V, et al: Effect of a high sulfur diet on rumen microbial activity and rumen thiamine status in sheep receiving a semi-synthetic, thiamine-free diet, Reprod Nutr Dev 36:31, 1996.

65. Amat S, Hendrick S, Moshynskyy I, et al: Reduced activities of thiamine­dependent and cytochrome c oxidase enzymes in cerebral cortex of cattle affected by sulfur-induced polioencephalomalacia, Can J Vet Res 81:242, 2017.

66. Thomas KW: Oral treatment of polioencephalomalacia and subclinical thiamine deficiency with thiamine propyl disulphide and thiamine hydrochloride, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 9:402, 1986.

67. Dickie CW, Nelson RJ, Frazee DG, et al: Polioencephalomalacia in range cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 175:460, 1979.

68. Dickie CW, Berryman JR: Polioencephalomalacia and photosensitization associated with Kochia scoparia consumption in range cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 175:463, 1979.

69. Colontino J, Bulmer WS: Polioencephalomalacia in a dairy cow, Can Vet J 18:356, 1997.

70. McHowell J: Polioencephalomalacia in calves, Vet Rec 75:1165, 1961.

71. Claes-Goran L: Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) in a calf and experimental reproduction of the disease, Acta Vet Scand 14:464, 1973.

72. Gould DH, Cummings BA, Hamar DW: In vivo indicators of pathologic ruminal sulfide production in steers with diet-induced polioencephalomalacia, J Vet Diagn Invest 9:72, 1997.

73. McAllister MM, Gould DH: Decreased H2S concentrations in gas caps of PEM affected animals (personal communication), 1998.

74. Loneragan GH, Gould DH, Wagner JJ, et al: The effect of varying water sulfate content on H2S generation and health of feedlot cattle. Proceedings from the American Society of Animal Science Eighty-ninth Annual Meeting, July 29-Aug 1, Nashville, Tenn, 1997.

75. Olkowski AA, Gooneratne SR: Microbiological methods of thiamine measurement in biological material, Int J Vitam Nutr Res 62:34, 1992.

76. Edwin EE, Jackman R: Ruminal thiaminase and tissue thiamine in cerebrocortical necrosis, Vet Rec 92:640, 1973.

77. Edwin EE, Markson LM, Shreeve J, et al: Diagnostic aspects of cerebrocortical necrosis, Vet Rec 104:4, 1979.

78. Gupta GC, Joshi BP, Rai P: The levels of thiamine in the rumen fluid and blood serum in the spontaneous bovine rumen dysfunctions, Acta Vet Brno 45:205, 1976.

79. Thornber EJ, Dunbar RH, Gawthorne JM, et al: Induced thiamin deficiency in lambs, Aust Vet J 57:21, 1981.

80. Loew FM, Dunlop RH, Christian RG: Biochemical aspects of an outbreak of bovine polioencephalomalacia, Can Vet J 11:57, 1970.

81. Strain GM, Claxton MS, Olcott BM, et al: Visual evoked potentials and elec- troretinograms in ruminants with thiamine-responsive polioencephalomalacia or suspected listeriosis, Am J Vet Res 51:1513, 1990.

82. Edwin EE, Jackman R: Nature of the autofluorescent material in cerebrocortical necrosis, J Neurochem 37:1054, 1981.

83. Little PB: Identity of fluorescence in polioencephalomalacia, Vet Rec 103:76,

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84. Spicer EM, Horton BJ: Biochemistry of natural and amprolium-induced polioencephalomalacia in sheep, Aust Vet J 57:230, 1981.

Salt (Sodium) Poisoning (With or Without Concurrent

Water Deprivation)

1. Beke GJ, Hironaka R: Toxicity to beef cattle of sulfur in saline well water: a case study, Sci Total Environ 101:281, 1991.

2. Cebra CK, Cebra ML: Altered mentation caused by polioencephalomalacia, hypernatramias, and lead poisoning, Vet Clin Food Anim 20:287, 2004.

3. Stegelmeier BL, Hall JO, Mattix MT: Neurologic disease in range goats associated with Oxytropis sericea (locoweed) poisoning and water deprivation, Vet Human Toxicol 43:302, 2001.

4. Scarratt WC, Collins TJ, Sponenberg DP: Water deprivation-sodium chloride intoxication in a group of feeder lambs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:977, 1985.

5. Meyer JH, Weir WC, Ittner NR, et al: The influence of high sodium chloride intakes by fattening sheep and cattle, J Anim Sci 14:412, 1955.

6. Pistor W, Nesbitt JC, Cardon BP: The influence of high salt intake on the physiology of ruminants. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medicine Association, Aug 23-26, Seattle, WA. 1954.

7. Sandals WcD: Acute salt poisoning in cattle, Can Vet J 19:136, 1978.

8. McCoy CP, Edwards WC: Sodium ion poisoning in livestock from oil field wastes, Bovine Pract 15:152, 1980.

9. Jaster EH, Schuh JD, Wegner TN: Physiological effects of saline drinking water on high-producing dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 61:66, 1978.

10. Ratliff RD: Sodium chloride poisoning in cattle, VetMed 37:438, 1942.

11. Pringle JK, Berthiaume LM: Hypernatremia in calves, J Vet Intern Med 1:66,

1988.

12. Pearson EG, Kallfelz FA: A case of presumptive salt poisoning (water deprivation) in veal calves, Cornell Vet 72:142, 1982.

13. Trueman KF, Clague DC: Sodium chloride poisoning in cattle, Aust Vet J 54:89,

1978.

14. Monlux AW, et al: The effects of oil field pollutants on vegetation and farm animals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 158:1379, 1971.

15. Edwards WC: Toxicology of oil field wastes: hazards to livestock associated with the petroleum industry, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim 5:363, 1989.

16. Utter MI: Mechanism of inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis of brain by sodium ions, J Biol Chem 185:499, 1950.

17. Ballantyne EE: Drinking waters toxic for livestock, Can J Comp Med 21:254, 1957.

18. Rose BD, Post TW: Clinical physiology of acid-base and electrolyte disorders, ed 5, St. Louis, MO, 2001, McGraw-Hill.

19. Bohosiewicz M: Laboratory research on sodium chloride poisoning in cattle, Weterynaria Wroclaw 4:91, 1958.

20. Jones TH: Salt poisoning in a cow, Vet Rec 10:10, 1930.

21. Thilsted JP, Hibbs CM, Dowds SJ, et al: Sodium salt toxicosis in beef cows resulting from the consumption of saline water, Proc Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn 81:229, 1981.

22. Osweiler GD, Hurd JW: Determination of sodium content in serum and cerebrospinal fluid as an adjunct to diagnosis of water deprivation in swine, J Am Vet Med Assoc 165:165, 1974.

23. Banks P, Roussel AJ, Mealey RH: High-sodium crystalloid solution for treatment of hypernatremia in a Vietnamese pot-bellied pig, J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1268,

1996.

24. Angelos SM, Smith BP, George LW, et al: Treatment of hypernatremia in an acidotic neonatal calf, J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1364, 1999.

Vitamin A Deficiency

1. Brans NJ, et al: Humoral immunity in vitamin A-deficient and vitamin A-repleted lambs, FASEB J 3:A663, 1989.

2. Guilbert HR, Miller RF, Hughes EH: The minimum vitamin A and carotene requirement of cattle, sheep, and swine, J Nutr 13:543, 1937.

3. Paulsen ME, Johnson L, Young S, et al: Blindness and sexual dimorphism associated with vitamin A deficiency in feedlot cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:933, 1989.

4. National Research Council: Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, ed 7 rev, Washington, DC, 2001, National Academic Press.

5. Shepherd JB: Experiments in harvesting and preserving alfalfa for dairy cattle feed, USDA Technical Bulletin, Baltimore, MD, 1954, US Department of Agriculture.

6. Diven RH, Erwin ES: Utilization of vitamin A and carotene by normal and deficient sheep, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 97:601, 1958.

7. Eaton HD: Chronic bovine hypo- and hypervitaminosis A and cerebrospinal fluid pressure, Am J Clin Nutr 22:1070, 1969.

8. Van Der Lugt JJ, Prozesky L: The pathology of blindness in newborn calves caused by hypovitaminosis A, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 56:99, 1989.

9. Divers TJ, Blackmon DM, Martin CL, et al: Blindness and convulsions associated with vitamin A deficiency in feedlot steers, Am J Vet Res 189:1579, 1986.

10. Shlosberg A, Levinsohn M, Nagel N: Severe hypovitaminosis A in two herds of beef calves, Refuah Vet 34:25, 1977.

11. Moore LA: Some ocular changes and deficiency manifest in mature cows fed a ration deficient in vitamin A, J Dairy Sci 24:843, 1941.

12. Booth A, Reid M, Clark T: Hypovitaminosis A in feedlot cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:1305, 1981.

13. Sustonck B, Deprez P, Muylle E: Nervous disorders associated with hypovita­minosis A in beef cattle, Vlaams Diergeneeskd Tijdschr 62:95, 1993.

14. Swanson KS, Merchen NR, Erdman JW, et al: Influence of dietary vitamin A content on serum and liver vitamin A concentrations and health in preruminant Holstein calves fed milk replacer, J Dairy Sci 83:2027, 2000.

15. Barnett KC, Palmer AC, Abrams JT, et al: Ocular changes associated with hypovitaminosis A in cattle, Br Vet J 126:561, 1970.

16. Eaton HD, Lucas JJ, Nielsen SW, et al: Association of plasma or liver vitamin A concentrations with the occurrence of parotid duct metaplasia or of ocular papilledema in Holstein male calves, J Dairy Sci 53:1755, 1970.

17. Van Der Lugt JJ, Prozesky L: The pathology of blindness in newborn calves caused by hypovitaminosis A, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 56:99, 1989.

18. Anderson WI, Rebhun WC, deLahunta A, et al: The ophthalmic and neur- oophthalmic effects of a vitamin A deficiency in young steers, Vet Med 86:1143,

1991.

19. Dbanapalan P, et al: Cerebrospinal fluid pressure measurement as a diagnostic aid for hypovitaminosis A in calves, Indian Vet J 69:917, 1992.

20. Helmbolt CF, Jungherr EL, Eaton HD: The pathology of experimental hypovi­taminosis A in young dairy animals, Am J Vet Res 14:343, 1953.

21. Holland RE, Pfeiffer CJ, Bruns NJ, et al: Morphologic alterations in small intestinal epithelium of lambs fed vitamin A-depleted diet, Dig Dis Sci 38:333, 1993.

22. Siebert BD, Kruk ZA, Davis J, et al: Effect of low vitamin A status on fat deposition and fatty acid desaturation in beef cattle, Lipids 41:365, 2006.

23. Page HM, Erwin ES, Varnell TR, et al: Effect of hepatic vitamin A and carotene concentration on the biological value of carotene in the bovine, Am J Physiol 194:313, 1958.

Hydrocephalus and Hydranencephaly of Ruminants

1. De Lahunta A: Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology, Philadelphia, PA, 1977, Saunders.

2. Greene HJ, Leipold HW, Huston K, et al: Congenital defects in cattle, Irish Vet J 27:37, 1973.

3. Doherty RL, Carley JG, Standfast HA, et al: Virus strains isolated from arthropods during an epizootic of bovine ephemeral fever in Queensland, Aust Vet J 48:81, 1972.

4. Blood DC: Arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly in newborn calves, Aust Vet J 32:987, 1969.

5. Hartley WJ, Wanner RA, Della-Porta AJ: Serological evidence for the association of akabane virus with epizootic bovine congenital arthrogryposis and hydra- nencephaly syndromes in New South Wales, Aust Vet J 51:103, 1975.

6. Hartley WJ, De Saram WG, Della-Porta AJ: Pathology of congenital bovine epizootic arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly and its relationship to akabane virus, Aust Vet J 53:319, 1977.

7. Whittem JH: Congenital abnormalities in calves, arthrogryposis and hydran- encephaly, J Pathol Bacteriol 73:357, 1957.

8. Inaba Y, Kurogi H, Omori T: Akabane disease: epizootic abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, and congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly in cattle, sheep and goats caused by akabane virus, Aust Vet J 51:584, 1975.

9. Parsonson IM, Della-Porta AJ, Snowdon WA: Congenital abnormalities in newborn lambs after infection of pregnant sheep with akabane virus, Infect Immun 15:254, 1977.

10. Steukers L, Bertels G, Cay AB, et al: Schmallenberg virus: emergence of an Orthobunyavirus among ruminants in Western Europe, Vlaams Diergen Tijds 81:119, 2012.

11. Herder V, Wohlsein P, Peters M, et al: Salient lesions in domestic ruminants infected with the emerging so-called Schmallenberg Virus in Germany, Vet Pathol 49:588, 2012.

12. World Organization for Animal Health (OIE): OIE Technical Factsheet: Schmal­lenberg Virus. [WWW page]. http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Our_sci- entific_expertise/docs/pdf/A_Schmallenberg_virus.pdf. (Accessed 13 May 2018).

13. Rasmussen LD, Kristensen B, Kirkeby C, et al: Culicoids as vectors of Schmal­lenberg virus, Emerg Inf Dis 18:1204, 2012.

14. Jagoe S, Kirkland PD, Harper PA: An outbreak of akabane virus-induced abnormalities in calves after agistment in an endemic region, Aust Vet J 70:56,

1993.

15. Kurogi H, Inaba Y, Takahashi E, et al: Congenital abnormalities in newborn calves after inoculation of pregnant cows with akabane virus, Infect Immun 17:338, 1977.

16. Kirkland PD, Barry RD, Harper PA, et al: The development of akabane virus— induced congenital abnormalities in cattle, Vet Rec 122:582, 1988.

17. Whittington RJ, Glastonbury JR, Plant JW, et al: Congenital hydranencephaly and arthrogryposis of Corriedale sheep, Aust Vet J 65:124, 1988.

18. Cybinski DH, St George TD: A survey of antibody to aino virus in cattle and other species in Australia, Aust Vet J 54:371, 1978.

19. Kitano Y, Yamashita S, Furukawa M, et al: Congenital abnormalities in calves suggesting aino virus infection in Kagoshima prefecture, J Jpn Vet Med Assoc 46:469, 1993.

20. Tsuda T, Yoshida K, Ohashi S, et al: Arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome in neonatal calves resulting from intrauterine infection with aino virus, Vet Res 35:531, 2004.

21. Goto Y, Miura Y, Kono Y: Serologic evidence for the etiologic role of Chuzan virus in an epizootic of congenital abnormalities with hydranencephaly-cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome of calves in Japan, Am J Vet Res 49:2026, 1988.

22. Miura Y, Kubo M, Goto Y, et al: Chuzan disease as congenital hydranencephaly cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome in calves, Jpn Agric Res Q 25:55, 1991.

23. Miura Y, Kubo M, Goto Y, et al: Hydranencephaly cerebellar hypoplasia in a newborn calf after infection of its dam with Chuzan virus, Jpn J Vet Sci 52:689, 1990.

24. Edwards JF, Livingston CW, Chung SI, et al: Ovine arthrogryposis and central nervous system malformations associated with in utero Cache Valley virus infection: spontaneous disease, Vet Pathol 26:33, 1989.

25. Crandell RA, Livingston CW, Shelton MJ: Laboratory investigation of a naturally occurring outbreak of arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly in Texas sheep, J Vet Diagn Invest 1:62, 1989.

26. Jochim M, Luedke AJ, Chow TL: Bluetongue in cattle: immunologic and clinical responses in calves inoculated in utero and after birth, Am J Vet Res 35:517,

1974.

27. Edwards JF: Cache Valley virus, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 10:515,

1994.

28. Osburn BI, Johnson RT, Silverstein AM, et al: Experimental viral-induced congenital encephalopathies. II. The pathogenesis of bluetongue vaccine virus infection in fetal lambs, Lab Invest 25:206, 1971.

29. Luedke AJ, Jochim MM, Jones RH: Bluetongue in cattle: effects of Culicoides variipennis-transmitted bluetongue virus in pregnant heifers and their calves, Am J Vet Res 38:1687, 1977.

30. EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare: Scientific opinion on bluetongue serotype 8, EFSA J 9:2189, 2011.

31. Badman RT, Mitchell G, Jones RT: Association of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection to hydranencephaly and other central nervous system lesions in perinatal calves, Aust Vet J 57:306, 1981.

32. Axthelm MK, Leipold HW, Jayasekara UM, et al: Congenital microhydraencepha- lus in cattle, Cornell Vet 71:164, 1981.

33. Trautwein G, Hewicker M, Liess B, et al: Cerebellar hypoplasia and hydranen- cephaly in cattle associated with transplacental BVD virus infection. In Harkness JW, editor: Agriculture pestivirus infections of ruminants, Brussels, 1985, Com­mission of the European Communities.

34. Trautwein G, et al: Studies on transplacental transmissibility of a bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) vaccine virus in cattle. III. Occurrence of central nervous system malformations in calves born from vaccinated cows, J Vet Med 33:260,

1986.

35. Dubey JP, Abbitt B, Topper MJ, et al: Hydrocephalus associated with Neospora caninum infection in an aborted bovine fetus, J Comp Pathol 118:169, 1998.

36. Urman HK, Grace OD: Hereditary encephalomyopathy: a hydrocephalus syndrome in newborn calves, Cornell Vet 54:229, 1964.

37. Axthelm MK, Leipold HW, Howard D: Hereditary internal hydrocephalus, Proc Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn 115, 1980.

38. Baker M, Payne LC, Baker GN: The inheritance of hydrocephalus in cattle, J Hered 52:135, 1961.

39. Gilman JPW: Congenital hydrocephalus in domestic animals, Cornell Vet 45:487, 1956.

40. Takeshi T, Okamura S, Nakaichi M, et al: Transorbital echoencephalography in cattle, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:55, 2002.

Ammoniated Forage Toxicosis (Cow Bonkers)

1. Kerr LA, McCoy CP, Boyle CR: Effects of ammoniation of endophyte fungus- infested fescue hay on serum prolactin concentration and rectal temperature in beef cattle, Am J Vet Res 51:76, 1990.

2. Muller L, Sivertsen T, Langseth W: Ammoniated forage poisoning: concentrations of alkylimidazoles in ammoniated forage and in milk, plasma and urine in sheep and cow, Acta Vet Scand 39:511, 1998.

3. Sivertsen T, Muller L: Ammoniated forage poisoning: acute toxicity of newly identified dialkylimidazoles to inbred mice, Vet Hum Toxicol 41:363, 1999.

4. Kerr LA, Groce AW, Kersting KW: Ammoniated forage toxicosis in calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:551, 1987.

Lead Poisoning

1. Priester WA, Hayes HM: Lead poisoning in cattle, horses, cats, and dogs as reported by 11 colleges of veterinary medicine in the United States and Canada from July 1968 through June 1972, Am J Vet Res 35:567, 1974.

2. Christian RG, Tryphonas L: Lead poisoning in cattle: brain lesions and hema­tologic changes, Am J Vet Res 32:203, 1971.

3. Knight HD, Burau RG: Chronic lead poisoning in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 162:782, 1973.

4. Zmudzki J, Bratton GR, Womac C, et al: The influence of milk diet, grain diet, and method of dosing on lead toxicity in young calves, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 76:490, 1984.

5. Every RR, Nicholson SS: Bovine lead poisoning from forage contaminated by sandblasted paint, J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:1277, 1981.

6. Marcal WS, Pardo PE, Nascimento MRL, et al: Levels of lead in mineral salt commercial mixtures for beef cattle, J Vet Sci 4:235, 2003.

7. Liu ZP: Lead poisoning combined with cadmium in sheep and horses in the vicinity of non-ferrous metal smelters, Sci Total Environ 309:117, 2003.

8. Palacios H, Hibarren I, Olalla MJ, et al: Lead poisoning of horses in the vicinity of a battery recycling plant, Sci Total Environ 290:81, 2002.

9. Lemos RAA, Driemeier D, Guimarales EB, et al: Lead poisoning in cattle grazing pasture contaminated by industrial waste, Vet Hum Toxicol 46:326, 2004.

10. Ozmen O, Mo F: Acute lead intoxication in cattle housed in an old battery factory, Vet Hum Toxicol 46:255, 2004.

11. Aronson AL: Lead poisoning in cattle and horses following long-term exposure to lead, J Am Vet Med Assoc 33:627, 1972.

12. Dey S, Dwivedi SK: Lead in blood of urban Indian horses, Vet Hum Toxicol 46:194, 2004.

13. Cebra CK, Cebra ML: Altered mentation caused by polioencephalomalacia, hypernatremia, and lead poisoning, Vet Clin Food Anim 20:287, 2004.

14. Gudmundson J: Lead poisoning in cattle, Agric Pract 14:43, 1993.

15. Zmudski J, Bratton GR, Womac C, et al: Lead poisoning in cattle: reassessment of the minimum toxic oral dose, Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 30:435, 1983.

16. Coppock RW, Wagner WC, Reynolds RD: Migration of lead in a glass-lined bottom-unloading silo, Vet Hum Toxicol 30:458, 1988.

17. McSherry BJ, Willoughby RA, Thompson RG: Urinary delta aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in the cow, dog, and cat, Can J Comp Med 35:136, 1971.

18. Blanco-Penedo I, Cruz JM, Lopez-Alonso M, et al:Influence of copper status on the accumulation of toxic and essential metals in cattle. Environ In 32:901, 2006.

19. Hammond PR, Aronson AL: Lead poisoning in cattle and horses in the vicinity of a lead smelter, Ann N Y Acad Sci 3:595, 1964.

