INDEX

A

AAFCO. see Association of American Feed

Control Officials

Abdomen

examination of, in neonates, 329-330, 331f ultrasound evaluation of, 17

Abdominal abscess, illustration of, 537f Abdominal cavity, 10

Abdominal contours, in indigestion, 856, 857f

Abdominal distention

description of, 106-107, 107b-108b

in neonatal ruminants, 347-351

in neonates, 329

Abdominal pain

Cryptosporidium parvum as cause of, 25f duodenitis-proximal jejunitis and, 759 in ruminants, 848

causes of, 849f identification of, 850 Abdominal paracentesis, 703 Abdominal pings, 6 Abdominal radiography

in equine alimentary system, 714

in foals, 252

Abdominal splinting, 3-5

Abdominal ultrasound, in foals, 251-252

Abdominal vein, 8 Abdominocentesis

in abomasal ulcers, 891

in acute abdomen, 851

fever of unknown origin evaluations, 41t

in foals, 252

in intussusception, 770

in peritonitis, 789-790, 789t, 881, 881f

in traumatic reticuloperitonitis, 885 vomiting evaluations, 108

Abducent nerve

dysfunction of, 137t

examination of, 128-129

Abduction, 117t

Abiotrophy, 1071

Abnormal biomechanical load, for osteoarthritis, 1217

Abnormal labial approximation, 1487 Abnormal offspring syndrome, 308-309 Abnormal peripheral pulse, 93-94, 93f 94b Abnormal sounds, interpretation of, 73-74 Abomasal bloat

in lambs, 350

in neonatal ruminants, 349-350

sudden death caused by, 231

Abomasal dilation, of Suffolk sheep, 893 Abomasal disorders, fluid therapy for, 1542 Abomasal displacement, 885-889

etiology of, 885

incidence of, 885-886

left, 886-887

in neonatal ruminants, 349 pathophysiology of, 886, 886f prevalence of, 885-886 right, 887

surgical therapy for, 886

Abomasal impaction, 893-895

Abomasal pH, drugs that increase, 892

Abomasal ulcers, 889-893

abdominocentesis in, 891

ancillary tests in, 891-892

Abomasal ulcers (Continued) antiacids for, 892 blood gas analysis in, 891 classification of, 889, 890t clinical signs of, 890-891 complete blood cell count in, 891 control of, 892-893 definition of, 889 diagnostic imaging in, 891, 891f differential diagnosis of, 890-891 epidemiology of, 889-890 etiology of, 890 exploratory laparotomy in, 891-892 fecal occult blood test in, 891 necropsy findings in, 892 in neonatal ruminants, 348-349 other blood tests in, 891 pathophysiology of, 890 prevention of, 892-893 prognosis of, 892

serum biochemistry profiles in, 891 sudden death caused by, 231 surgery for, 892 treatment of, 892

supportive, 892

Abomasal volvulus, 888 clinical pathology of, 888 clinical signs of, 888 control of, 889 differential diagnosis of, 888 necropsy findings in, 889 pathophysiology of, 888-889 prevention of, 889 prognosis of, 889 schematic view of, 886f signs and symptoms of, 6 treatment of, 889

Abomasum displacement of, 6, 6f gas ping localization to, 6 left displaced, 6, 6f right displaced, 6, 6f torsion of, 6, 6f ultrasonography of, 840-841, 842f-843f Abortion

bluetongue, 1502 border disease, 1502 in bovine viral diarrhea virus, 825-827 Brucella abortus, 1498, 1653-1654 Brucella melitensis, 1504

Brucella ovis, 1504 in camelids, 1505 Campylobacter fetus subsp.

bovine herpesvirus 1 as cause of, 1494-1496, 1495t

bovine viral diarrhea viral as cause of, 1495t, 1496, 1496f

causes of, 1495t epizootic bovine abortion, 1497 leptospirosis as cause of, 1496 Coxiella burnetii as cause of, 1495t, 1502 diagnostic approach to, 199-200, 201t endotoxemia as cause of, 1494

Abortion (Continued)

enzootic, 1629t-1633t

epizootic bovine, 1497

fungal, 1490, 1502-1505

in goats, 1495t

Histopbilus somni as cause of, 1499

in horses, 238b

causes of, 1488t description of, 198-199 endotoxemia as cause of, 1494 equine herpesvirus-1 as cause of, 198, 1488t, 1491-1492

equine viral arteritis as cause of, 1488t, 1492

insect-related, 1493 leptospirosis as cause of, 1493 noninfectious causes of, 1489 placentitis as cause of, 1489, 1490f protozoal causes of, 1493 Salmonella as cause of, 1493 trypanosomiasis as cause of, 1494 twin pregnancy, 1488

inducement of, 1470-1471 insect-related, 1493 laboratory tests, 201t leptospirosis as cause of in cows, 1496 in horses, 1493

Listeria monocytogenes as cause of, 1499 mare reproductive loss syndrome, 198 miscellaneous bacterial, 1500-1502 Mycoplasma, 1499

mycotic diseases causing, 1502

Neospora caninum, 1501

pregnancy loss caused by, 198 protozoal, 1047, 1493

in ruminants, 199

Brucella abortus, 1498

Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis, 1498 causes of, 1495t epizootic bovine, 1497

Histopbilus somni as cause of, 1499 leptospirosis, 1496

Listeria monocytogenes, 1499 Mycoplasma, 1499 noninfectious causes of, 1494 Salmonella as cause of, 1493 Sarcocystis, 1501 in sheep, 1495t

tissue samples used in diagnosis of, 201t toxoplasmosis, 1504

Tritricbomonas foetus as cause of, 1500 trypanosomiasis as cause of, 1494 in twin pregnancy, 199

Ureaplasma, 1500

Abortion storms, 1492

Abscess

abdominal, 537f

brain

in horses, 134t, 1045-1046

in ruminants, 132t-133t, 1045-1046, 1045f-1046f

cervical spinal, 140t

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis as cause of, 93, 471, 610, 641, 1192, 1194

of esophagus, 733, 734f

gastric, in horses, 742

laryngeal, 643

Note: Page numbers followed by “f” refer to illustrations; page numbers followed by “t” refer to tables; page numbers followed by “b” refer to boxes.

1810

Abscess (Continued)

lung, 533, 541-542

periorbital, 559, 559f

pituitary, 1045

pleural, 534f-535f, 535

pulmonary, 519

renal, 963

retropharyngeal lymph node, 609-612 spinal, 1099-1100

stromal, 1288

subsolar, 1245-1246, 1246f

vertebral body, 266

Absolute erythrocytosis, 1179 Absolute thrombocytosis, 444 Absorption tests, in equine alimentary system, 718

Abuse, in equine patients, recognizing, 14, 19-22

Acaricides, 1333 Accelerated hydrogen peroxide, 1567t Accelerometers, for identifying lame cows,

25-26, 26f

Accessory nerve dysfunction, 137t Acepromazine, 206, 1238

Acer rubrum, 232 Acetate tape preparation, for parasites, 177 Acetazolamide, 1429

Acetyl CoA, 1408 Acetylcholine

carbamate effects on, 1803-1805 organophosphate effects on, 1803-1805 Acetylcholinesterase, 1805 Acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting agents

organophosphates, 1693

sudden death caused by, 232-233 Acetylsalicylic acid, 31 α1-acid glycoprotein, 440 Acid-base imbalances, 408-412, 408f, 408t

anion gap, 410-411

correction of, in acute abdomen, 852 metabolic acidosis. see Metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis, 408-409, 409b mixed, 410 respiratory acidosis, 409-410, 410b respiratory alkalosis, 410, 410b strong ion-centered, 411 Acidosis, in horses, 803-804 Aconitum spp., 233 Acorn calf syndrome, 903 Acquired equine polyneuropathy, 1106-1107 Acquired erythrocytosis, 1180 Acquired flexural limb deformities, 1250-1251

Acquired hemostatic disorders, 1157-1158 Acquired megaesophagus, in horses, 732-733 Acquired torticollis, 1096-1097 Acremonium spp.

A. coenophialum, 210, 1241

A. strictum, 5531, 558

ACTH. see Adrenocorticotropic hormone Actinobacillosis, in ruminants, 810-811, 810f Actinobacillus equuli

foal actinobacillosis caused by, 228

renal abscesses caused by, 963 Actinobacillus lignieresii, 810-811 Actinobacillus peritonitis, 792 Actinomyces bovis, 811-812 Actinomycosis, in ruminants, 811-813, 812f Activated coagulation time, 445-446 Activated partial thromboplastin time, prolonged, 444, 446b, 1154 Activated protein C, 1153-1154 Acute abdomen, in ruminants, 847-854

abdominal examination for, 850 abdominal pain and, 848 identification of, 850

abdominocentesis of, 851

Acute abdomen, in ruminants (Continued) acid-base imbalance, correction of, 852 ancillary tests for, 851 antimicrobial drugs for, 853 blood gas analysis in, 851 blood lactate concentration in, 851 classification of, 849f complete blood cell count and differential in, 851

complete physical examination for, 850-851

diagnostic imaging of, 851 electrolyte imbalance, correction of, 852 electrolytes in, 851 evaluation of, 848-851 extraabdominal examination for, 850 fecal output and appearance of, 851 fibrinogen in, 851 fluid therapy for, 852 follow-up for, 853-854, 854f history in, 848-850 inflammation, control of, 852-853 medical and supportive treatment of, 852-853

medical or surgical decision for, 852-854 other medical treatments for, 853 packed cell volume in, 851 pain, control of, 852-853 radiography in, 851 rectal palpation for, 850 serum biochemistry profile in, 851 surgery for, 852 total solids in, 851 ultrasonography in, 851 urinalysis of, 851

visual examination for, 850 vital parameters, evaluation of, 850 Acute blood loss

anemia caused by, 1151 blood transfusion for, 1151 causes of, 1151 diagnosis of, 1151-1152 exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage as cause of, 1152

treatment of, 1151-1152

Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema, 680

Acute dyspnea syndrome, 645 Acute enteritis, 708-709, 709f Acute fascioliasis, 229

Acute glomerulopathy, 959

Acute hepatitis, in horses, 927-928, 927f Acute hypophosphatemia, 1400-1401 Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), 959 Acute interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle, 681-682 in horses, 568, 652

Acute leukemia, 1186

Acute liver atrophy, 927

Acute lung injury

definition of, 564-565 diagnostic criteria for, 564b, 564t, 566 pathophysiology of, 564-565 prognosis for, 566 treatment of, 566 veterinary, 564b, 565

Acute neurologic injury

fluid additives in, 1535-1536 fluid therapy for, 1532-1536, 1532b Acute phase proteins, 37 α1-acid glycoprotein, 440 α2-antiplasmin, 439 apolipoprotein A1, 439 ceruloplasmin, 439

C-reactive protein, 439, 439t definition of, 438 ferritin, 439-440

Acute phase proteins (Continued)

in foal, 260

haptoglobin, 439, 439t

pig major, 439

serum amyloid A, 439, 439t, 995, 1210 types of, 439t

Acute-phase proteins, for traumatic reticuloperitonitis, 884

Acute phase reaction, 37

Acute phase response

definition of, 438-440

fibrinogen, 438-439, 438b

Acute renal failure, 956-963

acute glomerulopathy as cause of, 959

acute interstitial nephritis secondary to, 959

aminoglycosides as cause of, 956-957 diagnosis of, 960-961

in foals, 962-963

heavy metal ingestion as cause of, 958 Leptospira interrogans as cause of, 967-968 nephrotoxicity as cause of, 962-963 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs as cause of, 957-958

pigment nephropathy as cause of, 957

renal biopsy of, 960-961

in ruminants, 999, 1000t

toxic nephropathies as cause of, 956-959, 958f

treatment of, 961-962, 1001-1002 vasomotor nephropathy as cause of, 959 vitamin D as cause of, 958 vitamin K₃ as cause of, 957

Acute respiratory distress syndrome, 564-566 acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema, 680

characteristics of, 680

clinical findings, 565

definition of, 564-565

diagnostic criteria for, 564b, 564t, 566 feedlot acute interstitial pneumonia, 681-682

fluid therapy for, 1539, 1539b interstitial pneumonias, 680-686, 680f 4-ipomeanol toxicit, 683 pathophysiology of, 564-565 perilla ketone, 684 prognosis for, 566 treatment of, 566

veterinary, 564b, 565

Acute rhabdomyolysis, 1434-1435, 1434f Acute ruminal lactic acidosis, 869-871 Acute selenium toxicosis, 1782

Acute simple indigestion, 868-869 Acute-transient bovine viral diarrhea virus,

823

Acute tubular necrosis

aminoglycoside antibiotics as cause of, 956, 1000t

heavy metal ingestion as cause of, 958

in ruminants, 999-1002

vasomotor nephropathy as cause of, 959

vitamin K₃ as cause of, 957

Acyclovir, 1081

Adaptive immune response

description of, 1720, 1720f-1721f

immunodeficiencies of, 1723-1724 Adduction, 117t

Adductor muscle strain, 1444 Adenohypophysis, 1352 Adenovirus pneumonia, 577 Adenoviruses, 656

Adhesions

of peritoneal cavity, 880

prevention of, for peritonitis, 791-792 Adiaspiromycosis, 558 Adiponectin, 1391

Adjunct therapy, for retained fetal membranes, 1472-1473

Adnexal tumors, 1314-1315

Adrenal cortex, 1358-1360

Adrenal glands

corticosteroids produced by, 1358, 1359f description of, 1358-1361 disorders of, 1360-1361

adrenal medullary neoplasia, 1361 critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency.

physiology of, 1358-1360

Adrenal medulla

functions of, 1358

neoplasia of, 1361 α2-Adrenergic agonists, 32 β2-Adrenergic receptor agonists, 1798

in feed, 1802

recurrent airway obstruction treated with, 590-591

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 1352, 1355, 1388

stimulation test, 1359-1360 Adrenomedullin, 1390 Adventitious lung sounds, 516 Aerosolized therapy, for inflammatory airway disease, 597-598

Aflatoxicosis, 1788

Aflatoxins, 1786t, 1788-1789

African Horse sickness, 1292-1293 Aftosa. see also Foot-and-mouth disease description of, 210-211, 210b-211b in fescue toxicosis, 200-204

Agammaglobulinemia, 1742-1743 Aganglionosis, in descending (small) colon, 783-784

Agar gel immunodiffusion test, for caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, 1215

Agglutination, 426 Aggregometry, 444 α2-Agonists, for acute abdomen, 853

AIN. see Acute interstitial nephritis Aino virus, 1057

Air embolism, 231

Airborne transmission, 1574

Airway aspiration, 520-521

Airway obstruction, description of, 606-607 Akabane virus, 1057

Alar folds, 16

Alarmins, 745

Albendazole, 1678t, 1689t

Albinism, 187, 1347

Albumin

calcium and, 401

hypoalbuminemia, 440

quotient, 1008

Albuterol, 598

Alcohols, 1567t Aldosterone, 1360

Alert downers. see Downer cows

Alimentary function, alterations in, 95-115 Alimentary lymphoma, in small intestine, 764 Alimentary tract, diseases of, 702-920 Alkali disease, 1782

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 414, 924 Alkalosis, ruminal, 873

Allantocentesis, in late gestation, in mare, 239

Allantochorionic infusion, for retained fetal membranes, 1472

Allele, 1710b Allergen, 1724 testing, 50

Allergen-specific immunotherap, 1318 Allergic blepharoconjunctivitis, 1297 Allergic contact dermatitis, 1321-1322, 1726t-1728t

Allergic rhinitis, 637

Allergic urticaria, 1318, 1726t-1728t Alloantibodies, 1753-1754, 1755f-1756f Allogeneic incompatibilities blood typing, 1751-1753 description of, 1751-1759

Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia, 1751, 1759

Alloimmune thrombocytopenia, 1160 Alopecia, 184, 186

Alopecia areata, 1317

Alpha mannosidosis, 1078t-1079t Alphaviruses, 1013-1016 clinical findings of, 1014-1015, 1015f control of, 1016 description of, 1013-1016 diagnosis of, 1015

Eastern equine encephalomyelitis,

1013-1014, 1015/; 1604t-1612t, 1613 epidemiology of, 1014 history of, 1013-1014 laboratory findings for, 1015 mortality rates of, 1015 postmortem findings of, 1016 public health significance of, 1016 treatment of, 1015-1016 vaccinations against, 1016 Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis,

1013-1014, 1613

Western equine encephalomyelitis,

1013-1014, 1604t-1612t, 1613 Altrenogest, 1459 Aluminum hydroxide, in abomasal pH, 892 Aluminum phosphide, 1807-1808 Alveolar fraction, 1119 Alveolar gas exchange, 520 Alveolar hypoventilation central cyanosis and, 68-69 definition of, 68-69

Alveolar-arterial gradient, 520, 589-590 Amelanotic melanomas, 609

Ameloblastic fibroma, 808-809 American Association of Equine

Practitioners, 22

American Association of Veterinary

Laboratory Diagnostician, 466 American Paint foals, 1073 American Veterinary Medical Association

Model Veterinary Practice Act, 20 Amikacin

bronchopneumonia treated with, 531t for septic arthritis, 278 urinary tract infections treated with, 968-969

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), in hepatic encephalopath, 923

Aminocaproic acid, 607 Aminoglycosides acute tubular necrosis caused by, 956-957, 1000t

bronchopneumonia treated with, 531t characteristics of, 1549t

α-Aminolevulinic acid, 1060 Aminolevulinic acid dehydrase, 1060 4-Aminopyridine, 232

Ammonia, in liver-derived serum enzymes, 925

Ammoniated feed toxicosis, 132t-133t, 1801

Ammoniated forage toxicosis, 1059 Ammonium chloride, 975, 991 Amniocentesis, in late gestation, in mare, 239

Amphotericin B aspergillus treated with, 556-557 in enteric pythiosis, 763 fungal infections of respiratory tract treated with, 552

nephrotoxicity of, 959

Ampicillin sodium bronchopneumonia treated with, 531t urinary tract infections treated with, 968-969

Ampicillin trihydrate, 531t Amplicon, 473-474 Amprolium, 1691t Amycolatopsis spp., 199 Amyloidosis

cutaneous, 1349, 1350f renal, 996

Anabolic steroids, 1466-1467 Anaerobic threshold, 76 Anal reflex, 117t Anal sphincter tone, 8-9 Analgesia

in food animals, 28 preemptive, 27

Analgesics

cattle affected, 28-29

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, 29 Anaphylaxis, 686-687

sudden death caused by, 235 systemic, 1726t-1728t

Anaplasma phagocytophilum, 430 Anaplasma spp.

A. centrale, 1164

A. marginale, 1164, 1664, 1665t-1666t A. ovis, 1164 A.phagocytophilum

description of, 83, 1164 equine granulocytic anaplasmosis caused by, 471

equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis caused by, 1158-1159

in horses, 1158-1159 Anaplasmosis, 1664 Anaplastic malignant melanomas, 1343 Ancillary tests

in abomasal dilation and emptying defect of Suffolk sheep, 893

in abomasal impaction, 894 in abomasal ulcers, 891-892 in acute abdomen, 851 in peritonitis, 881-882, 881f in traumatic reticuloperitonitis, 883-885 Androgens, 1360 Androstenedione, 1358 Anechoic, 705 Anemia, 289-290

acute blood loss as cause of, 1151 aplastic, 1179, 1748 blood loss and, 289 causes of, 289-290 of chronic disease, 289 in cobalt deficienc, 918-919 copper deficiency as cause of, 1178 equine infectious, 1169-1170 evaluation of patient with, 426-427 exercise intolerance secondary to, 77 hemolysis and, 289 in horse, 426b hypoplastic, 1160 hypoproteinemia and, 289 of inflammatory disease, 1178 iron deficiency, 1177-1178 in neonatal ruminants, 380 organ dysfunction as cause of, 1178 poisonous plants as cause of, 1775 in ruminants, 427b

Anencephaly, 132t-133t

Anesthesia

generalized reactions, 1443 halothane, 1442-1443

Anestrus, 194-195, 194b after insemination, 1463 in cows, 1462? definition of, 1458-1459 in mares, 1459, 1460? seasonal, 1459-1461

Aneurysms, 505-508 clinical pathology of, 506, 506f clinical signs of, 505-506 cranial mesenteric arter, 505-506 definition of, 505 differential diagnosis of, 505-506 epidemiology of, 507 etiology of, 505 false, 505-506 necropsy findings, 507 pathophysiology of, 507 prognosis for, 507 treatment of, 507

Angiocardiography applications of, 482 patent ductus arteriosus evaluations, 485 in ventricular septal defect, 484

Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 1093 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, 498

Angiotrophic lymphoma, 1186

Angular limb deformities, 1200-1205 clinical signs of, 1200, 1200f congenital, 1200 definition of, 1200 etiology of, 1200 evaluation of, 1202-1203, 1202f-1205f in foals, 1201, 1201f pathophysiology of, 1201-1202 prognosis for, 1203-1205, 1204f radiographic findings, 1202-1203, 1202f-1205f

treatment of, 1203-1205, 1204f valgus deformity, 1200, 1200f varus deformit, 1200

Anhidrosis, 1361-1364 characteristics of, 1361 clinical pathology of, 1362-1363 clinical signs of, 1362, 1362f-1363f description of, 1361 diagnostic tests for, 1362-1363 differential diagnosis of, 1362 etiology of, 1361-1364 hyperthermia caused b, 35 hypothyroidism associated with, 1366 intradermal sweat test for, 1362, 1363f pathophysiology of, 1361-1364 prevention of, 1363-1364 prognosis for, 1363-1364 treatment of, 1363-1364

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act, 28, 1243, 1553-1557

Animal movement and housing, 1572-1574 Animal plasma proteins, 389

Animal stance, in indigestion, 856 Anion gap, 410-411

Anisocoria, 117t, 1275-1276 Anisocytosis, 425 Anisognathic, 721 Ankara vector, 1619

Ankylosing spondylitis, of Holstein bulls, 1091 Ankylosis, 1222-1223

Annual ryegrass toxicity, 1076 Annular desmotomy, 1253 Anoplocepbala perfoliata, 1671 Anorexia

definition of, 152 diseases associated with, 152

Anovulatory follicles, 1468-1469, 1469f Antemortem bloat, sudden death caused b, 231

Anterior enteritis, 758

Anterior uveitis, 1291, 1300f Anthelmintics

action of, 1692 benzimidazoles, 1676, 1678t, 1692 definition of, 1692 description of, 1675-1676

