PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is associated with normal stimulation of cellular proliferation?

a. Oncogenes

b. Tumor suppressor genes

c. Telomerase

d. Proto-oncogenes

e.

2. In the growth factor pathway, the growth factor first binds

to _____________ which leads to activation of________________, in

turn causing activation of a cascade of________________________

enzymes leading to alterations in transcription.

a. G-protein-coupled receptors; G proteins; adenylyl cyclase

b. receptor tyrosine kinases; Ras; MAP kinase

c. receptor tyrosine kinases; Bcl-2; caspase

d. cyclin-dependent kinases; pRB; telomerase

e. tumor suppressors; oncogenes; checkpoint

3. Which of the following mediate(s) apoptosis?

a. Telomerase

b. Cytochrome c

c. Receptor tyrosine kinases

d. Cyclin-dependent kinases

C. Cyclins

4. The tumor suppressor pRB is a(n) ____________________ and

participates in regulating the cell cycles of ___________________

cells, whereas p53 is a(n)_______________________ and partici­pates in regulating the cell cycle of cells.

a. inhibitor of transcription; healthy; transcription factor; healthy

b. transcription factor; damaged; inhibitor of apoptosis; healthy

c. caspase; damaged; inhibitor of transcription; damaged

d. inhibitor of transcription; healthy; receptor tyrosine kinase; healthy

e. inhibitor of transcription; healthy; transcription factor; damaged

5. Normal stem cells are similar to cancer cells but differ from normal somatic cells in that normal stem cells and cancer cells both:

a. Are missing checkpoint controls on the cell cycle.

b. Have cell cycles that arc independent of activation of cyclin-dependent kinases.

c. Haveactivated telomerase.

d. Are resistant to apoptosis in response to DNA damage.

e. Are able to metastasize to distant, foreign tissues.