20. Allcroft R: Lead poisoning in cattle and sheep, Vet Rec 63:583, 1951.

21. Burrows GE, Borchard RE: Experimental lead toxicosis in ponies: comparison of the effects of smelter effluent-contaminated hay and lead acetate, Am J Vet Res 43:2129, 1982.

22. Buck WB: Toxins and neurologic disease in cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:222,

1975.

23. Goldstein GW, Asbury AK, Diamond I: Pathogenesis of lead encephalopathy uptake of lead and reaction of brain capillaries, Arch Neurol 31:382, 1974.

24. Rumbeiha WK, Braselton WE, Donch D: A retrospective study on the disap­pearance of blood lead in cattle with accidental lead toxicosis, J Vet Diagn Invest 13:373, 2001.

25. Waldner C, Checkley S, Blakley B, et al: Managing lead exposure and toxicity in cow-calf herds to minimize the potential for food residues, J Vet Diagn Invest 14:481, 2002.

26. Oskarsson A, Jorhem L, Sundberg J, et al: Lead poisoning in cattle: transfer of lead to milk, Sci Total Environ 111:83, 1992.

27. George JW, Duncan JR: The hematology of lead poisoning in man and animals, Vet Clin Pathol 8:23, 1979.

28. Ahrens FA: Effects of lead on glucose metabolism, ion flux, and collagen synthesis in cerebral capillaries of calves, Am J Vet Res 54:808, 1993.

29. Green RA, Monlux AW, Randolph TC: Blood porphyrin determination: a rapid field test for lead poisoning in cattle, Bovine Pract 5:30, 1973.

30. George JW, Duncan JR: Pyrimidine-specific 5' nucleotidase activity in bovine erythrocytes: effect of phlebotomy and lead poisoning, Am J Vet Res 43:17,

1982.

31. Neathery MW, et al: Influence of high dietary lead on selenium metabolism in dairy calves, J Dairy Sci 70:645, 1987.

32. Osweiler GD, Ruhr LP: Lead poisoning in feeder calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:498, 1978.

33. Baker JC: Lead poisoning in cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 3:137,

1987.

34. Casteel SW: Metal toxicosis in horses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 17:517, 2001.

35. Tyler JW, Ruffin DC, Hudson JS, et al: Clinical vignette: radiography as an adjunct to diagnosis of acute lead poisoning in cattle, J Vet Intern Med 8:67,

1994.

36. Ruth GR, Schwartz S, Stephenson B: Bovine protophorphyria: the first nonhuman model of this hereditary photosensitizing disease, Science 198:1977.

37. Kelliher DJ, Hilliard EP, Poole DBR: Chronic lead intoxication in cattle: pre­liminary observations on its effects on the erythrocyte and on porphyrin metabolism, Irish J Agric Res 12:61, 1973.

38. Bolton CE, Horton BJ, Pass DA: Evaluation of tests for the diagnosis of lead exposure in sheep, Aust Vet J 54:392, 1978.

39. Schmitt N, Brown G, Devlin EL: Lead poisoning in horses: an environmental health hazard, Arch Environ Health 23:185, 1971.

40. Miranda M, Lopez-Alonso M, Garcia-Partida P, et al: Long-term follow-up of blood lead levels and haematological and biochemical parameters in heifers that survived an accidental lead poisoning episode, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 53:305, 2006.

41. Swarup D, Ram Naresh R, Varshney VP, et al: Changes in plasma hormones profile and liver function in cows naturally exposed to lead and cadmium around different industrial areas, Res Vet Sci 82:16, 2007.

42. Semiya Y, Itoh H, Oshima K: Brain lesions of lead poisoning in a calf, J Vet Med Sci 53:117, 1991.

43. Holm LW, Wheat JD, Rhode EA: The treatment of chronic lead poisoning in horses with calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, J Am Vet Med Assoc 123:383, 1953.

44. Hammond PB, Sorensen DK: Recent observations on the course and treatment of bovine lead poisoning, J Am Vet Med Assoc 130:23, 1957.

45. Bratton GR, Zmudzki J, Kincaid N: Thiamine as treatment of lead poisoning in ruminants, Mod Vet Pract 62:441, 1981.

46. Bratton GR, et al: Thiamine (vitamin B1) effects on lead intoxication and deposition of lead in tissues: therapeutic potential, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 59:164, 1981.

47. Coppock RW, Wagner WC, Reynolds RD, et al: Evaluation of EDTA and thiamine for treatment of experimentally induced environmental lead poisoning in cattle, Am J Vet Res 52:1160, 1991.

48. Swarup D, Upadhyay AK: Chemoprophylactic efficacy of thiamine hydrochloride in experimental lead toxicosis in calves, Indian J Anim Sci 61:1170, 1991.

49. Maiti SK, Swarup D, Chandra SV: Therapeutic potential of thiamine hydrochloride in experimental chronic lead intoxication in goats, Res Vet Sci 48:377, 1990.

Helichrysum argyrosphaerum (Golden Guinea Everlasting, Vaalsewejaartjie) Poisoning

1. Basson PA, Kellerman TS, Albl P, et al: Blindness and encephalopathy caused by Helichrysum argyrosphaerum DC (Compositae) in sheep and cattle, Onder- stepoort J Vet Res 42:135, 1975.

2. Van der Lugt JJ, Olivier J, Jordaan P: Status spongiosus, optic neuropathy, and retinal degeneration in Helichrysum argyrosphaerum poisoning in sheep and a goat, Vet Pathol 33:495, 1996.

3. Stafford GI, Jager AK, von Staden J: Activity of traditional South African sedative and potentially CNS-acting plants in the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor assay, J Ethnopharmacol 100:210, 2005.

Flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris, Lathyrus collis) Poisoning

1. Rowe LD, Ivie GW, DeLoach JR: The toxic effects of mature flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris CV Lathco) on sheep, Vet Hum Toxicol 35:127, 1993.

2. Rasmussen M, Allison MJ: Flatpea intoxication in sheep and indications of ruminal adaptation, Vet Hum Toxicol 35:123, 1993.

3. Flachowsky G, Bahr H, Anke M, et al: Composition and food value of the flatpea (Lathyris sylvestris) L, Arch Tierernahr 32:393, 1982.

4. Forster LA, Jr, Fontenot JP, Perry HD, et al: Apparent digestibility and nutrient balance in lambs fed different levels of flatpea hay, J Anim Sci 69:1719, 1991.

5. Foster JG, et al: Performance of feeder cattle offered a diet containing early bloom-stage flatpea silage, J Prod Agric 9:415, 1996.

Nitrofurazone Toxicosis

1. Buck WB: Toxic materials and neurologic disease in cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:222, 1975.

2. Lister EE, Fisher LJ: Establishment of the toxic level of nitrofurazone for young liquid-fed calves, J Dairy Sci 53:1490, 1970.

Coenurosis (Sheep Gid; Coenurus cerebralis Infestation;

Taenia multiceps Infestation)

1. Greig A: Coenurosis in cattle, Vet Rec 100:266, 1977.

2. Soulsby EJL: Textbook of veterinary clinical pathology, (vol 1). Oxford, England, 1965, Blackwell.

3. De Villers: Treatment of gid in sheep, J S Afr Vet Med Assoc 21:155, 1950.

4. Skerritt GC: Coenurosis. In Martin WB, Aitken IG, editors: Diseases of sheep, Oxford, England, 1991, Blackwell, p 65.

5. Ozmen O, Sahinduran S, Haligur M, et al: Clinicopathological observations on Coenurus cerebralis in naturally infected sheep, Schweiz Arch Tieheilkd 147:129,

2005.

6. Doherty ML, et al: Outbreak of acute coenuriasis in adult sheep in Ireland, Vet Rec 125:185, 1989.

7. Yoshino T, Momotani E: A case of bovine coenurosis (Coenurus cerebralis) in Japan, Jpn J Vet Sci 50:433, 1988.

8. Summers BA, Cummings JF, de Lahunta A: Veterinary neuropathology, St. Louis, 1995, Mosby-Year Book.

9. Smith MC, Bailey CS, Baker N, et al: Cerebral coenurosis in a cat, J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:82, 1988.

10. Verster A, Tustin RC: Treatment of cerebral coenuriasis in sheep with praziquantel, J S Afr Vet Assoc 61:24, 1990.

11. Kelly DF, Payne Johnson CE: Cerebral healing after craniotomy to evacuate a Coenurus cerebralis cyst, J Comp Pathol 108:399, 1993.

12. Harwood DG: Metacestode disease in goats, Goat Vet Soc J 7:35, 1986.

13. Tirgari M, Howard BR, Boargob A: Clinical and radiographical diagnosis of coenurosis cerebralis in sheep and its surgical treatment, Vet Rec 120:173, 1987.

14. Doherty ML, McAllister H, Healy A: Ultrasound as an aid to Coenurus cerebralis cyst localization in a lamb, Vet Rec 124:591, 1989.

15. Skerritt GC, Stallbaumer MF: Diagnosis and treatment of coenuriasis (gid) in sheep, Vet Rec 115:399, 1984.

Ceroid Lipofuscinosis

1. Read WK, Bridges CH: Neuronal lipodystrophy: occurrence in an inbred strain of cattle, Vet Pathol 6:235, 1968.

2. Harper PA, et al: Neurovisceral ceroid lipofuscinosis in blind Devon cattle, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 75:632, 1988.

3. Edwards JF, et al: Juvenile-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in Rambouillet sheep, Vet Pathol 31:48, 1994.

4. Fiske RA, Storts RW: Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in Nubian goats, Vet Pathol 25:171, 1988.

5. Lingaas F, Mitchison HM, Mole SE, et al: Animal models of NCL. In Goebel HH, Mole SE, Lake BD, editors: The neuronal ceroid lipfuscinoses (Batten disease), Amsterdam, 1999, IOS, p 152.

6. Jolly RD, Janmaat DM, West DM: Ovine ceroid lipofuscinosis: a model of Batten's disease, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 6:195, 1980.

7. Url A, Bauder B, Thalhammer J, et al: Equine neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, Acta Neuropathol 101:410, 2001.

8. Jolly RD: Comparative biology of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL): an overview, Am J Med Genet 57:307, 1995.

9. Martinus RD, Harper PA, Jolly RD, et al: Bovine ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten’s disease): the major component stored is the DCCD-reactive proteolipid, subunit c, of mitochondrial ATP synthase, Vet Res Commun 15:85, 1991.

10. Woods PR, Walker MA, Weir VA, et al: Computed tomography of Rambouillet sheep affected with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 34:259,

1993.

11. Jolly RD, Walkley SU: Ovine ceroid lipofuscinosis (OCL6): postulated mechanism of neurodegeneration, Mol Genet Metab 66:376, 1999.

Diseases Manifesting Principally with Brainstem and Cranial Nerve Dysfunction

Peripheral Vestibular Disease of Horses

1. Rush BR: Vestibular disease. In Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC, editors: Equine internal medicine, ed 2, Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders, pp 579-588.

2. Bedenice D, Hoffman AM, Parrott B, et al: Vestibular signs associated with suspected lightning strike in two horses, Vet Rec 149:519-522, 2001.

3. Williams MA: Lightning strike in horses, Compend Contin Educ Vet 22:860-867,

2000.

4. Rand CL, Hall TL, Aleman M, et al: Otitis media-interna and secondary meningitis associated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in a horse, Equine Vet Educ 24:271-275, 2012.

5. Blythe LL: Otitis media and interna and temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, Vet Clin Nth Am Equine Pract 13:21, 1997.

6. Walker AM, Sellon DC, Cornelisse CJ, et al: Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy in 33 horses (1993-2000), J Vet Intern Med 16:697-703, 2002.

7. Johnson PJ, Kellam LL: The vestibular system. Part II: Differential diagnosis, Equine Vet Educ 13:141-150, 2001.

8. Mayhew IG: Large animal neurology, Hoboken, 2009, Wiley, John, & Sons.

9. Blanke A, Fischer ML, Fuchs M, et al: Endoscopic findings of the external ear canal in a group of clinically normal horses and horses with head shaking or vestibular disease, Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 127:99-107, 2014.

10. Slovis N: Equine otitis media-interna, Equine Vet Educ 24:276-278, 2012.

11. Mayhew IG, Washbourne JR: Short latency auditory evoked potentials recorded from non-anaesthetized thoroughbred horses, Br Vet J 148:315-327, 1992.

12. Uhlendorf F, Hellige M, Cavalleri JVM, et al: Nd:YAG laser-assisted transendo- scopic procedure for treatment of otitis media in a horse, Equine Vet Educ 29:82-86, 2017.

Equine Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia (Star Thistle Poisoning, Knapweed Poisoning)

1. Larson KA, Young S: Nigropallidal encephalomalacia in horses in Colorado, J Am Vet Med Assoc 156:626-628, 1970.

2. Young S, Brown WW, Klinger B: Nigropallidal encephalomalacia in horses caused by ingestion of weeds of the genus Centaurea, J Am Vet Med Assoc 157:1602-1605, 1970.

3. Farrell RK, Sande RD, Lincoln SD: Nigropallidal encephalomalacia in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 158:1201-1204, 1971.

4. Fowler ME: Nigropallidal encephalomalacia in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 147:607-616, 1965.

5. Sanders SG, Tucker RL, Bagley RS, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:291-296,

2001.

6. Stevens KL, Riopelle RJ, Wong RY: Repin, a sesquiterpene lactone from Acroptilon repens possessing exceptional biological activity, J Nat Prod 53:218-221, 1990.

7. Choi B, Han B, Robles M, et al: Studies on neurotoxic effects of repin, a principal sesquiterpene lactone of Russian knapweed that causes equine nigrostriatal encephalomalacia, Brain Pathol 10:785-786, 2000.

8. Robles M, Choi BH, Han B, et al: Repin-induced neurotoxicity in rodents, Exp Neurol 152:129-136, 1998.

9. Roy DN, Peyton DH, Spencer PS: Isolation and identification of two potent neurotoxins, aspartic acid and glutamic acid, from yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis), Nat Toxins 3:174-180, 1995.

10. Chang HT, Rumbeiha WK, Patterson JS, et al: Toxic equine parkinsonism: an immunohistochemical study of 10 horses with nigropallidal encephalomalacia, Vet Pathol 49:398-402, 2012.

11. Cordy DR: Nigropallidal encephalomalacia in horses associated with ingestion of yellow star thistle, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 13:330-342, 1954.

Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy

1. Blythe LL: Otitis media and interna and temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, Vet Clin Nth Am Equine Pract 13:21, 1997.

2. Naylor RJ, Perkins JD, Allen S, et al: Histopathology and computed tomography of age-associated degeneration of the equine temporohyoid joint, Equine Vet J 42:425-430, 2010.

3. Divers TJ, Ducharme NG, de Lahunta A, et al: Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, Clin Tech Equine Pract 5:17-23, 2006.

4. Hilton H, Puchalski SM, Aleman M: The computed tomographic appearance of equine temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:151-156,

2009.

5. Aleman M, Puchalski SM, Williams DC, et al: Brainstem auditory-evoked responses in horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, J Vet Intern Med

2008.

6. Walker AM, Sellon DC, Cornelisse CJ, et al: Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy in 33 horses (1993-2000), J Vet Intern Med 16:697-703, 2002.

7. Grenager NS, Divers TJ, Mohammed HO, et al: Epidemiological features and association with crib-biting in horses with neurological disease associated with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (1991-2008), Equine Vet Educ 22:467-472, 2010.

8. Palus V, Bladon B, Brazil T, et al: Retrospective study of neurological signs and management of seven English horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, Equine Vet Educ 24:415-422, 2012.

9. Espinosa P, Nieto JE, Estell KE, et al: Outcomes after medical and surgical interventions in horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, Equine Vet J 49:770-775, 2017.

10. Aleman M, Spriet M, Williams DC, et al: Neurologic deficits including auditory loss and recovery of function in horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, J Vet Intern Med 30:282-288, 2016.

11. Pownder S, Scrivani PV, Bezuidenhout A, et al: Computed tomography of temporal bone fractures and temporal region anatomy in horses, J Vet Intern Med 24:398-406, 2010.

12. Frame EM, Riihimaki M, Berger M, et al: Scintigraphic findings in a case of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy in a horse, Equine Vet Educ 17:11-13, 2005.

13. Blythe LL, Watrous BJ, Shires GMH, et al: Prophylactic partial stylohyoidostectomy for horses with osteoarthropathy of the temporohyoid joint, J Eq Vet Sci 14:32-37,

1994.

14. Pease AP, Van Bierviliet J, Dykes NL, et al: Complication of partial stylohyoid- ectomy for treatment of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy and an alternative surgical technique in three cases, Equine Vet J 36:546-550, 2004.

Horner Syndrome

1. Palumbo MIP, Moreira JJ, Olivo G, et al: Right-sided laryngeal hemiplegia and Horner’s syndrome in a horse, Equine Vet Educ 23:448-452, 2011.

2. Tawfeeq MM, Miura S, Sugimoto K, et al: Thymic Lymphosarcoma with Brain Involvement in a Holstein Heifer, J Vet Med Sci 74:1501-1504, 2012.

3. Rojman YR, Newkirk ES, Grewal JS: Penetrating injury at the thoracic inlet in a Paint-Arab mare, Equine Vet Educ 21:621-626, 2009.

4. Muller A, Niederhofer M: Malign mesothelioma of the pleura in a 13-year-old gelding, Praktische Tierarzt 90:220-227, 2009.

5. Milne JC: Malignant melanomas causing horners syndrome in a horse, Equine Vet J 18:74-75, 1986.

6. Murray MJ, Cavey DM, Feldman BF, et al: Signs of sympathetic denervation associated with a thoracic melanoma in a horse, J Vet Intern Med 11:199-203,

1997.

7. Loste A, Ramos JJ, Ferrer LM, et al: Horner's syndrome associated with parotid duct obstruction in a sheep, Can Vet J 47:1208-1209, 2006.

8. Pace LW, Wallace L, Rosenfeld CS, et al: Intracranial squamous cell carcinoma causing Horner’s syndrome in a cow, J Vet Diagn Invest 9:106-108, 1997.

9. de Lahunta A, Glass EN: Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology, ed 3, St. Louis, 2009, Saunders Elsevier.

10. Firth EC: Horner’s syndrome in the horse: experimental induction and a case report, Equine Vet J 10:9-13, 1978.

11. Sweeney RW, Sweeney CR: Transient Horner’s syndrome following routine intravenous injections in two horses, JAm VetMed Assoc 185:802-803, 1984.

12. Green SL, Cochrane SM, Smith-Maxie L: Horner’s syndrome in ten horses, Can Vet J 33:330-333, 1992.

13. Mayhew IG: Horner’s syndrome and lesions involving the sympathetic nervous system, Equine Pract 2:44, 1980.

14. White PL, Genetzky RM, Pohlenz JFL, et al: Neuritis of the cauda-equina in a horse, Compend Contin Educ Vet 6:S217, 1984.

15. Guard CL, Rebhun WC, Perdrizet JA: Cranial tumors in aged cattle causing Horner’s syndrome and exophthalmos, Cornell Vet 74:361-365, 1984.

16. Bacon CL, Davidson HJ, Yvorchuk K, et al: Bilateral Horner’s syndrome secondary to metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in a horse, Equine Vet J 28:500-503,

1996.

17. van der Wiel HL, van Gijn J: No enophthalmos in Horner’s syndrome, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50:498-499, 1987.

18. Robertshaw D, Taylor CR: Sweat gland function of the donkey (Equus asinus), J Physiol 205:79-89, 1969.

19. Smith JS, Mayhew IG: Horners syndrome in large animals, Cornell Vet 67:529-542, 1977.

20. Dahlberg JA, Ross MW, Martin BB, et al: Clinical relevance of abnormal scintigraphic findings of adult equine ribs, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 52:573-579,

2011.

21. Purohit RC, McCoy MD, Bergfeld WA: Thermographic diagnosis of horners syndrome in the horse, Am J Vet Res 41:1180-1182, 1980.

Guttural Pouch Mycosis

1. Freeman DE, Hardy J: Guttural pouch. In Auer JA, Stick JA, editors: Equine surgery, ed 4, St. Louis, 2012, Elsevier. Saunders, pp 623-642.

2. Ryan JA, Modransky PD, Welker B: Guttural pouch mycosis in a 3-month-old foal, Equine Practice 14:21-22, 1992.

3. Ludwig A, Gatineau S, Reynaud MC, et al: Fungal isolation and identification in 21 cases of guttural pouch mycosis in horses (1998-2002), Vet J. England 457-461, 2005.

4. Guillot J, Collobert C, Gueho E, et al: Emericella nidulans as an agent of guttural pouch mycosis in a horse, J Med Vet Mycol 35:433-435, 1997.

5. Cook WR, Campbell RS, Dawson C: Pathology and aetiology of guttural pouch mycosis in horse, Vet Rec 83:422, 1968.

6. Hilbert BL, Huxtable CR, Brighton AJ: Erosion of the internal carotid-artery and cranial nerve damage caused by guttural pouch mycosis in a horse, Aust Vet J 57:346-347, 1981.

7. Johnson JH, Merriam JG, Attleber M: Guttural pouch mycosis caused by Aspergillus nidulans, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 68:771-774, 1973.

8. Ernst NS, Freeman DE, MacKay RJ: Progression of mycosis of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch) after arterial occlusion in a horse with contralateral temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:1945-1948,

2006.

9. Boucher WB, Elliott GA, Schmucker B: Epistaxis due to rupture of aneurysm in horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 145:1004, 1964.

10. Lingard DR, Gosser HS, Monfort TN: Acute epistaxis associated with guttural pouch mycosis in 2 horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 164:1038-1039, 1974.

11. Hunter B, Nation PN: Mycotic encephalitis, sinus osteomyelitis, and guttural pouch mycosis in a 3-year-old Arabian colt, Can Vet J 52:1339-1341, 2011.