Dictyocaulus viviparus treated with, 6931 gastrointestinal nematode infections treated with, 1678-1679, 1678t, 1684-1685

levamisole, 1692 lungworms treated with, 1688 monepantel, 1693

morantel, 1678t, 1692-1693 organophosphate, 1803-1804 for peritonitis, 791 phenothiazine, 1693 piperazine, 1693 praziquantel, 1673, 1693 prophylactic use of, 1678-1679 pyrantel pamoate, 1673, 1678t, 1692-1693 resistance, 1669-1670, 1670t, 1678-1679 types of, 1692-1693

weather considerations, 1683

Anthrax, 1188-1190, 1578t-1585t, 1604t- 1612t, 1627, 1631t-1633t, 1667

Antiacid therapy, for sepsis, 272 Antiacids, for abomasal ulcers, 892 Antiarrhythmics, 514 Antibiotic-impregnated

polymethylmethacrylate beads

for osteomyelitis, 1225 osteomyelitis treated with, 1225 septic arthritis treated with, 1212-1213 Antibiotics

for abomasal ulcers, 892 alternatives to, 377 bacterial keratitis treated with, 1287 for digital dermatitis, 1326 equine recurrent uveitis treated with, 1304 in feed, 1802

Leptospira spp.

mastitis treated with, 1149-1150

for peritonitis, 882

for retained fetal membranes, 1473-1474 septic arthritis treated with, 1212-1213 for tooth root abscess, 808

Antibody detection tests, in paratuberculosis, 913

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, 1719-1720

Antibody-mediated immunit, 540 Anticoagulants

in endotoxin-induced inflammation, 755 intoxication, 232 laminitis treated with, 1238 as rodenticides, 1808

Anticonvulsants, for cerebrocortical disease, 1035t

Antidiuretic hormone, 172, 977-978 Antidotes, from bulk drug, 1561 Antiedema drugs, 1035t

Antiendotoxin therapy, for sepsis, 272 Antifungal agents, fungal infections of respiratory tract treated with, 552-554

Antigen binding, 1724

Antigen-capture ELISA (ACE) methods, in bovine viral diarrhea virus, 828

Antigen capture enzyme immunoassay, 668 Antigen detection, in bovine viral diarrhea virus, 828

Antigen presentation, 1136

Antigenic drift, 1617 Antiinflammatory drugs

for neonatal diarrhea, 377

for osteoarthritis, 1218-1219

for peritonitis, 791

for retained fetal membranes, 1473 Antimicrobial stewardship

considerations for, 1546b definition of, 1545-1553 infection considerations, 1546 Antimicrobial susceptibility

Lyme disease treated with, 1191 for neonatal diarrhea, 375

Antimicrobial therapy, 1141-1143, 1545-1562

for acute abdomen, 853 adjunctive therapy, 1552-1553 adverse reactions to, 1552, 1797-1798 aerosolized, 533 age and, 1550

bacterial pneumonia treated with, 531-533, 531t

bacterial resistance and, 1552 bactericidal, 1548 bacteriostatic, 1548 bioavailability of, 1550 biofilms and, 1552 biosecurity, 1552 bronchopneumonia treated with, 531t for colitis, 777 combination, 1549-1550 compounding of, 1561, 1561b concentration, 1548-1549 consensus statement for, 1545-1546 definitive, 1549 for duodenitis-proximal jejunitis, 760 duration of, 1551 empirical, 1549 for endometritis, 1477-1478 for equine proliferative enteropathy, 762 extralabel use of, 1553-1557, 1558b-1559b in food animals, 1553-1562, 1553t-1557t for gastrointestinal ileus, 795-796 guttural pouch empyema treated with, 616 hepatic function and, 1551 Histophilus somni treated with, 662 host factors influencing selection of, 1550-1551

immune status and, 1551 incompatibility of, 1550 local delivery of high concentrations of, 1225

Mannheimia haemolytica treated with, 658-659

mastitis treated with, 1138-1147, 1550-1551

metaphylactic, 679, 1551-1552 microbial factors affecting, 1552 minimizing antibiotic resistance, 375-376 minimum bactericidal concentration, 1548 minimum inhibitory concentration, 1548 monitoring of, 1551 for neonatal diarrhea, 374-377 for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity, 800 on-label use of, 1553 oral, 376, 1551 organisms susceptibility to, 1547-1549 parenteral, 376-377 for peritonitis, 790-791, 790t pharyngitis treated with, 613 pleuropneumonia treated with, 531-533, 531t

poisoning caused b, 1798 prophylactic use of, 1551-1552 renal function and, 1551 reproductive status and, 1550-1551

Antimicrobial therapy (Continued) resistance, 1591 for retained fetal membranes, 1472-1473 route of administration, 1551 safety, 376 for salmonellosis, 772, 910 sample selection, 1546-1547 for sepsis, 270-272 for septicemia, 337-338 stewardship, 1591, 1591b

Streptococcus equi treated with, 563 susceptibility, 375 testing, 1138-1139 synergistic, 1549-1550 systemic, 531-533 time-dependent, 1548-1549 types of, 1549t undifferentiated ruminant respiratory disease treated with, 669-672

urinary tract infections treated with, 968-969

Antimicrobial-associated diarrhea, 776 Anti-mullerian hormone, 1458, 1466 Antioxidants, 1025, 1121-1122 α2-Antiplasmin, 439, 448

Antiprotozoal drugs, for neonatal diarrhea, 377

Antiseptic chemicals, for bovine uterine infections, 1481

Antithrombin III, 446-447, 447b, 1153-1154 Antituberculous drugs, 697

Antiviral drugs, in poultr, 1560 Anuria, 172b, 173, 245

treatment of, 1530-1540 Anuric renal failure, 1530 fluid therapy for, 1530 Aortic anomalies, 487-488 Aortic rupture, 230 Aortic valve

bicuspid cusps of, 488 quadricuspid cusps of, 488 regurgitation of, 491, 491f Aortoiliac thrombosis, 505 Apgar score, of foals, 248, 248t Aphthous fever. see Foot-and-mouth disease Apicomplexan protozoan parasite, 1578t-1585t

Aplastic anemia, 1179, 1748 Apnea

central, 347 definition of, 515 neonatal, 347 obstructive, 347 Apolipoprotein A1, 439 Apparent efficiency of absorption, 383-386 Apparent maturation arrest, 460 Applanation tonometry, 1271

Arabian foals

atlantoaxial malformations in, 250 cerebellar abiotrophy of, 1071

Arabian horses, juvenile idiopathic epilepsy in, 1029

Arcanobacterium pyogenes, 665 Arginine vasopressin (AVP), 37 concentrations, 1389-1390

Arnold-Chiari syndrome, 1096 Arrhythmia hyperkalemic, 367 Arrhythmias abnormal, 86 automaticity and, 86 benign, 85 in cattle, 7 causes of, 7 definition of, 84-86 diagnostic approach to, 86 electrocardiography of, 85 in horses, 85, 85b

Arrhythmias (Continued)

mechanisms of, 85-86

pathologic, 85

physical examination of, 86

in ruminants, 85b

secondary, 86

Arsenic, 232, 1794-1795

Arterial blood gas collection and analysis, 254, 254t

for cyanosis evaluations, 71

Arterial blood pressure, 1525

Arterial hypoxemia, 62-63

Arterial pulse

hyperkinetic, 94

palpation of, 93

peripheral, abnormal, 93-94, 93f, 94b Arteriosclerosis, 507

Arthritis

mycoplasmal polyarthritis, 1214-1215 osteoarthritis, 1216-1219 polysynovitis-arthritis, 1215 Arthrocentesis

mycoplasmal polyarthritis, 1214 polysynovitis-arthritis, 1215 septic arthritis diagnosis using, 1210, 1210t

Arthrodesis, 1222 Arthrogryposis, 1221-1222 ArthrogryposisZhydranencephaly syndrome, 1057

Arthrogryposis multiplex, 1221 Artificial light, for seasonal anestrus, 1459 Aryepiglottic folds, 629, 633

Arytenoid cartilages, 633

Ascarid impaction, in small intestine, 765 Ascaris suum, 694, 1671-1672

Ascending reticular activating system

mental alertness and, 121, 131

midbrain injury and, 1023

Ascites, 82-84

in horses, 84b

in liver disease, 922

in pericarditis, 499

in ruminants, 84b, 882

Asclepias spp., 233

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 115, 413-414, 924-925, 1422

Aspergillosis, 555-557, 556t, 557f, 1293 Aspergillus spp.

A. clavatus poisoning, 136t

A. flavus, 1788

A. fumigatus, 616-617

A. nidulans, 616-617

aspergillosis caused b, 555 morphologic features of, 553t Aspiration pneumonia, 698 Aspirin

description of, 30t

platelet aggregation affected by, 607 thrombus prevention with, 508 Association of American Feed Control

Officials (AAFCO), 383

Astragalus spp., 1073 Ataxia

causes of, 1045

central nervous system lesions, 117t

diseases producing, 1071-1072 enzootic, 342

familial, 1078t-1079t

Atherosclerosis, 507f Atlantoaxial malformations

in foals, 250

in neonates, 328

Atopic dermatitis, 1317-1318, 1726t-1728t Atresia coli

in descending (small) colon, 783-784

in horses, 781-782, 782f

Atrial fibrillation, 508-512

atrial pressures in, 510

in cattle, 508

clinical pathology of, 509 clinical signs of, 508-509 definition of, 508 diagnosis of, 509 differential diagnosis of, 508-509 digoxin for, 511 echocardiographic findings, 509 electrocardiographic findings, 509, 509f

epidemiology of, 510 etiology of, 508 in horses, 89-90, 508

“lone”, 508

necropsy findings, 510 paroxysmal, 511 pathophysiology of, 509-510 prognosis for, 510-512 quinidine gluconate for, 510 quinidine sulfate for, 510-511 treatment of, 510-512

Atrial septal defect, 487 Atrioventricular canal defect, 488 Atrioventricular valve, 488 Atropine sulfate, 1804-1805

Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli, 353-354

Atypical equine thrombasthenia, 444 Atypical interstitial pneumonia, 680 Atypical myopathy, 1441

Auditory evoked potentials, 137 Auditory evoked responses, 1011

Aujeszky's disease, 1038-1039

Aura, 121

Aural plaques, 1328, 1328f Aurothiomalate, 1316 Auscultation, 6, 6f

Autogenous vaccines, 1639 Autoimmune disorders, 1748 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 1171, 1726t-1728t

Autoimmunity, 1747 Automaticity, 86

Autonomous zones, 126 Autosomal disorders, 1704

Autumn crocus, 1776t-1778t Avermectins, 1692

Axonotmesis, 1112

Azathioprine, 1316-1317, 1748 Azithromycin, 548

Azole antifungals

fungal infections of respiratory tract treated with, 552-554, 554t mechanism of action, 552-554 Azotemia, 971, 976

B

B cells, 1720

Babesia encephalitis, 1048

Babesia spp.

B. equi, 959

subtypes of, 1166t

Babesiosis, 132t-133t, 1048 in bovine, 1166-1168 definition of, 1165-1168 in horses, 1168

Bacillary hemoglobinuria, 929-930, 1169, 1662-1663

Bacillus aneurinolyticus, 1051

Bacillus anthracis, 1188, 1578t-1585t, 1665t-1666t, 1667

Back

examination of, in neonates, 328 of foal, 250

Bacteremia, 266

coliform mastitis and, 1141

Bacterial culture

in peritonitis, 790

for skin diseases, 179

Bacterial endocarditis, 489, 491

Bacterial folliculitis, 1323

Bacterial keratitis, 1285, 1285/

Bacterial meningitis

description of, 1042-1045

in foal, 288

in neonates, 327

Bacterial plaque-induced gingivitis,

periodontal disease and, 806

Bacterial pneumonia, 526-535 clinical signs of, 527-528 description of, 526 diagnostic approach, 528-531 biochemical tests, 528 description of, 528-531 endoscopy, 528 hematology tests, 528 radiograph, 530, 530/ thoracic ultrasonography, 529, 529/-530/ thoracocentesis for cytology and culture, 530-531

thoracoscopy, 531

tracheobronchial aspirate for cytology and culture, 528-529 differential diagnosis of, 528 epidemiology of, 526-527 infectious agents involved in, 526 pathophysiology of, 527 physical examination of, 527-528 prognosis for, 535 treatment of, 531-535

ancillary methods, 533 antimicrobial agents, 531-533, 531 t fibrinolytic agents, 533-534 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, 533

pleural drainage, 533

pleural lavage, 533

thoracoscopy, 534

thoracotomy, 534-535, 534/-535/ Bacterial scours vaccines, 1658-1661 Bactericidal antimicrobial drugs, 1548 Bacterins

Clostridium chauvoei, 1662, 16621

Clostridium septicum, 1662, 16621

Clostridium sordelli, 1662 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 1658-1660, 1661t

gram-negative, 1137, 1137t

Leptospira spp., 1654-1655

Staphylococcus aureus, 1137-1138 Bacteriology, as criterion for therapy, 1140 Bacteriostatic antimicrobial drugs, 1548 Bacteroides /ragilis, 532-533

diarrhea in neonatal foals, 300 Balanoposthitis, 1509 Barn cramps, 1078t-1079t Barrel chest, 47 Barrier precautions limitations of, 1571 use of, 1570 Barrier protocols, 1570-1572 Basal plasma hormone concentrations, measurement of, 1388

Base deficit, 411

Base excess, 411

Base pairs, 1710b Basement membrane zone, 1317 Basidiobolomycosis, 554 Basilar fractures, 1025 Basioccipital bone, 1021-1022 Basisphenoidal bone, 1021-1022

Basophilia, 432

Basophilic stippling, 425 Basophils, 430, 430t BCG albumin binding, 435 Beclomethasone dipropionate

inflammatory airway disease treated with, 597-598

recurrent airway obstruction treated with, 591-592

Bedding, for foals, 264

Beef calves

Mannheimia haemolytica vaccines in, 1650-1651

respiratory disease in, 673

Beef cattle

calcium requirements for, 150t net energy requirements for, 149t phosphorus requirements for, 150t protein requirements for, 149t Beef cows

daily nutrient requirements for, 162t growth curves for, 147b mastitis in, 1147

pregnancy in, normal duration for, 204 protein-energy malnutrition and pregnancy toxemia of, 946 vaccinations for, 1636b

Behavior

abnormal, 131-132

examination of, 120-121

neurologic diseases and, 120-121 Behavioral estrus, lack of, 1461 Behavioral nymphomania, 1462 Bence Jones protein, 1187 Benign essential hematuria, 975 Benign juvenile epilepsy, 288 Benzimidazoles, 1676, 1678t, 1692 Benzylpenicillin, for gastrointestinal ileus, 795-796

Bermudagrass staggers, 1075-1076 Besnoitiosis, 1338

Beta-galactosidase deficienc, 1078t-1079t Beta mannosidosis, 1078t-1079t Bethanechol, 970

for acute abdomen, 853

for gastrointestinal ileus, 796 BFS. see Bone fragility syndrome Bibersteinia trehalosi, 665, 1653 Bicarbonate, 411

sodium, 264 lidocaine and, 29 local anesthesia uses of, 29

Biceps reflex, 125 Bifenthrin, 1806 Bile acids, in foal, 261 Biliary stone, formation of, 951 Biliary tract, disease of, 951-952 Bilirubin, 415, 415b

conjugated, 114-115

in foal, 261

in liver function test, 925

Biochemistry

in peritonitis, 789

profiles

in epistaxis evaluation, 59 exercise intolerance evaluations, serum, 77

Biofilms, 1225, 1552

Biologic response modifiers, 1311-1312 Biomicroscop, 1272

Biophysical profiles, 241

Biopsy

in actinobacillosis, 811

in actinomycosis, 812-813

for cough evaluations, 50

in equine alimentary system, 717

for exercise intolerance evaluations, 79

Biopsy (Continued)

fever of unknown origin evaluations, 41t, 42

for liver disease, 926

lung, 523

punch, 178

skin, 178-179, 179/

for stridor evaluation, 75

Biosecurity

antimicrobial therapy and, 1552

for bovine viral diarrhea virus, 829-830 infection control and, 1563-1592, 1564b neonatal diarrhea and, 367

Bismuth subsalicylate, for chronic diarrhea, 778

Bison, malignant catarrhal fever in, 832 Bisphosphonates, 1232, 1265, 1385 Bitterweed, 1776t-1778t

Biuret reaction, 435

BIV. see Bovine immunodeficiency virus Black disease, 928-929

Black flies, 231

in vesicular stomatitis, 834

Blast cells, 461

Blastomyces dermatitidis, 553t, 557 Blastomycosis, 556t, 557

Bleach, 1567t

Bleeding diathesis, 58-59

Blindness, 117t, 132-134, 1277, 1277b Blister beetle

poisoning, 230, 959, 1792-1793

toxicity of, in horses, 775-776

Bloat

abomasal, 349-350

sudden death caused by, 231

in calves, 347-348

causes of, 865t

chronic recurrent, 864-865

free gas, 866-867 frothy, 871-873 grain, 872 pings associated with, 6-7 recurrent, 879

ruminal, 347-348, 347b, 348/

pings associated with, 6-7

types of, through nasogastric intubation, 857t

Blood

citrated, 442

in feces, 106, 107b

oxygen content of, 1024-1025

pH, 1394

Blood-brain barrier, 1008 Blood cultures, 41, 41t

for sepsis, in foals, 270 Blood-doping agents, 1799 Blood gas analysis

in abomasal ulcers, 891

in acute abdomen, 851

for cough evaluations, 49

for cyanosis evaluations, 71

recurrent airway obstruction, 588

for respiratory distress evaluations, 67 respiratory system, 519-520, 519/ in traumatic reticuloperitonitis, 884 Blood gas analyzers, 519 Blood glucose, 1025, 1526 Blood groups, 1751t-1752t Blood lactate, 1525

concentration, in acute abdomen, 851 Blood L-lactate concentration, in foal, 260-261

Blood loss

acute

anemia caused b, 1151

blood transfusion for, 1151-1152 causes of, 1151

Blood loss (Continued) diagnosis of, 1151-1152 exercise-induced pulmonary, hemorrhage as cause of, 1152 treatment of, 1151-1152 as cause of anemia, 289 chronic, 1152-1153 coagulopathies as cause of, 441 panhypoproteinemia caused b, 441 thrombocytopenia as cause of, 443

Blood oxygen, 482

Blood pressure arterial, 1525 in horses, 16 measurement of, sites for, 93-94 regulation, 1389-1390

Blood proteins, alterations in, 435-441 Blood smears, 421-422

Blood tests, in abomasal ulcers, 891

Blood transfusion

for abomasal ulcers, 892

acute blood loss treated with, 1151 neonatal isoerythrolysis treated with, 1757 Blood typing, 1751-1753

Blood urea nitrogen, 417, 4I7Λ-4I8Λ in foal, 261

Blood volume, 1389-1390

Bloody milk, 1146 Blow fly strike, 1335

Blown grass staggers, 1076, 1772t-1774t Blue-green algae, 233, 1784, 1785/ Bluetongue, 111-113, 112t, 1290, 1629t- 1633t, 1634 abortion, 1502 in contagious ecthyma, 815 in ruminants, 817-820, 818f

Bluetongue virus, 1057

Blunt trauma, to cornea, 1279 BLV. see Bovine leukemia virus

Body condition scoring in beef cows, 160t in dairy cows, 153f description of, 1695 in horses, 20, 20b nutritional assessments using, 12 obesity and, 165 in sheep, 161f, 161t

Body fluids, 422-423 analysis, 422 bronchoalveolar lavage/tracheal washes, 423

cerebrospinal fluid analysis, 423 synovial fluid analysis, 422-423

Body heat, 33

Body temperature alterations in, 33-42 in calves, 333 conditions of increased, 33-36 control of, 33 drugs that affect, 35-36 normal values for, 5 regulation of, 33, 34f

Bohr effect, 68

Bone fragility disorder, equine, 1263, 1263f Bone fragility syndrome (BFS), equine, 1385 Bone healing, pathophysiology of, 1258 Bone marrow

analysis of, 449-461 aplasia of, 1160 aspirates, 422 atypical cells in, 461 biopsy

indications for, 449-450 preparation for, 454 cell line maturation, 459 cellularity of, 459 collection of, 449-461

Bone marrow (Continued) in cows, 455f first lumbar vertebra spinal process for, 451, 452f

in horses, 451f, 453f iliac crest for, 453-454 needles used in, 456f ribs for, 453, 454f-455f sites for, 450-454, 450f-452f sternum for, 452-453, 453f supply checklist for, 454b cytologic examination in, 459-460 evaluation of

description of, 459-461 indications for, 449, 450b interpretation of, 460-461 hypoplasia of, 1179 iron stores in, 459 particles of, 459f spicules of, 457, 457f Bone marrow aspiration aspirate, 460f atypical cells in, 449 cytologic evaluation, 450 indications for, 449-450 preparation for, 454, 456f sample

collection of, 454-457 processing of, 457-459, 457f-458f slides of, 457, 458f

Bone marrow needles, 456f

Bone remodeling, 1405-1407, 1405f-1406f Bones, diseases of, 1197-1266

Booster vaccinations, 1601

Border disease, 132t-133t, 1033-1034 abortion caused b, 1502 clinical signs of, 1033 control of, 1034 definition of, 1033 diagnosis of, 1034 epidemiology of, 1033 etiology of, 1033 pathogenesis of, 1033 pathology of, 1033-1034 treatment of, 1034 virus, 1589

Bordetella Broncbiseptica, 1578t-1585t Borna disease, 132t-133t, 1017

Borrelia burgdorferi, 470, 1190, 1292 Borreliosis, 1190

Bos indicus, 1167

Botulinum neurotoxin, 1101

Botulism, 140t, 1101 antitoxin for, 1103 clinical signs of, 1102-1103 definition of, 1101 diagnosis of, 1102 in esophageal transport failure, 837 in foal, 228 in horses, 1101

pathogenesis of, 1101-1102 prevention of, 1104 recovery from, 1104 tongue weakness associated with, 1103 treatment of, 1103-1104 vaccination for, 1604t-1606t, 1624-1625, 1663

Bougienage, 735

Bovine actinomycosis, 812

Bovine anaplasmosis, 1164-1165

Bovine besnoitiosis, 1338

Bovine Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 1157 Bovine coronavirus, 654-655, 905

