CHAPTER OUTLINE
■ RESPIRATORY APPARATUS
Airways to the Lungs
Pulmonary Alveoli
The Lungs and Pleura
■ FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BREATHING
Respiratory Cycles
Types of Breathing
States of Breathing
Respiratory Frequency
Lung Sounds
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
■ RESPIRATORY PRESSURES
Partial Pressure
Arterial and Venous Blood Partial Pressure
Atmospheric Air versus Alveolar Air
■ PULMONARY VENTILATION
Dead Space Ventilation
Pressures That Accomplish Ventilation
Pneumothorax
Mediastinal Pressure
■ DIFFUSION OF RESPIRATORY GASES
■ OXYGEN TRANSPORT
Transport Scheme
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
■ CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT
Hydration Reaction
Carbamino Compounds
Loss of Carbon Dioxide at the Alveolus
■ REGULATION OF VENTILATION
Neural Control
Humoral Control
■ RESPIRATORY CLEARANCE
Physical Forces of Deposition
Upper Respiratory Tract Clearance
Alveolar Clearance
■ Nonrespiratory functions of the respiratory system
Panting
Purring
■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TERMINOLOGY
■ AVIAN RESPIRATION
General Scheme of Avian Respiratory Morphology
Mechanics of Respiration and Air Circulation
General Considerations
Respiration is the means by which animals obtain and use oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.
Several separate issues are involved with this process including the chemical factors associated with oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production, mechanical and physical aspects concerned with ventilation of the lungs, transport of gases between the lungs and blood and between the blood and tissues, and the regulation of ventilation. In addition, there are issues not directly associated with respiration referred to as nonrespiratory functions.