12. McLaughlin BG, O’Brien JL: Guttural pouch mycosis and mycotic encephalitis in a horse, Can Vet J 27:109-111, 1986.

13. Cousty M, Tricaud C, De Beauregard T, et al: Ligation of the ipsilateral common carotid artery and topical treatment for the prevention of epistaxis from guttural pouch mycosis in horses, Vet Rec 178:44, 2016.

14. Lepage OM, Piccot-Crezollet C: Transarterial coil embolisation in 31 horses (1999-2002) with guttural pouch mycosis: a 2-year follow-up, Equine Vet J 37:430-434, 2005.

15. Greet TRC: Outcome of treatment in 35 cases of guttural pouch mycosis, Equine Vet J 19:483-487, 1987.

16. Freeman DE, Naylor JM: Cervical esophagostomy to permit extra-oral feeding of horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:314-320, 1978.

Listeriosis (Circling Disease; Silage Disease; Listeria monocytogenes Infection)

1. Scott PR: A field study of ovine listerial meningoencephalitis with particular reference to cerebrospinal fluid analysis as an aid to diagnosis and prognosis, Br Vet J 149:165, 1993.

2. Gitter M: Veterinary aspects of listeriosis, PHLS Microbiol Dig 6:38, 1983.

3. Akpavie SO, Ikheloa JO: An outbreak of listeriosis in cattle in Nigeria, Revue d’Elevage Medecine Veterinaire Pays Tropicaux 45:263, 1992.

4. Bryner J, Wesley I, Van der Maaten M: Research on listeriosis in milk cows with intramammary inoculation of Listeria monocytogenes, Acta Microbiol Hung 36:137, 1989.

5. Vandegraaff R, Borland NA, Browning JW: An outbreak of listerial meningo­encephalitis in sheep, Aust Vet J 57:94, 1981.

6. Du Toit IF: An outbreak of caprine listeriosis in the western Cape, J S Afr Vet Assoc 48:39, 1977.

7. Gronstol H: Listeriosis in sheep: Listeria monocytogenes excretion and immu­nological state in sheep in flocks with clinical listeriosis, Acta Vet Scand 20:417,

1979.

8. Gronstol H: Listeriosis in sheep Listeria monocytogenes excretion and immunologi­cal state in healthy sheep, Acta Vet Scand 20:168, 1979.

9. Gronstol H: Listeriosis in sheep: isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from organs of slaughtered animals and dead animals submitted for postmortem examination, Acta Vet Scand 21:11, 1980.

10. Killinger AH, Mansfield ME: Epizootiology of listeric infection in sheep, J Am Vet Med Assoc 157:1318, 1970.

11. Irvin AD: The effect of pH on the multiplication of Listeria monocytogenes in grass silage media, Vet Rec 131:115, 1968.

12. Gronstol H: Listeriosis in sheep: isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from grass silage, Acta Vet Scand 20:492, 1979.

13. Green LE, Morgan KL: Descriptive epidemiology of listerial meningoencephalitis in housed lambs, Prev Vet Med 18:79, 1994.

14. Gronstol H: Listeriosis in Norway, Annu Proc Sheep Vet Soc 9:54, 1985.

15. Vazquez-Boland JA, Dominquez L, Blanco M, et al: Epidemiologic investigation of a silage-associated epizootic of ovine listeric encephalitis using a new Listeria- selective enumeration medium and phage typing, Am J Vet Res 53:368, 1992.

16. Ladds PW, Dennis SM, Njoku CO: Pathology of listeric infection in domestic animals, Vet Bull 44:67, 1974.

17. Charlton KM, Garcia MM: Spontaneous listeric encephalitis and neuritis in sheep: light microscopic studies, Vet Pathol 14:297, 1967.

18. Otter A, Blakemore WF: Observation on the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in axons, Acta Microbiol Hung 36:125, 1989.

19. Otter A, Blakemore WF: Observations on the neural transport of Listeria monocytogenes in a mouse model, Neuropathol Appl Neurol 15:590, 1989.

20. Barlow RM, McGorum B: Ovine listerial encephalitis: analysis, hypothesis, and synthesis, Vet Rec 116:233, 1985.

21. Low JC, Donachie W: Clinical and serum antibody responses of lambs to infection by Listeria monocytogenes, Res Vet Sci 51:185, 1991.

22. Osebold JW: Second symposium on listeric infection, Bozeman, MT, 1963, Artcraft Printers.

23. Rebhun WC, de Lahunta A: Diagnosis and treatment of bovine listeriosis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:395, 1982.

24. Gates GA, Blenden DC, Kintner LD: Listeric myelitis in sheep, J Am Vet Med Assoc 150:200, 1967.

25. Seaman JT, Carrigan MJ, Cockram FA: An outbreak of listerial myelitis in sheep, Aust Vet J 67:142, 1990.

26. Evans K, Smith M, McDonough P, et al: Eye infections due to Listeria mono­cytogenes in three cows and one horse, J Vet Diagn Invest 16:464, 2004.

27. Scarratt WK: Ovine listeric encephalitis, Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 9:F28, 1987.

28. Grottker S: Liquor-Untersuchungen bei der listerienbedingten meningoenz- ephalitis des rindes, DTW 92:257, 1985.

Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis (Histophiius somni [formerly Haemophiius somnus] Infection; Sleeper Calves)

1. Stephens LR, Little PB: Ultrastructure of Haemophilus somnus, causative agent of bovine infectious thromboembolic meningoencephalitis, Am J Vet Res 42:1638, 1981.

2. Hazlett MJ, Little PB: Experimental production of mastitis with Haemophilus somnus in the lactating bovine mammary gland, Can Vet J 24:135, 1983.

3. Klavano GG: Observations of Haemophilus somnus infection as an agent producing reproductive diseases: infertility and abortion. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society of Theriogenology, Sept 10-12, Omaha, NE, 1980.

4. Keister MD: Haemophilus somnus infections in cattle, Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 3:260, 1981.

5. Griffin D, Chengappa MM, Kuszak J, et al: Bacterial pathogens of the bovine respiratory disease complex, Vet Clin N Am Food Anim Pract 26:381, 2010.

6. D’Amours GH, Ward TI, Mulvey MR, et al: Genetic diversity and tetracycline resistance genes of Histophilus somni, Vet Microbiol 150:362, 2011.

7. MacDonald DW, Christian RG, Chalmers GA: Infectious thromboembolic meningoencephalitis: literature review and occurrence in Alberta, 1969-71, Can Vet J 14:57, 1973.

8. Panciera RJ, Dahlgren RR, Rinker HB: Observations on septicemia of cattle caused by a Haemophilus-like organism, Pathol Vet 5:212, 1968.

9. Dewey KJ, Little PB: Environmental survival of Haemophilus somnus and influence of secretions and excretions, Can J Comp Med 48:23, 1984.

10. Booker CW, Guichon PT, Jim GK, et al: Seroepidemiology of undifferentiated fever in feedlot calves in western Canada, Can Vet J 40:40, 1999.

11. Crandell RA, Smith AR, Kissil M: Colonization and transmission of Haemophilus somnus in cattle, Am J Vet Res 38:1749, 1977.

12. Bailie WE, Anthony HD, Weide KD: Infectious thromboembolic meningoen- cephalomyelitis (sleeper syndrome) in feedlot cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 148:162, 1966.

13. Nayar PSG, Ward GE, Saunders JR, et al: Diagnostic procedures in experimental Haemophilus somnus infection in cattle, Can Vet J 18:159, 1977.

14. Stephens LR, Little PB, Wilkie BN, et al: Humoral immunity in experimental thromboembolic meningoencephalitis in cattle caused by Haemophilus somnus, Am J Vet Res 42:468, 1981.

15. Beeman K: Haemophilus somnus of cattle: an overview, Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 7:S259, 1985.

16. Jensen R, Lauerman LH, Braddy PM, et al: Laryngeal contact ulcers in feedlot cattle, Vet Pathol 17:667, 1980.

17. Davidson JN, Carpenter TE, Hjerpe CA: An example of an economic decision analysis approach to the problem of thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TeMe) in feedlot cattle, Cornell Vet 71:383, 1981.

18. Stephens LR, Little PB, Wilkie BN: Isolation of Haemophilus somnus antigens and their use as vaccines for prevention of bovine thromboembolic meningo­encephalitis, Am J Vet Res 45:234, 1984.

19. Williams JM, Smith GL, Murdock FM: Immunogenicity of a Haemophilus somnus bacterin in cattle, Am J Vet Res 39:1756, 1978.

20. Stephens LR, Little PB, Humphrey JD, et al: Vaccination of cattle against experimentally induced thromboembolic meningoencephalitis with a Haemophilus somnus bacterin, Am J Vet Res 43:1119, 1982.

21. Janzen ED, McManus RF: Observations on the use of a long-acting oxytetracycline for in-contact prophylaxis of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease in feedlot steers under Canadian conditions, Bovine Pract 15:87, 1980.

Otitis Media/Interna of Ruminants

1. Jensen R, Piersen RE, Weibel JL, et al: Middle ear infection in feedlot lambs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:805, 1982.

2. Nation PN, Frelier PF, Gifford GA, et al: Otitis in feedlot cattle, Can Vet J 24:238,

1983.

3. Jensen R, Maki LR, Laurman LH, et al: Cause and pathogenesis of middle ear infection in young feedlot cattle, Am J Vet Res 182:967, 1983.

4. Walz PH, Mullaney TP, Render JA, et al: Otitis media in preweaned Holstein dairy calves in Michigan due to Mycoplasma bovis, J Vet Diagn Invest 9:250,

1997.

5. Vestweber JG: Otitis media-interna in cattle, Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 21:S34, 1999.

6. Gosselin VB, Francoz D, Babkine M, et al: A retrospective study of 29 cases of otitis media/interna in dairy calves, Can Vet J 53:957, 2012.

7. Gosselin VB, Babkine M, Francoz D: Ultrasonography of the tympanic bullae and larynx in cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 32:119, 2016.

Ear Mite Infestations of Ruminants

1. Heffner RS, Heffner HE: Effect of cattle ear mite infestation on hearing in a cow, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:612, 1983.

2. Ladds PW, Copeman DB, Daniels P, et al: Raillieta auris and otitis media in cattle in northern Queensland, Aust Vet J 48:532, 1972.

3. Olsen OW, Bracken FK: Occurrence of the ear mite Raillieta auris (Leidy, 1872) in cattle in Colorado, Vet Med 45:320, 1950.

4. Jubb TF, Vassallo RL, Wroth RH: Suppurative otitis in cattle associated with ear mites (Raillieta auris), Aust Vet J 70:354, 1993.

5. Msolla P, Fatafu EPM, Monrad J: Epidemiology of bovine parasitic otitis, J Trop Anim Health Prod 18:51, 1986.

6. Bates PG: Epidemiology of subclinical ovine psoroptic otoacariasis in Great Britain, Vet Rec 138:388, 1996.

7. Kambarage DM, Kusiluka LJM: Parasitic otitis associated with Psoroptes infestation in goats, J Appl Anim Res 12:173, 1997.

8. Da Costa LA, Cerqueira Leite R, Faccini H: Preliminary investigations on transmission and life cycle of the ear mites of the genus Raillietia trouessart (Acari: Gamasida) parasites of cattle, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87(Suppl 1):97,

1992.

Diseases Producing Tremors and Ataxia; Cerebellar Diseases Cerebellar Abiotrophy

1. Delahunta A: Abiotrophy in domestic-animals - A review, Can J Vet Res 54:65-76, 1990.

2. Debowes RM, Leipold HW, Turnerbeatty M: Cerebellar abiotrophy, Vet Clin Nth Am Equine Pract 3:345-352, 1987.

3. Bjorck G, Everz KE, Hansen HJ, et al: Congenital Cerebellar Ataxia in the Gotland Pony Breed, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 20:341-354, 1973.

4. Mayhew IG: Large animal neurology, ed 2, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell.

5. Blanco A, Moyano R, Vivo J, et al: Purkinje cell apoptosis in Arabian horses with cerebellar abiotrophy, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 53:286-287, 2006.

6. Brault LS, Cooper CA, Famula TR, et al: Mapping of equine cerebellar abiotrophy to ECA2 and identification of a potential causative mutation affecting expression of MUTYH, Genomics 97:121-129, 2011.

7. Brault LS, Famula TR, Penedo MCT: Inheritance of cerebellar abiotrophy in Arabians, Am J Vet Res 72:940-944, 2011.

8. Brault LS, Penedo MCT: The frequency of the equine cerebellar abiotrophy mutation in non-Arabian horse breeds, Equine Vet J 43:727-731, 2011.

9. Palmer AC, Blakemore WF, Cook WR, et al: Cerebellar hypoplasia and degenera­tion in the young Arab horse: clinical and neuropathological features, Vet Rec 93:62-66, 1973.

10. Baird JD, Mackenzie CD: Cerebellar hypoplasia and degeneration in part Arab horses, Aust Vet J 50:25-28, 1974.

11. Turner Beatty M, Leipold HW, Cash W, et al: Cerebellar disease in the horse, Proc AAEP 21:241-255, 1985.

12. Dungworth DL, Fowler ME: Cerebellar hypoplasia and degeneration in a foal, Cornell Vet 56:17-24, 1966.

13. Pongratz MC, Kircher P, Lang J, et al: Diagnostic evaluation of a foal with cerebellar abiotrophy using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Pferdeheilkunde 26:559-562, 2010.

Cerebellar Hypoplasia Caused by Congenital Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection

1. Brown TT, Copeman DB, Daniels P, et al: Pathogenetic studies of infection of the bovine fetus with bovine viral diarrhea virus, Vet Pathol 11:486, 1974.

2. Done JT, Terlicki S, Richardson C, et al: Bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus: pathogenicity for the fetal calf following maternal infection, Vet Rec 106:473,

1980.

3. Straver PJ, Journee DLH, Blinkhorst GJ: Neurological disorders, virus persistence, and hypomyelination in calves due to intrauterine infections with bovine virus diarrhea virus, Vet Q 5:156, 1983.

4. Bielefeldt-Ohmann H: An oculocerebellar syndrome caused by congenital bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection, Acta Vet Scand 25:36, 1984.

5. Wilson TM, de Lahunta A, Confer L: Cerebellar degeneration in dairy calves: clinical, pathologic, and serologic features of an epizootic caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus, J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:544, 1983.

Storage Diseases and Inborn Errors in Metabolism

1. Gundlach AL, Kortz G, Burazin TCD, et al: Deficit of inhibitory glycine receptors in spinal-cord from Peruvian Pasos - Evidence for an equine form of inherited myoclonus, Brain Res 628:263-270, 1993.

2. Seahorn TL, Fuentealba IC, Illanes OG, et al: Congenital encephalomyelopathy in a quarter horse, Equine Vet J 23:394-396, 1991.

3. Page P, Parker R, Harper C, et al: Clinical, clinicopathologic, postmortem examination findings and familial history of 3 Arabians with lavender foal syndrome, J Vet Intern Med 20:1491-1494, 2006.

4. Fanelli HH: Coat colour dilution lethal (‘lavender foal syndrome'): a tetany syndrome of Arabian foals, Equine Vet Educ 17:260-263, 2005.

5. Bierman A, Guthrie AJ, Harper CK: Lavender foal syndrome in Arabian horses is caused by a single-base deletion in the MYO5A gene, Anim Genet 41:199-201,

2010.

6. Brooks SA, Gabreski N, Miller D, et al: Whole-genome SNP association in the horse: identification of a deletion in myosin va responsible for Lavender Foal syndrome, PLoS Genet 6:2010.

7. McCabe L, Griffin LD, Kinzer A, et al: Overo lethal white foal syndrome - equine model of aganglionic megacolon (Hirschsprung disease), Am J Med Genet 36:336-340, 1990.

8. Parry N: Overo lethal white Foal syndrome, Compend Contin Educ Vet 28:172, 2006.

9. Santschi EM, Vrotsos PD, Purdy AK, et al: Incidence of the endothelin receptor B mutation that causes lethal white foal syndrome in white-patterned horses, Am J Vet Res 62:97-103, 2001.

10. Metallinos DL, Bowling AT, Rine J: A missense mutation in the endothelin-B receptor gene is associated with lethal white foal syndrome: an equine version of Hirschsprung disease, Mamm Genome 9:426-431, 1998.

11. Tryon RC, Penedo MC, McCue ME, et al: Evaluation of allele frequencies of inherited disease genes in subgroups of American Quarter Horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:120-125, 2009.

Locoism (Swainsonine Toxicity)

1. Dantas AFM, Riet-Correa F, Gardner DR, et al: Swainsonine-induced lysosomal storage disease in goats caused by the ingestion of Turbina cordata in Northeastern Brazil, Toxicon 49:111-116, 2007.

2. Loretti AP, Colodel EM, Gimeno EJ, et al: Lysosomal storage disease in Sida carpinifolia toxicosis: an induced mannosidosis in horses, Equine Vet J 35:434-438, 2003.

3. de Balogh KK, Dimande AP, van der Lugt JJ, et al: A lysosomal storage disease induced by Ipomoea carnea in goats in Mozambique, J Vet Diagn Invest 11:266-273, 1999.

4. Kirkpatrick JG, Burrows GE: Locoism in horses, Vet Hum Toxicol 32:168-169, 1990.

5. Molyneux RJ, James LF, Panter KE: Occurrence and detection of swainsonine in locoweeds (Astragalus species and Oxytropis species), J Toxicol Toxin Rev 5:255, 1986.

6. Tulsiani DRP, Broquist HP, James LF, et al: The similar effects of swainsonine and locoweed on tissue glycosidases and oligosaccharides of the pig indicate that the alkaloid is the principal toxin responsible for the induction of locoism, Arch Biochem Biophys 232:76-85, 1984.

7. Harries WN, Baker FP, Johnston A: Case report. An outbreak of locoweed poisoning in horses in Southwestern Alberta, Can Vet J 13:141-145, 1972.

8. James LF, Van Kampen KR, Staker GR: Locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) poisoning in cattle and horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:525-530, 1969.

9. Nollet H, Panter K, Vanschandevijl K, et al: Suspected swainsonine poisoning in a Belgian horse, Equine Vet Educ 20:62-65, 2008.

10. Pfister JA, Stegelmeier BL, Gardner DR, et al: Grazing of spotted locoweed (Astragalus Ientiginosus) by cattle and horses in Arizona, JAnim Sci 81:2285-2293, 2003.

11. Ralphs MH, Panter KE, James LF: Feed preferences and habituation of sheep poisoned by locoweed, J Anim Sci 68:1354-1362, 1990.

12. Dorling PR, Huxtable CR, Colegate SM: Inhibition of lysosomal alpha-man- nosidase by swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloid isolated from Swainsona canescens, Biochem J 191:649-651, 1980.

13. Cook D, Grum DS, Gardner DR, et al: Influence of endophyte genotype on swainsonine concentrations in Oxytropis sericea, Toxicon 61:105-111, 2013.

14. Braun K, Romero J, Liddell C, et al: Production of swainsonine by fungal endophytes of locoweed, Mycol Res 107:980-988, 2003.

15. Croom WJ, Hagler WM, Froetschel MA, et al: The involvement of slaframine and swainsonine in slobbers syndrome - a review, J Anim Sci 73:1499-1508, 1995.

16. Knight AP: Locoweed poisoning, Compend Contin Educ Vet 9:F418-F420, 1987.

17. Bottger JA, Creamer R, Gardner D: Seasonal changes in Undifilum colonization and swainsonine content of locoweeds, J Chem Ecol 38:486-495, 2012.

18. Dorling PR, Huxtable CR, Vogel P: Lysosomal storage in Swainsona spp. toxicosis: an induced mannosidosis, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 4:285-295, 1978.

19. James LF, Hartley WJ: Effects of milk from animals fed locoweed on kittens, calves, and lambs, Am J Vet Res 38:1263-1265, 1977.

20. James LF, Keeler RF, Binns W: Sequence in the abortive and teratogenic effects of locoweed fed to sheep, Am J Vet Res 30:377-380, 1969.

21. Panter KE, James LF, Nielson D, et al: The relationship of Oxytropis sericea (green and dry) and Astragalus lentiginosus with high mountain disease in cattle, Vet Hum Toxicol 30:318-323, 1988.

22. James LF, Van Kampen KR: Effects of locoweed intoxication on the genital tract of the ram, Am J Vet Res 32:1253-1256, 1971.

23. Ashley AK, Custis M, Ashley R, et al: Toxicokinetic profile of swainsonine following exposure to locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) in naive and previously- exposed sheep, NZ Vet J 54:34-40, 2006.

24. Stegelmeier BL, James LF, Panter KE, et al: Serum swainsonine concentration and alpha-mannosidase activity in cattle and sheep ingesting Oxytropis sericea and Astragaluslentiginosus (locoweeds), Am J Vet Res 56:149-154, 1995.

25. Alroy J, Orgad U, Ucci AA, et al: Swainsonine toxicosis mimics lectin histo­chemistry of mannosidosis, Vet Pathol 22:311-316, 1985.

26. James LF, Vankampen KR: Acute and residual lesions of locoweed poisoning in cattle and horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 158:614, 1971.

27. Staley EE: An approach to treatment of locoism in horses, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 73:1205, 1978.

28. Bachman SE, Galyean ML, Smith GS, et al: Early aspects of locoweed toxicosis and evaluation of a mineral supplement or clinoptilolite as dietary treatments, J Anim Sci 70:3125-3132, 1992.

29. Pfister JA, Stegelmeier BL, Cheney CD, et al: Conditioning taste aversions to locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) in horses, J Anim Sci 80:79-83, 2002.