Bovine familial convulsions and ataxia, 136t, 1078t-1079t

Bovine generalized glycogenolysis, 1078t-1079t

Bovine genital campylobacteriosis vaccines, 1655

Bovine growth hormone, 1414

Bovine herpes mammillitis, 1147, 1329

Bovine herpesvirus type 1, 647-649 abortion caused by, 1494-1496, 1495t characteristics of, 647t-648t clinical signs of, 647-648, 1289-1290 definition of, 647 diagnosis of, 649 diagnostic procedures of, 1290 encephalitic, 1034 epidemiology of, 649 etiology of, 647, 1289 in goats, 1290 necropsy findings, 649 ocular manifestations of, 1289 pathogenesis of, 648-649 pathophysiology of, 1290 prevention of, 649, 1290-1293 prognosis for, 1290 treatment of, 649, 1290 vaccinations for, 1034, 1641-1642

Bovine herpesvirus type 2, 1329 Bovine herpesvirus type 4, 649 Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), 1181-1182

Bovine keratoconjunctivitis, localization of, 9 Bovine leukemia virus (BLV)

control of, 1183-1184 description of, 1180 diagnosis of, 1182-1183 epidemiology of, 1182 lymphosarcoma and, 229 transmission of, 1182

Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 1761 Bovine leukosis, 1291

Bovine lymphoma adult form of, 1182-1184 atypical, 1181 calf, 1181

characteristics of, 1180-1184 control of, 1183-1184 cutaneous, 1181 diagnosis of, 1182-1183 epidemiology of, 1182 hemonode enlargement, 1181-1182 juvenile, 1181 thymic, 1181

Bovine lymphosarcoma, 1313

Bovine malignant catarrh. see Malignant catarrhal fever

Bovine mycoplasmal conjunctivitis, 1284 Bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma, 1311f, 1312

Bovine papillomavirus, 1665t-1666t, 1668 Bovine papular stomatitis (BPS), 111-113, 112t

in ruminants, 816-817

Bovine parainfluenza virus 3, 653-654

Bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopath, 1078t-1079t

Bovine protoporphyria, 1345

Bovine pulmonary emphysema, 234

Bovine respiratory disease, 345 in beef calves, 673 description of, 646, 672 in feedlot cattle, 673 in stocker cattle, 673

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus, 651-653 bovine virus diarrhea virus and, 652 characteristics of, 647t-648t clinical signs of, 651 definition of, 651 diagnosis of, 652 epidemiology of, 652 etiology of, 651

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (Continued) feedlot acute interstitial pneumonia associated with, 682

necropsy findings, 652 parenteral vaccines for, 1647-1648 pathogenesis of, 651-652 pneumonia caused by, 700 prevention of, 652-653 treatment of, 652-653 vaccination for, 651-652, 1647-1648 Bovine rhinitis virus, 656 Bovine rhinotracheitis, infectious, 112t Bovine somatotropin, 1414-1420 chemistry of, 1414-1419, 1414f-1415f description of, 1414 food safety and, 1420 half-life of, 141^-1415 health effects of, 1417-1419, 1418t-1419t human safety and, 1420 lameness and, 1418 mastitis and, 1417-1418 mechanism of action of, 1415-1417 milk production affected b, 1414, 1420f production responses of, 1415-1417, 1416f on specific tissues, 1417t sustainability implications of, 1419-1420, 1420f, 1420t

well-being and, 1417-1419 Bovine spastic syndrome, 140t Bovine spinal muscular atrophy, 1078t-1079t Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 132t-133t, 1035-1037

clinical signs of, 1036 control of, 1036-1037 definition of, 1035 diagnosis of, 1036 epidemiology of, 1035-1036 etiology of, 1035 nonbovine hosts, public health consideration and BSE in, 1037 pathogenesis of, 1036 treatment of, 1036-1037

Bovine tuberculosis, 695-698

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), 327, 820-830

abortion caused by, 1495t, 1496, 1496f abortions in, 825-827 acute, 826

disease associated with, 823-826 immunosuppression, 824 reproductive disease, 824-826, 825f respiratory disease, 824 acute-transient, 823 antigen detection in, 828 biosecurity for, 829-830 clinical signs of, 822 congenital defects in, 825-827 control of, 828-830 definition of, 820-821 diagnosis of, 827-828, 827t diarrhea, 356 differential diagnoses of, 822 early embryonic death in, 825 epidemiology of, 821-822 etiology of, 820-821 forms of, 822f hemorrhagic, 824 herd-to herd transmission of, 822 host range in, 821 infection control for, 1589 infertility in, 825 during later stages of pregnancy, 825-826 mucosal disease in, 826 necropsy findings in, 826-827 persistent

acute mucosal disease in, 826 chronic mucosal disease in, 826

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) (Continued)

disease associated with, 826 identification and elimination of, 828-829

in offspring, 825

prevalence of, 821

prevention of, 828-830 prognosis of, 828 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in, 828

serology in, 828

severe acute, 823-824 transmission of, 821-822 treatment of, 828 vaccination for, 829 virus isolation in, 827-828 Bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease abortion caused b, 199 description of, 112t, 113, 653 Bovine virus diarrhea

diagnostic tests for, 360

diarrhea and, 351

Bovine virus diarrhea virus

Borna disease and, 1017

bovine respiratory syncytial virus and, 652 cerebellar hypoplasia caused b, 1072, 1072f

hydrocephalus associated with, 1057 mucosal disease associated with, 1646 ocular manifestations of, 1290-1291 reproductive control and, 1646-1647 vaccination for, 1645-1647, 1646t Bovine-specific ophthalmia, 1305 Bowel inflammation, 97 Bowel irritation, 97 Boxwood, 1776t-1778t Brachial plexus lesions, 1112-1113 Bracbyspira pilosicoli, 99-100 Bracken fern, 993, 998, 1772t-1774t, 1775 Bracken fern toxicosis, 1179 Bradycardia, 7

in indigestion, 859

Brain abscess

in horses, 134t, 1045-1046

in ruminants, 132t-133t, 1045-1046, 1045f-1046f

Brain-heart syndrome, 1022 Brain injury, hyperosmolar therapy for, 1534-1535

Brain swelling, 1025

Brain trauma, 1021-1025

Brain tumors

in horses, 134t

in ruminants, 132t-133t, 1027-1028 Brainstem

auditory evoked potentials measurement of, 137

auditory evoked responses, 1011, 1011t diseases of, 138t

dysfunction of, diseases manifesting with, 1062-1077

Branbamella ovis keratoconjunctivitis, 1285 Brassica spp., 684

Breath-holding technique, for urine sample,

5

Breath sounds

bronchial, 516

in neonatal ruminants, 343

vesicular, 516

Breath tests, in equine alimentary system, 718-719

Breathing, 524-525 Breeding programs, 1707, 1707b Breeding season, 1456-1457

in camelids, 1457

in cows, 1456

Breeding season (Continued)

in does, 1463-1464

in goats, 1456-1457

in mares, 1456

in ruminants, 1456-1457

in sheep, 1456

Breeding soundness examination, 189, 192b

Bretylium tosylate, 499t

Brisket disease, 493-495

Brix refractometers, 322, 1738

Broken teeth, in ruminants, 807

Bromcresol green (BCG) albumin binding, 435

Bromide intoxication, 140t

Bronchiolitis obliterans, 687

Bronchoalveolar lavage

for cough evaluations, 49

for epistaxis evaluations, 59-60

exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, 603-604

in horses, 520-521

inflammatory airway disease, 594-595 procedure for, 520

respiratory secretion collection using, 520-521

sedation for, 520-521

summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease, 592-593 Bronchoconstriction, 43-44 Bronchodilators

inflammatory airway disease treated with, 597

interstitial pneumonia treated with, 569 pulmonary edema treated with, 584t recurrent airway obstruction treated with, 590-591

response testing for, 50-51 Bronchointerstitial pneumonia, 567 Bronchopleural fistulas, 535 Bronchopneumonia

aerobic bacterial isolates associated with, in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of, 532t

antimicrobial agents for, 531-533

in cattle, 645-646, 646b, 667

characteristics of, 645

in dairy calves, 666

definition of, 526

differential diagnosis of, 528

in Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, 1016

equine adenovirus as cause of, 1292

in horses, 526

physical examination of, 527-528

Rbodococcus equi infections as cause of, 468-469, 535-548, 536f, 1289

in ruminants, 645-646, 646b

undifferentiated, 646 Bronchoprovocation testing, 525 Bronchoscopy, bacterial pneumonia evaluations, 528

Broodmares

udder edema in, 210

vaccinations in, 1600-1601, 1604t-1612t Broomweed, 1776t-1778t

Brucella spp.

B. abortus, 1248-1249, 1292, 1578t-1585t, 1653

abortion, 1498

B. melitensis, 1578t-1585t

abortion, 1504

B.ovis

abortion, 1504 vaccine for, 1633 Brucellosis, 1578t-1585t BTSCCs. see Bulk tank somatic cell counts Buck(s), 1506, 1508-1510

gynecomastia in, 211

Bucked shins, 1261

Buffalo bur, 1776t-1778t

Buffer base, 411

Bulbar paralysis. see Pseudorabies

Bulk tank cultures, 1127

Bulk tank somatic cell counts (BTSCCs),

1118

Bull(s)

bacterial infections in, 1510

bifenthrin exposure in, 1806

body condition in, 160t

daily nutrient requirements for, 163t

fescue toxicosis effects on fertility of, 203 paraphimosis in, 1508

penile deviations in, 1511

penis in, description of, 189

penis of, 1505-1506

persistent penile frenulum in, 1511 phimosis in, 1506

scrotal circumference of, 8-9, 8t spondylosis in, 1234

tumors of penis and prepuce, 1511-1512 urethral injury in, 1509

urethritis in, 1509

vaccinations for, 1636b, 1638b

vertebral enthesophytes in, 1235

Bullet method, 1525

Bullous pemphigoid, 1317, 1726t-1728t Bunyaviridae viruses, 1018, 1221-1222 Buphthalmia, 1309t-1310t

Burkholderia spp.

B. mallei, 599, 1578t-1585t

B. pseudomallei, 599

Burn injury, fluid therapy for, 1538-1539, 1539b

Buss disease. see Sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis

Butorphanol, 31-32, 1443

for acute abdomen, 853

Buttercup, 1772t-1774t, 1776t-1778t

C

Cache Valley virus, 1057

Calcimimetics, 1385

Calcinosis, 1384

Calcitonin, 1378t, 1379

Calcium, 1376-1378

absorption of, 1377, 1392

for beef cattle growth, 150t

blood concentrations of, 1392-1395, 1392/ body distribution of, 1376/

bone disease associated with, 1404 deficiency, 333

in calves, 119

chronic, 1392-1395, 1392/

elimination of, 1377-1378

in equine feeds, 1377t

equine requirements, 1376-1377, 1377t fractional excretion of, 1377 homeostasis of, 1378-1379, 1379/ hypercalcemia, 406, 406b hypocalcemia, 406, 406b intracellular, 1452 metabolism, 1392-1393

in mineral supplements, 1377t

in neurologic injury, 1535

physiologic functions of, 1376

ranges of, 1376b

regulation, 1390

serum, 405-406

small intestine absorption of, 1377 for synchronous diaphragmatic flutter, 1431

treatments, 1397

in urine, 1422-1423

Calcium-based calculi, 988

Calcium carbonate, 1384

Calcium disorders

in horses, 1379-1381 hypercalcemia. see Hypercalcemia hypocalcemia. see Hypocalcemia

Calcium gluconate, 1381

Calcium homeostasis, in cattle, 852 Calcium oxalate, 334

Calcium-sensing system, 1379 Calculi

calcium-based, 988 phosphatic, 988 renal, 973 silica, 988 ureteral, 973 urethral, 166-167, 990 urinary, 988

Calf batch, 362 Calf-Guard, 1658 Calf housing, 676

California Mastitis Test (CMT), 8-9, 329-330, 1123, 1143

California Senate Bill 27, 1558 Caltrop, 1772t-1774t

Calves

abdominal organs in, ultrasonographic aspects of, 839-847, 840/ abomasal dilation in, 879 abomasal displacement in, 349 abomasal ulcers in, 348-349 arterial blood gas in, 345t backgrounding of, 678 bacterial pneumonia in, 346 body temperature in, 333 bottle-fed, 320 calcium deficiency in, 119 cardiac murmurs in, 328-329 digestive anatomy of, 387 diphtheria, 642-643 dystocia in, 312, 320 energy requirement of, 148t, 325, 325t fibrinogen levels in, 438-439 first feeding of, 319 flexor tendon contracture in, 220 forestomach diseases of, 877-879 gossypol toxicosis, 232-233 heart rate in, 314 hypernatremia in, 341 hypoglycemia in, 340 hyponatremia in, 340 intestinal atresia in, 350 intussusception in, 350-351 lymphoma in, 1180 Mannheimia haemolytica vaccines in, 1650-1651

neonatal calf enteric disease vaccines, 1655-1658

Pasteurella multocida in, 647t-648t, 659 perineal region, 333 pneumonia in, 346 preconditioning of, 677-678 protein requirements for, 148t respiratory condition diagnostic testing in,

344- 345, 344t

ruminal bloat in, 347-348, 347b, 348/ seizures in, 327 septic arthritis in, 1207 septic shock in, 336 septicemia in, 1290 tracheal collapse in, 643, 644/ upper respiratory tract disorders in,

345- 346

vaccinations for, 1636b-1637b, 1644 vitamin A for, 366

Calycanthus spp., 233

Camelids

abortion in, 1505

Camelids (Continued)

breeding season in, 1457

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in, 1193

cystic follicular degeneration in, 1458 endometritis in, 1482 metritis in, 1482 paratuberculosis in, 912 pyometra in, 1482 retained fetal membranes in, 1474 silent estrus in, 1464 uterine prolapse in, 1484

Campylobacter spp., 355

C. /etus subsp. /etus, 1633-1634 abortion, 1495t, 1503

C. /etus subsp. venerealis, 1655 abortion, 1498

C. jejuni, 1578t-1585t abortion, 1504

zoonotic diseases caused by, 1578t-1585t

Campylobacteriosis

abortion in sheep caused by, 199 vaccines for, 1655

Canagliflozin, 1373

Canarygrass staggers, 1076-1077 Candida albicans, 269

Candida spp.

C. albicans, 558

morphologic features of, 553t Candidemia, 558

Candidiasis, 556t, 558, 1750 Candle nut tree, 1776t-1778t

Canine teeth, 729

Cannon keratosis, 1346 Cantharidiasis, equine, 1381 Cantharidin

poisoning/toxicit, 231, 959, 1793 (Blister beetle) toxicity, in horses, 775-776 toxins, in duodenitis-proximal jejunitis, 759 Capillary oncotic pressure, 1521 Capillary refill time

in foals, 249

in neonates, 327

Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, 1215-1216

agar gel immunodiffusion test for, 1215 clinical pathology of, 1215 clinical signs of, 1215 control of, 1216 definition of, 1215 description of, 132t-133t, 140t, 690-691 epidemiology of, 1215-1216 etiology of, 1215 infection, 1032

clinical pathology of, 1033 clinical signs of, 1032-1033 control of, 1033 definition of, 1032 diagnosis of, 1033 epidemiology of, 1032 pathogenesis of, 1032 pathology of, 1033 treatment of, 1033

in kids, 342

laboratory diagnosis for, 1215 necropsy findings of, 1216 pathophysiology of, 1215 polysynovitis-arthritis caused by, 1215 prevention of, 1216 prognosis for, 1216 treatment of, 1216

Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1), 983-984 Caprine nasal adenocarcinoma virus, 638 Captan, 1330

Cara inchada, 806

Carbamates, 232-233, 1803-1805 Carbohydrates, in milk replacers, 389-390

Carbon monoxide, 584

Cardia, obstruction of, 865

Cardiac arrhythmias, 84-86 abnormal, 86 automaticity and, 86 benign, 85 control of, 498 definition of, 84-86 diagnostic approach to, 86 electrocardiography of, 85 in foals, 252 in horses, 85, 85b mechanisms of, 85-86 in neonates, 329 pathologic, 85 physical examination of, 86 in ruminants, 85b secondar, 86

Cardiac catheterization angiocardiography, 482 in atrial fibrillation, 509 blood oxygen measurements using, 482 blood pressure measurements using, 481, 481/; 481t

cardiac output, 482 diagnostic uses of, 481 in large animals, 481-482 in myocarditis, 497 nuclear angiocardiography, 482 in pericarditis, 502 in tetralogy of Fallot evaluations, 486 ventricular function assessment, 482 ventricular septal defects, 482 in ventricular tachycardia, 513

Cardiac defects, miscellaneous, 488 Cardiac glycosides, 1775

Cardiac murmurs

in calves, 328-329 causes of, 87b characteristics of, 87 continuous, 87 diagnostic approach to, 88 diastolic, 87 echocardiography of, 88 ejection, 87-88, 87f, 88b in foals, 252-253 functional, 87-88 grading of, 87 in horses, 87b point of maximal impulse, 87 regurgitant, 87-88, 87f, 88b in ruminants, 88b systolic, 87-88, 87f in valvular heart disease, 488-489, 488f-489f

Cardiac output, 482, 1525 Cardiac troponin I, 496 Cardiac tumors, 504f

clinical pathology of, 503-504

clinical signs of, 503 control of, 505 definition of, 503 differential diagnosis of, 503 epidemiology of, 504 etiology of, 503 necropsy findings, 504-505 pathophysiology of, 504 prevention of, 505 prognosis of, 505 treatment of, 505

Cardiomyopathy, 329, 495-499 clinical pathology of, 496-497 clinical signs of, 495-496, 495f control of, 498-499 definition of, 495 differential diagnosis of, 495-496 dilated

Cardiomyopathy (Continued) clinical signs of, 495-496 definition of, 495 pathophysiology of, 497 prognosis for, 498 sudden death caused b, 496 treatment of, 498 electrocardiography of, 496, 496f-497f epidemiology of, 497 etiology of, 495 inherited, 497 necropsy findings, 497-498 pathophysiology of, 497 prevention of, 498-499 prognosis for, 498 treatment of, 498

Cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation, of foals, 244

Cardiovascular disease

echocardiography of, 480 in neonates, 328-329

Cardiovascular exercise intolerance, 89-90 Cardiovascular function, hemodynamic state on, 749t

Cardiovascular system alterations in, 82-94 diseases of, 478-514 evaluation of, in exercise intolerance, 78 in foals, 252-253

Carotene, 1056

Carpal flexural deformities, 1250, 1251f Carpal joint, swelling of, 222 Carpetweed, 1772t-1774t Carprofen

analgesic uses of, 31 description of, 30t Casein, iodinated, 1366 Caseous lymphadenitis, 610, 691, 1324-1325, 1629t-1633t, 1634

Caslick's surgery, 1473

Castor beans, 232, 1772t-1774t, 1776t-1778t Castration, 22

Casts, 419

Cataplex, 121, 1029-1030

Cataracts

classification of, 1269

ocular opacities caused by, 1276 ocular trauma as cause of, 1281 Catheter

complications associated with, 1701 in foals, 262

Catheterization, for nasal discharge evaluations, 56

Cattle

adenoviruses of, 656 AlHV-1 in, 831-832 allergic rhinitis in, 637 analgesic compounds effect on, 28-29 arrhythmias in, 7 arterial pH in, 519t arteriosclerosis in, 507 atrial fibrillation in, 508 blood group factors in, 1752t bluetongue in, 1290 bronchopneumonia in, 645-646, 646b, 667 cerebrospinal fluid normal values in, 1008t Clostridium perfringens type D in, 902 congenital heart disease in, 328-329 copper poisoning in, 1174 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in, 1192-1193 coughing in, 46-47 cyclic irregularity in, 193-194, 193b cystic nasal turbinates in, 638 definition of, 1554t-1555t digital dermatitis in, 1325-1326 digoxin therapy in, 493b

Cattle (Continued)

dry matter intake in, 144t

Ehrlichia ruminantium infection in, 1048-1049

endometritis in, 194 enzootic nasal granuloma in, 637 eperythrozoonosis in, 1168 estrous cycle irregularities in, 193 fecal output in, 95 fluoride for, 1240t foot rot in, 1242-1243, 1242f foot-and-mouth disease of, 835 frontal sinus in, 523 furunculosis in, 1324 gastrointestinal nematode infections in, 1678t, 1679

genetic tests for, 1711t-1714t glomerulonephritis in, 996-997 grubs, 1092-1093 heart rate in, 85

heat detection in, 193, 1463 hepatic neoplasia in, 950 hypokalemic myopathy in, 1430 ionophores in, 1802 keratoconjunctivitis in, 1276 Leptospira spp. in, 1002 Listeria monocytogenes in, 1292 liver biopsy in, 926 liver flukes in, 921, 936 lymphoma in, 1344 lymphosarcoma in, 1313 melanomas in, 1343 Neospora infection of, 1047 nociceptive pathways in, 28f nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in, 30t

ocular squamous cell carcinoma in, 1308-1312, 1310t

persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in, 828-829 phosphorylase deficiency in, 1455 plague. see Rinderpest pseudomyotonia in, 1455 quinidine gluconate in, 499b retropharyngeal lymph node abscessation in, 609-612

septic arthritis in, 1213 skull fractures in, 1022 spondylosis in, 1234-1235 tracheal edema syndrome of, 645 tuberculosis in, 1291 udder edema in, 210, 210b urolithiasis in, 105 uterine torsion in, 307 vaccinations for, 1636-1639, 1637b-1638b, 1639t

vesicular stomatitis in, 111-113

warbles in, 1336-1337

winter dysentery in, 905

Cauda equina neuritis, 140t, 1107

CD4+ T cells, 1121, 1720f-1721/, 1721­1723, 1741, 1746

CD8+ T cells, 1121, 1721-1723, 1741, 1746 CD62L, 1120

Cecal disorders, rectal palpation in, 850 Cecal dysfunction, 779

Cecal emptying defect, in gastrointestinal ileus, 794

Cecal impaction, 779

Cecocecal intussusception, 712, 783 Cecocolic intussusception, 712, 712f Cecum

dislocation, in ruminants, 897-898 in equine alimentary system, 712 impaction of, 712

Cefotaxime, 270-272, 270t

Cefpodoxime, 270t, 272

Ceftiofur, 270-272, 270t for bacterial skin infections, 1324 bronchopneumonia treated with, 5311 for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis cellulitis, 1325

Lyme disease treated with, 1191 Cell-mediated hypersensitivity, 1297 Cell-mediated immunit, 540-541 Cells, 419

Cellular membrane permeability, 1522 Cellular oncogenesis, 1339

Cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein

(CRALBP), 1302

Cellulitis

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, 1324-1325

description of, 641-642 in esophageal disorders, 837 staphylococcal, 1324

Cemental hypoplasia, 720-721 Centesis, 56

Central apnea, 347

Central chemoreceptors, 60

Central cyanosis, 68 alveolar hypoventilation and, 68-69 in horses, 69b pathophysiologic classification of, 68t predisposing conditions of, 68-69 in ruminants, 70b shunting and, 69 ventilation-perfusion mismatch and, 69

