FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR EARLY PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

Early prenatal development is a complex process influenced by various factors including genetics, maternal health, nutrition, placental function, hormones, maternal stress and emotional well-being, and uterine environment.

Embryonic development is governed by a precisely orchestrated program of gene expression, both temporally and spatially defined. Events of differentiation are directly or indirectly controlled by the cytoplasmic determinants (eg.Vgl and bicoid) through activation or inactivation of regulatory genes (Georgadaki et al., 2016).

The early embryonic developmental control is shifted from the mother to the zygote by embryonic genomic acti­vation mechanism which regulates further embryogen­esis. This is known as maternal to embryonic transition (Telford et al., 1990; Kanka, 2003; Walser and Lipshitz, 2011). Another crucial step in developmental process is the cell fate choice in which the cells differentiate into three lineages that is epiblast which form the embryo proper, primitive endoderm (also known as hypoblast) and tropho- ectoderm that together form the extraembryonic tissues (Mu Jian, 2022).

The endometrium also holds significance in facilitat­ing pregnancy establishment in domestic animals, as the embryo is implanted to the internal endometrial surface throughout the pregnancy. Endometrium and the conceptus communicate effectively to establish maternal reorganiza­tion of pregnancy and uterine receptivity for the implan­tation by hormonal regulation, immune modulation, and intricate molecular communications (Forde et al., 2011; Sanchez et al., 2019).

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