Staggers Syndromes (Grass Staggers)

1. Cole RJ, Dorner JW: Role of fungal tremorgens in animal disease. In Steyn PS, Vleggaar R, editors: Mycotoxins and phycotoxins, Amsterdam, 1986, Elsevier Scientific, pp 501-511.

2. Nicholson SS: Tremorgenic syndromes in livestock, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 5:291-300, 1989.

3. Imlach WL, Finch SC, Dunlop J, et al: The molecular mechanism of “ryegrass staggers” a neurological disorder of K+ channels, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 327:657-664, 2008.

4. Knaus HG, McManus OB, Lee SH, et al: Tremorgenic indole alkaloids potently inhibit smooth-muscle high-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels, Biochemistry 33:5819-5828, 1994.

5. di Menna ME, Finch SC, Popay AJ, et al: A review of the Neotyphodium lolii / Lolium perenne symbiosis and its associated effects on animal and plant health, with particular emphasis on ryegrass staggers, NZ Vet J 60:315-328, 2012.

6. Galey F, Tracy M, Craigmill A, et al: Staggers induced by consumption of perennial ryegrass in cattle andsheep from northern California, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1991.

7. Hunt LD, Blythe L, Holtan DW: Ryegrass staggers in ponies fed processed ryegrass straw, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:285-286, 1983.

8. Canton G, Campero C, Villa M, et al: Acute and chronic nervous signs in cattle associated with Phalaris angusta poisoning in Argentina, Pesqui Vet Bras 30:63-66, 2010.

9. Reed KFM, Nie ZN, Walker LV, et al: Weather and pasture characteristics associated with outbreaks of perennial ryegrass toxicosis in southern Australia, Anim Prod Sci 51:738-752, 2011.

10. Gallagher R, Hawkes A, Steyn P, et al: Tremorgenic neurotoxins from perennial ryegrass causing ryegrass staggers disorder of livestock—structure elucidation of lolitrem B, Chem Soc Chem Commun 614, 1984.

11. Johnstone LK, Mayhew IG, Fletcher LR: Clinical expression of lolitrem B (perennial ryegrass) intoxication in horses, Equine Vet J 44:304-309, 2012.

12. Moate PJ, Williams SRO, Grainger C, et al: Effects of wild-type, AR1 and AR37 endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass on dairy production in Victoria, Australia, Anim Prod Sci 52:1117-1130, 2012.

13. Cunningham IJ, Hartley WJ: Ryegrass staggers, NZ Vet J 7:1-7, 1959.

14. Moyano MR, Molina AM, Lora AJ, et al: Tremorgenic mycotoxicosis caused by Paspalum paspaloides (Michx.) Scribner infected by Claviceps paspali: a case report, Vet Med (Praha) 55:336-338, 2010.

15. Botha CJ, Kellerman TS, Fourie N: A tremorgenic mycotoxicosis in cattle caused by Paspalum distichum (L) infected by Claviceps paspali, J S Afr Vet Assoc 67:36-37, 1996.

16. Cysewski SJ: Paspalum staggers and tremorgen intoxication in animals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:1291-1292, 1973.

17. Grayson AR: Paspalum ergotism in cattle, J Dept Agric 39:441, 1941.

18. Hopkirk CSM: Paspalum staggers, NZ J Agric 53:105, 1936.

19. Simms BT: Dallis grass poisoning, Auburn Vet 76:64, 1945.

20. Cawdell-Smith AJ, Scrivener CJ, Bryden WL: Staggers in horses grazing paspalum infected with Claviceps paspali, Aust Vet J 88:393-395, 2010.

21. Cole RJ, Dorner JW, Lansden JA, et al: Paspalum staggers - isolation and identification of tremorgenic metabolites from sclerotia of Claviceps paspali, J Agric Food Chem 25:1197-1201, 1977.

22. Uhlig S, Botha CJ, Vralstad T, et al: Indole-diterpenes and ergot alkaloids in Cynodon dactylon (bermuda grass) infected with Claviceps cynodontis from an outbreak of tremors in cattle, J Agric Food Chem 57:11112-11119, 2009.

23. Killibrew FL, Seger CL, Rusoff LL, et al Research report on Bermuda grass tremors: Louisiana State University Agricultural Experimental Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 1972.

24. Whitehair CK, Young HC, Gibson ME, et al: A nervous disturbance in cattle caused by a toxic substance associated with mature Bermuda grass, Okla Agric Exp Stn Feeders Day Rep 22:57, 1951.

25. Day JB, Mantle PG: Tremorgenic forage and ryegrass staggers, Vet Rec 106:463-464, 1980.

26. McKenzie RA, Kelly MA, Shivas RG, et al: Aspergillus clavatus tremorgenic neurotoxicosis in cattle fed sprouted grains, Aust Vet J 82:635-638, 2004.

27. Loretti AP, Colodel EM, Driemeier D, et al: Neurological disorder in dairy cattle associated with consumption of beer residues contaminated with Aspergillus clavatus, J Vet Diagn Invest 15:123-132, 2003.

28. Lanigan GW, Payne AL, Cockrum PA: Production of tremorgenic toxins by Penicillium janthinellum Biourge: a possible aetiological factor in ryegrass staggers, Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 57:31-37, 1979.

29. Mantle PG, Mortimer PH, White EP: Mycotoxic tremorgens of Claviceps paspali and Penicillium cyclopium: a comparative study of effects on sheep and cattle in relation to natural staggers syndromes, Res Vet Sci 24:49-56, 1978.

30. Morgavi DP, Riley RT: An historical overview of field disease outbreaks known or suspected to be caused by consumption of feeds contaminated with Fusarium toxins, Anim Feed Sci Technol 137:201-212, 2007.

31. Galloway JH: Grass seed nematode poisoning in livestock, J Am Vet Med Assoc 139:1212-1214, 1961.

32. Riley IT, Gregory AR, Aleen JG, et al: Poisoning of livestock in Oregon in the 1940s to 1960s attributed to corynetoxins produced by Rathayibacter in nematode galls in chewings fescue (Festuca nigrescens), Vet Hum Toxicol 45:160-162, 2003.

33. Bertozzi T, McKay AC: Incidence on Polypogon monspeliensis of Clavibacter toxicus and Anguina sp, the organisms associated with flood-plain staggers in South Australia, Aust J Exp Agric 35:567-569, 1995.

34. Bourke CA, Carrigan MJ, Love SCJ: Flood-plain staggers, a tunicaminyluracil toxicosis of cattle in northern New South Wales, Aust Vet J 69:228-229, 1992.

35. Davis EO, Curran GE, Hetherington WT, et al: Clinical, pathological and epidemiologic aspects of flood-plain staggers, a corynetoxicosis of livestock grazing Agrostis avenacea, Aust Vet J 72:187-190, 1995.

36. Finnie JW: Review of corynetoxins poisoning of livestock, a neurological disorder produced by a nematode-bacterium complex, Aust Vet J 84:271-277, 2006.

37. Masters A, Gregory A, Evans R, et al: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Rathayibacter toxicus, the bacteriuminvolved in annual ryegrass toxicity, in hay, Aust J Agric Res 57:2006.

38. Grewar J, Allen J, Guthrie A: Annual ryegrass toxicity in Thoroughbred horses in Ceres in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, J S Afr Assoc 80,

2009.

39. Creeper JH, Vale W, Walsh R: Annual ryegrass toxicosis in horses, Aust Vet J 74:465-466, 1996.

40. Richards IS: The effect of magnesium sulfate on convulsions induced by annual ryegrass toxicity, Aust Vet J 58:115-117, 1982.

41. Bourke CA: A review of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) poisoning in cattle, Aust Vet J 85:261-267, 2007.

42. Bourke CA: The clinico-toxicological differentiation of Phalaris spp toxicity­syndromes in ruminants. In Colegate SM, Dorling PR, editors: Plant-associated toxins: agricultural, phytochemical and ecological aspects, Wallingford, 1994, CAB International, pp 523-528.

43. Bourke CA, Carrigan MJ: Mechanisms underlying Phalaris aquatica “sudden death” syndrome in sheep, Aust Vet J 69:165-167, 1992.

44. Bourke CA, Carrigan MJ, Dixon RJ: The pathogenesis of the nervous syndrome of Phalaris aquatica toxicity in sheep, Aust Vet J 67:356-358, 1990.

45. Binder EM, Blodgett DJ, Currin JF, et al: Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) grass staggers in beef cattle, J Vet Diagn Invest 22:802-805, 2010.

46. Bourke CA, Colegate SM, Slattery S, et al: Suspected Phalaris paradoxa (Paradoxa grass) poisoning in horses, Aust Vet J 81:635-637, 2003.

47. Colegate SM, Anderton N, Edgar J, et al: Suspected blue canary grass (Phalaris coerulescens) poisoning of horses, Aust Vet J 77:537-538, 1999.

48. East NE, Higgins RJ: Canary grass (Phalaris sp) toxicosis in sheep in California, J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:667-669, 1988.

49. Lean IJ, Anderson M, Kerfoot MG, et al: Tryptamine alkaloid toxicosis in feedlot sheep, J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:768-771, 1989.

50. Nicholson SS, Olcott BM, Usenik EA, et al: Delayed phalaris grass toxicosis in sheep and cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:345-346, 1989.

51. Anderton N, Cockrum PA, Walker DW, et al: Identification of a toxin suspected of causing death in livestock grazing Phalaris pastures. In Colegate SM, Dorling PR, editors: Plant-associated Toxins Agricultural, phytochemical and ecological aspects, Farnham Royal, Slough, UK, 1994, CAB International, pp 269-274.

52. Moore RM, Williams JD, Chia J: Factors affecting concentrations of dimethylated indolealkylamines in Phalaris tuberosa L, Aust J Biol Sci 20:1131-1140, 1967.

53. de Sousa RS, Irigoyen LF: Experimental poisoning by Phalaris angusta (Gra- mineae) in cattle, Pesqui Vet Bras 19:116-122, 1999.

54. Tosi HR, Wittenberg KM: Harvest alternatives to reduce the alkaloid content of reed canary grass forage, Can J Anim Sci 73:373-380, 1993.

55. Gallagher CH, Koch JH, Hoffman H: Diseases of sheep due to ingestion of Phalaris tuberosa, Aust Vet J 42:279-286, 1966.

56. Mendel VE, Crenshaw GL, Baker NF, et al: Staggers in pastured cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 154:769-772, 1969.

57. Skerritt JH, Guihot SL, McDonald SE, et al: Development of immunoassays for tyramine and tryptamine toxins of Phalaris aquatica L, J Agric Food Chem 48:27-32, 2000.

58. Lee HJ, Kuchel RE: The aetiology of phalaris staggers in sheep.1. Preliminary observations on the preventive role of cobalt, Aust J Agric Res 4:88-99, 1953.

59. Lee HJ, Kuchler E, Good BF, et al: The aetiology of Phalaris staggers in sheep.

III. The preventativeeffect of various oral dose rates of cobalt, Aust J Agric Res 8:494-501, 1957.

Diseases Manifesting Principally with Spinal Cord or

Peripheral Nerve Signs

Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy

1. Anonymous: Equine herpesvirus (EHV) myeloencephalopathy. A guide to Understandingthe neurologic form of EHV infection: United States Department of Agriculture.: United States Department of Agriculture. Animal and Plant Healthinspection Service, 2008.

2. Donaldson MT, Sweeney CR: Herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses: 11 cases (1982-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:671-675, 1998.

3. Wilson WD: Equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalopathy, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:53-72, 1997.

4. Ostlund EN: The equine herpesviruses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 9:283-294,

1993.

5. Friday PA, Scarratt WK, Elvinger F, et al: Ataxia and paresis with equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in a herd of riding school horses, J Vet Intern Med 14:197-201, 2000.

6. Henninger RW, Reed SM, Saville WJ, et al: Outbreak of neurologic disease caused by equine herpesvirus-1 at a university equestrian center, J Vet Intern Med 21:157-165, 2007.

7. Goehring LS, van Winden SC, van Maanen C, et al: Equine herpesvirus type 1-associated myeloencephalopathy in The Netherlands: a four-year retrospective study (1999-2003), J Vet Intern Med 20:601-607, 2006.

8. Barbic L, Lojkic I, Stevanovic V, et al: Two outbreaks of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 with breed-dependent clinical signs, Vet Rec 170:227, 2012.

9. Pronost S, Legrand L, Pitel PH, et al: Outbreak of equine herpesvirus myelo- encephalopathy in France: a clinical and molecular investigation, Transbound Emerg Dis 59:256-263, 2012.

10. Donaldson MT, Sweeney CR: Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy, Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 19:864, 1997.

11. Estell KE, Dawson DR, Magdesian KG, et al: Quantitative molecular viral loads in seven horses with naturally occurring equid herpesvirus-1 infection, Equine Vet J 2014.

12. Kydd JH, Slater J, Osterrieder N, et al: Third International Havemeyer Workshop on Equine Herpesvirus type 1, Equine Vet J 44:513-517, 2012.

13. Lunn DP, Davis-Poynter N, Flaminio MJ, et al: Equine herpesvirus-1 consensus statement, J Vet Intern Med 23:450-461, 2009.

14. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Wilson WD: Diagnostic sensitivity of nasopharyngeal and nasal swabs for the molecular detection of EHV-1, Vet Rec 162:520-521,

2008.

15. Slater J: Equine herpesviruses. In Sellon DC, Long MT, editors: Equine infectious diseases, St. Louis, 2007, Saunders Elsevier, pp 134-152.

16. Allen GP: Risk factors for development of neurologic disease after experimental exposure to equine herpesvirus-1 in horses, Am J Vet Res 69:1595-1600, 2008.

17. Nugent J, Birch-Machin I, Smith KC, et al: Analysis of equid herpesvirus 1 strain variation reveals a point mutation of the DNA polymerase strongly associated with neuropathogenic versus nonneuropathogenic disease outbreaks, J Virol 80:4047-4060, 2006.

18. Perkins GA, Goodman LB, Tsujimura K, et al: Investigation of the prevalence of neurologic equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) in a 23-year retrospective analysis (1984-2007), Vet Microbiol 139:375-378, 2009.

19. Traub-Dargatz JL, Pelzel-McCluskey AM, Creekmore LH, et al: Case-control study of a multistate equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy outbreak, J Vet Intern Med 27:339-346, 2013.

20. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Wademan C, et al: Investigation of the role of mules as silent shedders of EHV-1 during an outbreak of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy in California, Vet Rec 170:465, 2012.

21. Negussie H, Gizaw D, Tessema TS, et al: Equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencepha- lopathy, an emerging threat of working equids in ethiopia, Transbound Emerg Dis 64:389-397, 2017.

22. Burgess BA, Tokateloff N, Manning S, et al: Nasal shedding of equine herpesvirus-1 from horses in an outbreak of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy in Western Canada, J Vet Intern Med 26:384-392, 2012.

23. Whitwell KE, Blunden AS: Pathological findings in horses dying during an outbreak of the paralytic form of Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection, Equine Vet J 24:13-19, 1992.

24. Charlton KM, Mitchell D, Girard A, et al: Meningoencephalomyelitis in horses associated with equine herpesvirus 1 infection, Vet Pathol 13:59-68, 1976.

25. Wong DM, Maxwell LK, Wilkins PA: Use of antiviral medications against equine herpes virus associated disorders, Equine Vet Educ 22:244-252, 2010.

26. Maxwell LK: Antiherpetic drugs in equine medicine, Vet Clin Nth Am Equine Pract 33:99, 2017.

27. Maxwell LK, Bentz BG, Gilliam LL, et al: Efficacy of the early administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride for the treatment of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type-1 infection in horses, Am J Vet Res 78:1126-1139, 2017.

28. Goehring LS, Brandes K, Ashton LV, et al: Anti-inflammatory drugs decrease infection of brain endothelial cells with EHV-1 in vitro, Equine Vet J 49:629-636, 2017.

29. Goehring LS, Hussey GS, Diez MG, et al: Plasma D-Dimer Concentrations during Experimental EHV-1 Infection of Horses, J Vet Intern Med 27:1535-1542, 2013.

30. Goodman LB, Wagner B, Flaminio MJ, et al: Comparison of the efficacy of inactivated combination and modified-live virus vaccines against challenge infection with neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), Vaccine 24:3636-3645, 2006.

31. Maxwell LK, Bentz BG, Gilliam LL, et al: Efficacy of valacyclovir against clinical disease after EHV-1 challenge in aged mares. Proceedings of the 54th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, San Diego, California, USA, 6-10 December 2008 2008:198-199.

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

1. Dubey JP, Davis SW, Speer CA, et al: Sarcocystis neurona n. sp. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa), the etiologic agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, J Parasitol 77:212-218, 1991.

2. Marsh AE, Barr BC, Packham AE, et al: Description of a new Neospora species (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae), J Parasitol 84:983-991, 1998.

3. Dubey JP, Lindsay DS, Saville WJA, et al: A review of Sarcocystis neuronaand equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), Vet Parasitol 95:89-131, 2001.

4. Stanek JF, Stich RW, Dubey JP, et al: Epidemiology of Sarcocystis neurona infections in domestic cats (Felis domesticus) and its association with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) case farms and feral cats from a mobile spay and neuter clinic, Vet Parasitol 117:239-249, 2003.

5. Dubey JP, Saville WJ, Stanek JF, et al: Sarcocystis neurona infections in raccoons (Procyon lotor): evidence for natural infection with sarcocysts, transmission of infection to opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and experimental induction of neurologic disease in raccoons, Vet Parasitol 100:117-129, 2001.

6. Cheadle MA, Tanhauser SM, Dame JB, et al: The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) is an intermediate host for Sarcocystis neurona, Int J Parasitol 31:330-335, 2001.

7. Cheadle MA, Yowell CA, Sellon DC, et al: The striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) is an intermediate host for Sarcocystis neurona, Int J Parasitol 31:843-849, 2001.

8. Mullaney T, Murphy AJ, Kiupel M, et al: Evidence to support horses as natural intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis neurona, Vet Parasitol 133:27-36, 2005.

9. Pusterla N, Tobin T: Therapeutics for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, Vet Clin Nth Am Equine Pract 33:87, 2017.

10. Pitel PH, Pronost S, Gargala G, et al: Detection of Sarcocystis neurona antibodies in French horses with neurological signs, Int J Parasitol 32:481-485, 2002.

11. Goehring LS, van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MMS: Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in the Netherlands? An overview, Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 126:346-351, 2001.

12. Saville WJ, Reed SM, Morley PS, et al: Analysis of risk factors for the development of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:1174-1180, 2000.

13. Fenger CK, Granstom DE, Langemeier JL, et al: Epizootic of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis on a farm, J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:923-927, 1997.

14. Bentz BG, Ealey KA, Morrow J, et al: Seroprevalence of antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in equids residing in Oklahoma, J Vet Diagn Invest 15:597-600, 2003.

15. Vardeleon D, Marsh AE, Thorne JG, et al: Prevalence of Neospora hughesi and Sarcocystis neurona antibodies in horses from various geographical locations, Vet Parasitol 95:273-282, 2001.

16. Morley P, Traub-Dargatz J, Saville W, et al: Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, J Eq Vet Sci 21:262-270, 2001.

17. Wendte JM, Miller MA, Lambourn DM, et al: Self-mating in the definitive host potentiates clonal outbreaks of the apicomplexan parasites Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii, PLoS Genet 6:e1001261, 2010.

18. Saville WJ, Reed SM, Morley PS, et al: Analysis of risk factors for the development of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:1174-1180, 2000.

19. Cohen ND, MacKay RJ, Toby E, et al: A multicenter case-control study of risk factors for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1857-1863,

2007.

20. Morley PS, Traub-Dargatz JL, Benedict KM, et al: Risk factors for owner-reported occurrence of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in the US equine population, J Vet Intern Med 22:616-629, 2008.

21. Rossano MG, Kaneene JB, Marteniuk JV, et al: A herd-level analysis of risk factors for antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in Michigan equids, Prev Vet Med 57:7-13, 2003.

22. Fayer R, Mayhew IG, Baird JD, et al: Epidemiology of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in North America based on histologically confirmed cases. A report, J Vet Intern Med 4:54-57, 1990.

23. Johnson AL, Morrow JK, Sweeney RW: Indirect fluorescent antibody test and surface antigen ELISAs for antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myelo- encephalitis, J Vet Intern Med 2013.

24. Reed SM, Furr M, Howe DK, et al: Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: an updated consensus statement with a focus on parasite biology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, J Vet Intern Med 30:491-502, 2016.

25. Furr MO: Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. In Furr MO, Reed SM, editors: Equine neurology, Ames, IA, 2008, Blackwell Publishing, pp 197-212.

26. Duarte PC, Ebel ED, Traub-Dargatz J, et al: Indirect fluorescent antibody testing of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, Am J Vet Res 67:869-876, 2006.

27. Reed SM, Howe DK, Morrow JK, et al: Accurate antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) based on detecting intrathecal antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona using the SnSAG2 and SnSAG4∕3 ELISAs, J Vet Intern Med 27:1193-1200, 2013.

28. Saville WJA, Dubey JP, Oglesbee MJ, et al: Experimental infection of ponies with Sarcocystis fayeri and differentiation from Sarcocystis neurona infections in horses, J Parasitol 90:1487-1491, 2004.

29. Johnson AL, Burton AJ, Sweeney RW: Utility of 2 immunological tests for antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (Sarcocystis neurona Infection) in naturally occurring cases, J Vet Intern Med 24:1184-1189, 2010.

30. Daft BM, Barr BC, Gardner IA, et al: Sensitivity and specificity of western blot testing of cerebrospinal fluid and serum for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses with and without neurologic abnormalities, J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:1007-1013, 2002.