Central hyperthermia, 36

Central nervous system disorders hyperthermia caused b, 36 lesions, 117t, 131

Central sensitization, 29

Central venous pressure (CVP), 1522,

1524-1525

in fluid therap, 801 Cephalosporin-class antibiotics, 1560 Cephalosporins, 270t, 272 bronchopneumonia treated with, 531t meningitis treated with, 1044 for septicemia, 337-338 urinary tract infections treated with, 968-969

Cerebellar abiotrophy, 1071-1072,

1078t-1079t

Cerebellar disease, 122

diseases producing, 1071-1072 Cerebellar hypoplasia, 1078t-1079t bovine viral diarrhea virus as cause of, 1072, 1072/

description of, 136t

Cerebral abiotrophy, 136t Cerebral babesiosis, 1167 Cerebral cortex, 121

Cerebral theileriasis, 1049-1050

Cerebral trypanosomiasis, 1050-1051 Cerebrocortical disease, 1035t Cerebrospinal fluid, 1006-1008 analysis of

in bacterial meningitis, 338-339, 339t description of, 1007-1008 collection of, 1006-1007

cisterna magna tap for, 1006-1007, 1007/ in foal, 257-258, 257/

lumbosacral spinal tap for, 1006, 1007/ flow in, 1006 glucose in, 1008 myelography, 1007 normal values for, 1008t pleocytosis, 1020 production of, 1006 protein in, 1008 refractive index of, 1008 spinal abscess findings, 1100

Ceroid lipofuscinosis, 132t-133t, 1062, 1078t-1079t

Ceruloplasmin, 439 Cervical reflexes, 126 Cervical spinal abscesses, 140t Cervical spinal cord, 138-139, 140t Cervical stenotic myelopathy, 1084-1087

clinical signs of, 1085-1086 definition of, 1084 diagnosis of, 1086-1087 necropsy findings, 1085 neurologic examination of, 1086 neurologic signs of, 1085-1086 pathogenesis of, 1085 radiography of, 1086 treatment of, 1087 medical, 1087 surgical, 1087

type I, 1085

type II, 1085 Cervicitis, 1485 Cervicofacial reflex, 117t Cervix, lacerations of, 1485 Cesarean section

in dystocia, 207

foals resuscitation after, 244 CGIT. see Combined glucose-insulin test Channelopathies, 1427-1428 Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 1761 Chemokines, 586-587, 747 Chemoreceptors, 60 Chemosis, 1268, 1279, 1289 Chemotherapy, in horses, 1167 Chest wall, 47-48 Chickens, 1554t-1555t Chiggers, 1332 Chimeras, 1465 Chinaberry, 1776t-1778t Chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis, 1284

Chlamydophila abortus abortion, 1504 Chlamydophila psittaci, 242 Chlamydophila spp., 665, 1042, 1634 Chloramphenicol

bacterial pneumonia treated with, 531t, 532-533

in food animals, 1559 Chlorhexidine, 1567t Chloride

channel, 1426 hyperchloremia, 405b hypochloremia, 405b in ruminants, 1401 serum, 404-405 toxicit, 1401

Chlorine, 685 Chlorpyrifos, 1804 Choke, 110-111, 714

in ruminants, 837-838 Cholangiocarcinoma, in horses, 950 Cholangiohepatitis, 952 Cholangitis, 952

Cholecalciferol, 1379, 1384 Choledocholithiasis, 951-952 Cholelithiasis, 951-952, 951/-952/ Cholestatic diseases, in excretion, 949-950

Choline, for hepatic lipidosis, 945 Cholinesteric granuloma encephalopathy, 1028

Cholinesteric granulomas, 1028 Chondrodysplasia, 1198 Chondroitin sulfate, 1219 Chondroprotective agents, 1232 Chorioptes spp., 1332

Chorioptic mange, 1332-1333 Chorioretinitis, 1306

Chromosomal abnormalities

cyclic irregularity secondary to, 194 description of, 1706 examples of, 1464/

Chronic active hepatitis (CAH), 932-933 Chronic blood loss, 1152-1153

Chronic diarrhea, 100, 777-779

causes of, 777-778 diagnosis of, 778 noninflammatory, 778 treatment of, 778-779

Chronic fluorosis, 113, 113b

Chronic interstitial nephritis (CIN), 963 Chronic interstitial pancreatitis (CIP), 954-955

Chronic laminitis, 1236

Chronic leukemia, 1186 Chronic liver disease, 447

Chronic organophosphate poisoning, 1100-1101

Chronic osteomyelitis, 1223

Chronic pain, 32

Chronic passive congestion, 949

Chronic pneumonia and polyarthritis syndrome, 662

Chronic progressive lymphedema, 1350-1351

Chronic recurrent bloat, 864-865

Chronic renal failure

causes of, 963-967, 965/, 973/ clinical signs of, 964 diagnosis of, 960 end-stage, 967 glomerulonephritis, proliferative, 963-964 in horses, 959, 964/ hypercalcemia in, 964 laboratory findings of, 964-965 nutritional support for, 966 polycystic kidney disease as cause of, 964 prognosis for, 967 proliferative glomerulonephritis, 963-964 pyelonephritis, 964 rectal examination for, 965 treatment of, 966-967 urinalysis findings in, 965

Chuzan virus, 1057 Chyloabdomen, 765, 765/ Chymosin, 329-330 Cicatricial alopecia, 184 Cimetidine, 349, 737 in abomasal pH, 892

CIN. see Chronic interstitial nephritis CIRCI. see Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency

Circling

central nervous system lesions, 117t description of, 134 head tilt and, 123-124 vestibular system lesions and, 122-123

Circling disease, description of,

1067-1069

Circulatory system, 16

Cisapride

for acute abdomen, 853

for gastrointestinal ileus, 797

Cisterna magna tap, 1006-1007, 1007/ Cisternal fraction, 1119

Citrated blood, 442 Citrullinemia, 132t-133t, 1078t-1079t Clara cells, 595

Classical Borna disease, 1017

Claviceps spp.

C. cyperi, 1780-1781

C. paspali, 1075

C. purpurea, 1241

Cleaning, 1566

Cleft palate

in foals, 250

in horses, 624-625, 624/-625/ in neonatal ruminants, 343

Clenbuterol, 590-591, 607, 1559, 1798, 1802 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 1547

Clinical mastitis, 1124

Clitoral hypertrophy, 1487 Clofazimine, for paratuberculosis, 914 Closantel, 1678t

Closed pneumothorax, 579-580 Clostridia

C. difficile, 355

C. perfringens, 351

diagnostic tests for, 358 diarrhea and, 354-355 sudden death caused by, 229 vaccines for, 1628, 1629t-1631t, 1661-1664

Clostridial diarrhea, in horses, 773-774 Clostridial myonecrosis, 1432, 1432/ Clostridium spp.

C. botulinum, 1101, 1111, 1624, 1663

C. carnis, 1432

C. chauvoei, 1432

C. chauvoei bacterins, 1662, 16621

C. difficile, 471

in clostridial diarrhea, 773-774 diarrhea caused by, 96, 99-100 infection control for, 1588

zoonotic diseases caused b, 1578t-1585t C. haemolyticum, 1662-1663, 1662t

in bacillary hemoglobinuria, 929

C. novyi, 1662-1663, 1662t type B, 1432

in black disease, 928

C. perfringens

beta-2 toxin, 101

in clostridial diarrhea, 774 diarrhea caused b, 96, 99-100 diarrhea in neonatal foals, 299 diseases caused by, 1578t-1585t in foals, 229 toxins, diseases caused by, 899-903 definition of, 899-900 etiology of, 899-900, 899t general considerations on, 900 type A, 900 type B, 900 type C, 900-901 type D, 901 type A, 1432 vaccination for, 1628, 1629t-1633t, 1663-1664, 1663t

zoonotic diseases caused b, 1578t-1585t C. piliforme, in Tyzzer's disease, 930 C. septicum, 1432

bacterins, 1662, 1662t

C. sordelli

bacterins, 1662 description of, 1432 in foals, 228

C. tetani, 1097. see also Tetanus

Clotting profile, 59 Cloudy eye, 1274t-1275t CMT. see California Mastitis Test Coagulase-negative staphylcoccci, 1129 Coagulase-positive staphylococci, 1324 Coagulation

mediators of, 1153 pathways of, 444, 445f 1154

Coagulation disorders description of, 1160-1163 disseminated intravascular coagulation, 1161-1162

inherited, 1154-1156

Coagulation factor XII, endotoxin in, 747 Coagulation factors, 444-445

Coagulation proteins, 1153 Coagulopathies, 441

Coat color dilution lethal, 1072-1073 Coat color testing, 1716t

Coat length and density abnormalities, 184-187, 186b

Cobalt deficiency, in ruminants, 918-919, 918t, 919f

Cobalt, reference values for, 918t Coccidioides immitis, 553t, 558 Coccidiomycosis, 558

Coccidiosis

in food animals, 1689-1692, 1691t nervous, 1046, 1690 treatment of, 1691t, 1692

Cochliomyia hominivorax, 1334 Coconut oil, 390

CODD. see Contagious ovine digital dermatitis

Codominant inheritance, 1705 Coenurosis, 1061-1062 clinical signs of, 1062 control of, 1062 definition of, 1061-1062 diagnosis of, 1062 epidemiology of, 1061-1062 etiology of, 1061-1062 pathogenesis of, 1062 pathology of, 1062 treatment of, 1062

Coenurus cerebralis, 132t-133t, 1308 infestation, 1061-1062

Coffeeweed, 1776t-1778t

Coffin joint anesthesia, 1227

Coital exanthema, 1487

Cold stress, 325

neutrophil chemotaxis and, 335-336 Colic, 102-105

causes of, 102b-103b

definition of, 102

diagnostic approach to, 103-105 exploratory surgery for, 104-105 extraintestinal causes of, 103b in foals, 251

in horses, 102-105, 102b

impaction, 165

laboratory tests for, 104 management of, 103-105 physical examination of, 103-105 in ruminants, 102, 103b, 105 signs and symptoms of, 102 ultrasound of, 104

Coliform mastitis, 229

Coliforms, 1128

Colitis

acute, 1527

acute diarrhea and, 771, 777 fluid therapy for, 1527-1528, 1527b ultrasonography of, 706, 707f right dorsal, 712

Colitis-X, 234

Collagenase, for retained fetal membranes, 1474

Collapse, 89-90

infectious causes of, 229, 229b parasitic causes of, 229, 229b signs and symptoms of, 131-132 sudden death versus, 227-228

Collateral sesamoidean desmotom, 1232-1233

Colloid oncotic pressure (COP), 804 albumin in, 440

Colloid osmotic pressure, edema and, 83

Colloid solutions, for duodenitis-proximal jejunitis, 760

Colloid therapy, for liver failure, 953 Colloidal silver, 1560

Colloids

acute diarrhea treated with, 1528 in foals, 262-263

hypoalbuminemia treated with, 1527 for sepsis, 1529

Colocolic intussusceptions, 783

Colon, in equine alimentary system displacement of, 707, 707f, 712, 712f impaction of, 707 left portion of, 706-707, 706f right portion of, 711-712 volvulus, 706-707

Color flow Doppler echocardiograph, 479-481

Colorado rubberweed, 1776t-1778t Colostral leukocytes, 315 Colostrogenesis, 315-324, 1762 vaccines in, 322-323

Colostrometer, 1738 Colostrum

bovine leukemia virus prevention and, 1182

collection of, 321-322 components of, 1759 composition of, 316t equine herpesvirus antibodies in, 1621 first feed, 319 for foals, 274 freezing of, 322 handling of, 321-322 heat treatment of, 321-322 immunoglobulin concentration of, 317-318

immunoglobulin G concentrations in, 1733, 1735, 1735t immunological benefits of, 315-316 management of, 321-324, 321b maternal cells in, 1760 method of feeding, 319-320 microbial contamination of, 321 nonimmunological benefits of, 316 pasteurization of, 321 provision of adequate, 316-317 quality of, 317, 322 required, 319t risk factor for calf diarrhea, 321 storage of, 321-322 uptake, adequate, 317

Colostrum bank, 1738

Colostrum replacements antibody profile in, 386-387 colostrum supplements versus, 382 efficacy of, 383-386, 385t failure of passive transfer, 383 in foals, 1735 IgG provided in, 383 licensed, 383, 384t manufacturing, 383 minor species, 387 monitoring passive transfer rates, 387 plasma-derived, 383 serum-derived, 383 studies of, 385t summary of, 387

Colostrum supplements, 382-387 antibody profile in, 386-387 versus colostrum replacements, 382 colostrum supplements versus, 382 efficacy of, 383-386, 385t failure of passive transfer, 383 IgG provided in, 383 licensed, 383, 384t manufacturing, 383 minor species, 387

monitoring passive transfer rates, 387 Colostrum supplements (Continued) plasma-derived, 383 serum-derived, 383 studies of, 3851 summary of, 387

Columnar ciliated epithelial cells, 529

Coma

central nervous system lesions, 117t signs and symptoms of, 131

Combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT), 1371

Combined immunodeficienc, 1761-1762

Combined thickness of the uteroplacental (CTUP) unit, 241, 241f

Commercial bacterin-toxoids, in Clostridium novyi type B, 929

Comminuted fractures, 1260

Common variable immunodeficiency, 17251, 1744-1745, 1746f

Common vehicle transmission, 1574 Compartment syndrome, 1442 Compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS), 750

Compensatory gain, 142

Compensatory lameness, 215

Competitive endurance horses, fluid therapy for, 1537-1538

Complement dysfunction, 1724

Complete blood count

in abomasal ulcers, 891

in acute abdomen, 851

in cough evaluations, 48

in cyanosis evaluations, 71

in epistaxis evaluation, 59

in respiratory distress evaluations, 67

in stridor evaluation, 75

in traumatic reticuloperitonitis, 883-884

Compliance, 525

Compound hair follicle, 185

Compounding, 1561

Computed radiography, in equine alimentary system, 714

Computed tomography (CT) of cranial nerve injuries, 1024 of equine alimentary system, 716, 717f for nasal discharge evaluations, 55 of navicular disease, 1230 of osteomyelitis, 1224f of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, 1356-1357

of septic arthritis, 1210, 1211f of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, 1265-1266

Computer-assisted semen analysis, 192

Computer-generated medical records, 18 Conformation, 2-3, 212-213

Congenital ankylosis, 1222

Congenital cystic nasal turbinates, 638

Congenital defects, 997-998

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 582

Congenital encephalomyelopathy, in Quarter Horses, 1072, 1078t-1079t

Congenital erythrocytosis, 1179

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria, 1176-1177, 1345

Congenital flexural limb deformities, 1250

Congenital heart disease, 482-488 aortic anomalies, 487-488 atrial septal defect, 487-488 in cattle, 328-329 causes of, 482-483 ectopia cordis cervicalis, 488 Eisenmenger complex, 488 mitral valve dysplasia, 487 in neonates, 328-329, 329t patent ductus arteriosus, 485 physical examination of, 483 pulmonic valve stenosis, 487

Congenital heart disease (Continued)

shunting caused by, 69

tetralogy of Fallot. see Tetralogy of Fallot tricuspid valve atresia, 487 truncus arteriosus, 487

ventricular hypoplasia, 487

ventricular septal defects. see Ventricular septal defects

Congenital hyperbilirubinemia, 948 Congenital hypertensive hydrocephalus, 1058 Congenital hypothyroidism, in foals, 1368 Congenital megaesophagus, in horses, 732 Congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS), in foals, 932

Congestion, 949

Congestive heart failure, panhypoproteinemia caused by, 441

Conidiobolomycosis, 554-555

Conidiobolus coronatus, 5531, 554

Conium maculatum, 233

Conjugated bilirubin, 114-115, 925

Conjunctiva

description of, 1296 examination of, 1268 parasitism of, 1305-1307 puncture wounds of, 1278 trauma to, 1279

Conjunctivitis

allergic blepharoconjunctivitis, 1297 bovine mycoplasmal, 1284

Moraxella, 1285

Connective tissues, diseases of,

Conscious proprioceptive deficits

central nervous system lesions, 117t examples of, 122f

Consciousness, 121

Consensus statement, 1545-1546 Consolidated lung, 519 Constipation, 106-107, 107b

Contact dermatitis, 1321-1322, 1726t-1728t Contact transmission, 1574

Contagious ecthyma (CE), 112t, 983, 1629t-1633t

in ruminants, 814-816, 815f

Contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD), 1243-1244

Contagious pustular dermatitis. see

Contagious ecthyma (CE) Contamination, 1568

Continuous murmurs, 87

Continuous wave Doppler echocardiography, 481

Contrast venography, for laminitis, 1237 Conversion itch, 180

Convolvulus arvensis, 765

Coombs test, 426

Cooperia spp., 1677-1678

Copper

description of, 1174 osteochondrosis and, 1199 supplementation of, in mares during pregnancy, 1197-1198

Copper deficiency

anemia associated with, 1178 fractures secondary to, 1261 osteoporosis secondary to, 1261 in ruminants, 119, 915-917

clinical pathology of, 916-917, 916f clinical syndromes of, 915 control of, 917 definition of, 915

diagnosis of, 916-917 differential diagnosis of, 915 epidemiology of, 916 etiology of, 915

pathogenesis of, 915-916, 916f treatment of, 917

Copper deficiency (Continued)

uroliths and, 996

villus atrophy associated with, 95-96 weight loss associated with, 159-162 Copper oxide needles, for copper deficienc, 917

Copper oxide wire particles, 1684

Copper toxicosis

clinical pathology of, 1175-1176 clinical signs of, 1175, 1795 description of, 1795-1796 diagnosis of, 1175 hemolytic anemia caused by, 1174-1175 pathogenesis of, 1795 pathology of, 1175 prevention of, 1176 treatment of, 1176, 1796

Copperweed, 1767t-1769t Coprophagy, 251, 251f Cor pulmonale, 493-495, 494f, 588 clinical pathology of, 494 clinical signs of, 493-494 control of, 494-495 definition of, 493 differential diagnosis of, 493-494 epidemiology of, 494 etiology of, 493 necropsy findings, 494 pathophysiology of, 494 prevention of, 494-495 prognosis of, 494 treatment of, 494

Core biopsy samples, 422

Core hay sampler, 146b

Core vitrectomy, for equine recurrent uveitis, 1305

Corn cockle, 1776t-1778t

Cornea

abscesses of, 1269 blunt trauma to, 1279-1280 edema of, 1269 foreign bodies in, 1279 lacerations to, 1280 parasitism of, 1305-1307 trauma to, 1279-1280 Corneal mass, 1309t-1310t Corneal opacities, 1269 Corneal ulcers

fluorescein dye for detection of, 1268 in foals, 249 in horses, 1279-1280

Corneoconjunctival transposition, 1287 Corneoscleral lacerations, 1280 Cornification, 183-184

Coronary bands, 8

Coronavirus

bovine, 654-655, 1656-1658 diagnostic tests for, 359 diarrhea, 355-356, 365 in neonatal foals, 301 enterocolitis, equine, 774-775 environment and, 363 equine, 471 immunoprophylaxis for, 365 vaccination for, 1656-1658

Corpus luteum description of, 1456 persistent, 1469-1470

Corpus spongiosum, 977

Corridor disease. see Cerebral theileriasis Corticosteroids

in adrenal glands, 1358, 1359f

allergic blepharoconjunctivitis treated with, 1297

for atopic dermatitis, 1318 brain trauma treated with, 1025 cerebral edema with, 342

Corticosteroids (Continued)

for cutaneous vasculitis, 1320

in endotoxin-induced inflammation, 755 eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis treated with, 1298

exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage treated with, 607

fetal lung maturation and, 244 immunosuppression caused b, 1750 inflammatory airway disease treated with, 597

for pemphigus foliaceus, 1316-1317

for persistent breeding-induced endometritis, 1479

recurrent airway obstruction treated with, 591-592

respiratory disease treated with, 672 tracheal edema syndrome treated with, 645 undifferentiated ruminant respiratory disease treated with, 672

uveal tract trauma treated with, 1280-1281 for vasculitis, 1320

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 1358

Cortisol

binding capacit, 1360 description of, 1358-1359 insufficiency of, in critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency, 1387 replacement therapy for, 1389

Corynebacterium bovis, 11251, 1133 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

abscesses caused b, 93, 471, 610, 641 bacterial folliculitis caused b, 1323 caseous lymphadenitis, 691 cellulitis caused b, 1324-1325 furunculosis caused by, 1324 infection, 1192-1196

abscesses caused by, 1192, 1194

in cattle, 1192-1193

clinical pathology of, 1194-1195 clinical signs of, 1192-1194 control of, 1196

definition of, 1192 differential diagnosis of, 1192-1194 epidemiology of, 1195

in goats, 1192

in horses, 1193-1194, 1193/

in humans, 1194

laboratory diagnosis of, 1194-1195 microbiology of, 1192 pathophysiology of, 1195 prevention of, 1196

prognosis for, 1195-1196 in sheep, 1192

treatment of, 1195-1196

Corynebacterium renale

description of, 983 penicillin for, 984 ulcerative posthitis caused by, 190

Corynetoxicoses, 1076

Costochondral junction fracture, 6

Cough reflex, 43-44

Cough/coughing, 43-51

airway clearing through, 46

allergen testing for, 50 causes of, 44b-45b chronic, 51 definition of, 43 diagnostic approach to, 46-51 diagnostic tests for

biops, 50 blood gas analysis, 49 bronchoalveolar lavage, 49 bronchodilator response testing, 50-51 complete blood count, 48 endoscopic examination, 48-49

Cough/coughing (Continued) fecal examination, 50 immunoglobulin determinations, 50 nasopharyngeal swabbing, 48 nuclear scintigraph, 50 pleuroscopy, 49-50 radiographic examination, 50 thoracocentesis, 49 tracheal aspiration, 49 ultrasound, 49

differential diagnosis of, 51 dynamic compression during, 45-46

with fever, 51 history-taking, 46-47 in horses, 44b, 516 mechanics of, 44-46 mucus in, 46 pathophysiology of, 43-51 physical examination of, 47-48 pleural pressure during, 44-45 pulmonary function testing for, 50 stimuli for, 46 stressors associated with, 46

Coumarin, 1775 Cow bonkers, 1059 Cows

abdominal organs in, ultrasonographic aspects of, 839-847, 840/

abnormal labial approximation in, 1487 abortion in

bovine herpesvirus 1 as cause of, 1494-1496, 1495t

bovine viral diarrhea viral as cause of, 1495t, 1496

causes of, 1495t epizootic bovine abortion, 1497 leptospirosis as cause of, 1496 anestrus in, 1462t babesiosis in, 1166-1168 bone marrow collection in, 455/ breeding season in, 1456 cystic follicular degeneration in, 1457 downer, 1116-1117 freemartins in, 1465 granulosa cell tumors in, 1471 infectious pustular vulvovaginitis in, 1486 leptospirosis in, 1291-1292 oophoritis in, 1471 prolonged gestation in, 204 prolonged luteal function in, 1470 retained fetal membranes in, 1473 serum protein values for, 436t silent estrus in, 1462-1463 urinary bladder eversion and prolapse, 992 uterine infections in, 1480 vaccinations in, 1635-1641, 1635b

COX

in endotoxin-induced inflammation, 754 in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity, 798

COX inhibitors, febrile response affected b, 36-37

COX-1, 29 COX-2, 29

Coxiella burnetii, 1578t-1585t, 1591

abortion caused b, 1495t, 1502 Coxofemoral joint

luxations of, 1220 swelling of, 222

Coyotillo poisoning, 140t, 1772t-1774t Crackles, 516

CRALBP. see Cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein

Crampy syndrome, 1078t-1079t Cranial cervical ganglion, 1065 Cranial mesenteric artery aneurysm, 505

Cranial nerve(s)

I, 127, 137t

II, 127-128, 137t

III, 128-129, 137t

I, 128-129, 137t

, 129, 137t

VI, 128-129, 137t

VII, 129-130, 137t

VIII, 130, 137t

IX, 130, 137t

X, 130, 137t

XI, 130, 137t

XII, 130, 137t

abnormalities of, 135-137, 137t examination of, 127-130

Cranial nerve dysfunction, diseases manifesting with, 1062-1077

Cranial nerve injuries, 1021-1025 clinical signs of, 1022-1023 computed tomography of, 1024 description of, 1022 diagnosis of, 1024 level 1 treatment of, 1024-1025 level 2 treatment of, 1025 listeriosis, 1068

magnetic resonance imaging of, 1024 pathophysiology of, 1023-1024 prognosis for, 1025

radiography of, 1024 treatment of, 1024-1025

Cranial tibial reflex, 126

C-reactive protein, 439, 439t

Creatine, 416-417, 417b

in foal, 261

Creatine kinase, 412-413

muscle diseases evaluations, 1422 rhabdomyolysis levels of, 79

Creatinine

in foals, 960

in ruminants, 987

Crepitus, 253-254

CRH. see Corticotropin-releasing hormone Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle, 72-73 Cricotracheal ligament prolapse, 626 Critical care, 1521-1544

therap, 1524-1526

Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI), 755, 1360

ACTH stimulation tests for, 1387 clinical presentation of, 1388 cortisol insufficiency in, 1387 definition of, 1386-1387 diagnostic criteria for, 1388 management of, 1389 pathogenesis of, 1387

Crofton weed poisoning, 636 “Crooked calf disease”, 1222

Crosiella equi abortion, 199

Cruelty, in equine patients, spotting, 19-22 Crusting, 183-184, 184b

Cryptococcosis, 555, 555/, 556t, 1293 Cryptococcus spp.