31. Duarte PC, Daft BM, Conrad PA, et al: Comparison of a serum indirect fluorescent antibody test with two Western blot tests for the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, J Vet Diagn Invest 15:8-13, 2003.

32. Andrews FM, Geiser DR, Sommardahl CS, et al: Albumin quotient, IgG concentra­tion, and IgG index determinations in cerebrospinal fluid of neonatal foals, Am J Vet Res 55:741-745, 1994.

33. Furr M, Howe D, Reed S, et al: Antibody coefficients for the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, J Vet Intern Med 25:138-142, 2011.

34. Marsh AE, Barr BC, Madigan J, et al: Sequence analysis and polymerase chain reaction amplification of small subunit ribosomal DNA from Sarcocystis neurona, Am J Vet Res 57:975-981, 1996.

35. Javsicas LH, Watson E, MacKay RJ: What is your neurologic diagnosis? Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:201-204, 2008.

36. Reed SM, Granstrom DE, Rivas LJ, et al: Results of cerebrospinal fluid analysis in 119 horses testing positive to the Western blot test on serum and CSF to equine protozoal encephalomyelitis, AAEP Proceedings 41:199, 1994.

37. Furr MO, Tyler RD: Cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase activity in horses with central nervous system disease: 69 cases (1984-1989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:245-248, 1990.

38. MacKay RJ: Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: treatment, prognosis, and prevention, Clin Tech Equine Pract 5:9-16, 2006.

39. Reed SM, Wendel M, King S, et al: Pharmacokinetics of ponazuril in horses, AAEP Proceedings 58:572, 2012.

40. Dirikolu L, Karpiesiuk W, Lehner AE, et al: New therapeutic approaches for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: Pharmacokinetics of diclazuril sodium salts in horses, Vet Therapeut 7:52, 2006.

41. Hunyadi L, Papich MG, Pusterla N: Pharmacokinetics of a low dose and FDA- labeled dose of diclazuril administered orally as a pelleted topdressing in adult horses, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014.

42. Lindsay DS, Rippey NS, Blagburn BL: Treatment of acute Toxoplasma gondii infections in mice with diclazuril or a combination of diclazuril and pyrimeth­amine, J Parasitol 81:315-318, 1995.

43. Ellison SP, Lindsay DS: Decoquinate combined with levamisole reduce the clinical signs and serum Sag 1, 5, 6 antibodies in horses with suspected equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, Int J Appl Res Vet M 10:1-7, 2012.

44. Lindsay DS, Nazir MM, Maqbool A, et al: Efficacy of decoquinate against Sarcocystis neurona in cell cultures, Vet Parasitol 2013.

45. Piercy RJ, Hinchcliff KW, Reed SM: Folate deficiency during treatment with orally administered folic acid, sulphadiazine and pyrimethamine in a horse with suspected equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), Equine Vet J 34:311-316, 2002.

46. Toribio RE, Bain FT, Mrad DR, et al: Congenital defects in newborn foals of mares treated for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis during pregnancy, J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:697, 1998.

47. MacKay R, McLellan J, Mallicote M: Pyrimethamine toxicosis in horses given a compounded medication, Equine Vet Educ 2017.

48. Finno CJ, Valberg SJ: A Comparative review of vitamin E and associated equine disorders, J Vet Intern Med 26:1251-1266, 2012.

49. Sayille WJA, Dubey JP, Marsh AE, et al: Testing the Sarcocystis neurona vaccine using an equine protozoal myeloencephalitis challenge model, Vet Parasitol 247:37-41, 2017.

50. Furr M, McKenzie H, Saville WJA, et al: Prophylactic administration of ponazuril reduces clinical signs and delays seroconversion in horses challenged with Sarcocystis neurona, J Parasitol 92:637-643, 2006.

51. Pusterla N, Packham A, Mackie S, et al: Daily feeding of diclazuril top dress pellets in foals reduces seroconversion to Sarcocystis neurona, Vet J 206:236-238, 2015.

52. MacKay RJ, Tanhauser ST, Gillis KD, et al: Effect of intermittent oral administra­tion of ponazuril on experimental Sarcocystis neurona infection of horses, Am J Vet Res 69:396-402, 2008.

53. Dubey JP, Saville WJ, Sreekumar C, et al: Effects of high temperature and disinfectants on the viability of Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts, J Parasitol 88:1252-1254, 2002.

Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy

1. Mayhew I: Cervical and vertebral malformation and malarticulation of horses. Large animal neurology, ed 2, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell, pp 394-404.

2. Oswald J, Love S, Parkin TD, et al: Prevalence of cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy in a population of thoroughbred horses, Vet Rec 166:82-83, 2010.

3. McIlwraith CW: Developmental orthopedic disease. In McKinnon AO, Squires EL, Vaala WE, et al, editors: Equine reproduction, ed 2, Ames, IA, 2011, Wiley- Blackwell, pp 772-781.

4. Wagner PC, Grant BD, Watrous BJ, et al: A study of the heritability of cervical vertebral malformation in horses, AAEP Proceedings 31:43-50, 1985.

5. Glade MJ, Reimers TJ: Effects of dietary energy supply on serum thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine and insulin concentrations in young horses, J Endocrinol 104:93-98, 1985.

6. Lepeule J, Seegers H, Rondeau V, et al: Risk factors for the presence and extent of Developmental Orthopaedic Disease in the limbs of young horses: Insights from a count model, Prev Vet Med 101:96-106, 2011.

7. Corbin LJ, Blott SC, Swinburne JE, et al: A genome-wide association study of osteochondritis dissecans in the Thoroughbred, Mamm Genome 23:294-303,

2012.

8. Knight DA, Gabel A, Reed SM, et al: Correlation of dietary mineral to incidence and severit of metabolic bone disease in Ohio and Kentucky, AAEP Proc 31:445-461, 1985.

9. Vander Heyden L, Lejeune JP, Caudron I, et al: Association of breeding conditions with prevalence of osteochondrosis in foals, Vet Rec 172:68, 2013.

10. Mayhew IG, deLahunta A, Whitlock RH, et al: Spinal cord disease in the horse, Cornell Vet 68(Suppl 6):1-207, 1978.

11. Janes JG, Garrett KS, McQuerry KJ, et al: Cervical vertebral lesions in equine stenotic myelopathy, Vet Pathol 52:919-927, 2015.

12. Oswald J, Love S, Parkin TD, et al: Prevalence of cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy in a population of thoroughbred horses, Vet Rec 166:82-83, 2010.

13. Levine JM, Ngheim PP, Levine GJ, et al: Associations of sex, breed, and age with cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy in horses: 811 cases (1974-2007), J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:1453-1458, 2008.

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21. Tomizawa N, Nishimura R, Sasaki N, et al: Efficacy of the new radiographic measurement method for cervical vertebral instability in wobbling foals, J Vet Med Sci 56:1119-1122, 1994.

22. Tomizawa N, Nishimura R, Sasaki N, et al: Morphological analysis of cervical vertebrae in ataxic foals, J Vet Med Sci 56:1081-1085, 1994.

23. van Biervliet J, Mayhew IG, de Lahunta A: Cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy: Diagnosis, Clin Tech Equine Pract 5:54-59, 2006.

24. Van Biervliet J, Scrivani PV, Divers TJ, et al: Evaluation of decision criteria for detection of spinal cord compression based on cervical myelography in horses: 38 cases (1981-2001), Equine Vet J 36:14-20, 2004.

25. Moore BR, Holbrook TC, Stefanacci JD, et al: Contrast-enhanced computed- tomography and myelography in 6 horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy, Equine Vet J 24:197-202, 1992.

26. Janes JG, Garrett KS, McQuerry KJ, et al: Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with standing cervical radiographs for evaluation of vertebral canal stenosis in equine cervical stenotic myelopathy, Equine Vet J 46:681-686, 2014.

27. Prange T, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, et al: Cervical vertebral canal endoscopy in the horse: Intra- and post operative observations, Equine Vet J 43:404-411, 2011.

28. Prange T, Carr EA, Stick JA, et al: Cervical vertebral canal endoscopy in a horse with cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy, Equine Vet J 44:116-119, 2012.

29. Nollet H, Van Ham L, Dewulf J, et al: Standardization of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the horse, Vet J 166:244-250, 2003.

30. Nollet H, Deprez R, Van Ham L, et al: Transcranial magnetic stimulation: normal values of magnetic motor evoked potentials in 84 normal horses and influence of height, weight, age and sex, Equine Vet J 36:51-57, 2004.

31. Nollet H, Van Ham L, Verschooten F, et al: Use of magnetic motor-evoked potentials in horses with bilateral hind limb ataxia, Am J Vet Res 64:1382-1386, 2003.

32. Berg LC, Nielsen JV, Thoefner MB, et al: Ultrasonography of the equine cervical region: a descriptive study in eight horses, Equine Vet J 35:647-655, 2003.

33. Birmingham SSW, Reed SM, Mattoon JS, et al: Qualitative assessment of cor­ticosteroid cervical articular facet injection in symptomatic horses, Equine Vet Educ 22:77-82, 2010.

34. Hoffman CJ, Clark CK: Prognosis for racing with conservative management of cervical vertebral malformation in Thoroughbreds: 19 cases (2002-2010), J Vet Intern Med 25:663, Abstract E-611, 2011.

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38. Nout YS, Reed SM: Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy, Equine Vet Educ 15:212-223, 2003.

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40. Walmsley JR: Surgical treatment of cervical spinal cord compression in horses: a European experience, Equine Vet Educ 17:39-43, 2005.

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Neuroaxonal Dystrophy/Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy

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2. Mayhew IG, deLahunta A, Whitlock RH, et al: Equine degenerative myeloen- cephalopathy, J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:195-201, 1977.

3. Miller MM, Collatos C: Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:43-52, 1997.

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5. Finno CJ, Estell KE, Katzman S, et al: Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (-tocopherol and selenium concentrations in neonatal foals with neuroaxonal dystrophy, J Vet Intern Med 29:1667-1675, 2015.

6. Aleman M, Finno CJ, Higgins RJ, et al: Evaluation of epidemiological, clinical, and pathological features of neuroaxonal dystrophy in Quarter Horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 239:823-833, 2011.

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8. Beech J, Haskins M: Genetic studies of neuraxonal dystrophy in the Morgan, Am J Vet Res 48:109-113, 1987.

9. Blythe LL, Hultgren BD, Craig AM, et al: Clinical, viral, and genetic evaluation of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy in a family of Appaloosas, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1005-1013, 1991.

10. Finno CJ, Famula T, Aleman M, et al: Pedigree analysis and exclusion of alpha­tocopherol transfer protein (TTPA) as a candidate gene for neuroaxonal dystrophy in the American Quarter Horse, J Vet Intern Med 27:177-185, 2013.

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12. Mayhew IG, Brown CM, Stowe HD, et al: Equine degenerative myeloencepha- lopathy: a vitamin E deficiency that may be familial, J Vet Intern Med 1:45-50, 1987.

13. Gandini G, Fatzer R, Mariscoli M, et al: Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy in five Quarter Horses: clinical and neuropathological findings, Equine Vet J 36:83-85, 2004.

14. Finno CJ, Valberg SJ: A Comparative review of vitamin E and associated equine disorders, J Vet Intern Med 26:1251-1266, 2012.

15. Blythe LL, Craig AM, Lassen ED, et al: Serially determined plasma alpha­tocopherol concentrations and results of the oral vitamin E absorption test in clinically normal horses and in horses with degenerative myeloencephalopathy, Am J Vet Res 52:908-911, 1991.

16. Finno CJ, Bordbari MH, Valberg SJ, et al: Transcriptome profiling of equine vitamin E deficient neuroaxonal dystrophy identifies upregulation of liver X receptor target genes, Free Radic Biol Med 101:261-271, 2016.

17. Finno CJ, Valberg SJ, Shivers J, et al: Evidence of the Primary afferent tracts undergoing neurodegeneration in horses with equine degenerative myeloen- cephalopathy based on calretinin immunohistochemical localization, Vet Pathol 53:77-86, 2016.

18. Finno CJ, Aleman M, Ofri R, et al: Electrophysiological studies in American Quarter horses with neuroaxonal dystrophy, Vet Ophthalmol 15:3-7, 2012.

Spinal Cord Trauma

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35. Reardon RJM, Bailey R, Walmsley JP, et al: An in vitro biomechanical comparison of a locking compression plate fixation and kerf cut cylinder fixation for ventral arthrodesis of the fourth and the fifth equine cervical vertebrae, Vet Surg 39:980-990, 2010.

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Ankylosing Spondylitis of Holstein Bulls

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Spinal Tumors

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Verminous Meningoencephalomyelitis

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59. Innes JRM, Pillai CP: Kumri - so-called lumbar paralysis - of horses in Ceylon (India and Burma), and its identification with cerebrospinal nematodiasis, British Vet J 111:223-235, 1955.

60. Tung KC, Lai CH, Ooi HK, et al: Cerebrospinal setariosis with Setaria marshalli and Setaria digitata infection in cattle, J Vet Med Sci 65:977-983, 2003.

61. Mahmoud OM, Haroun EM, Omer OH: An outbreak of neurofilariosis in young goats, Vet Parasitol 120:151-156, 2004.

62. Mahmoud OM, Sulman A, Haroun EM, et al: Ivermectin treatment in an outbreak of cerebrospinal microfilariosis in goats in Saudi Arabia, Trop Anim Health Prod 26:177-179, 1994.

63. Frauenfelder HC, Kazacos KR, Lichtenfels JR: Cerebrospinal nematodiasis caused by a filariid in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:359-362, 1980.

64. Yoshihara T, Oikawa M, Kanemaru T, et al: Two cases of cerebrospinal setariosis in the racehorses, Bull Equine Res Inst 24:14-22, 1987.

65. Shoho C: Prophylaxis and therapy in epizootic cerebrospinal nematodiasis of animals by l-diethylcarbamyl-4-methyl-piperazine dihydrogen citrate - report of a second field trial, Vet Med 49:459-464, 1954.

Postanesthetic Myelopathy and Encephalopathy

1. Yovich JV, Lecouteur RA, Stashak TS, et al: Postanesthetic hemorrhagic myelopathy in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:300-301, 1986.

2. Hattel AL, McAllister ES: Pathology in Practice, JAm Vet Med Assoc 238:867-869,

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3. van Loon J, Meertens NM, van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MMS, et al: Post­anaesthetic myelopathy in a 3-year-old Friesian gelding, Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 135:272-277, 2010.

4. Gold JR, Divers TJ, de Lahunta A: Postanesthetic poliomyelopathy in a 7-day-old calf, J Vet Intern Med 19:775-778, 2005.

5. Joubert KE, Duncan N, Murray SE: Post-anaesthetic myelomalacia in a horse, J S Afr Vet Assoc 76:36-39, 2005.

6. Raidal SR, Raidal SL, Richards RB, et al: Acute paraplegia in a Thoroughbred race-horse after general anaesthesia, Aust Vet J 75:178-179, 1997.

7. Mark J: Morbidity, mortality, and risk of general anesthesia in horses, Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract 29:1, 2013.

8. McKay JS, Forest TW, Senior M, et al: Postanaesthetic cerebral necrosis in five horses, Vet Rec 150:70, 2002.

Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation

1. Chowdhary B: Genetics of equine neurologic disease, Ames, IA, 2013, John Wiley & Sons.

2. Mayhew IG, Watson AG, Heissan JA: Congenital occipitoatlantoaxial malforma­tions in horse, Equine Vet J 10:103-113, 1978.

3. Seva JI, Gomez S, Pallares FJ, et al: Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation in an adult goat, J Vet Diagn Invest 20:654-656, 2008.

4. Schmidt SP, Forsythe WB, Cowgill HM, et al: A case of congenital occipitoat- lantoaxial malformation (OAAM) in a lamb, J Vet Diagn Invest 5:458-462, 1993.

5. Watson AG, Wilson JH, Cooley AJ, et al: Occipito-atlanto-axial malformation with atlanto-axial subluxation in an ataxic calf, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:740-742, 1985.

6. Engelken TJ, Leipold HW, Spire MF, et al: Atlanto-occipital fusion in two polled Hereford calves, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 39:236-238, 1992.

7. Mayhew IG: Congenitaloccipitoatlantoaxial malformations in horse.1. Clinical presentation, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:869, 1978.

8. Watson AG: Congenital occipitoatlantoaxial malformation in horse.2. Radiologic confirmation, morphologic considerations, and pedigree analysis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:869, 1978.

9. Bordbari MH, Penedo MCT, Aleman M, et al: Deletion of 2.7 kb near HOXD3 in an Arabian horse with occipitoatlantoaxial malformation, Anim Genet 48:287-294, 2017.

10. Blikslager AT, Wilson DA, Constantinescu GM, et al: Atlantoaxial malformation in a half-Arabian colt, Cornell Vet 81:67-75, 1991.

11. Rosenstein DS, Schott HC, Stickle RL: Imaging diagnosis - Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation in a miniature horse foal, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:218-219,

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12. Delahunta A, Hatfield C, Dietz A: Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation with duplication of the atlas and axis in a half Arabian foal, Cornell Vet 79:185-193, 1989.

13. Wilson WD, Hughes SJ, Ghoshal NG, et al: Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation in 2 non-Arabian horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:36-40, 1985.

14. Bell S, Detweiler D, Benak J, et al: What is your diagnosis?, J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1033-1034, 2007.

15. Leipold HW, Brandt GW, Guffy M, et al: Congenital atlanto-occipital fusion in a foal, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 69:1312-1316, 1974.

16. Witte S, Alexander K, Bucellato M, et al: Congenital atlantoaxial luxation associated with malformation of the dens axis in a Quarter Horse foal, Equine Vet Educ 17:175-178, 2005.

17. White ME, Pennock PW, Seiler RJ: Atlanto-axial subluxation in 5 young cattle, Can Vet J 19:79-82, 1978.

18. Owen RAR, Smithmaxie LL: Repair of fractured dens of axis in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:854-856, 1978.

19. Nixon AJ, Stashak TS: Laminectomy for relief of atlanto-axial subluxation in 4 horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:677-682, 1988.

20. Licka T: Closed reduction of an atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial dislocation in a foal, Vet Rec 151:356, 2002.

Congenital Vertebral Malformations

1. Unt VE, Piercy RJ: Vertebral embryology and equine congenital vertebral anomalies, Equine Vet Educ 21:212-214, 2009.

2. Chaturvedi A, Klionsky NB, Nadarajah U, et al: Malformed vertebrae: a clinical and imaging review, Insights Imaging 9:343-355, 2018.

3. Buchholtz EA, Stepien CC: Anatomical transformation in mammals: develop­mental origin of aberrant cervical anatomy in tree sloths, Evol Dev 11:69-79, 2009.

4. May-Davis S: The occurrence of a congenital malformation in the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae predominantly observed in Thoroughbred horses, J Eq Vet Sci 34:1313-1317, 2014.

5. DeRouen A, Spriet M, Aleman M: Prevalence of anatomical variation of the sixth cervical vertebra and association with vertebral canal stenosis and articular process osteoarthritis in the horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 57:253-258, 2016.

6. Santinelli I, Beccati F, Arcelli R, et al: Anatomical variation of the spinous and transverse processes in the caudal cervical vertebrae and the first thoracic vertebra in horses, Equine Vet J 48:45-49, 2016.

7. Denoix JM: Thoracolumbar malformations or injuries and neurological manifesta­tions, Equine Vet Educ 17:191-194, 2005.

8. May-Davis S: Congenital malformations of the first sternal rib, J Eq Vet Sci 49:92-100, 2017.

9. Haussler KK, Stover SM, Willits NH: Developmental variation in lumbosacropelvic anatomy of Thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 58:1083-1091, 1997.

10. Rendle DI, Durham AE, Bestbier M, et al: Neurenteric cyst with associated butterfly vertebrae in a seven-month-old colt, Vet Rec 162:558-561, 2008.

11. Tokudome K, Ito S, Kato T, et al: Segmental spinal dysgenesis with caudal agenesis in a Holstein calf, J Vet Med Sci 79:2017.

12. Dean CE, Cebra CK, Frank AA: Persistent cloaca and caudal spinal agenesis in calves: Three cases, Vet Pathol 33:711-712, 1996.

13. Oviedo T, Gonzalez M, Oviedo M: Perosomus elumbis associated to hydro­cephalus, urogenital and anorectal anomalies in a mule fetus, Revista Mvz Cordoba 15:2121-2126, 2010.

14. de Castro MB, Szabo MPJ, Moscardini ARC, et al: Perosomus elumbis in a sheep in Brazil, Ciencia Rural 38:262-265, 2008.

15. Jones CJ: Perosomus elumbis (vertebral agenesis and arthrogryposis) in a stillborn Holstein calf, Vet Pathol 36:64-70, 1999.

16. Agerholm JS, Bendixen C, Arnbjerg J, et al: Morphological variation of “complex vertebral malformation” in Holstein calves, J Vet Diagn Invest 16:548-553, 2004.

17. Agerholm JS: Complex vertebral malformation syndrome in Holstein cattle: the story so far, Acta Vet Scand 49:2007.

18. Agerholm JS, McEvoy FJ, Menzi F, et al: A CHRNB1 frameshift mutation is associated with familial arthrogryposis multiplex congenita in Red dairy cattle, BMC Genomics 17:2016.

19. Peperkamp NH, Luttikholt SJ, Dijkman R, et al: Ovine and bovine congenital abnormalities associated with intrauterine infection with Schmallenberg virus, Vet Pathol 52:1057-1066, 2015.

20. Jiao SH, Chu Q, Wang YC, et al: Identification of the causative gene for Simmental arachnomelia syndrome using a network-based disease gene prioritization approach, PLoS ONE 8:2013.

21. Wong D, Miles K, Sponseller B: Congenital scoliosis in a Quarter Horse filly, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:279-282, 2006.

22. Wong DM, Scarratt WK, Rohleder J: Hindlimb paresis associated with kyphosis, hemivertebrae and multiple thoracic vertebral malformations in a Quarter Horse gelding, Equine Vet Educ 17:187-191, 2005.

23. de Heer N, Nout YS: Congenital kyphosis secondary to lumbar vertebral hypoplasia causing paraparesis in a Friesian foal, Equine Vet Educ 23:231-234,

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24. Nicacio MAC, Carvalho GD, Serrano MTL, et al: Open spina bifida in calf: first report in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 65:341-345,

2013.

25. Testoni S, Pria AD, Gallo D, et al: Spina bifida in calves: description of seven cases, Large Animal Review 16:63-66, 2010.

26. Cho DY, Leipold HW: Spina bifida and spinal dysraphism in calves, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 24:680-695, 1977.

27. Mc FL: Spina bifida with myelomeningocele in a calf, J Am Vet Med Assoc 134:32-34, 1959.

28. Doige CE: Congenital cleft vertebral centrum and intra- and extraspinal cyst in a foal, Vet Pathol 33:87-89, 1996.

29. Potter KA, Weston JF, Munday JS, et al: Spina bifida with associated malformations of the central nervous system in Dorper-cross sheep, N Z Vet J 58:315-318,

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30. Testoni S, Pria AD, Gentile A: Imaging diagnosis-cerebellar displacement and spina bifida in a calf, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 51:162-164, 2010.

31. Gruys E: Dicephalus, spina bifida, Arnold-Chiari malformation and duplication of thoracic organs in a calf. Description of the case and critical discussion of the pathogenesis of the Arnold-Chiari malformation, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 20:789-800, 1973.

32. Jacobsen B, Venner M, Gerdwilker A, et al: Ventral meningomyelocele in a German warmblood foal, Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 114:470-472, 2007.

33. Watson AG, Mayhew IG: Familial congenital occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) in the Arabian horse, Spine 11:334-339, 1986.

34. White PJ, Windsor PA: Congenital chondrodystrophy of unknown origin in beef herds, Vet J 193:336-343, 2012.

Myelodysplasias

1. Cho DY, Leipold HW: Spina bifida and spinal dysraphism in calves, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 24:680-695, 1977.

2. Mc FL: Spina bifida with myelomeningocele in a calf, J Am Vet Med Assoc 134:32-34, 1959.

3. Leipold HW, Cates WF, Radostits OM, et al: Spinal dysraphism, arthrogryposis and cleft palate in newborn charolais calves, Can Vet J 10:268-273, 1969.

4. Gruys E: Dicephalus, spina bifida, Arnold-Chiari malformation and duplication of thoracic organs in a calf. Description of the case and critical discussion of the pathogenesis of the Arnold-Chiari malformation, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 20:789-800, 1973.

5. Lempe A, Heine M, Bosch B, et al: Imaging diagnosis and clinical presentation of a Chiari malformation in a Thoroughbred foal, Equine Vet Educ 24:618-623, 2012.

6. Testoni S, Pria AD, Gallo D, et al: Spina bifida in calves: description of seven cases, Large Animal Review 16:63-66, 2010.

7. Greene HJ, Leipold HW, Huston K, et al: Bovine congenital defects: arthrogryposis and associated defects in calves, Am J Vet Res 34:887-891, 1973.

8. Dodge CE: Spina bifida, Can Vet J 16:22-26, 1975.

9. Potter KA, Weston JF, Munday JS, et al: Spina bifida with associated malformations of the central nervous system in Dorper-cross sheep, NZ Vet J 58:315-318, 2010.

10. Rokos J, Cekanova E, Kithierova E: Pathogenesis of trypan-blue induced spina bifida, J Pathol 118:1976.

11. Rokos J: Pathogenesis of diastematomyelia and spina bifida, J Pathol 117:155, 1975.

12. Keeler RF: Lupin alkaloids from teratogenic and nonteratogenic lupins. III. Identification of anagyrine as the probable teratogen by feeding trials, J Toxicol Environ Health 1:887-898, 1976.

13. Whittem JH: Congenital abnormalities in calves: arthrogryposis and hydran- encephaly, J Pathol Bacteriol 73:375, 1957.

14. Cesme H, Ipek V, Akkoc A, et al: Spinal malformation and syringomyelia in a calf, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, Uludag Universitesi 35:53-56, 2016.

15. Polledo L, Marin JFG, Martinez-Fernandez B, et al: Recurrent outbreaks of myelodysplasia in newborn calves, J Comp Pathol 147:479-485, 2012.

16. Singh UM, Little PB: Arthrogryposis and cleft palate in a Charolais calf, Can Vet J 13:21-24, 1972.

17. Doige CE: Congenital cleft vertebral centrum and intra- and extraspinal cyst in a foal, Vet Pathol 33:87-89, 1996.

18. Cho DY, Leipold HW: Syringomyelia in a thoroughbred foal, Equine Vet J 9:195-197, 1977.

19. Jacobsen B, Venner M, Gerdwilker A, et al: Ventral meningomyelocele in a German warmblood foal, Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 114:470-472, 2007.

20. Peperkamp NH, Luttikholt SJ, Dijkman R, et al: Ovine and bovine congenital abnormalities associated with intrauterine infection with Schmallenberg virus, Vet Pathol 52:1057-1066, 2015.

Acquired Torticollis

1. McKelvey WA, Owen RR: Acquired torticollis in eleven horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 175:295-297, 1979.

2. Keeler RF: Lupin alkaloids from teratogenic and nonteratogenic lupins. III. Identification of anagyrine as the probable teratogen by feeding trials, J Toxicol Environ Health 1:887-898, 1976.

3. Gruys E: Dicephalus, spina bifida, Arnold-Chiari malformation and duplication of thoracic organs in a calf. Description of the case and critical discussion of the pathogenesis of the Arnold-Chiari malformation, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 20:789-800, 1973.

4. Leipold HW, Husby F, Brundage AL, et al: Congenital defects of calves on Kodiak Island, J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:1408-1410, 1977.

5. Whittem JH: Congenital abnormalities in calves: arthrogryposis and hydranen- cephaly, J Pathol Bacteriol 73:375, 1957.

6. Van Biervliet J, De Lahunta A, Ennulat D, et al: Acquired cervical scoliosis in six horses associated with dorsal grey column chronic myelitis, Equine Vet J 36:86-92, 2004.

7. Vandeplassche M, Simoens P, Bouters R, et al: Aetiology and pathogenesis of congenital torticollis and head scoliosis in the equine foetus, Equine Vet J 16:419-424, 1984.

8. Conraths FJ, Beer M, Peters M: “Schmallenberg-Virus”: a novel infectious disease in ruminants, Tieraerztliche Umschau 67:147, 2012.

9. Smith RG: Operation for torticollis (congenital wry neck), Vet Rec 53:189, 1941.

Tetanus

1. Cato E, George WL, Finegold SM: Genus Clostridium praemoszski 1880, 23AL. In Smeath PHA, Mair NS, Sharpe ME, editors: Bergeys manual of systemic bacteriology, Baltimore, 1986, Williams and Wilkins, pp 1141-1200.

2. Wilkins CA, Richter MB, Hobbs WB, et al: Occurrence of Clostridium tetani in soil and horses, S Afr Med J 73:718-720, 1988.

3. Cook TM, Protheroe RT, Handel JM: Tetanus: a review of the literature, Br J Anaesth 87:477-487, 2001.

4. Almeida ACS, Ribeiro MG, Paes AC, et al: Tetanus in small ruminants: retrospec­tive study of major clinical and epidemiological findings in 11 cases, Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 64:1060-1064, 2012.

5. Aslani MR, Bazargani TT, Ashkar AA, et al: Outbreak of tetanus in lambs, Vet Rec 142:518-519, 1998.

6. Char NL, Rajeswarl KR, Reddy BVR: An outbreak of tetanus in sheep, Indian Vet J 70:297-300, 1993.

7. Drienmeier D, Schild AL, Fernandes JCT, et al: Outbreaks of tetanus in beef cattle and sheep in Brazil associated with disophenol injection, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 54:333-335, 2007.

8. Oconnor B, Leavitt S, Parker K: Tetanus in feeder calves associated with elastic castration, Can Vet J 34:311-312, 1993.

9. Green SL, Little CB, Baird JD, et al: Tetanus in the horse: a review of 20 cases (1970 to 1990), J Vet Intern Med 8:128-132, 1994.

10. van Galen G, Delguste C, Sandersen C, et al: Tetanus in the equine species: a retrospective study of 31 cases, Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 133:512-517, 2008.

11. Kay G, Knottenbelt DC: Tetanus in equids: a report of 56 cases, Equine Vet Educ 19:107-112, 2007.

12. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, et al: Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, ed 10, New York, 2007, SaundersZElsevier.

13. Goudswaard J, Joling KF, van der Schaaf A, et al: Idiopathic tetanus in a herd of yearling cattle, Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 94:1113-1117, 1969.

14. Turton K, Chaddock JA, Acharya KR: Botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins: structure, function and therapeutic utility, Trends Biochem Sci 27:552-558, 2002.

15. Erdmann G, Wiegand H, Wellhoner HH: Intraaxonal and extraaxonal transport of ¹²⁵I-tetanus toxin in early local tetanus, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 290:357-373, 1975.

16. Domenighetti GM, Savary G, Stricker H: Hyperadrenergic syndrome in severe tetanus: extreme rise in catecholamines responsive to labetalol, Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 288:1483-1484, 1984.

17. Trujillo MH, Castillo A, Espana J, et al: Impact of intensive care management on the prognosis of tetanus. Analysis of 641 cases, Chest 92:63-65, 1987.

18. van Galen G, Saegerman C, Rijckaert J, et al: Retrospective evaluation of 155 adult equids and 21 foals with tetanus in Western, Northern, and Central Europe (2000-2014). Part 1: Description of history and clinical evolution, J Vet Emerg Crit Care 27:684-696, 2017.

19. Sanford JP: Tetanus-forgotten but not gone, N Engl J Med 332:812-813, 1995.

20. Brook I: Current concepts in the management of Clostridium tetani infection, Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 6:327-336, 2008.

21. Akbulut D, Grant KA, McLauchlin J: Improvement in laboratory diagnosis of wound botulism and tetanus among injecting illicit-drug users by use of real-time PCR assays for neurotoxin gene fragments, J Clin Microbiol 43:4342-4348,

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22. Turillazzi E, Neri M, Pomara C, et al: An immunohistochemical study on a tetanus fatal case using toxin fragment C (TTC). Should it be a useful diagnostic tool?, Neuropathology 29:68-71, 2009.

23. Ribeiro MG, de Nardi G, Megid J, et al: Tetanus in horses: an overview of 70 cases, Pesqui Vet Bras 38:285-293, 2018.

24. Brook D: Tetanus in horses, Vet Rec 87:700-701, 1970.

25. Dolar D: The use of continuous atropine infusion in the management of severe tetanus, Intensive Care Med 18:26-31, 1992.

26. Smith MO, George LW: Tetanus (Lockjaw). In Smith BP, editor: Large Animal Internal Medicine, ed 4, St. Louis, 2009, Mosby Elsevier, pp 1089-1091.

27. MacKay RJ: Tetanus. In Sellon DC, Long MT, editors: Equine Infectious Diseases, ed 1, St. Louis, 2008, Saunders Elsevier, pp 376-380.

28. Farrar JJ, Yen LM, Cook T, et al: Tetanus, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69:292-301, 2000.

29. Owen LN, Leam G, Nestel BL: The treatment of tetanus with particular reference to chlorpromazine, Vet Rec 71:61-66, 1959.

30. Mykkanen AK, Hyytiainen HK, McGowan CM: Generalised tetanus in a 2-week-old foal: use of physiotherapy to aid recovery, Aust Vet J 89:447-451,

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31. Tidyman M, Prichard JG, Deamer RL, et al: Adjunctive use of dantrolene in severe tetanus, Anesth Analg 64:538-540, 1985.

32. Thwaites CL, Yen LM, Loan HT, et al: Magnesium sulphate for treatment of severe tetanus: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet 368:1436-1443, 2006.

33. Attygalle D, Rodrigo N: New trends in the management of tetanus, Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2:73-84, 2004.

34. Clarke G, Hill RG: Effects of a focal penicillin lesion on responses of rabbit cortical neurones to putative neurotransmitters, Br J Pharmacol 44:435-441,

1972.

35. Muylle E, Oyaert W, Ooms L, et al: Treatment of tetanus in horse by injections of tetanus antitoxin into subarachnoid space, J Am Vet Med Assoc 167:47-48, 1975.

36. Kabura L, Ilibagiza D, Menten J, et al: Intrathecal vs. intramuscular administration of human antitetanus immunoglobulin or equine tetanus antitoxin in the treatment of tetanus: a meta-analysis, Trop Med Int Health 11:1075-1081, 2006.

37. Guglick MA, Macallister CG, Ely RW, et al: Hepatic-disease associated with administration of tetanus antitoxin in 8 horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:1737-1740, 1995.

38. Hjerpe CA: Serum hepatitis in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 144:734, 1964.

39. Divers TJ, Peek SF, Rebhun WC: Rebhuns diseases of dairy cattle, ed 2Z[edited by] Divers TJ, Peek SF, ed, St. Louis, 2008, Saunders Elsevier.

40. Core vaccination guidelines—tetanus, Lexington, KY, 2012, American Association of Equine Practitioners.

41. Wilson WD, Mihaly JE, Hussey S, et al: Passive transfer of maternal immuno­globulin isotype antibodies against tetanus and influenza and their effect on the response of foals to vaccination, Equine Vet J 33:644-650, 2001.

42. East N, Rowe JD: Ovine and caprine vaccination programs. In Smith BP, editor: Large animal internal medicine, ed 4, St. Louis, 2009, Mosby Elsevier, pp 1587-1591.

Spinal Abscesses

1. Dodd DC, Cordes DO: Spinal abscess and cord compression syndrome in lambs, N Z Vet J 12:1, 1964.

2. Divers TJ: Acquired spinal cord and peripheral nerve disease, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim 20:231, 2004.

3. Snider TG, III, Luther DG, Jenny BF, et al: Encephalitis, lymphoid tissue depletion and secondary diseases associated with bovine immunodeficiency virus in a dairy herd, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 19:117, 1996.

4. Finley GG: A survey of vertebral abscesses in domestic animals in Ontario, Can Vet J 16:114, 1975.

5. Sherman DM, Ames TR: Vertebral body abscesses in cattle: a review of five cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:608, 1986.

6. Chladek DW, Ruth GR: Isolation of Actinobacillus lignieresii from an epidural abscess in a horse with progressive paralysis, J Am Vet Met Assoc 168:64, 1976.

7. Adams SB, Steckel R, Blevins W: Diskospondylitis in five horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:270, 1985.

8. Richardson DW: Eikenella corrodens osteomyelitis of the axis in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:298, 1986.

9. Olchowy TW: Vertebral body osteomyelitis due to Rhodococcus equi in two Arabian foals, Equine Vet J 26:79, 1994.

10. Chaffin MK, Honnas CM, Crabill MR, et al: Cauda equina syndrome, dis- kospondylitis, and a paravertebral abscess caused by Rhodococcus equi in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:215, 1995.

11. Dixon PM, Rowlands AC: Atlantooccipital joint infection associated with guttural pouch mycosis in a horse, Equine Vet J 13:260, 1981.

12. Walmsley JP: A case of atlantooccipital arthropathy following guttural pouch mycosis in a horse: the use of radioisotope bone scanning as an aid to diagnosis, Equine Vet J 20:219, 1988.

13. Markel MD, Madigan JE, Lichtensteiger CA, et al: Vertebral body osteomyelitis in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:632, 1986.

14. Walker DF: Causes of copulatory failure in beef bulls, Mod Vet Pract 65:252,

1984.

15. Scott PR: Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from field cases of some common ovine neurological diseases, Br Vet J 148:15, 1992.

16. Braun U, Schweizer G, Gerspach C, et al: Clinical findings in 11 cattle with abscesses in the thoracic vertebrae, Vet Rec 152:782, 2003.

17. Tyson R, Graham JP, Roberts GD, et al: What is your diagnosis? Osteomyelitis of a vertebral body, J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:515, 2004.

18. Scott PR, Will RG: A report of Froins syndrome in five ovine thoracolumbar epidural abscess cases, Br Vet J 147:582, 1991.

19. Collins JD, Kelly WR, Twomey T: Brucella-associated vertebral osteomyelitis in a Thoroughbred mare, Vet Rec 88:321, 1971.

20. Kelly WR, Collins JD, Farrelly BT: Vertebral osteomyelitis in a horse associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (M. bovis) infection, Am J Vet Rad Soc 13:59, 1972.

21. Evans LH, Dodd D, Walton FN: Clinicopathologic conference, J Am Vet Med Assoc 153:1085, 1968.

22. Baxter GM, Humphries GB, Jr: Percutaneous drainage of an abscess in the lateral neck region of a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:660, 1991.

Triaryl Phosphate Poisoning (Chronic Organophosphate Poisoning; Dying-Back Axonopathy)

1. Williams JF, Dade AW: Posterior paralysis associated with anthelminthic treatment of sheep, J Am Vet Med Assoc 169:1307, 1976.

2. Seung UK, Rizzuto N: Neuroaxonal degeneration induced by sodium diethyl­dithiocarbamate in cultures of central nervous tissue, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 34:531, 1975.

3. Patton SE, et al: Changes in brain and spinal cord protein phosphorylation after a single oral administration of tri-o-cresyl phosphate to hens, J Neurochem 45:1567, 1985.

4. Dollahite JW, Pierce KR: Neurologic disturbances due to triaryl phosphate toxicity, Am J Vet Res 30:1461, 1969.

5. Beck BE, Wood CD, Whenham GR: Triaryl phosphate poisoning in cattle, Vet Pathol 14:128, 1977.

6. Prantner MM, Sosalla MJ: Delayed organophosphate neurotoxicosis in four heifers, J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1453, 1993.

7. Coppock RW, Mostrom MS, Khan AA, et al: A review of nonpesticide phosphate ester-induced neurotoxicity in cattle, Vet Hum Toxicol 37:576, 1995.

8. Perdrizet JA, Cummings JF, de Lahunta A: Presumptive organophosphate-induced delayed neurotoxicity in a paralyzed bull, Cornell Vet 75:401, 1985.

9. Spencer PS, Schaumburg HH: Ultrastructural studies of the dying back process. IV. Differential vulnerability of PNS and CNS fibers in experimental central­peripheral distal axonopathies, J Neuropathol Exp Neuropathol 36:300, 1977.

10. Rose RJ, Hartley WJ, Baker W: Laryngeal paralysis in Arabian foals associated with oral haloxon administration, Equine Vet J 13:171, 1981.

11. Duncan ID, Brook D: Bilateral laryngeal paralysis in the horse, Equine Vet J 17:228, 1985.

12. Richardson RJ: Neurotoxic esterase: research trends and prospects, Neurotoxicology 4:157, 1983.

13. Johnson MK: Organophosphates and delayed neuropathy: is NTE alive and well?, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 102:385, 1990.

14. Weiner ML, Jortner BS: Organophosphate-induced delayed neurotoxicity of triaryl phosphates, Neurotoxicology 20:653, 1999.

Motor Unit and Cauda Equina Diseases Botulism

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3. Brooks CE, Clarke HJ, Graham DA, et al: Diagnosis of botulism types C and D in cattle by a monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA, Vet Rec 168:2011.

4. Nakamura K, Kohda T, Umeda K, et al: Characterization of the D/C mosaic neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum associated with bovine botulism in Japan, Vet Microbiol 140:147-154, 2010.

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6. Johnson AL, McAdams SC, Whitlock RH: Type A botulism in horses in the United States: a review of the past ten years (1998-2008), J Vet Diagn Invest 22:165-173, 2010.

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10. Otter A, Livesey C, Hogg R, et al: Risk of botulism in cattle and sheep arising from contact with broiler litter, Vet Rec 159:186-187, 2006.

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12. Souillard R, Le Marechal C, Ballan V, et al: A bovine botulism outbreak associated with a suspected cross-contamination from a poultry farm, Vet Microbiol 208:212-216, 2017.

13. Gerber V, Straub R, Frey J: Equine botulism and acute pasture myodystrophy: New soil-borne emerging diseases in Switzerland?, Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 148:553-559, 2006.

14. Braun U: Botulism in cattle, Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 148:331-339, 2006.

15. da Costa GM, Salvador SC, Pereira MN: Botulism in dairy cattle in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil, Ciencia Rural 38:2068-2071, 2008.

16. Myllykoski J, Lindstrom M, Keto-Timonen R, et al: Type C bovine botulism outbreak due to carcass contaminated non-acidified silage, Epidemiol Infect 137:284-293, 2009.

17. Ostrowski SR, Kubiski SV, Palmero J, et al: An outbreak of equine botulism type A associated with feeding grass clippings, J Vet Diagn Invest 24:601-603, 2012.

18. Wichtel JJ, Whitlock RH: Botulism associated with feeding alfalfa hay to horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:471-472, 1991.

19. Whitlock RH: Botulism (shaker foals, forage poisoning). In Smith BP, editor: Large animal internal medicine, ed 4, St. Louis, 2009, Mosby Elsevier, pp 1096-1101.