C. gatti, 555

C. neo/ormans cryptococcosis caused by, 555, 1293 morphologic features of, 553t

Cryptorchidism, 334

Cryptosporidium spp., 356-357, 360-361

C. parvum abdominal pain associated with, 25/ description of, 1572 diarrhea in neonatal foals, 301 infection control for, 1588 zoonotic diseases caused b, 1578t-1585t formaldehyde for, 363-364

Crystalloid solutions, for acute abdomen, 852 Crystalloids, 1528, 1537-1538

Crystalluria, 171-172, 172b Crystals, 419

Culex spp.

C. pipiens, 1019

C. quinquefasciatus, 1019

C. tarsalis, 1014, 1019

Culicoides sonorensis, in bluetongue, 819 Culicoides spp.

in bluetongue, 819

hypersensitivity, 1333-1334, 1333f Culiseta melanura, 1014 “Curly calf syndrome”, 1221 Cushing disease, 1354

equine, 977

Cutaneous amyloidosis, 1349, 1350f Cutaneous habronemiasis, 1337-1338, 1674

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 1726t-1728t

Cutaneous lymphoma, 1186

Cutaneous lymphosarcoma, 1344 Cutaneous onchocerciasis, 1335-1336, 1335f

Cutaneous streptothricosis, 1322-1323 Cutaneous trunci reflex, 117t, 126 Cyanogenic glycosides, 233

Cyanogenic plants, 1767t-1769t, 1770 Cyanosis, 68-71

central. see Central cyanosis classification of, 68 definition of, 68 diagnostic approach to, 70-71 differential diagnosis of, 486 history-taking, 70 in neonatal ruminants, 380-381, 380b pathophysiology of, 68-71 peripheral, 68

physical examination of, 70 spectroscopic examination, 71 tetralogy of Fallot and, 483 Cyanotoxins, 1783-1784 Cyathostomins, 1670 Cycad palm poisoning, 140t Cyclic irregularit, 193-194, 193b Cyclopamine, 204 Cyclophosphamide, 1748 Cycloplegic agents, for equine recurrent uveitis, 1303-1304

Cyclosporine

description of, 1748

eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis treated with, 1298

equine recurrent uveitis treated with, 1304-1305

Cyproheptadine, 1031 Cystadenomas, 1468 Cystic calculi, 974-975, 974f Cystic follicular degeneration, 1457-1458 Cystic nasal turbinates, 638

Cystitis

in foals, 983

in ruminants, 994 Cystolithiasis, 974 Cystoliths, 967 Cystotomy, 990 Cysts

cutaneous, 1344

dentigerous, 1344 dermoid, 1344 endometrial, 1482-1483 epidermal, 1344 esophageal duplication, in horses, 733 ovarian, 1457

palatal, 625

pharyngeal, 630-631 subchondral bone, 1198

wattle, 1344

Cytokines

in aged horses, 1746-1747

in febrile response, 36-37 pyrogenic, 36-37

Cytologic evaluation bacterial pneumonia, 528-529 of bone marrow aspiration, 450 in equine alimentary system, 717-718 fungal infections, 551 respiratory secretions, 521 Rhodococcus equi infections, 543 samples for, 421-423

Cytology, for swelling, 222-223

Cytotoxic hypersensitivit, 1724

D

Dacryocystitis, 1307

Dairy calves bacterial pneumonia of, 346 bronchopneumonia of, 666 daily nutrient requirements for, 148t failure of passive transfer in, 316-317 liquid diets for, 388 respiratory disease in, 672-673, 675b

Dairy cattle

bovine spongiform encephalopathy in, 1035-1037

dystocia in, 312-313 pregnancy in

normal duration for, 204

prolonged, 204

vesicular stomatitis in, 111-113, 112t

Dairy cows

body condition scoring in, 153f daily nutrient requirements for, 162t hepatic lipidosis in, 942 history-taking in, 2

pyometra in, 1481 silent estrus in, 1462 vaccinations for, 1637b-1638b

Dairy goats, 210

Dairy herds, minimizing pathogens exposure in, 362-364

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), 745

partial list of, 746t

Danger-associated molecular patterns, 1717-1718

Dantrium sodium, 1454

Darbepoetin, 1799

Darmbrand, 901

DC1 cells, 1719

DC2 cells, 1719

DCAB. see Dietary cation-anion balance

DDFT. see Deep digital flexor tendon D-dimer assays, 446

Deafness, 135-136

Death camas, 1767t-1769t

Deciduous teeth, developmental anomalies and retention of, 807

Decoquinate, 1083-1084, 1691t

Deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), 1226, 1232f, 1238, 1250, 1252

Deep fungal culture, 179

Defecation, 97

Deferoxamine, 931, 1797

Defibrillation, 245

Degenerative joint disease, 1200

Degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis (DSLD), 1254

Degenerative valve disease, 492

Dehorning-related sinusitis, 640-641

Dehydration, 402, 402f diarrhea as cause of, 98 fluid therapy in, 800 in foals, 263-265

Dehydration (Continued)

hypertonic, 402

hypotonic, 402 isotonic, 402

neonatal diarrhea and, 367 panhyperproteinemia caused by, 436-437, 436b-437b

severity of, 367

signs and symptoms of, 9-10 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 1358 Delayed hypersensitivit, 1297, 1724-1726 Delphinium spp., 233 Demeanor, in horses, 16 Dementia

behaviors associated with, 120-121 definition of, 120-121 signs and symptoms of, 131 Demodectic mange, 1333 Demodex spp., 1333 Dendritic cells, 1717 Dental abnormalities, description of, 113, 113b

Dental attrition, in ruminants, 805-806 Dental caps, 729

Dental caries, 619, 723-724

in ruminants, 807, 807f

Dental dysplasia, 722

Dental erosion, in ruminants, 805-806 Dental eruption, abnormal, 722-723 Dental examination, in horses, 725-728, 725f, 726b, 727t

Dental floating, 728

Dental fluorosis, in ruminants, 808

Dental hypoplasia, 722

Dental problems, in foals, 249-250

Dental repulsion, in tooth root abscess, 808 Dental tartar, 964f

Dentigerous cysts, 1344

in ruminants, 806-807 Deoxynivalenol, 1786t, 1789 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 1704 Depression anemia, 1177

causes of, 1177b

copper deficiency and, 1178 description of, 1177

folic acid deficiency and, 1178 inflammatory disease as cause of, 1178 iron deficiency anemia, 1177-1178 organ dysfunction as cause of, 1178 vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and, 1178 Dermacentor spp., 1110 Dermal melanomas, 1343 Dermal melanomatosis, 1343 Dermatitis

atopic, 1317-1318, 1726t-1728t contact, 1321-1322 digital, 1325-1326 interdigital, 1326-1327

Malassezia, 1330

miliary, 1317-1318

ovine interdigital, 1243-1244

ventral midline, 1334

zinc responsive, 1351 Dermatophilosis, 1322-1323, 1322f Dermatophilus congolensis, 177-178, 178f, 1322, 1578t-1585t

Dermatophyte culture, 174-177, 177f Dermatophytosis, 1329-1330, 1329f-1330f, 1578t-1585t

Dermatoses, 1297-1298 Dermis, in foals, 258, 259f Dermoid cysts, 1344 Dermoids, 1276

Descending (small) colon, disorders of,

783-787

aganglionosis, 783-784 atresia coli, 783-784

Descending (small) colon, disorders of

(Continued)

congenital, 783-784 enteroliths, 784-785 fecaliths, 784-785 foreign bodies in, 784-785 intramural hematoma, 786 meconium retention, 785-786 mesocolic tears, 786 neoplasia, 786 prognosis of, 787 rectal prolapse, 786 simple impaction, 784 simple obstructions, 784-786 strangulating lipoma, 786-787, 786f-787f strangulating obstructions, 786-787 vascular lesions, 786

Deslorelin implant, 195

Desmopressin, 978

Detailed examination, 1268-1271 Detomidine, 206

Development orthopedic disease definition of, 1198 osteochondrosis, 1198

Deworming, 1675-1676 Dexamethasone

for atopic dermatitis, 1318

eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis treated with, 1298

induction of parturition with, 311 mastitis treated with, 1142 pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction treated with, 1467

recurrent airway obstruction treated with, 591-592

suppression test, 1356, 1356f

ventricular tachycardia treated with, 499t Dextrans, 1531

Dextrose, intravenous, 1699-1700

D-glucose tests, in equine alimentary system, 718

DI. see Diabetes insipidus

Diabetes insipidus (DI), 117t, 978-979 Diabetes mellitus (DM), 979, 1749 Diagnostic anesthesia, of navicular disease, 1227

Diaphragmatic hernias, 582, 701, 865

in small intestine, 769

Diaphyseal fractures, 1255, 1259 Diarrhea

acute, 770-771

clinical assessments of, 776-777 other causes of, 776 principles of therapy for, 777 antimicrobial-associated, 776 bloody, 106 causes of, 96b-97b chronic, 777-779 description of, 100 clostridial, 773-774 cultures for, 99-100 defecation frequency affected b, 97 definition of, 95 dehydration secondary to, 98 diagnostic approach to, 99-101 fluid therapy for, 1527-1528, 1527b infectious, 334 in liver disease, 921-922 macrolides as cause of, 545 mechanisms of, 95-98, 96b neonatal, 351-378, 351t-352t, 352f bacteria, 353-355 beef cow herd management and, 361, 362f biosecurity and, 367 bovine torovirus, 356

bovine viral diarrhea virus and, 356

Diarrhea (Continued)

Campylobacter spp. and, 355 clostridia and, 354-355 coccidiosis, 357 colostrum and, 361 coronavirus and, 355-356, 365 dam parity and, 361 dehydration and, 367, 367t diagnosis of, 358 diet and, 365-366 dystocia and, 361 E.coli in, 351, 353 etiology of, 353-358 examination for, 367-368, 368f fluid therapy for, 369-370 Giardia, 357 heart failure in, 353 herd strategies to prevent, 362-367 intensive calf-rearing systems and,

361- 362

laboratory for, 368 minimizing pathogen exposure,

362- 364, 363t

multiplex RT-PCR, 361 nonspecific immunity for, 365-367 nutritional, 357-358 pathogenesis of, 351-353 physical examination for, 367 prognosis of, 377 protozoa and, 351, 356-357, 360-361 risk factors for, 361-362 rotavirus and, 355, 365 Salmonella, 351, 354 summary, 377-378 treatment of, 367-377 viruses, 355-356

in neonatal foals, 299-306 bacteria, 299-300 distended and/or painful abdomen, 302-304, 303f

nutritional causes of, 301 parasites, 301

prevention and control of, 302 prognosis of, 302 treatment of, 302 viruses, 300-301

nonspecific fluid therapy for, 98-99 osmotic, 96

physical examination of, 99 Rhodococcusequi as cause of, 100 in ruminants, 97-98, 99b, 101-102 secretory, 97, 334 toxic causes of, 97b-99b Diastematomyelia, 1096 Diastolic murmurs, 87 Diazepam, 266, 1029 Dicalcium phosphate, 1381, 1384 Dichelobacter nodosus, 1327, 1633 Diclazuril, 1691t

Dicrocoelium dendriticum, in black disease, 928 Dicrotic notch, 93

Dictyocaulosis, 1687 Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, 578, 1674, 1686 Dictyocaulus filaria, 694, 1686 Dictyocaulus viviparus, 691-694 anthelmintics for, 693t clinical signs of, 691-692 control of, 693-694 definition of, 691 diagnosis of, 692 differential diagnosis of, 691-692 epidemiology of, 693 etiology of, 691 immunity to, 1687-1688 life cycle of, 1687 necropsy findings, 693 pathophysiology of, 692

Dictyocaulus viviparus (Continued) prevention of, 693-694 prognosis for, 693-694 treatment of, 693-694

Diestrus, prolonged, 1460t

Diet

anionic, 1395 blood pH affected by, 1394 enteral, 1696-1697, 1697t-1698t exertional rhabdomyolysis caused by imbalances in, 1445

liquid

for horses, 1697-1698 for ruminants, 1698

low-starch, high-fat concentrates, 1453 neonatal diarrhea and, 365-366 neurologic diseases associated with deficiencies in, 119, 119t polysaccharide storage myopathy managed with, 1450

recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis and, 1453

weight loss through changes in, 1372-1373 Dietary abomasal impaction, 893-894 Dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB), 1377 Dietary cation-anion difference, 1394-1395, 1395f

Diethylstilbestrol, 1559-1560

Digestion tests, in equine alimentary system, 718

Digital dermatitis, 1325-1326, 1665t-1666t, 1667-1668

Digital radiography, in equine alimentary system, 714

Digoxin

atrial fibrillation treated with, 511 in cattle, 493b

dosing considerations for, 498 in horses, 493b myocarditis treated with, 498 Dihydrotestosterone, 1466 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, 1378, 1385-1386, 1396

Dilated cardiomyopathy clinical signs of, 495-496 definition of, 495 pathophysiology of, 497 prognosis for, 498 sudden death caused by, 496 treatment of, 498

Dimercaprol, 1795

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 169, 244, 1015-1016, 1282, 1560, 1799 in sepsis, 755

Dioctyl sodium succinate, 1799

Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, 96 Dipeptidyl transferase 4, 1371 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate, 68

Dipyrone, 1560

Direct Coombs test, 1171

Dirofilaria immitis, 1308

Disease testing, 1714-1716

Disinfectants

description of, 1566, 1567t neonatal diarrhea and, 363, 363t

Disinfection, 1566, 1568t

Disk diffusion, 1547-1548 Diskospondylitis, 1233-1234, 1234f Disseminated intravascular coagulation, 443-444, 1161-1162

Distal interphalangeal joint flexural deformity of, 1249, 1250f intrasynovial analgesia, 216 septic arthritis of, 221

Distal limb fractures, 1257

Distended loops, of small intestine, 708, 708f-709f

Distention, jugular venous, 90-92, 90b, 91f

Distributive shock, 749

Di-tri-octahedral smectite, in clostridial enterocolitis, 774

Diuresis, 1530

Diverticula, esophageal, in horses, 735, 735f

D-lactate, 340

DM. see Diabetes mellitus

DNA fingerprinting, 1753

DNA genotyping, 1753, 1754f, 1755b

DNA polymorphisms, 1753

DNA typing, 1753, 1754f

Dobutamine, 263

Doddler syndrome, 1078t-1079?

Does

abortion in, 1502 breeding season in, 1463-1464 cystic follicular degeneration in, 1458 dystocia in, 205 freemartins in, 1465 granulosa cell tumors in, 1471 mastitis in, 1147 pregnancy in, 204 pregnancy toxemia in, 946-947 retained fetal membranes in, 208, 1474 silent estrus in, 1463 vaccination for, 1646?

Dogbane, 1767t-1769?

Dohle bodies, 430

Dominant inheritance, 1705

Domperidone, 1459

for gastrointestinal ileus, 797

Donor animals, 1592

Dopamine, 263

Dopamine antagonists, for seasonal anestrus, 1459

Doppler echocardiography, 479-480, 492 Doramectin, 1678?

Dorsal cortical stress fractures, 1262

Dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses, 594, 622-623, 622f, 624f in ruminants, 642

Dorsal pharyngeal recess, 633

Dorsometacarpal disease, 1261-1263, 1261f Dorsopalmar balance, 1230

Dot-blots, 472-473

Downer cow syndrome, 1392, 1392?, 1400-1401

Downer cows, 1116-1117 clinical pathology of, 1116 definition of, 1116 epidemiology of, 1116 etiology of, 1116 pathogenesis of, 1116 treatment of, 1116-1117

Downer syndrome, 1442

Doxycycline

for bacterial skin infections, 1324 bronchopneumonia treated with, 531? for Potomac horse fever, 773 for septic arthritis, in foals, 277 sudden death caused by, 1798

Draaisiekte. see Cerebral theileriasis

Drainage, of septic joint, 278-279

Draschia megastoma, 1094, 1337

Droplet transmission, 1574

Drug Enforcement Administration, 18-19 Drug-induced hepatotoxicity, in foals, 932 Drug inventory, 18-19

Drug metabolism, failure of, 949-950

Drug residues, 1555?-1557?, 1561-1562 Drugs

associated with increased temperature, 35, 35b

equine history about, 15 extralabel drug use of, 28

Drugs (Continued)

immunosuppression induced b, 1747-1748

intracarotid injection of, 1027 nephrotoxic, 1001?

urticaria caused by, 1320f

Dry eye, 117?

Dry matter intake, in cattle, 144?, 152?, 156 Dry-off therapy, in cows, 1149

DSLD. see Degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis

Dubin-Johnson syndrome, 948 Dumb rabies, 1040

Duodenal sigmoid flexure, volvulus of, in ruminants, 895-896

Duodenal ulceration, 756

Duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (DPJ), 758-760 abdominal pain and, 759

clinical signs of, 759

clinicopathologic findings in, 759 complications of, 760 definition of, 758

differential diagnosis of, 759 pathophysiology of, 758-759 prokinetic agents for, 760 small intestinal inflammation secondary to, 758

suppurative cholangiohepatitis and, 758 treatment of, 759-760

Duodenoscopy, in ulcerative duodenitis, 757 Duodenum, in equine alimentary system, 711, 712f

Dutchman’s breeches, 1772t-1774?

Dwarfism, 331

D-xylose test, 84

in equine alimentary system, 718 Dying-back axonopathies, 140? Dying-back axonopathy, 1100-1101 Dynamic compression, 45-46 Dyschondroplasia, 1198 Dysentery

definition of, 106

enterotoxemia and, 96

in malignant catarrhal fever, 113 Dysgerminomas, 1468 Dysmaturity, 290 Dysmetria, 135

Dysphagia, 110-111, 110b-111b

cranial nerve dysfunction and, 136-137 evaluation of, 17

in foals, 257

in guttural pouch mycosis, 617

in horses, 17

Dysphonia, 136-137

Dystocia, 307

in calves, 312

dairy cattle in, 312-313

description of, 205

in heifers, 312

hypoxia and, 312

management variables and, 313

Dysuria

causes of, 166, 168b

central nervous system lesions, 117? definition of, 166

diagnostic approach to, 166-169

signs of, 166

E

Ear mites, 1071

Ear tick-associated muscle cramping, 1432 Early after depolarizations, 512 Early dilation syndrome, 308

Early embryonic death, 198

Early sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome in, 747-750, 748f, 749?

Ears

examination of, in neonates, 328 of foals, 249

physical examination of, 9

East Coast fever. see Cerebral theileriasis Easter lily, 1767?-1769?

Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE), 1013-1014, 1015f, 1604?-1612?, 1613-1614

virus, 1293

Eastern tent caterpillars, 198, 502 Ecbolics, 1478-1479

Eccentrocytes, 425 Echinococcus spp.