20. Kelch WJ, Kerr LA, Pringle JK, et al: Fatal Clostridium botulinum toxicosis in eleven Holstein cattle fed round bale barley haylage, J Vet Diagn Invest 12:453-455,

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21. Wilson RB, Boley MT, Corwin B: Presumptive botulism in cattle associated with plastic-packaged hay, J Vet Diagn Invest 7:167-169, 1995.

22. Yeruham I, Elad D, Avidar Y, et al: Outbreak of botulism type B in a dairy cattle herd: clinical and epidemiological aspects, Vet Rec 153:270-272, 2003.

23. Galey FD, Terra R, Walker R, et al: Type C botulism in dairy cattle from feed contaminated with a dead cat, J Vet Diagn Invest 12:204-209, 2000.

24. Kinde H, Bettey RL, Ardans A, et al: Clostridium botulinum type C intoxication associated with consumption of processed alfalfa hay cubes in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:742-746, 1991.

25. Trueman KF, Bock RE, Thomas RJ, et al: Suspected botulism in three intensively managed Australian cattle herds, Vet Rec 130:398-400, 1992.

26. Payne JH, Hogg RA, Otter A, et al: Emergence of suspected type D botulism in ruminants in England and Wales (2001 to 2009), associated with exposure to broiler litter, Vet Rec 168:2011.

27. Holzhauer M, Roest HIJ, de Jong MG, et al: Botulism in dairy cattle in 2008: symptoms, diagnosis, pathogenesis, therapy, and prevention, Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 134:564-570, 2009.

28. Relun A, Dorso L, Douart A, et al: A large outbreak of bovine botulism possibly linked to a massive contamination of grass silage by type D/C Clostridium botulinum spores on a farm with dairy and poultry operations, Epidemiol Infect 145:3477-3485, 2017.

29. Souillard R, Le Marechal C, Hollebecque F, et al: Occurrence of C. botulinum in healthy cattle and their environment following poultry botulism outbreaks in mixed farms, Vet Microbiol 180:142-145, 2015.

30. Silva ROS, Oliveira CA, Goncalves LA, et al: Botulism in ruminants in Brazil, Ciencia Rural 46:1411-1417, 2016.

31. Camara ACL, Oliveira CMD, do Vale AM, et al: Epidemiology, clinical signs, laboratorial and pathological findings in eight outbreaks of botulism in cattle in Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeastern Brazil, Acta Sci Vet 42:2014.

32. Wilkins PA, Palmer JE: Botulism in foals less than 6 months of age: 30 cases (1989-2002), J Vet Intern Med 17:702-707, 2003.

33. Swerczek TW: Experimentally induced toxicoinfectious botulism in horses and foals, Am J Vet Res 41:348-350, 1980.

34. Swerczek TW: Toxicoinfectious botulism in foals and adult horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:217-220, 1980.

35. Bohnel H, Gessler F: Presence of Clostridium botulinum and botulinum toxin in milk and udder tissue of dairy cows with suspected botulism, Vet Rec 172:397,

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36. Bohnel H, Schwagerick B, Gessler F: Visceral botulism-a new form of bovine Clostridium botulinum toxication, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 48:373-383,

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37. Dietsche J, Metzner M, Messelhausser U, et al: Significance of potentially toxinogenic Clostridium spp. with regard to herd health problems in Bavarian dairy herds, Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 131:44-52, 2018.

38. Fohler S, Discher S, Jordan E, et al: Detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin genes (A-F) in dairy farms from Northern Germany using PCR: a case-control study, Anaerobe 39:97-104, 2016.

39. Johnson AL, McAdams-Gallagher SC, Aceto H: Accuracy of a mouse bioassay for the diagnosis of botulism in horses, J Vet Intern Med 30:1293-1299, 2016.

40. Capek P, Dickerson TJ: Sensing the deadliest toxin: Technologies for botulinum neurotoxin detection, Toxins (Basel) 2:24-53, 2010.

41. Woudstra C, Skarin H, Anniballi F, et al: Neurotoxin gene profiling of Clostridium botulinum types C and D native to different countries within Europe, Appl Environ Microbiol 78:3120-3127, 2012.

42. Johnson AL, Sweeney RW, McAdams SC, et al: Quantitative real-time PCR for detection of the neurotoxin gene of Clostridium botulinum type B in equine and bovine samples, Vet J 194:118-120, 2012.

43. Johnson AL, McAdams-Gallagher SC, Sweeney RW: Quantitative real-time PCR for detection of neurotoxin genes of Clostridium botulinum types A, B and C in equine samples, Vet J 199:157-161, 2014.

44. Jubb TF, Ellis TM, Gregory AR: Diagnosis of botulism in cattle using elisa to detect antibody to botulinum toxins, Aust Vet J 70:226-227, 1993.

45. Mawhinney I, Palmer D, Gessler F, et al: Investigation of serology for diagnosis of outbreaks of botulism in cattle, Vet J 192:382-384, 2012.

46. Divers TJ, Bartholomew RC, Messick JB, et al: Clostridium botulinum type B toxicosis in a herd of cattle and a group of mules, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:382-386, 1986.

47. Aleman M, Williams DC, Jorge NE, et al: Repetitive stimulation of the common peroneal nerve as a diagnostic aid for botulism in foals, J Vet Intern Med 25:365-372, 2011.

48. Prutton JSW, Magdesian KG, Plummer A, et al: Survival of a foal with type A botulism, J Vet Intern Med 30:675-678, 2016.

49. Whitlock RH, Buckley C: Botulism, Vet Clin N Amer Equine Pract 13:107, 1997.

50. Stratford CH, Mayhew IG, Hudson NPH: Equine botulism: a clinical approach to diagnosis and management, Equine Vet Educ 26:441-448, 2014.

51. Johnson AL, McAdams-Gallagher SC, Aceto H: Outcome of adult horses with botulism treated at a veterinary hospital: 92 Cases (1989-2013), J Vet Intern Med 29:311-319, 2015.

52. Taylor SD, Toth B, Townsend WM, et al: Mechanical ventilation and management of an adult horse with presumptive botulism, J Vet Emerg Crit Care 24:594-601,

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53. Wilkins PA, Palmer JE: Mechanical ventilation in foals with botulism: 9 cases (1989-2002), J Vet Intern Med 17:708-712, 2003.

54. Fox CK, Keet CA, Strober JB: Recent advances in infant botulism, Pediatr Neurol 32:149-154, 2005.

Equine Motor Neuron Disease

1. Cummings JF, Delahunta A, George C, et al: Equine motor-neuron disease - A preliminary-report, Cornell Vet 80:357-379, 1990.

2. Divers TJ, Mohammed HO, Hintz HF, et al: Equine motor neuron disease: a review of clinical and experimental studies, Clin Tech Eq Pract 5:24-29, 2006.

3. Divers TJ, Mohammed HO, Cummings JF: Equine motor neuron disease, Vet Clin N Amer Equine Pract 13:97, 1997.

4. Divers TJ, de Lahunta A, Hintz HF, et al: Equine motor neuron disease, Equine Vet Educ 13:63-67, 2001.

5. MacKay RJ: Neurodegenerative disorders. In Furr M, Reed S, editors: Equine neurology, ed 1, Ames, IA, 2008, Blackwell Publishing, pp 235-256.

6. Lee S, Han J, Kang H: Equine motor neuron disease in a Jeju pony, J Vet Clin 30:142-145, 2013.

7. DeVilbiss BA, Mohammed HO, Divers TJ: Perception of equine practitioners regarding the occurrence of selected equine neurologic diseases in the Northeast over a 10-year period, J Eq Vet Sci 29:237-246, 2009.

8. McGorum BC, Mayhew IG, Amory H, et al: Horses on pasture may be affected by equine motor neuron disease, Equine Vet J 38:47-51, 2006.

9. Mohammed HO, Cummings JF, Divers TJ, et al: Risk factors associated with equine motor-neuron disease - a possible model for human MND, Neurology 43:966-971, 1993.

10. delaRuaDomenech R, Mohammed HO, Cummings JF, et al: Intrinsic, manage­ment, and nutritional factors associated with equine motor neuron disease, J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1261, 1997.

11. deLaRuaDomenech R, Mohammed HO, Cummings JF, et al: Association between plasma vitamin E concentration and the risk of equine motor neuron disease, Vet J 154:203-213, 1997.

12. Syrja P, Cizinauskas S, Sankari SM, et al: Equine motor neuron disease (EMND) in a horse without vitamin E deficiency: a sequela of iron excess?, Equine Vet Educ 18:122-126, 2006.

13. Divers TJ, Mohammed HO, Cummings JF, et al: Equine motor neuron disease - findings in 28 horses and proposal of a pathophysiological mechanism for the disease, Equine Vet J 26:409-415, 1994.

14. Diez de Castro E, Zafra R, Acevedo LM, et al: Eosinophilic enteritis in horses with motor neuron disease, J Vet Intern Med 30:873-879, 2016.

15. Finno CJ, Miller AD, Siso S, et al: Concurrent equine degenerative myeloen- cephalopathy and equine motor neuron disease in three young horses, J Vet Intern Med 30:1344-1350, 2016.

16. Palencia P, Quiroz-Rothe E, Rivero JLL: New insights into the skeletal muscle phenotype of equine motor neuron disease: a quantitative approach, Acta Neuropathol 109:272-284, 2005.

17. Riis RC, Jackson C, Rebhun W, et al: Ocular manifestations of equine motor neuron disease, Equine Vet J 31:99-110, 1999.

18. Divers TJ, Cummings JE, de Lahunta A, et al: Evaluation of the risk of motor neuron disease in horses fed a diet low in vitamin E and high in copper and iron, Am J Vet Res 67:120-126, 2006.

19. Mohammed HO, Divers TJ, Summers BA, et al: Vitamin E deficiency and risk of equine motor neuron disease, Acta VetScand 49:17, 2007.

20. Wijnberg ID: Equine motor neuron disease, Equine Vet Educ 18:126-129, 2006.

21. Kyles KWJ, McGorum BC, Fintl C, et al: Electromyography under caudal epidural anaesthesia as an aid to the diagnosis of equine motor neuron disease, Vet Rec 148:536-538, 2001.

22. Robin M, Malbon A, Ricci E, et al: Reduced tongue tone associated with degeneration of the hypoglossal nerve nucleus in a horse with equine motor neuron disease, Equine Vet Educ 28:434-438, 2016.

23. Sasaki N, Imamura Y, Sekiya A, et al: Four cases of equine motor neuron disease in Japan, J Equine Sci 27:119-124, 2016.

24. Blythe LL, Craig AM, Lassen ED, et al: Serially determined plasma alpha­tocopherol concentrations and results of the oral vitamin E absorption test in clinically normal horses and in horses with degenerative myeloencephalopathy, Am J Vet Res 52:908-911, 1991.

25. Finno CJ, Valberg SJ: A comparative review of vitamin E and associated equine disorders, J Vet Intern Med 26:1251-1266, 2012.

26. Brown JC, Valberg SJ, Hogg M, et al: Effects of feeding two RRR-tocopherol formulations on serum, cerebrospinal fluid and muscle -tocopherol concentrations in horses with subclinical vitamin E deficiency, Equine Vet J 49:753-758, 2017.

27. Wijnberg ID, Back W, de Jong M, et al: The role of electromyography in clinical diagnosis of neuromuscular locomotor problems in the horse, Equine Vet J 36:718-722, 2004.

28. Benders NA, Dyer J, Wijnberg ID, et al: Evaluation of glucose tolerance and intestinal luminal membrane glucose transporter function in horses with equine motor neuron disease, Am J Vet Res 66:93-99, 2005.

29. van der Kolk JH, Rijnen K, Rey F, et al: Evaluation of glucose metabolism in three horses with lower motor neuron degeneration, Am J Vet Res 66:271-276,

2005.

30. Jackson CA, DeLahunta A, Cummings JF, et al: Spinal accessory nerve biopsy as an ante mortem diagnostic test for equine motor neuron disease, Equine Vet J 28:215-219, 1996.

31. Valentine BA, Delahunta A, George C, et al: Acquired equine motor-neuron disease, Vet Pathol 31:130-138, 1994.

Acquired Equine Polyneuropathy (Scandinavian Knuckling Syndrome)

1. Grondahl G, Hanche-Olsen S, Brojer J, et al: Acquired equine polyneuropathy in Norway and Sweden: a clinical and epidemiological study, Equine Vet J 44:36-44,

2012.

2. Hahn CN, Matiasek K, Syrja P, et al: Polyneuropathy of Finnish horses characterised by inflammatory demyelination and intracisternal Schwann cell inclusions, Equine Vet J 40:231-236, 2008.

3. Hanche-Olsen S, Matiasek K, Molin J, et al: Acquired equine polyneuropathy of Nordic horses: a conspicuous inclusion body schwannopathy, Neuromuscul Disord 27:931-941, 2017.

4. Hanche-Olsen S, Kielland C, Ihler CF, et al: Long-term follow-up of Norwegian horses affected with acquired equine polyneuropathy, Equine Vet J 49:577-583, 2017.

5. Furuoka H, Okamoto R, Kitayama S, et al: Idiopathic peripheral neuropathy in the horse with knuckling: muscle and nerve lesions in additional cases, Acta Neuropathol 96:431-437, 1998.

Polyneuritis Equi (Neuritis of Cauda Equina)

1. Aleman M, Katzman SA, Vaughan B, et al: Antemortem Diagnosis of Polyneuritis Equi, J Vet Intern Med 23:665-668, 2009.

2. Bertelsen MF, Enemark JMD, Olsen SN: Polyneuritis equi: review and cases, Dansk Veterinartidsskrift 89:19-23, 2006.

3. Hahn CN: Miscellaneous disorders of the equine nervous system: Horner's syndrome and polyneuritis equi, Clin Tech Equine Pract 5:43-48, 2006.

4. Vatistas NJ, Mayhew IG, Whitwell KE, et al: Polyneuritis equi: a clinical review incorporating a case report of a horse displaying unconventional signs, Prog Vet Neurol 2:67-72, 1991.

5. Scarratt WK, Jortner BS: Neuritis of the cauda equina in a yearling filly, Compend Contin Educ Vet 7:S197, 1985.

6. Fankhauser R, Gerber H, Cravero GC, et al: Clinical aspects and pathology of neuritis caudae quinae (NCE) in the horse, Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 117:675-699, 1975.

7. van Galen G, Cassart D, Sandersen C, et al: The composition of the inflammatory infiltrate in three cases of polyneuritis equi, Equine Vet J 40:185-188, 2008.

8. Hahn CN: Polyneuritis equi: The role of T-lymphocytes and importance of differential clinical signs, Equine Vet J 40:100, 2008.

9. White PL, Genetzky RM, Pohlenz JFL, et al: Neuritis of the cauda equina in a horse, Compend Contin Educ Vet 6:S217, 1984.

10. Edington N, Wright JA, Patel JR, et al: Equine adenovirus-1 isolated from cauda-equina neuritis, Res Vet Sci 37:252-254, 1984.

11. Held JP, Vanhooser S, Prater P, et al: Impotence in a stallion with neuritis cauda-equina - a case-report, J Eq Vet Sci 9:67-68, 1989.

12. Rousseaux CG, Futcher KG, Clark EG, et al: Cauda-equina-neuritis - a chronic idiopathic polyneuritis in 2 horses, Can Vet J 25:214-218, 1984.

13. Cummings JF, Lahunta AD, Timoney JF: Neuritis of the cauda-equina, a chronic idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis in the horse, Acta Neuropathol 46:17-24, 1979.

14. Beech J: Neuritis of the cauda equina, Proc, 22nd Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Pract 75-76, 1977.

15. Fordyce PS, Edington N, Bridges GC, et al: Use of an ELISA in the differential­diagnosis of cauda equine neuritis and other equine neuropathies, Equine Vet J 19:55-59, 1987.

16. Kadlubowski M, Ingram PL: Circulating antibodies to the neuritogenic myelin protein, P-2, in neuritis of the cauda-equina of the horse, Nature 293:299-300,

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Sorghum Toxicity

1. McKenzie RA, McMicking LI: Ataxia and urinary incontinence in cattle grazing sorghum, Aust Vet J 53:496-497, 1977.

2. Vankampen K: Sudan grass and sorghum poisoning of horses—a possible lathyrogenicdisease, JAVMA 156:1970.

3. Adams LG, Dollahit JW, Romane WM, et al: Cystitis and ataxia associated with sorghum ingestion by horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:518, 1969.

4. Knight PR: Equine cystitis and ataxia associated with grazing of pastures dominated by sorghum species, Aust Vet J 44:257, 1968.

5. Soto-Blanco B, Maiorka PC, Gorniak SL: Neuropathologic study of long term cyanide administration to goats, Food Chem Toxicol 40:1693-1698, 2002.

6. Everist SE: Poisonous plants of Australia, ed 3, Sydney, 1981, Angus & Robertson.

7. Juffo GD, Pavarini SP, Wouters F, et al: Spontaneous poisoning by Sorghum sudanense in dairy cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, Pesqui Vet Bras 32:217-220,

2012.

8. Bradley GA, Metcalf HC, Reggiardo C, et al: Neuroaxonal degeneration in sheep grazing sorghum pastures, J Vet Diagn Invest 7:229-236, 1995.

9. da Nobrega JE, Riet-Correa F, Medeiros RMT, et al: Poisoning by Sorghum halepense (Poaceae) in cattle in the Brazilian semiarid, Pesqui Vet Bras 26:201-204,

2006.

10. Bapat JA, Abhyankar YN: Cyanide poisoning in cattle due to feeding of sorghum, Indian J Anim Sci 54:577-578, 1984.

Stringhalt

1. Pemberton DH, Caple IW: Australian stringhalt in horses, Vet Ann 22:167, 1980.

2. Huntington PJ, Jeffcott LB, Friend SC, et al: Australian Stringhalt - epidemiologi­cal, clinical and neurological investigations, Equine Vet J 21:266-273,

1989.

3. Araujo JA, Curcio B, Alda J, et al: Stringhalt in Brazilian horses caused by Hypochaeris radicata, Toxicon 52:526-529, 2008.

4. Cahill JI, Goulden BE, Pearce HG: A review and some observations on stringhalt, NZ Vet J 33:101-104, 1985.

5. Torre F: Clinical diagnosis and results of surgical treatment of 13 cases of acquired bilateral stringhalt (1991-2003), Equine Vet J 37:181-183, 2005.

6. Oliver OJ, Suarez JC: An outbreak of Australian Stringhalt associated with skin lesions in Colombia, Revista Colombiana De Ciencias Pecuarias 29:226-234,

2016.

7. Dixon RT, Stewart GA: Clinical and pharmacological observations in a case of equine stringhalt, Aust Vet J 45:127, 1969.

8. Schultze C, Wuttke W, Otto B, et al: Australian stringhalt in Germany, Pferde- heilkunde 25:115-117, 2009.

9. Draper ACE, Trumble TN, Firshman AM, et al: Posture and movement characteristics of forward and backward walking in horses with shivering and acquired bilateral stringhalt, Equine Vet J 47:175-181, 2015.

10. Kendall WT: The Diseases of Australian horses, Melbourne, 1884, Cameron, Laing and Co.

11. Barry WC: The incidence of Australian stringhalt in horses, NZ Vet J 4:26-27, 1956.

12. Gardner SY, Cook AG, Jortner BS, et al: Stringhalt associated with a pasture infested with Hypochaeris radicata, Equine Vet Educ 17:118-122, 2005.

13. Domange C, Casteignau A, Collignon G, et al: Longitudinal study of Australian stringhalt cases in France, J Anim Physiol A N 94:712-720, 2010.

14. Takahashi T, Kitamura M, Endo Y, et al: An Outbreak of stringhalt resembling Australian stringhalt in japan, J Equine Sci 13:93-100, 2002.

15. Slocombe RF, Huntington PJ, Friend SC, et al: Pathological aspects of Australian stringhalt, Equine Vet J 24:174-183, 1992.

16. Cahill JI, Goulden BE: Stringhalt-current thoughts on aetiology and pathogenesis, Equine Vet J 24:174-183, 1992.

17. Crabill MR, Honnas CM, Taylor DS, et al: Stringhalt secondary to trauma to the dorsoproximal region of the metatarsus in horses: 10 cases (1986-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:867-869, 1994.

18. Araya O, Krause A, Solis de Ovando M: Outbreaks of stringhalt in southern Chile, Vet Rec 142:462-463, 1998.

19. Cahill JI, Goulden BE, Jolly RD: Stringhalt in horses: a distal axonopathy, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 12:459-475, 1986.

Tick Paralysis

1. Tee SY, Feary DJ: Suspected tick paralysis (Ixodes holocyclus) in a Miniature Horse, Aust Vet J 90:181-185, 2012.

2. Diaz JH: A comparative meta-analysis of tick paralysis in North America and Australia: epidemiology, clinical and electrodiagnostic manifestations and outcomes, Am J Trop Med Hyg 83:244, 2010.

3. Clark HC, Childress RD, Coleman NC: Tick paralysis in a calf, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 75:1030, 1980.

4. Doube BM, Kemp DH, Bird PE: Paralysis of calves by tick, Ixodes holocyclus, Aust Vet J 53:39-43, 1977.

5. Doube BM: Cattle and paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus, Aust Vet J 51:511-515, 1975.

6. Sloan CA: Mortality in sheep due to Ixodes species, Aust Vet J 44:527, 1968.

7. Ruppin M, Sullivan S, Condon F, et al: Retrospective study of 103 presumed cases of tick (Ixodes holocyclus) envenomation in the horse, Aust Vet J 90:175-180,

2012.

8. Barrington GM, Parish SM: Tick paralysis in 2 llamas, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:476-477, 1995.

9. Schofield LN, Saunders JR: An incidental case of tick paralysis in a Holstein calf exposed to Dermacentor andersoni, Can Vet J 33:190-191, 1992.