E. granulosa, 1308

E. multilocularis, 1308 Echocardiography

in aortic valve regurgitation, 491, 491f in atrial fibrillation, 509 cardiac murmur evaluations, 88 cardiovascular disease evaluations, 480 color flow Doppler, 479-481 Doppler, 479-480 in endocarditis, 490-491 exercise intolerance evaluations using, 78 in large animals, 479-481, 480f in mitral regurgitation, 490, 490f in pericarditis, 500-501, 501f pulsed wave, 479-480

in sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, 506f two-dimensional, 479-480 in valvular heart disease, 489-490, 490f

in ventricular septal defects, 483, 484f

in ventricular tachycardia, 512 Echogenic, 705

Ectopia cordis cervicalis, 488 Ectopic mammary tissue, 1488

Ectopic ureter, 169, 994, 997-998 Edema

colloid osmotic pressure and, 83 in cow, 83f

definition of, 82 factor, 1188 generalized, 82 in horses, 83f, 84b hydrostatic pressure in formation of, 82 mechanisms of, 82-83 peripheral, 82-84, 84b plasma proteins and, 82-83 in ruminants, 84b trachea, 231 udder, 210, 210b

EDTA, 454

EDTA-associated, pseudothrombocytopenia, 449-450

Efferent ducts, blockage of, 1518-1519 Effusive pericarditis, 502

EGE. see Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis Egg reappearance periods, 1670, 1675-1676 Ehrlichia ruminan?ium infection, 1048-1049 clinical signs of, 1048 control of, 1049 definition of, 1048 epidemiology of, 1048 etiology of, 1048 pathogenesis of, 1048 pathology of, 1048-1049 treatment of, 1049

Ehrlichia spp., E. ruminan?ium infection, 1048-1049

Eimeria spp., 1689-1690 neonatal test for, 360

Eisenmenger complex, 488

Ejection fraction, 480

Ejection murmurs, 87-88, 87f, 88b Elaeophoriasis, ocular, 1307

Electrocardiography

in atrial fibrillation, 509, 509f cardiac arrhythmia evaluations, 85 cor pulmonale, 494f

in cow, 479f

in horses, 479, 479f

leads, 479t

myocarditis evaluations using, 78

P wave, 479

performing, 478-479

in pericarditis, 500, 500f-501f pulmonary hypertension, 494f

in ventricular tachycardia, 512, 513f Electrocution, 234 Electroencephalography, 1008-1011, 1009f-1011f

auditory evoked responses, 1011 brainstem auditory evoked responses, 1011, 1011t

epilepsy diagnosis using, 1029 narcolepsy-cataplexy diagnosis using, 1030

Electrolyte abnormalities, in azotemic foals, 962

Electrolyte balance, for gastrointestinal ileus, 795

Electrolyte disturbances, in horses, 803-804

Electrolyte imbalance, correction of, in acute abdomen, 852

Electrolyte solution, for duodenitis-proximal jejunitis, 759-760

Electrolytes, 272

in acute abdomen, 851

in foals, 261, 263-264 fractional excretion of, 1000, 1422 mastitis treated with, 1141-1142 muscle cramps and, 1430

in neurologic injury, 1535-1536 status assessments, 100

Electromyography, 1011-1012, 1012t

muscle diseases evaluations, 1423 single-fiber, 1012t, 1013

Electronic medical record, 18 Electrophoretic markers, 1752 Electroretinograph, 132-133

Elso heel, 140t, 1078t-1079t, 1426 Embolism, 505-508

definition of, 505

prevention of, 508

prognosis for, 507-508

treatment of, 507-508

Embryonic death, in bovine viral diarrhea virus, 825

Emmonsia crescens, 558

Empyema

guttural pouch, 559, 559f 561, 615-616, 616f

treatment of, 619

Enamel hypoplasia, 722

Encephalitic bovine herpesvirus infection, 1034

Encephalitis

Babesia, 1048

Eastern equine, 1604t-1612t, 1613

Murray Valley, 1018

Venezuelan equine, 1613

West Nile. see West Nile encephalitis

Western equine, 1604t-1612t, 1613 Encephalomyelitis

Eastern equine, 1013-1014, 1015f, 1293 Venezuelan equine, 1013-1014, 1293 Western equine, 1013-1014, 1293

Encephalopathy

bovine spongiform, 1035-1037 cholinesteric granuloma, 1028 hepatic, 132t-133t neonatal, in foals, 281-288 clinical signs of, 284

Encephalopathy (Continued)

diagnosis of, 284-286, 285f-286f pathological findings for, 287-288 pathophysiology of, 281-284, 282f-283f prognosis of, 287-288 risk factors for, 284 treatment of, 286-287

renal, 999

β-End, 1352-1353 Endocardial fibroelastosis, 488 Endocarditis

echocardiography of, 490-491 myocardial ischemia secondary to, 513

septic myocardial emboli caused by, 513 ventricular septal defect and, 484 Endochondral dysplasia, 1201-1202 Endochondral ossification, 1198-1199 Endocrine dysfunction in critical illness, 1386-1391

assessment of, 1386-1387

Endocrine pancreas, 1390-1391 Endocrinopathic laminitis, 1373-1376 clinical signs of, 1374 epidemiology of, 1374 histology of, 1374 management of, 1375-1376 pathophysiology of, 1374-1376 prevention of, 1375-1376 prognosis of, 1375-1376

Endodontic disease, 724

Endogenous opioid peptides, 180 Endometrial cups, persistent, 194-195 Endometrial cysts, in mares, 1482-1483 Endometritis

biopsy for, 1476, 1476t breeding-induced, 1475, 1478-1479 in camelids, 1482

in cattle, 194

chronic degenerative, 1479-1480 diagnostic approach to, 1475-1477 endometrial cytology for, 1476 in mare, 1474-1475 microbiology for, 1476 persistent breeding-induced, 1475, 1478-1479

persistent uterine infection, 1475, 1477-1478, 1477t

sexually transmitted diseases as cause of, 1475, 1477

transrectal ultrasonography for, 1476­1477, 1476f

Endopeptidases, 180 Endophytes, 1780-1781

Endoscopes, 17, 517

Endoscopy

bacterial pneumonia evaluations, 528 for cough evaluations, 48-49 for cyanosis evaluations, 70 dynamic, 517

epiglottic entrapment, 630 for epistaxis evaluation, 59 in equine alimentary system, 703 in esophageal obstruction, 731 in esophagus, 730

ethmoid hematoma treated with, 621 for guttural pouches, 1067f for nasal discharge evaluation, 55 nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome, 631-634

in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity, 799

pharyngeal cysts, 631 pharyngitis, 613f recurrent airway obstruction, 588 for respiratory distress evaluations, 67 respiratory tract evaluations, 517

Endoscopy (Continued)

retropharyngeal lymph node abscessation, 610

sinusitis evaluations, 619 tracheal collapse, 627 treadmill, 517

Endothelial keratitis, 1298-1299

Endothelin-1, 593

Endotoxemia, 742-756, 804 abortion caused by, 1494 bacteremia and, 744 cardiovascular resuscitation for, 751-753 causes of, removal of, 753 clinical signs of, 750 clinicopathologic signs of, 750-751 definitions of, 742-745, 743f-744f, 744t-745t

future treatment considerations for, 756 heparin for, 755

hypocalcemia caused by, 1381 laminitis and, 1235 mediators, release of, 747 pathophysiology of, 745-750 pattern recognition receptors, interaction with, 745-747, 746f, 746t-747t treatments of, 755-756 on vascular tone, 749

Endotoxin

circulating, neutralization of, 753-754 in coagulation factor XII, 747 definition of, 742-743

entrance of, into circulation, 745 Endotoxin-induced inflammation, inhibition of, 754-755

End-stage kidney disease (ESKD), 963 Endurance horses, exhaustion in, 1430 Energy axes, 1390-1391

Energy requirements, 1695-1696 Enlargement, 221-222

approach to diagnosis of

in horses, 221-222, 221b

in ruminants, 222-223 mechanisms of, 221

Enrofloxacin, 1798

for bacterial skin infections, 1324 bronchopneumonia treated with, 531t

for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis cellulitis, 1325

Enteral diets, 1696-1697, 1697t-1698t

Enteral fluid administration, 802-803

Enteric pythiosis, 763

Enteritis

acute, of small intestine, 708-709, 709f idiopathic focal eosinophilic, 766 Rhodococcus equi, 762-763

Enteritis necroticans, 901

Enterococcus durans, diarrhea in neonatal foals, 300

Enterocolitis, equine coronavirus, 774-775

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, 998 Enteroliths, 714

in descending (small) colon, 784-785 large colon, 780, 780f

Enteropathogenic E. coli, 351 diarrhea and, 353

Enterotoxemia, 901 dysentery associated with, 96

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 353, 364 description of, 1658-1660, 1661t

Enterotoxins, 97

Enthesophyte, 1234

Entrapment, of small intestine, 770 Entropion, 1272-1275

in foal, 249

in neonates, 327-328

Environment

decreased growth affected b, 142 decreased weight gain affected by, 142 neurologic diseases and, 119 recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis and, 1453

Environmental hygiene

animal contact items, 1568-1569, 1568? cleaning, 1566 description of, 1565-1569 disinfectants, 1566, 1567?

disinfection, 1566, 1568? surface material effects, 1568

Enzootic adenocarcinoma, 1315

Enzootic ataxia, 342

Enzootic hematuria, 993

Enzootic hepatitis. see Rift Valley fever

Enzootic nasal granuloma, 637

Enzootic pneumonia, 646

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs)

Corynebac?erium pseudo?uberculosis, 1194 cough evaluations, 48

Dic?yocaulus viviparus, 692

in paratuberculosis, 913 respiratory disease applications of, 523-524

in rotavirus, 718

Enzymes, serum, 412-415, 413b

alkaline phosphatase, 414

aspartate aminotransferase, 115, 413-414, 1422

creatine kinase, 412-413, 1422 glutamic dehydrogenase, 415 γ-glutamyltransferase, 414 lactase dehydrogenase, 414-415 lactate dehydrogenase, 1422 muscular system evaluations, 1422, 1422f sorbitol dehydrogenase, 412

Eosinophilia, 432

Eosinophilic cytoid bodies, 1291

Eosinophilic granuloma, 1349, 1349f

Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis, 1298 Eosinophils, 430, 430?

Epery?hrozoon wenyonii, 1168 Eperythrozoonosis, 1168 Epicardial lymphosarcoma, 1182 Epidermal cysts, 1344

Epidermolysis bullosa, 1348-1349

Epididymides, 192

Epididymitis, 1517, 1629?

Epidural lymphosarcoma, 1092f

Epiglottis

entrapment of, 629-630, 630f physical examination of, 633

Epileps, 1028-1029, 1078?-1079? definition of, 1028 diagnosis of, 1029 idiopathic, 1028 juvenile idiopathic, 1029 structural, 1028 treatment of, 1029

Epinephrine

anaphylaxis treated with, 687 cardiopulmonary resuscitation and, 245 pulmonary edema treated with, 584? Epiphora, 619, 1276 Epiphysitis, 1197-1198

Epiploic foramen entrapment, in small intestine, 767-768

Episcleral injection, 249

Epistaxis, 52, 57-60

bleeding diathesis, 58-59 bronchoalveolar lavage of, 59-60 causes of, 57b-58b clotting profile of, 59 complete blood count, 59

Epistaxis (Continued) definition of, 57 diagnostic approach to, 59-60 differential diagnosis of, 617 endoscopic evaluation of, 59 exercise as cause of, 605 exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage as cause of, 601, 650?

head trauma as cause of, 1022 history-taking, 59 in horses, 57b pathophysiology of, 57-60 physical examination of, 59 pleuroscopic examination of, 60 pulmonary pathologic conditions, 57-58 radiographic examination of, 60 in ruminants, 58b spontaneous, 57 thoracocentesis of, 59-60 tracheal aspiration of, 59-60 ultrasound examination of, 60 “Epitope spreading”, 1303 Epizootic bovine abortion, 199, 1497 Epizootic lymphangitis description of, 557-558 glanders versus, 600 Eprinomectin, 1678? Equal pressure point, 45-46 Equids, Lyme disease in, 1191 Equids seropositive, identification of, 1169 Equine adenoviruses, 549, 577-578 Equine alimentary system absorption tests for, 718 biopsy of, 717 breath tests for, 718-719 cecum in, 712 colon

left portion of, 706-707, 706f right portion of, 711-712 digestion tests for, 718 duodenum in, 711, 712f endoscopy of, 703 examination of, 702-804 fecal examination of, 717-718 gastric impaction in, 705, 706f gastric ulceration in, 705, 706f imaging of, 702-804 laparoscopy of, 703-704, 704f left kidney in, 705-706, 706f liver in, 710-711, 711f pancreas in, 710-711, 711f paracentesis of, 703 peritoneal cavity in, 713, 713f radiography of, 713-716, 714f-717f rectal examination of, 702-703 right kidney in, 713 scintigraphy of, 716-717 small colon in, 707, 708f small intestine in, 707-710, 708f spleen in, 705-706, 706f stomach in, 705 transcutaneous ultrasonography of, 704-713

Equine arteritis virus, 192-193, 469, 575-576 Equine asthma, 1726?-1728?

Equine athletes, sudden and unexpected death in, 235

Equine bacterial keratitis, 1286

Equine behaviors, husbandry effects on, 20-21

Equine cantharidiasis, 1381

Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), 1461 Equine chromosome 13, 587-588 Equine chromosome 15, 587-588 Equine coital exanthema, 1509-1510 Equine coronavirus, 471

Equine coronavirus enterocolitis, 774-775 Equine cytokine 5-plex assay, 1729?-1732? Equine degenerative myeloencephalopath, 1087-1089

cause of, 1088

clinical signs of, 1088 diagnosis of, 1088 epidemiology of, 1087-1088 history of, 1087-1088 laboratory findings of, 1088 necropsy findings, 1088 pathogenesis of, 1088 prognosis of, 1088-1089 treatment of, 1088-1089

Equine dentistr, 719-729

acquired dental disease in, 723-724 anatomy of, 719-720

dental examination in, 725-728, 725f, 726b, 727?

developmental abnormalities in, 722-723 floating in, 728-729 function of, 719-720

imaging in, 728 maintenance in, 728-729 oral tumors in, 725

salivary glands and ducts in, 725 teeth in, 720-722, 720f-721f treatment of, 728-729

Equine encephalosis, 1018

Equine gastric glandular disease (EGGD), 737-740, 738/, 741?

Equine gastric squamous cell carcinoma, 522 Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis, 471 Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (EGE), 1158-1159

Equine grass sickness, 1111-1112 cause of, 1111

clinical signs of, 1111 diagnosis of, 1111-1112 necropsy findings, 1112 pathogenesis of, 1111 prevention of, 1112 treatment of, 1112

Equine herpesvirus-1

abortion, 198, 1488?, 1491-1492 bladder paralysis caused by, 969-970 chorioretinopathy, 574

clinical presentation of, 574-575 description of, 462, 573, 1077 epidemiology of, 574 etiology of, 573-574 in foals, 574-575, 931 immunity to, 574 immunosuppression caused b, 1750-1751 infection control for, 1590 ocular manifestations of, 1292 pathogenesis of, 574

in utero viral infections, 548 vaccination for, 1604?-1612?, 1619

Equine herpesvirus-2, 575

Equine herpesvirus-3, 1590

Equine herpesvirus-4

clinical presentation of, 574-575 epidemiology of, 574 etiology of, 573-574 immunity to, 574

infection control for, 1590 pathogenesis of, 574 in utero viral infections, 548 vaccination for, 1619

Equine herpesvirus-5, 566-567, 1751 Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, 1077-1082

acyclovir for, 1081

clinical signs of, 1077-1080 control of, 1081-1082 description of, 140?, 573-574 diagnosis of, 1080

Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (Continued)

epidemiology of, 1080-1081 necropsy findings, 1081 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for, 1081

pathophysiology of, 1080 prevention of, 1081-1082 treatment of, 1081

Equine herpesvirus serotype 2 (EHV-2), 1289

Equine history, 14-22

Equine idiopathic hemorrhagic cystitis, 972 Equine infectious anemia, 1169-1170, 1599 Equine inflammatory myopathies, 1436 Equine influenza virus, 571-573

Australian case studies of, 634 clinical presentation of, 572 control of, 572-573 description of, 571, 1293 epidemiology of, 572 etiology of, 571-572 hemagglutinin, 571 immunosuppression caused b, 1750 infection control for, 1589-1590 molecular testing for, 467 outbreaks of, 572 pathogenesis of, 572 vaccination against, 573, 1604t-1612t

Equine insurance, 14-15

Equine leukocyte antigens, 1187t

Equine leukoencephalomalacia, 1026-1027, 1790

clinical pathology of, 1026 clinical signs of, 1026 diagnosis of, 1026 epidemiology of, 1026 pathology of, 1026-1027 treatment of, 1027

Equine lungworm, 521, 578-579 Equine medical record, 17-19 Equine metabolic syndrome, 1368-1373 adiposity associated with, 1372 clinical pathology of, 1370 clinical signs of, 1369-1370, 1370/ definition of, 1368-1373 diagnostic testing for, 1370-1371 differential diagnosis of, 1369-1370 etiology of, 1368-1369 management of, 1372 oral sugar test for, 1370 pathophysiology of, 1371 pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction -versus, 1368, 1369t

postprandial hyperinsulinemia associated with, 1371

treatment of, 1372-1373 weight loss strategies, 1372 wellness evaluations in, 1373

Equine motor neuron disease, 1104 ancillary tests for, 1105-1106 cause of, 1104-1105 clinical course of, 1106-1107 clinical signs of, 1105, 1105f diagnosis of, 1106 epidemiology of, 1104 glucose absorption/metabolism testing for, 1105-1106

history of, 1104 laboratory findings in, 1105 muscle biopsy for, 1106 necropsy findings, 1106 needle electromyography for, 1105 nerve biopsy for, 1106 oral glucose tolerance tests for, 1105-1106 pathogenesis of, 1104-1105 treatment of, 1106

Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, 566-567, 567f, 1751

Equine neglect recognizing, 14, 19-22 spotting, 19-22 surgical procedures and, 22 unequivocal, 20

Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia, 1063-1064

clinical signs of, 1063 diagnosis of, 1063 epidemiology of, 1063-1064 necropsy findings, 1063 pathophysiology of, 1063 prevention of, 1064 treatment of, 1064

Equine ocular squamous cell carcinoma, 1312

Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH), 724

Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H), 927

Equine physical examination, 15-17 ancillary equipment in, 17 circulatory system, 16 demeanor, 16 equipment used in, 15 b extent of, 15 lymphatic system, 17 mentation, 16 musculoskeletal system, 17 neurologic system, 17 record, 14 respiratory system, 16 visual examination, 15-16 vital signs, 15t

Equine piroplasmosis, 1168

Equine placenta chorionic villi of, 199-200 physical examination of, 199-200

Equine pneumonia, 548

Equine polyneuropathy, acquired, 1106-1107 Equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE), 760-762

Equine protozoal myelitis, 969-970

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, 1082-1084

ancillary procedures for, 1083 antiprotozoal agents, 1083 clinical signs of, 1083, 1084f definition of, 1082 description of, 127f, 138t, 469 diagnosis of, 1082-1083 epidemiology of, 1082 immunodiagnostic tests for, 1082-1083 pathogenesis of, 1082 prevention of, 1084 prognosis of, 1084 sulfadiazine/pyrimethamine for, 1083 treatment of, 1083-1084

Equine pulmonary nodular fibrosis, 567f

Equine purpura hemorrhagica, 1157-1158, 1726t-1728t

Equine recurrent uveitis antibiotics for, 1304 clinical signs of, 1299-1301, 1300f-1301f core vitrectomy for, 1305 corticosteroids for, 1303 cycloplegic agents for, 1303-1304 cyclosporine for, 1304-1305 definition of, 1299-1305 description of, 1276, 1291 diagnosis of, 1301 etiology of, 1299 immunologic mechanism, 1726t-1728t leptospiral infection in, 1302 mydriatic agents for, 1303-1304

Equine recurrent uveitis (Continued) nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for, 1303-1304

pathophysiology of, 1301-1303 prognosis for, 1305

recurrence prevention of, 1304-1305 treatment of, 1303-1304

Equine respiratory viruses, 569-571

Equine rhinitis virus description of, 577, 1627 types A, 469 types B, 469

Equine rotavirus, 471, 1588-1589, 1604t- 1612t, 1626-1627

Equine sarcoid, 1338-1342, 1341f

ocular manifestations of, 1313-1314, 1314f

Equine sarcoidosis, 1350, 1350f, 1726t-1728t

Equine seborrhea, 1345-1346

Equine soft palate

anatomy of, 622 congenital defects of, 624-625, 624f-625f cysts of, 625

dorsal displacement of, 594, 622-623, 622f, 624f

instability of, 594, 622-623 physiology of, 622

Equine squamous gastric disease, 735-737, 736f

Equine staphylococcal cellulitis, 1324

Equine summer sore, 1337-1338

Equine thoracic neoplasia, 608-609

Equine training, 21-22

Equine viral arteritis (EVA), 192-193, 548, 1158, 1292, 1600, 1604t-1612t, 1625-1626

abortion caused by, 1488t, 1492

Equine welfare

definition of, 19

training practices and, 21-22 veterinarian’s responsibility to, 22

Ergocalciferol, 1384

Ergopeptide alkaloids, 1074-1075

Ergot alkaloids

description of, 1786t, 1790-1792 female reproduction affected by, 1458, 1780-1781

fescue toxicosis caused by, 200 vasoconstrictive effects of, 1780-1781

Ergot sclerotia, 1790-1791

Ergotism, 203

Ergovaline, 1074-1075

Erosions

definition of, 182

in horses, 182b mechanism of, 182

in ruminants, 182b

Erva de rato, 1767t-1769t

Erysipelas, 1578t-1585t

Erysipelotbrix rhusiopathiae, 1578t-1585t

Erythema multiforme, 1319, 1320f, 1726t-1728t

Erythrocyte destruction (hemolytic anemia), diseases associated with, 1163

Erythrocytes

laboratory evaluation of, 424-426, 425t morphology of, 425-426

nucleated, 425

parasites, 426 polychromatophilic, 425 production of, decreased, 289

Erythrocytosis, 427-428, 428b, 1179-1180 Erythromycin

for acute abdomen, 853

for gastrointestinal ileus, 797 hyperthermia caused b, 35

Erythron, 424

Erythropoiesis, 424

Erythropoietic porphyria, congenital, 1176-1177

Erythropoietin, 289, 1799

Escbericbia coli

attaching and effacing, 353-354 diagnostic tests for, 358-361 diarrhea in neonatal foals, 299 enterohemorrhagic, 998 enterotoxigenic, 353, 364, 1658-1660, 1661t

mastitis caused b, 1128, 1137, 1137t

O157:H7, 998, 1294-1295, 1578t-1585t penicillin for, 995

shiga toxin-producing, 353-354 treatment of, 1143

urinary tract infections caused by, 995 vaccination for, 1659-1660, 1659t

ESKD. see End-stage kidney disease Esophageal dilation, in ruminants, 838 Esophageal disorders, in ruminants, 837-838 Esophageal diverticula, in horses, 735, 735f Esophageal duplication cysts, in horses, 733 Esophageal erosions, 649

Esophageal feeder, 321

Esophageal (reticular) groove function, 877-879

Esophageal obstruction, in horses, 730-732 Esophageal perforation, in horses, 733-734, 734f

Esophageal rings, 734

Esophageal sphincter, cranial portion of, 729-730

Esophageal stricture

in horses, 734-735, 735f

in ruminants, 837

Esophageal ulceration, in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity, 799

Esophageal webs, 734

Esophagitis, in horses, 732, 732f Esophagus

abscess of, 733, 734f

anatomic considerations for, 729-730 cervical portion of, 729 congenital disorders of, 733 diagnostic considerations for, 730, 730f disorders of, 729-735 endoscopy of, 730 hypomotility of, 732 impaction of, 731 inflammation of, 733

megaesophagus and, 732-733, 733f motility disorders of, 732-733 muscular wall of, 729

neoplasia of, 735

physical examination of, 17

physiologic considerations for, 729-730 radiographs of, 730

Estradiol cypionate, 970, 1560 Estrogen-producing plants, female reproduction affected by, 1458

Estrone sulfate, 198, 310

Estrous behavior, lack of, 1461

Estrous cycle

in cows, 1456

in ewes, 1456

irregularities of

in cattle, 193

differential diagnosis of, 1461t

in goats, 194

in mares, 194

in sheep, 194

oxytocin effects on, 1457

Estrus, silent, 1462-1464

Ethmoid adenocarcinomas, 637

Ethmoid hematoma, 620-622, 620f

Ethyl pyruvate, in sepsis, 755

Ethylene glycol, 132t-133t, 1001

Ethylenediamine dihydriodide, 554 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 421

Eupatoriwm adenopbora, 636 Eupnea, 515

EVA. see Equine viral arteritis

Ewes

1080 toxicosis in, 1808-1809

abortion in, 1502 breeding season in, 1456 cystic follicular degeneration in, 1458 freemartins in, 1465 granulosa cell tumors in, 1471 kangaroo gait in, 1113 pregnancy in, 204 pregnancy toxemia in, 946-947 retained fetal membranes in, 208, 1474 ringwomb in, 308 silent estrus in, 1463 urination in, 167 vaccination for, 1629t-1631t

Examination, 2-10 data sheet use in, 4f insurance, 13 interstate health, 13 physical, 2-13 auscultation, 6, 6f body temperature, 5, 5t data sheet use in, 4f heart rate, 7t palpation, 5-6 purpose of, 2 respiratory rates, 7t prepurchase, 13 visual, 2-5

Excessive salivation, in ruminants, 809 Excitatory input, decreased, 860-861 Excretion, failure of, 949-950 Exercise

epistaxis associated with, 605 exertional rhabdomyolysis after, 1452 hyperthermia caused by, 34 hypocalcemia induced by, 1381 immune responses affected b, 1723 for polysaccharide storage myopath, 1450 Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, 601-608

acute blood loss caused b, 1152 age and, 606 bleeding excess secondary to, 607 breeds commonly affected by, 603-604 bronchial angiogenesis, 607 bronchoalveolar lavage for, 603-604 bronchoscopic examination of, 603 capillary integrity and, 607 clinical signs of, 601-603 control of, 608 corticosteroids for, 607 definition of, 601 description of, 58, 516, 582, 583f, 595 diagnostic approach, 603, 603t epidemiology of, 605-606 epistaxis caused b, 601, 650t etiology of, 601 furosemide for, 606 history-taking, 601 interstitial inflammation associated with, 607

lesion location, 605 necropsy findings, 604 pathogenesis of, 604-605 performance and, 602-603 physical examination of, 603 prevention of, 608 prognosis for, 608 radiography of, 603 risk factors for, 606

Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage

(Continued)

tracheal aspiration for, 604 tracheal collapse and, 627 tracheobronchoscopy of, 603, 603t treatment of, 606-608 vitamin K for, 607 water vapor treatment for, 607

Exercise intolerance, 75-81 anemia as cause of, 77 biopsy evaluations, 79 cardiovascular, 78, 89-90 causes of, 80b, 89b clinical examination of, 77 diagnostic approach to, 76-79 exercise responses, 75-76 hematologic assessment, 77 history-taking, 76-77 muscular system evaluations, 73, 79 respiratory tract evaluations, 77-78 serum biochemical profiles for, 77 skeletal system evaluations, 78-79 standardized, 79-81 supraventricular tachyarrhythmia and, 78 in tetralogy of Fallot, 486 in ventricular tachycardia, 512

Exercise testing

collapse evaluations, 89-90

for exercise intolerance evaluations, 79-81 treadmill, 79-81

Exertional myopathies, 1444-1454 description of, 79 local muscle strain, 1444

Exertional rhabdomyolysis, 1381, 1425-1426, 1425b, 1444-1454

causes of, 1445 chronic, 1446 clinical signs of, 1444, 1444f description of, 1381

dietary imbalances as cause of, 1445 etiology of, 1445 exhaustion as cause of, 1445 in horses, 1444 idiopathic, 1446 management of, 1446 overexertion as cause of, 1445 polysaccharide storage myopathy. see Polysaccharide storage myopathy recurrent, 1451-1452 severe, 1446 sporadic, 1445 treatment of, 1445-1446

Exhaustion

in endurance horses, 1430

exertional rhabdomyolysis caused b, 1445 Exophthalmos, 1078t-1079t, 1271-1272, 1309t-1310t, 1313

Exploratory laparotomy, for abomasal ulcers, 891-892

Expressivity, 1706

External umbilicus, in foals, 251 Extracellular fluid volume, 1521 Extracellular to intracellular fluid volume relationship, 1522

Extracorporeal shockwave treatment, 1232 Extralabel drug use, 28

Extramedullary plasmacytoma, 1187 Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, 686

Eye(s)

ancillary diagnostic procedures for, 1271-1272

bovine herpesvirus type 1 manifestations in, 1289

chemical injury to, 1282 cloudy eye, 1274t-1275t color changes associated with, 1276 examination of, in neonates, 327-328

Eye(s) (Continued) of foals, 249 immune-mediated dermatoses manifestations in, 1297-1298 immunology of, 1296-1297 infectious, 1282-1296, 1283t lymphosarcoma manifestations of, 1313 ophthalmic examination procedures for, 1267-1271, 1270f

ophthalmic history for, 1267-1272 physical examination of, 9 signs of, 1272-1277 thermal injury to, 1282

Eye protection, 1572

Eyelids

conformational changes in, 1272-1275 lacerations of, 1279 puncture wounds of, 1278 trauma to, 1279

F

F waves, 509, 509/ F_2α, 311

for cystic follicular degeneration, 1458 F5, 364 Face protection, 1572 Facial analgesia, 117t Facial grimace scale, 24-25 Facial hypalgesia, 135 Facial mass, 1309t-1310t

Facial nerve

dysfunction of, 137t, 1025 examination of, 129-130 injury to, 1022 paralysis of

asymmetry associated with, 9 central nervous system lesions, 117t chronic, 129-130 clinical signs of, 129-130, 129/ description of, 135 in horses, 1114-1115

menace response deficit caused by, 128 peripheral, 1114-1115

Facial paresis, 135, 1022 Facilitated ankylosis, 1213, 1222 Factor VIII deficiency, 1155 Factor VIIIa deficiency, 446 Factor XI deficiency, 1154-1155 Failure of passive transfer (FPT) clinical features of, 1725t clinical pathology of, 1736 clinical signs of, 1736 colostrum replacements and, 383 complete, 1734-1735 control of, 1738 in dairy calves, 316-317 definition of, 1734-1736 differential diagnosis of, 1736 etiology of, 1734-1736, 1734/ in foals, 1734-1738 of immunity, 317 immunoglobin on, 316-317 incidence of, 1734-1735 infection and, 548, 1736 management of, 324 monitoring for, 317 necropsy findings, 1736 neonatal infection and, 548, 1736 partial, 1737 prevention of, 1738 prognosis for, 1736-1738 risk factors for, 1734-1735 septicemia and, 335 treatment of, 1736-1738

Failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI), septic arthritis risks, 1207

“Falling disease”, 230

False aneurysm, 505-506

False hellebore, 1767t-1769t, 1776t-1778t FAMACHA, 1682-1683, 1685

Familial ataxia, 1078t-1079t

Familial erythrocytosis, 1179

Familial myelofibrosis, 443

Fanconi syndrome, 979-980

FARM program, 13

Farriery, for navicular disease, 1230-1231 Fasciola spp.

F. gιgantιca, 939

F bepatica, 229, 934-935

Fascioliasis, acute, 229

Fascioloides magna, 939

in black disease, 928

Fast localized abdominal sonography for horses (FLASH), 704

Fat cow syndrome. see Hepatic lipidosis

Fat, metabolism of, in hepatic lipidosis, 944f Fc receptor (FcRn), neonatal, 315

Febantel, 1678t

Febrile response, 36-37

Fecal abnormalities, in indigestion, 859

Fecal culture, in equine alimentary system, 718

Fecal egg count reduction test, 1670, 1670b, 1670t, 1674, 1679, 1685, 1686b

Fecal examination

for cough evaluations, 50

in equine alimentary system, 717-718 Fecal occult blood test, in abomasal ulcers, 891 Fecal output, 95

in acute abdomen, 851

Fecaliths, in descending (small) colon, 784-785

Feces

blood in, 106, 107b

in calves, 334

enterohemorrhagic Escbericbia coli in, 999 fibrin in, 106, 107b gram stain of, 99 mucus in, 106, 107b normal color of, 95

Feed

allergies caused by, 1726t-1728t ammoniated, 1801 analysis companies for, 147b characteristics, on ruminal digestion, 867-868, 867t

medicated, 1558, 1559b minerals in, 1377t potassium levels in, 1429t sampling of, 146b total mixed ration of, 162-164 vitamin D intoxication from, 958

Feed additives

β₂-adrenergic agonists, 1802 antibiotics, 1802 description of, 1800 ionophores, 1800-1802 nonprotein nitrogen in, 1800-1801 pesticides, 1802 urea, 1800-1801

Feeders, 1554t-1555t

Feed-grade buffers, for indigestion, 877 Feeding, history-taking about, 2 Feedlot calves, liver flukes in, 939

Feedlot cattle

acute interstitial pneumonia, 681-682 antibiotic treatment of, 671f

Histopbilus somni in, 661 polioencephalomalacia in, 1052 respiratory disease in, 673-674 by Salmonella, 908 tracheal edema syndrome of, 645 vaccinations for, 1637b

Fell Pony syndrome, 1741

Female reproductive disorders, 1456-1505 Femoral fracture, 1259, 1259t

Femoral nerve injury, 1113

Femoral neurapraxia, 1113

Fenbendazole, 693-694, 1678t, 1689t

for peritonitis, 791

Ferguson reflex, 206-207

Fermentative disorders, treatment, prognosis and prevention of, 875-877, 875b feeding in, 875

ruminal contents, alteration of, 876 supportive, 876-877

Ferritin, 439-440

Fertilization failure

diagnostic approach to, 196-198 early embryonic death versus, 198 repeat breeder syndrome as cause of, 196 Fescue foot, 1241-1242

Fescue toxicosis, 200-204

agalactia caused b, 202, 210 clinical signs of, 200-203 description of, 200

diagnostic approach to, 203-204

in horses, 202

male reproductive function affected b, 203

in mares, 202, 203b

in ruminants, 202-203, 203b thyroid-stimulating hormone affected by, 1365

Fetal cotyledons, 208

Fetal heart rate, 239, 239f-240f

Fetal liver damage, 949

Fetal maceration, 198

Fetal maturity, 239

Fetal membranes, description of, 200

Fetal viability, 309-311

assessment of, 309-311

Fetal vitality, 313-314

Fetlock, postural changes associated with, 220

Fetoplacental unit, 310

Fetotomy, 207

Fetus

death of, 198

expulsion of, 205-206

heart rate in, 309-310 hyperactivit, 310

mummification of, 198, 1462t, 1470 necropsy examination of, 199

Fever, 36-38

acute phase reaction, 37

adverse effects of, 37-38 beneficial effects of, 37 cough with, 51

drugs associated with, 35, 35b

in horse, 35b

hyperthermic states, 36-37 immunologic causes of, 39b-40b infectious causes of, 38b-39b intermittent, 38

in neonatal ruminants, 380 neoplastic causes of, 39b nitric oxide effects on, 37 noninfectious inflammatory causes of, 40b pathogenesis of, 36f

remittent, 38

in ruminants, 36b, 39b-40b

Streptococcus equi and, 559

sustained, 38

toxins associated with, 35b-36b

Fever of unknown origin, 38-42

approach to, 40f

diagnostic approach, 40/ 41^42, 41t documenting of, 38

epidemiology of, 38-40

Fever of unknown origin (Continued)

peritoneal fluid evaluation for, 41

physical examination of, 40-41

Fibrin

description of, 529

in feces, 106, 101b Fibrinogen, 435-436, 438-439, 438b, 441

in acute abdomen, 851

deficiency, 1156

degradation products, 446, 446b

for traumatic reticuloperitonitis, 884 Fibrinolytic agents

bacterial pneumonia treated with, 533-534

pleural effusion treated with, 534 Fibrinolytic system, 1154 Fibrinous pleuropneumonia, 534 Fibroblastic sarcoids, 1340 Fibrodentinoma, 808-809 Fibroodontoma, 808-809 Fibropapillomas, 1321-1328, 1328f 1328t, 1668

Fibrosarcomas, 1341 Fibrosing alveolitis, 681

Fibrosis

in small intestine, 165

treatment of, 953

Fibrotic myopath, 1444

Fibrous tapetum, 1269-1210

Fick method, 482

Field exercise tests

exercise intolerance evaluations using, 81 for stridor evaluations, 13

Firocoxib, 1238

Fistulous withers, 1248-1249 Fitweed, 1161t-1169t, 1112t-1114t Flaccid tongue, 111t

Flatpea poisoning, 1061

Flavivirus encephalitis, 1018-1019 Flexor reflexes, 126

central nervous system lesions, 111t

definition of, 126

Flexor tendon contracture, 220

Flexor tendon laxit, 331-332

Flexural limb deformities, 1249-1252, 1250/ Flies

blow fly strike, 1335

screwworm infestation, 1334-1335 Floating, in equine dentistry, 128-129 Flood-plain staggers, 1016 “Floppy kid syndrome”, 340

Florfenicol, 340

Flotation therapy, for down cows, 1116-1111 Flow cytometry, 524

Flu-Avert, 1616 Fluconazole

fungal infections of respiratory tract treated with, 552, 554t

fungal keratitis treated with, 1288-1289 Fluid(s)

equine, 1521-1522

maintenance, 1523-1524, 1523t

replacement, 1523-1524, 1523t Fluid additives, in neurologic injury, 1535-1536

Fluid balance, 401-408

Fluid overload, 1530

Fluid resuscitation

acute hemorrhage treated with, 1532b

acute respiratory distress syndrome concerns, 1532

description of, 1529

in foals, 262-263

Fluid therapy, 1521-1544

abomasal disorders treated with, 1542

for acute abdomen, 852

acute neurologic injury treated with, 1532-1536, 1532b

Fluid therapy (Continued)

acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with, 1539, 1539b

anuric renal failure treated with, 1530 burn injury treated with, 1538-1539, 1539b

colic treated with, 1538

colitis treated with, 1521-1528, 1521b colloids, 262-263

competitive endurance horses treated with, 1531-1538

diarrhea treated with, 98-99, 1521-1528, 1521b

exertional myopathy treated with, 1538 fluid physiology effects on, 1522 in foals, 263 general principles for, 1523-1524 heart failure treated with, 1540, 1540b hemorrhagic shock treated with, 1532, 1532b

hepatic lipidosis treated with, 1543-1544 for horses with gastrointestinal diseases, 800-804

electrolyte disturbances in, 803-804 endotoxemia in, 804

enteral fluid administration in, 802-803 formulating, 801-802 hypoproteinemia in, 804

identifying patients requiring, 800-801, 801f

nutritional support for, 804 special considerations in, 802, 803t hyperkalemic periodic paralysis treated with, 1536-1531, 1531b hypoproteinemia treated with, 1531-1532 ketosis treated with, 1543-1544 liver dysfunction treated with, 1526-1521, 1526b

for liver failure, 953

liver failure treated with, 1526-1521, 1526b

maintenance, 1523-1524, 1523t mastitis treated with, 1141-1142 metabolic acidosis treated with, 1540, 1540b, 1542-1543

monitoring, 1524-1526

for neonatal diarrhea, 369-310, 369t-310t, 310f

obstructive urolithiasis treated with, 1544 oliguric renal failure treated with, 1530 for peritonitis, 190 polyuric renal failure treated with, 1529-1530

pregnancy toxemia treated with, 1543-1544

rate of, 1523 renal failure treated with, 1529-1530, 1529b

rhabdomyolysis treated with, 1536, 1536b in ruminants, 1541-1544, 1541t sepsis treated with, 1528-1529, 1528b, 1543

tubular necrosis treated with, 1001-1002 types of, 1523

upper gastrointestinal obstructions treated with, 1542

Fluke infection, 229

Flukecidal drugs, for liver flukes, 939 Flumethasone, 311

Flunixin meglumine, 243, 1303 analgesic uses of, 29-30 description of, 29-30, 30t for endotoxin-induced inflammation, 154 equine recurrent uveitis treated with, 1303 for gastrointestinal ileus, 195 laminitis treated with, 1238 for peritonitis, 191

Flunixin meglumine (Continued) pulmonary edema treated with, 584t pyrexia treated with, 612 for salmonellosis, 112

Fluorescein dye, 1268

Fluorescein staining, 1211

Fluorescent antibody titer, for leptospirosis, 1169

Fluorescent in situ hybridization, 413 Fluoroquinolones

in adult dairy cattle, 1560 bronchopneumonia treated with, 531t characteristics of, 1549t, 1550

Fluorosis, 113, 113b, 1239-1240, 1240t, 1261 dental, in ruminants, 808

Fluphenazine, 1454

Fluphenazine decanoate, 1198-1199

Fluticasone

aerosolized, 1148 inflammatory airway disease treated with, 591-598

recurrent airway obstruction treated with, 591-592

Flying insects, 1334

“Foal heat diarrhea”, 251

Foals

abdominal radiography in, 252 abdominal ultrasound in, 251-252 abdominocentesis in, 252 actinobacillosis, 228

acute renal failure in, 962-963 American Paint, 1013 anemia in, 289-290 blood loss and, 289 causes of, 289-290 hemolysis and, 289 hypoproteinemia and, 289 angular limb deformities in, 1201, 1201f Apgar score for, 248, 248t arterial blood gas collection and analysis, 254, 254t

assessment of intestinal contractility, 250-251

with atresia coli, 183 back of, 250 bacterial meningitis, 288 bedding for, 264 behavior of, 241-248 bladder rupture in, 986 body temperature, maintenance of, 264 bottle-feeding of, 265 botulism in, 228 bronchopneumonia in, 253 bucket feeding of, 265 capillary refill time in, 249 cardiac arrhythmias in, 252 cardiac murmurs in, 252-253 cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation, 244

catheter selection and placement in, 262 cerebrospinal fluid collection in, 251-258, 251f

cleft palate in, 250 colic in, 251 colostrum for, 258-259 congenital hypothyroidism in, 1368, 1180 coprophagy in, 251, 251f corneal ulceration in, 249

correction of dehydration in, 263-265 cortisol binding capacity in, 1360 creatinine in, 960 crepitus in, 253-254 cystitis in, 983 dental problems in, 249-250 dermis in, 258 diarrhea in, 299-306

bacteria, 299-300

Foals (Continued)

distended and/or painful abdomen, 302-304, 303f

nutritional causes of, 301 parasites, 301 prevention and control of, 302 prognosis of, 302 treatment of, 302 viruses, 300-301 dobutamine in, 263 dopamine in, 263 drug therapy in, 264-265 dysmature, treatment of, 290/, 293-294, 293t dysphagia in, 257 ears of, 249 electrolyte management in, 263-264 entropion in, 249 episcleral injection in, 249 equine arteritis virus in, 575-576 equine herpesvirus-1 in, 574-575 with equine proliferative enteropathy, 761 external umbilicus of, 251 eyes of, 249 failure of passive transfer in, 1734-1738 fluid resuscitation in, 262-263 gait, evaluation of, 257 gastric disease of, 740-741 gastric ulcers in, 106 gastrointestinal system of, 250-251, 251 f general anesthesia for, 277 general environment for, 264 general principles of treatment and care for, 262-267

glucose supplementation in, 263 glycogen branching enzyme deficiency in, 1455f

goiter, 250 granulomatous pneumonia in, 557 Histoplasma pneumonia in, 558f hypercapnia in, 254 hypocalcemia in, 1381 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in, 1359

hypothyroidism in, 1368 hypoxemia in, 254 immaturity of, 248 immunodeficiency syndrome in, 1729t- 1732t, 1741-1742

immunoglobulin G in, 258-259 incomplete ossification in, 1201, 1201f influenza vaccination for, 1618 inguinal hernia in, 251, 251f inopressor drugs in, 263 iridocyclitis in, 249 jaundiced agglutination test in, 1758b laboratory data in, 259-260, 259t-260t acute phase protein, 260 bile acids, 261 bilirubin, 261 blood L-lactate concentration, 260-261 blood urea nitrogen, 261 creatine, 261 electrolytes, 261 glucose, 260 hepatobiliary enzymes, 261 plasma protein, 260 platelets, 260 red blood cells, 260 triglycerides, 261 white blood cell count and differential, 260

lameness in, 280, 280f lavender foal syndrome, 1072-1073 limb edema in, 253 limb reflexes in, 257 liver disease in, 930