10. Lysyk TJ, Dergousoff SJ: Can Subclinical infestation by paralyzing Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) induce immunity to tick paralysis in sheep?, JMed Entemol 53:496-499, 2016.

11. Fourie LJ, Kok DJ: Seasonal dynamics of the Karoo paralysis tick (Ixodes rubicundus): a comparative study on Merino and Dorper sheep, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 63:273-276, 1996.

12. Petney TN, Fourie LJ: The dispersion of the karoo paralysis tick, Ixodes rubicundus, within a naturally infested population of sheep in South Africa, Vet Parasitol 34:345-352, 1990.

13. Schniewind A, Gothe R, Neu H: On the patho-physiology of tick paralysis of sheep caused by Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neumann, 1897, Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 96:81-85, 1983.

14. Chrisman CL: Differentiation of tick paralysis and acute idiopathic polyradicu­loneuritis in the dog using electromyography, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 11:455, 1975.

15. Stone BF, Neish AL, Morrison JJ, et al: Toxoid stimulation in dogs of high titers of neutralizing antibodies against holocyclotoxin, the paralyzing toxin of the Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus, Aust Vet J 63:125-127, 1986.

16. Nagy DW: Parelaphostrongylus tenuis and other parasitic diseases of the ruminant nervous system, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 20:393, 2004.

17. Fearnley A: Possible reasons for variation in Ixodes holocyclus toxicity, Aust Vet Pract 32:76, 2002.

18. Jonsson NN, Rozmanec M: Tick paralysis and hepatic lipidosis in a llama, Aust Vet J 75:250-253, 1997.

19. Atwell RB, Campbell FE: Reactions to tick antitoxin serum and the role of atropine in treatment of dogs and cats with tick paralysis caused by Ixodes holocyclus: a pilot survey, Aust Vet J 79:394-397, 2001.

Equine Grass Sickness

1. Wylie CE, Proudman CJ: Equine grass sickness: epidemiology, diagnosis, and global distribution, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 25:381-399, 2009.

2. McGorum BC, Pirie RS: Equine dysautonomia, Vet Clin Nth Am Equine Pract 34:113, 2018.

3. Uzal FA, Robles CA: Mal seco, a grass sickness-like syndrome of horses in Argentina, Vet Res Commun 17:449-457, 1993.

4. Hedderson EJ, Newton JR: Prospects for vaccination against equine grass sickness, Equine Vet J 36:186-191, 2004.

5. Wright A, Beard L, Bawa B, et al: Dysautonomia in a six-year-old mule in the United States, Equine Vet J 42:170-173, 2010.

6. Protopapas KF, Spanoudes KAM, Diakakis NE, et al: Equine grass sickness in Cyprus: a case report, Turk J Vet Anim Sci 36:85-87, 2012.

7. Gilmour JS, Jolly GM: Some aspects of the epidemiology of equine grass sickness, Vet Rec 95:77-81, 1974.

8. Doxey DL, Gilmour JS, Milne EM: The relationship between meteorological features and equine grass sickness (dysautonomia), Equine Vet J 23:370-373, 1991.

9. McCarthy HE, Proudman CJ, French NP: Epidemiology of equine grass sickness: a literature review (1909-1999), Vet Rec 149:293-300, 2001.

10. Wood JL, Milne EM, Doxey DL: A case-control study of grass sickness (equine dysautonomia) in the United Kingdom, Vet J 156:7-14, 1998.

11. French NP, McCarthy HE, Diggle PJ, et al: Clustering of equine grass sickness cases in the United Kingdom: a study considering the effect of position-dependent reporting on the space-time K-function, Epidemiol Infect 133:343-348, 2005.

12. Newton JR, Wylie CE, Proudman CJ, et al: Equine grass sickness: are we any nearer to answers on cause and prevention after a century of research?, Equine Vet J 42:477-481, 2010.

13. Newton JR, Hedderson EJ, Adams VJ, et al: An epidemiological study of risk factors associated with the recurrence of equine grass sickness (dysautonomia) on previously affected premises, Equine Vet J 36:105-112, 2004.

14. Wylie CE, Proudman CJ, McGorum BC, et al: A nationwide surveillance scheme for equine grass sickness in Great Britain: Results for the period 2000-2009, Equine Vet J 43:571-579, 2011.

15. McGorum BC, Pirie RS, Fry SC: Quantification of cyanogenic glycosides in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) from horse pastures in relation to equine grass sickness, Grass Forage Sci 67:274-279, 2012.

16. Michl J, Modarai M, Edwards S, et al: Metabolomic Analysis of Ranunculus spp. as potential agents involved in the etiology of equine grass sickness, J Agric Food Chem 59:10388-10393, 2011.

17. Hunter LC, Miller JK, Poxton IR: The association of Clostridium botulinum type C with equine grass sickness: a toxicoinfection?, Equine Vet J 31:492-499, 1999.

18. Hunter LC, Poxton IR: Systemic antibodies to Clostridium botulinum type C: Do they protect horses from grass sickness (dysautonomia), Equine Vet J 33:547-553, 2001.

19. McCarthy HE, French NP, Edwards GB, et al: Equine grass sickness is associated with low antibody levels to Clostridium botulinum: a matched case-control study, Equine Vet J 36:123-129, 2004.

20. Ireland JL, McGorum BC, Proudman CJ, et al: Designing a field trial of an equine grass sickness vaccine: a questionnaire-based feasibility study, Vet J 213:64-71, 2016.

21. Equine grass sickness vaccine trial: Equine grass sickness surveillance scheme. http://www.equinegrasssickness.co.uk/. (Accessed 3 August 2018).

22. Cottrell DF, McGorum BC, Pearson GT: The neurology and enterology of equine grass sickness: a review of basic mechanisms, Neurogastroenterol Motil 11:79-92, 1999.

23. Hahn CN, Mayhew IG, de Lahunta A: Central neuropathology of equine grass sickness, Acta Neuropathol 102:153-159, 2001.

24. Johnson P, Dawson AM, Mould DL: Serum protein changes in grass sickness, Res Vet Sci 35:165-170, 1983.

25. Doxey DL, Milne EM, Gilmour JS, et al: Clinical and biochemical features of grass sickness (equine dysautonomia), Equine Vet J 23:360-364, 1991.

26. Hahn CN, Mayhew IG: Phenylephrine eyedrops as a diagnostic test in equine grass sickness, Vet Rec 147:603-606, 2000.

27. Doxey DL, Pogson DM, Milne EM, et al: Clinical equine dysautonomia and autonomic neuron damage, Res Vet Sci 53:106-109, 1992.

Peripheral Nerve Disorders

1. Hermann RC, Jr: Mechanical nerve injuries. In Noseworthy J, editor: Neurological therapeutics: principles and practice, London, 2003, Martin Dunitz, p 1953.

2. Tucker H: Human laryngeal reinnervation, Laryngoscope 86:769, 1976.

3. Vaughan LC: Peripheral nerve injuries: an experimental study in cattle, Vet Rec 76:1293, 1964.

4. Schneider RK, Bramlage LR: Suprascapular nerve injury in horses, Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 12:1783, 1990.

5. Ruegsegger F, Steffen F, Nuss KA: Partial brachial plexus paresis in three calves, Vet Rec 171:401, 2012.

6. Mayhew IG: Clinical application of needle electromyography to evaluate lesions involving nerves of the brachial plexus, Equine Vet Educ 5:103, 1993.

7. Carli A: Case report: bilateral radial nerve paralysis in a newborn foal, Ippologia 17:17, 2006.

8. Kaneps AJ, Blythe LL: Diagnosis and treatment of brachial-plexus trauma resulting from dystocia in a calf, Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 8:S4, 1986.

9. Lopez MJ, Nordberg C, Trostle S: Fracture of the 7th cervical and 1st thoracic vertebrae presenting as radial nerve paralysis in a horse, Can Vet J 38:112, 1997.

10. Rooney J: Radial paralysis in the horse, Cornell Vet 53:328, 1963.

11. Trim CM, Mason J: Post-anaesthetic forelimb lameness in horses, Equine Vet J 5:71, 1973.

12. Duffell SJ, Wells GA, Winkler CE: “Kangaroo gait” in ewes: a peripheral neu­ropathy, Vet Rec 118:296, 1986.

13. Clements AC, Mellor DJ, Innocent GT, et al: A descriptive study of “kangaroo gait” in sheep in northern Britain, Prev Vet Med 61:147, 2003.

14. Clements AC, Mellor DJ, Johnston PE, et al: Clinical and pathological investiga­tions of “kangaroo gait” in sheep, Vet Rec 150:485, 2002.

15. O'Toole D, Wells GA, Green RB, et al: Radial and tibial nerve pathology of two lactating ewes with “kangaroo gait.”, J Comp Pathol 100:245, 1989.

16. Bourke C: Are ovine fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) staggers and kangaroo gait of lactating ewes two clinically and pathologically similar nervous disorders?, Aust Vet J 87:99, 2009.

17. Healy AM: Dystocia and femoral nerve paralysis in calves, Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 19:1299, 1997.

18. Dyson S, Taylor P, Whitwell K: Femoral nerve paralysis after general anaesthesia, Equine Vet J 20:376, 1988.

19. Cox VS, Breazile JE, Hoover TR: Surgical and anatomic study of calving paralysis, Am J Vet Res 36:427, 1975.

20. Goerigk D, Bottcher D, Locher L, et al: Unilateral paralysis of the sciatic nerve in calves—a case report, Praktische Tierarzt 91:686, 2010.

21. Cox VS, Martin CE: Peroneal nerve paralysis in a heifer, J Am Vet Med Assoc 167:142, 1975.

22. Keown GH: Peroneal nerve damage, Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 20:445, 1956.

23. Sloss V: Clinical-study of dystocia in cattle. 2. Complications, Aust Vet J 50:294, 1974.

24. Cox VS, Breazile JE: Experimental bovine obturator paralysis, Vet Rec 93:109,

1973.

25. Bjorsell KA, Holtenius P, Jacobsson SO: Studies on parturient paresis with special reference to the downer cow syndrome, Acta Vet Scand 10:36, 1969.

26. Jonsson G, Pehrson B: Studies on the downer syndrome in dairy cows, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 16:757, 1969.

Downer Cows (Alert Downers)

1. Van Metre DC, Callan RJ: Downer cows: diagnosis and assessment, Proc ACVIM Forum 21:318, 2003.

2. Curtis RA, Cote JF, Willoughby RA: The downer cow syndrome: a complication, not a disease, Mod Vet Pract 51:25, 1970.

3. Bjorsell KA, Holtenius P, Jacobsson SO: Studies on parturient paresis with special reference to the downer cow syndrome, Acta Vet Scand 10:36, 1969.

4. Waage S: Milk fever and the downer cow syndrome: prognostic factors at first treatment. Reports and Summaries of the XI International Congress on Diseases of Cattle. 2:1250, 1980.

5. Jonsson G, Pehrson B: Studies on the downer syndrome in dairy cows, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 16:757, 1969.

6. Hallgren W: Studies on parturient paresis in dairy cows, Nord Vet Med 7:433, 1955.

7. Cox VS, Marsh WE, Steuernagel GR, et al: Downer cow occurrence in Minnesota dairy herds, Prev Vet Med 4:249, 1986.

8. Cox VS, McGrath CJ, Jorgensen SE: The role of pressure damage in pathogenesis of the downer cow syndrome, Am J Vet Res 43:26, 1982.

9. Gelberman RH, Szabo RM, Williamson RV, et al: Tissue pressure threshold for peripheral nerve viability, Clin Orthop 178:285, 1983.

10. Prasad B, Rathor SS, Wadhwa DR: A note on serum creatine phosphokinase and transaminases in downer cows, Indian J Vet Med 8:159, 1988.

11. Shpigel NY, Avidar Y, Bogin E: Value of measurements of the serum activities of creatine phosphokinase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase for predicting whether recumbent dairy cows will recover, Vet Rec 152:773, 2003.

12. Archard D, Francoz D, Grimes C, et al: Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in recumbent adult dairy cows with or without spinal cord lesions, J Vat Intern Med 31:940,

2017.

13. Rasmussen AJ: Fysiurgisk behandling af lammelser hos, Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift 65:1018, 1982.

14. Angelos JA, Smith BP, George LW, et al: Flotation therapy for downer cows, Proc ACVIM Forum 15:683, 1997.

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3. Edwards JF, Storts RW, Joyce JR, et al: Juvenile-onset neuronal ceroid lipofus­cinosis in Rambouillet sheep, Vet Pathol 31:48, 1994.

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42. Embury DH, Jerrett IV: Mannosidosis in Galloway calves, Vet Pathol 22:548,

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45. Jolly RD: Mannosidosis and its control in Angus and Murray Grey cattle, N Z Vet J 26:194, 1978.

46. Healy PH, Harper PAW, Dennis JA: Phenotypic variation in bovine α-mannosidosis, Res Vet Sci 49:82, 1990.

47. Borland NA, Jerrett IV, Embury DH: Mannosidosis in aborted and stillborn Galloway calves, Vet Rec 114:403, 1984.

48. Jolly RD, Thompson KG: The pathology of bovine mannosidosis, Vet Pathol 15:141, 1978.

49. Healy PJ: Testing for undesirable traits in cattle, an Australian perspective, J Anim Sci 74:917, 1996.

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51. Jolly RD, Thompson KG, Bayliss SL, et al: β-Mannosidosis in a Salers calf: a new storage disease of cattle, N Z Vet J 38:102, 1990.

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60. Cavanagh K, Dunstan RW, Jones MZ: Plasma α- and β-mannosidase activities in caprine β-mannosidosis, Am J Vet Res 43:1058, 1982.

61. Jones MZ, Laine RA: Caprine oligosaccharide storage disease, J Biol Chem 256:5181, 1981.

62. Cavanagh K, Dunstan RW, Jones MZ: Measurement of caprine plasma β-mannosidase with a p-nitrophenyl substrate, Am J Vet Res 44:681, 1983.

63. Lovell KL, Matsuura F, Patterson J, et al: Biochemical and morphological expression of early prenatal caprine β-mannosidosis, Prenat Diagn 17:551, 1997.

64. Kumar K, Jones MZ, Cunningham JG, et al: Caprine β-mannosidosis: phenotypic features, Vet Rec 118:325, 1986.

65. Render JA, Lovell KL, Jones MZ, et al: Ocular pathology of caprine β-mannosidosis, Vet Pathol 26:444, 1989.

66. Jones MZ, Rathke EJ, Gage DA, et al: Oligosaccharides accumulated in the bovine β-mannosidosis kidney, J Inher Metab Dis 15:57, 1992.

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70. Lovell KL, Jones MZ: Axonal and myelin lesions in β-mannosidosis: ultra- structural characteristics, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 65:293, 1985.

71. Lovell KL, Jones MZ: Prenatal dysmyelogenesis in caprine β-mannosidosis: morphometric and ultrastructural studies of the optic nerve, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 45:362, 1986.

72. Donnelly WJC, Kelly M, Sheahan BJ: Leukocyte β-galactosidase activity in the diagnosis of bovine GM1 gangliosidosis, Vet Rec 100:318, 1977.

73. Murnane RD, Hartley WJ, Prieur DJ: Similarity of lectin histochemistry of a lysosomal storage disease in a New Zealand lamb to that of ovine GM1 gangliosidosis, Vet Pathol 28:332, 1991.

74. Ahern AJ, Murnane RD, Prieur DJ: β-Galactosidase activity in fibroblasts and tissues from sheep with a lysosomal storage disease, Biochem Gen 26:733, 1988.

75. Ryder SJ, Simmons MM: A lysosomal storage disease of Romney sheep that resembles human type 3 GM1 gangliosidosis, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 101:225,

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77. Murnane RD, Ahern-Rindell AJ, Prieur DJ: Ovine GM1 gangliosidosis, Small Rum Res 6:109, 1991.

78. Murnane RD, Prieur DJ, Ahern-Rindell AJ, et al: Clinical and clinicopathologic characteristics of ovine GM-1 gangliosidosis, J Vet Intern Med 8:221, 1994.

79. Alroy J, Goyal V, Warren CD: Lectin histochemistry of gangliosidosis. I. Neural tissue in four mammalian species, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 76:109, 1988.

80. Murnane RD, Prieur DJ, Ahern-Rindell AJ, et al: The lesions of an ovine lysosomal storage disease: initial characterization, Am J Pathol 134:263, 1989.

81. Murnane RD, Wright RW, Jr, Ahern-Rindell AJ, et al: Prenatal lesions in an ovine fetus with GM1 gangliosidosis, Am J Med Genet 39:106, 1991.

82. Murnane RD, Ahern-Rindell AJ, Prieur DJ: Lectin histochemistry of an ovine lysosomal storage disease with deficiencies of β-galactosidase and α-neuraminidase, Am J Pathol 135:623, 1989.

83. Chavany C, Jendoubi M: Biology and potential strategies for the treatment of GM2 gangliosidoses, Mol Med Today 4:158, 1994.

84. O’Sullivan BM, Healey PJ, Fraser IR, et al: Generalized glycogenosis in Brahman cattle, Aust Vet J 57:227, 1981.

85. Richards RB, Edwards JR, Cook RD, et al: Bovine generalized glycogenosis, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 3:45, 1977.

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87. McHowell J, Dorling PR, Cook RD: Infantile and late onset form of generalized glycogenosis type II in cattle, J Pathol 134:266, 1981.

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91. McPhee CP, Reichmann KG: A genetic analysis of lysosomal enzyme activities in Brahman cattle, Aust J Agric Res 41:205, 1990.

92. Healy PJ, Dennis JA, Nichills PJ, et al: Haemopoietic chimaerism: a complication in heterozygote detection tests for inherited defects in cattle, Anim Genet 25:1,

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93. Dennis JA, Healy PJ: Genotyping shorthorn cattle for generalised glycogenosis, Aust Vet J 79:773, 2001.

94. Pritchard DH, Bapthine DV, Sinclair AJ: Globoid cell leukodystrophy in polled Dorset sheep, Vet Pathol 17:399, 1980.

95. Bourke CA: The clinical differentiation of nervous and muscular locomotor disorders of sheep in Australia, Aust Vet J 72:228, 1995.

96. Read WK, Bridges CH: Neuronal lipodystrophy occurrence in an inbred strain of cattle, Pathol Vet 6:235, 1969.

97. Hartley WJ, Kater JC: Observations on diseases of the central nervous system of sheep in New Zealand, N Z Vet J 10:128, 1962.

98. Whittem JH, Walker D: “Neuronopathy” and “pseudolipidosis” in Aberdeen- Angus calves, J Pathol Bacteriol 74:281, 1957.

99. Rousseaux CG, Klavano GG, Johnson ES, et al: Shaker calf syndrome: a newly recognized inherited neurodegenerative disorder of horned Hereford calves, Vet Pathol 22:104, 1985.

100. Elsas LJ, Danner DJ: The role of thiamine in maple syrup urine disease, Ann N Y Acad Sci 77:404, 1982.

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102. Harper PAW, Healy JA, Dennis JA: Maple syrup urine disease as a cause of spongiform encephalopathy in calves, Vet Rec 119:62, 1986.

103. Harper PA, Dennis JA, Healy PJ, et al: Maple syrup urine disease in calves: a clinical, pathological and biochemical study, Aust Vet J 66:46, 1989.

104. Schadewaldt P, Hammen HW, Ott AC, et al: Renal clearance of branched-chain L-amino and 2-oxo acids in maple syrup urine disease, J Inher Metab Dis 22:706, 1999.

105. Sgaravatti AM, Rosa RB, Schuck PF, et al: Inhibition of brain energy metabolism by the alpha-keto acids accumulating in maple syrup urine disease, Biochem Biophys Acta 1639:232, 2003.

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108. Dennis JA, Healy PJ: Definition of the mutation responsible for maple syrup urine disease in poll shorthorns and genotyping poll shorthorns and polled Herefords for maple syrup urine disease alleles, Res Vet Sci 67:1, 1999.

109. Healy PJ, Dennis JA, Windsor PA, et al: Genotyping cattle for congenital myoclonus and maple syrup urine disease, Aust Vet J 80:695, 2002.

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111. Cordy DR, Richards WPC, Stormont C: Hereditary neuraxial edema of calves, N Z Vet J 23:181, 1975.

112. Harper PAW, Healy PJ, Dennis JA: Ultrastructural findings in maple syrup urine disease in polled Hereford calves, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 71:316, 1986.

113. Baird JD, Woczinski ZW, Wise AP, et al: Maple syrup urine disease in five Hereford calves in Ontario, Can Vet J 28:505, 1987.

114. Healy PJ, Dennis JA: Heterozygote detection for maple syrup urine disease in cattle, Aust Vet J 72:392, 1995.

115. Healy PJ, Dennis JA, Moule JF: Use of hair root as a source of DNA for the detection of heterozygotes for recessive defects in cattle, Aust Vet J 72:346,

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117. Duffell SJ: Neuraxial oedema of Hereford calves with and without hypomy­elinogenesis, Vet Rec 118:95, 1986.

118. Harper PAW, Healy PJ, Dennis JA: Inherited congenital myoclonus of polled Hereford calves (so-called neuraxial oedema): a clinical, pathological and biochemical study, Vet Rec 119:59, 1986.

119. Cho DY, Leipold HW: Hereditary neuraxial edema in polled Hereford calves, Pathol Res Pract 163:158, 1978.

120. Davis GB, Thompson EJ, Kyle RJ: Hereditary neuraxial oedema of calves, N Z Vet J 23:181, 1975.

121. Cordy DR, Richards WPC, Stormont C: Hereditary neuraxial edema in Hereford calves, Pathol Vet 6:487, 1969.

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