Foals (Continued) congenital, 932 drug-induced hepatotoxicity in, 932 equine herpesvirus 1 in, 931 inherited, 932 neonatal isoerythrolysis in, 931-932 other bacterial causes of, 931 local antibiotic therapy for, 277-278 maintenance fluid therapy in, 263 mandibular prognathism in, 249-250 maternal antibodies for, 1733 maternal behavior toward, 248 maxillary prognathism in, 249-250 meconium impaction in, 251-252 milk intake in, 265 mortality rates in, 237 multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome in, criteria for, 745t

musculoskeletal system in, 258, 258f nasal passages in, 253 nasogastric intubation in, 265 nasopharynx in, 630f-631f neck of, 250 neonatal

serum creatinine elevations in, 962 thyroid function in, 1367-1368 neonatal encephalopathy, 281-288 clinical signs of, 284 diagnosis of, 284-286, 285f-286f pathological findings for, 287-288 pathophysiology of, 281-284, 282f-283f

prognosis of, 287-288 risk factors for, 284 treatment of, 286-287 neonatal isoerythrolysis in, 1753-1754, 1756t, 1758b

neurologic system in, 256-257 nursing b, 265

nutritional support for, 265 oral cavity of, 249-250, 249f osteomyelitis in, 266 classification of, 274-275 diagnosis of, 275-277, 275b, 276f etiology of, 275 pathophysiology of, 275 prognosis of, 279-280 treatment of, 277-280

overo lethal white syndrome in, 1073 parasite control in, 1675-1676 parenteral nutrition in, 265 patent ductus arteriosus in, 485-486 perinatal asphyxia syndrome, 245-246 perinatal death, 237 perinatal sudden death in, 234 physical assessment of, 248-261 physitis in, 1197 plasma in, 262-263 pneumonia in, 548-550, 558f pulmonary imaging in, 254-255 pulmonic valve stenosis in, 487 rectal temperature of, 248-249 recumbency in, 264, 264f with reflux esophagitis, 732 rejection of, by mares, 248 respiration in, 294-299, 296f respiratory infection, 296-297 upper respiratory tract disorders and, 296, 297f

respiratory distress in, 253 respiratory failure in, 246 respiratory rhythm in, 253 respiratory tract in, 253-254 resuscitation, 244-245

after cesarean section, 244 rhabdomyolysis in, 266 with Rhodococcus equi enteritis, 763

Foals (Continued)

Rhodococcus equi in, 43, 46, 535-537, 541 infection, 431, 463

rib fractures in, 581-582, 582f seizures in, 257, 281 sepsis in, 267-274

antiacid therapy for, 272 antiendotoxin therapy for, 272 antifungal therapy for, 272 antimicrobial therapy for, 270-272, 270t-271t

cardiovascular support for, 272-273 causative organisms of, 267-269, 268t clinicopathologic findings in, 269-270 definitive diagnosis of, 270 focal infection, 273 leukopenia in, 269 outcomes of, 273-274 physical examination findings in, 269, 269f

predisposing factors of, 267 preventative strategies for, 274 prognosis of, 273-274 sequelae of, 273 therapy for, 270-272 septic arthritis in, 274-280

adjunctive therapy for, 279 classification of, 274-275 computed tomography of, 1210, 1211f diagnosis of, 275-277, 275b, 276f drainage and lavage of the septic joint for, 278-279, 278f

etiology of, 275 illustration of, 1209f local antibiotic therapy for, 277-278 magnetic resonance imaging in, 1210-1211, 1211f

management of, 279 pathophysiology of, 275 prognosis of, 279-280 synovial fluid analysis for, 275 systemic antibiotic therapy for, 277 treatment of, 277-280 ultrasonography for, 276, 276f septic renal disease in, 963 septicemia in, 557f sleep b, 247 sodium bicarbonate in, 264 somnolence in, 265-267 spinal cord compression in, 266 sternal recumbency in, 264, 264f stertorous breathing in, 253 stranguria in, 986 suckle reflex in, 257 systemic antibiotic therapy for, 277 systemic inflammatory response syndrome in, criteria for diagnosis of, 744t teeth in, 249, 720 thyroid function in, 1367-1368 thyroid gland in, 250 tongue of, 250 total body water in, 264-265 tricuspid valve atresia in, 487 umbilical hernia in, 255 urogenital system in, 255 vaccination of, 1601-1602, 1618-1619 vasopressin in, 263 weakness in, 265-267

Focal analgesia, 139

Focal intraluminal tracheal lesions, 628-629,

629f

Focal seizures, 121 description of, 1028-1029 Folic acid deficiency, 1178 Follicle-stimulating hormone, 195 Follicular aspiration, 1461 Follicular cysts, estrogen-producing, 194

Folliculitis, 1323-1324

Fomite transmission, 1574

Food Animal Residue Avoidance and

Depletion Program, 1561

Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, 670

Food animals analgesia in, 28 compounding of medications for, 1561 considerations for treatment of, 1560 definition of, 1553, 1554t-1555t drug residues in, 1555t-1557t prohibited drugs/drug classes in, 1558­1560, 1559b

Foot breakover, 1230

Foot conditions

infectious, 1244-1248 nail prick, 1245 postural changes associated with, 221 quittor, 1248

sole of foot, penetrating injuries to, 1246-1247

subsolar abscess, 1245-1246, 1246/ thrush, 1247-1248

white line disease, 1248

Foot rot

in cattle, 1242-1243, 1242/ in goats, 1243-1248 in sheep, 1243-1244 vaccination for, 1633-1635, 1667-1668

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), 112t, 1578t-1585t, 1596b

in ruminants, 834-836

Footbaths, 1243, 1326, 1571-1572 Footmats, 1571-1572

Footwear, 1571-1572

Forage ergot-infected, 1780 high nitrate potential in, 1771 low dietary cation-anion difference, 1394 magnesium oxide added to, 1398 nutrient content of, 145 polysaccharide storage myopathy and, 1450

protein-calorie malnutrition affected by, 156

sampling instructions for, 146b selection of, 1453

Forced extraction, of fetus, 207

Forced vital capacity, 526 Forebrain

abnormalities of, 121 unilateral lesions in, 128

Forebrain diseases diffuse, 131 in horses, 134t in ruminants, 132t-133t

Forebrain dysfunction, diseases manifesting with, 1013-1062

Foreign animal diseases, 1593-1598 business continuity, 1597 clinical signs of, 1594, 1595b control of, 1597 description of, 1593 detection of, 1596 eradication of, 1594b investigation and response to, 1595-1597 management of, 1597 prevention and preparedness, 1595-1596 recovery from, 1597 response to, 1597

Foreign bodies corneal, 1279 in descending (small) colon, 784-785 nasal, 637 tracheobronchial, 629

Forelimb lameness, 214

Forestomach diseases, of calves, 877-879

Forestomach microbial population, 867 Forestomachs, in ruminants, 839-842, 841/-842/

Formaldehyde, 363-364

Foxglove, 1767t-1769t

Foxtail grass, 1776t-1778t

FPT. see Failure of passive transfer Fractional clearance of sodium, 173 Fractional excretions

of calcium, 1377 description of, 1422 of electrolytes, 1000, 1422

Fractional shortening, 480

Fractures, 1255-1260

basilar, 1025

clinical evaluation of, 1255-1256, 1256/

clinical signs of, 1255 comminuted, 1260 definition of, 1255 differential diagnosis of, 1255 distal limb, 1257 emergency treatment of, 1256-1258, 1257t

etiology of, 1255

femoral, 1259, 1259t healing of, 1262 high limb, 1258 in horses, 214, 214b humeral, 1259, 1259t metacarpal, 1259t, 1260 metatarsal, 1259t, 1260 midlimb, 1257 nasal, 637

olecranon, 1259, 1259t

pelvic, 1259t

phalangeal, 1259t, 1260

prognosis for, 1258-1260, 1259t proximal limb, 1255 radial, 1259, 1259t rib, 581-582, 582/ scapular, 1259 skull, 1022 spontaneous, 1261

stress

description of, 1255 dorsal cortical, 1262 incomplete, 1262/ metacarpal, in horses, 1261-1263, 1261/-1262/

tibial, 1259-1260

transportation considerations, 1258 treatment of, 1258-1260 upper limb, 1257-1258 vertebral

description of, 1089

in horses, 1089

in ruminants, 1089-1090

Francisella tularensis, 1578t-1585t

Free gas bloat, 866-867

Freemartinism, 1465

Freemartins, 334, 1465

Frontal sinuses

percussion of, 728

trephination of, 522

Frontal sinusitis, 9

Frontal trauma, 1021

Frostbite, 1344

Frothy bloat, 871-873

FTPI. see Failure of transfer of passive immunity

Fumonisins, 1786t, 1790

Functional ileus (pseudoobstruction), in ruminants, 899

Functional murmurs, 87-88

Functional residual capacit, 524-525 Fundic reflex, 1269

Fundus

examination of, 1269, 1270/

in horses, 1270/

in ruminants, 1270/

Fungal culture, 179

Fungal diseases, 1329-1331 dermatophytosis, 1329-1330, 1329/-1330/ histoplasmosis, 1331

Malassezia dermatitis, 1330 phaeohyphomycosis, 1331 pythiosis, 1331 sporotrichosis, 1330-1331 zygomycosis, 1331

Fungal granulomas, 551, 553t

Fungal infections

definition of, 550-551 etiology of, 550-551

Fungal pneumonia, 551, 552/, 698

Fungi, 550

Furious rabies, 1040

Furosemide, 498

exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage treated with, 606

pulmonary edema treated with, 584t recurrent airway obstruction treated with, 592

udder edema treated with, 1146 ventricular tachycardia treated with, 499t Furunculosis, 1323-1324

Fusarium spp.

F gram/nearum, 1789

F moniliforme, 231

in duodenitis-proximal jejunitis, 759

F solani, 683

Fusobacterium necrophorum, 939-940 description of, 1243, 1633 necrotic laryngitis and, 345-346 necrotic laryngitis caused by, 642 vaccine for, 1665t-1666t

G

Gabapentin, 32

Gadding, 1336

Gait

evaluation of, 121-123, 1421

in foals, 257

in quadrupeds, 121-122 subtle deficits in, 122t

Galactorrhea, 211, 211b

Gallbladder, disease of, 951-952

Gallic acid, 1173

Gallium maltolate, 548

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), 323, 1737

Gangrenous mastitis, 8-9

Gas ping auscultation, 6, 6/

Gasterophilus spp., 1673

Gastric abscessation, in horses, 742

Gastric acid secretion, suppression of, 757-758

Gastric centers, depression of, 861

Gastric disease, in foals and weanlings,

740- 741

Gastric impaction, in horses, 705, 706/,

741- 742

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), 1371

Gastric rupture, in horses, 742

Gastric squamous cell carcinoma, 608, 742, 742/

Gastric tumors, in horses, 742, 742/-743/

Gastric ulceration, 705, 706/

blood loss caused by, 1153

in foals, 106

in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity, 799

ulcerative duodenitis and, 757

Gastroenterostomy, for ulcerative duodenitis,

758

Gastrointestinal disease

in horses, 16-17 laboratory tests for, 397 panhypoproteinemia caused b, 441

Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, 1154 Gastrointestinal ileus, 793-798 bethanechol for, 796 cecal emptying defect in, 794 cisapride for, 797 diagnosis of, 795 domperidone for, 797 early identification of, 797-798 erythromycin for, 797 intestinal motility, physiology of, 793 lidocaine for, 796 mediators of, 793-794 metoclopramide for, 796-797 miscellaneous motility disruptions in, 794-795

mosapride for, 797

motility modification in, 796-797 neostigmine for, 796 postoperative, 794 prevention of, 797-798 supportive care for, 795-796 tegaserod for, 797 tolazoline for, 797 treatment of, 795-797 yohimbine for, 797

Gastrointestinal nematode infections anemic crisis, 1681 anthelmintics for, 1678-1679, 1678t, 1684-1685

at-risk populations, 1677, 1681-1682 in cattle, 1678t, 1679

clinical manifestations of, 1677-1678 clinical signs of, 1681

copper oxide wire particles for, 1684 epizootiology of, 1680-1681 FAMACHA for, 1682-1683, 1685 in goats, 1680-1685

grazing strategies for, 1683-1684 life cycle of, 1677, 1680-1681 nematode-trapping fungi for, 1684 pathophysiology of, 1677, 1681 in sheep, 1680-1685

smart drenching method for, 1682-1683 vaccines for, 1684

Gastrointestinal tract

asphyxial injury of, 245

gas or fluid accumulation in, 305 normal functioning in, 98

Gastroscop, 740

Gata-4, 1466

GBM. see Glomerular basement membrane

Gedoelstia hassleri, 1307

Geldings, 169

General anesthesia, 277

General appearance, 2-3

Generalized anesthetic reactions, 1443 Generalized edema, 82

Generalized glycogenolysis, 1078t-1079t Generalized hypotonia, 257

Generalized lymphoma, 1185

Generalized seizures, description of, 121, 1028-1029

Generalized tetanus, 1098 Genetic disorders, 1704-1708 Genetic mutations, 1710-1714 Genetic tests, 1709-1716 for cattle, 1711t-1714t coat color, 1716t description of, 1709 disease testing, 1714-1716 genome sequence, 1709-1710

Genetic tests (Continued)

for goats, 1711t, 1715t

for horses, 1711t

limitations of, 1714

for mutations, 1710-1714

parentage testing, 1709-1710

for sheep, 1711t, 1715t

Genetically engineered vaccines, 1638 Genetics

breeding schemes, 1706-1707, 1706t chromosomal abnormalities, 1706 codominant inheritance, 1705 dominant inheritance, 1705 expressivit, 1706

information, 1707-1708, 1708b

negative selection, 1707

overview of, 1704-1706

penetrance, 1706

polygenic traits, 1705-1706

positive selection, 1707

recessive inheritance, 1704-1705 sex-linked traits, 1705

terminology associated with, 1710b

Genital organs, 189

Genital tract, 10

Genome sequence, 1709-1710

Genome wide association study, 1710b Genotype, 1710b

Genotyping assays, 464

Gentamicin, for paratuberculosis, 914 Gentamicin sulfate

bronchopneumonia treated with, 531t pleuropneumonia treated with, 533

Gentian violet, 1560

Germ cell tumors, 1468

Gestation

hypoxemia in, 241

late gestation, mare

allantocentesis in, 239

amniocentesis, 239 assessment of, 237-241 fetal heart rate in, 239, 239/-240/ management of, 243-244 progestagens in, 237-238 ultrasound-guided transabdominal in, 239

normal period of, 204

prolonged, 204-211, 205b

in ruminant, late-term complications of, 307-309

Getah virus, 1017

GFR. see Glomerular filtration rate

Ghrelin, 1391

Giardia

diarrhea in neonatal foals, 301

neonatal test for, 360

Giardia lamblia, 1578t-1585t

Gilbert's syndrome, 948

GIP. see Gastric inhibitory peptide

Glanders, 599-601, 600/

Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT), 444, 1156 Globe

neoplasia of, 1315

position changes in, 1272, 1272/ retropulsion of, 1268 size changes in, 1272

trauma to, 1280, 1281/

Globoid cell leukodystrophy, 132t-133t, 1078t-1079t

Globulins, 435

Glomerular basement membrane (GBM), 963-964

Glomerular diseases, primary, 963

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 960 Glomerulonephritis

acute, 959

clinical features of, 1726t-1728t

Glomerulonephritis (Continued) proliferative, 963-964 in ruminants, 996-997

Glomerulopathy, 1078t-1079t Glossopharyngeal nerve

dysfunction of, 137t examination of, 130

Gloves, 1571

Glucagon-like peptide 1, 1371 Glucocorticoid receptor, 1747 Glucocorticoids, 1358, 1358/ aerosolized, 1748 immunosuppression caused b, 1747 mastitis treated with, 1142

Glucose, 415-416, 419

blood, 1025, 1526

in cerebrospinal fluid, 1008

in foal, 260

in neurologic injury, 1535 supplementation of, in foals, 263

Glucose absorption test, 84

Glucose derangements, 1390-1391 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, 1371

Glutamic dehydrogenase, 415 Y-Glutamyltransferase (GGT), 414, 924 Glutaraldehyde coagulation test, 1738 Glutathione peroxidase, 1437-1438, 1438t Gluteal muscle strain, 1444 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 465

Glycogen branching enzyme deficienc, 1454-1455, 1455/ in foals, 932

Glycopeptides, 1549t, 1559-1560 Glyphosate, 1805

Goatpox, 1329

Goats

abdominal fat pad in, 5-6 adenoviruses of, 656 arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in, 1032

blood groups in, 1751-1752

border disease in, 132t-133t, 1033-1034 bovine herpesvirus type 1 in, 1289 bovine parainfluenza virus 3 in, 653-654 Branhamella ovis keratoconjunctivitis in, 1285

breeding season in, 1456-1457 bronchopneumonia in, 645-646, 646b Brucella melitensis abortion in, 1504 cerebrospinal fluid normal values in, 1008t chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis in, 1284 clostridial myonecrosis in, 1433 Clostridium perfringens type D in, 902 copper poisoning in, 1175 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in, 1192

daily nutrient requirements for, 151t, 164t Ehrlichia ruminantium infection in, 1048-1049

eperythrozoonosis in, 1168 estrous cycle irregularities, 193b, 194 foot rot in, 1243-1244 freemartins in, 1465

gastrointestinal nematode infections in, 1680-1685

genetic tests for, 1711t, 1715t heart rate in, 85 joint pain in, 8 keratoconjunctivitis in, 1283 liver biopsy in, 926 lungworms of, 694-695 mastitis in, 1147 melanomas in, 1343 mycoplasmal keratoconjunctivitis in, 1283 mycoplasmal polyarthritis in, 1214-1215

Goats (Continued)

myotonia in, 1705

Oestrus ovis infestation in, 638-639 palpation of, 5-6

paratuberculosis in, 912 pemphigus foliaceus in, 1316 peste des petits ruminants in, 1290 postdehorning sinusitis in, 523 pseudopregnancy in, 1484-1485 pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity in, 934 respiratory disease in, 674 retropharyngeal lymph node abscessation in, 609-612

rue, 1767t-1769t

scrapie in, 1037-1038, 1290 serum protein values for, 436t S-RY-negative XX sex-reversed males, 1465-1466

urolithiasis in, 105 uterine infections in, 1482 vaccinations in, 1628-1635, 1629t, 1631t-1633t

Goblet cells

description of, 51 hyperplasia of, 52

Goiter, 250

Golden chain tree, 1772t-1774t Gonadal dysgenesis, 1460t, 1465, 1467 Gonadal sex, 1465-1466 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone for cystic follicular degeneration, 1458 description of, 195 for seasonal anestrus, 1459

Gonadotropins, for seasonal anestrus, 1459 Gossypol toxicosis, 232-233

Gousiekte, 1775 Gowns, 1571 gp51, 1183

Gracilis muscle, 1444

Grain

bloat, 872 ergot-infected, 1780 overload, 97-98 sampling of, 146b

Gram-negative bacteria, 1547b Gram-negative bacterins, 1137, 1137t Gram-negative mutant lipopolysaccharide core antigen bacterins, 1660-1661 Granula iridica, 1269

Granular vulvitis, 1487 Granulomas

cholinesteric, 1028 fungal, 551, 553t laryngeal, 643

Granulomatous inflammation, 461 Granulomatous lymphadenitis, 537 Granulomatous pneumonia, 557 Granulomatous salpingitis, 1471 Granulosa cell tumors, 608, 609/, 1471 Granulosa-theca cell tumors, 1461t-1462t, 1467-1468, 1468/, 1470t

Grass sickness, equine, 1111-1112 cause of, 1111 clinical signs of, 1111 diagnosis of, 1111-1112 necropsy findings, 1112 pathogenesis of, 1111 prevention of, 1112 treatment of, 1112

Grass staggers, 1074-1077 bermudagrass staggers, 1075-1076 canarygrass staggers, 1076-1077 corynetoxicoses, 1076 description of, 132t-133t, 136t differential diagnosis of, 1077 kikuyu grass poisoning, 1076 paspalum staggers, 1075

Grass staggers (Continued)

perennial ryegrass staggers, 1074-1075 tremorgenic mycotoxicoses, 1074-1076 Gray matter lesions, 139

Greasewood, 1767t-1769t

Growth, decreased

causes of, 142b-143b

diagnostic approach to, 143-147

in horses, 142b

mechanisms of, 141-148

protein-calorie malnutrition, 141

in ruminants, 147-148

Growth hormone (GH) axis, 1391

Growth plates, 1404-1405

GT. see Glanzmann thrombasthenia Guardian, 1658

Gunshot wounds, 231

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue, 1036 Gut-brain axis, 1391

Guttural pouch(es)

anatomy of, 614, 1066

catheterization of, 523

dysphagia caused by lesions of, in horses, 110-111

endoscopy of, 1067/, 1265

fungal plaques in, 551

pathologic conditions of, 57

plica, 631

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium of, 614 Guttural pouch diseases, 614-618

definition of, 614

empyema, 559, 559/, 561, 615-616, 616/ endoscopy of, 517

etiology of, 614

mycosis, 57, 138t, 616-618, 1066-1067 clinical signs of, 1066-1067 definition of, 1066

etiology of, 1066 treatment of, 1067

tympan, 614-615, 615/

Gynecomastia, 209-210

GYS1 mutation, 1446, 1447t

H

Haab's striae, 1269

Habronema spp., description of, 1674 Habronemiasis

cutaneous, 1337-1338, 1674

ocular, 1306

pulmonar, 1674

Haemobartonella bovis, 1168

Haemobartonellosis, 1168

Haemonchus contortus, 1680

Hageman factor, endotoxin in, 747

Hair

composition of, 185, 185/

growth cycle for, 185, 186/

Hair follicle, 185, 185/

Hairy cats ear, 1772t-1774t

“Hairy shakers”, 1033

Hairy vetch, 1772t-1774t, 1776t-1778t Halicephalobus gingivalis, 1093, 1093f, 1674 Halimium, 1772t-1774t

Halogeton glomeratus, 233-234

Halothane anesthesia, 1442-1443 Hamartomatous lesion, 1327

Hand hygiene, 1569-1570

hand sanitizers, 1570

hand-washing, 1569-1570, 1569b indications for, 1569, 1569b surgical hand antisepsis, 1570

Hand sanitizers, 1570

Hand-washing, 1569-1570, 1569b

Haplotype, 1710

Haptoglobin, 439, 439t

in traumatic reticuloperitonitis, 884

Hardware disease. see Traumatic

reticuloperitonitis

Harvest mites, 1332

Haversian remodeling, 1258

Hay sampling, 146b

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points, 1564-1565

hCG. see Human chorionic gonadotropin

Head

evaluation of, 59

examination of, in neonates, 327 lymph nodes of, 9 physical examination of, 8 sympathetic innervation of, 130

Head tilt

in horses, 123/, 134-135 nystagmus associated with, 134-135 vestibular dysfunction and, 135

Head trauma, hyperthermia after, 1024

Head tremor, 117t

Headshaking, 1030-1032

treatment of

electrical nerve stimulation, 1031-1032 medical, 1031 physical, 1031 surgical, 1031

Health care-associated infections

description of, 1563

outbreaks of, 1586-1587

surveillance of, 1574-1575

transmission of, 1586 written protocols for, 1576-1577

Heart

auscultation of, 7

displacement of, 7

nutritional myodegeneration of, 229-230

Heart block, 16

Heart failure

fluid therapy for, 1540, 1540b

right-sided, 7

Heart murmur, in neonatal ruminants, 381

Heart rate

in acute abdomen, 850

auscultation of, 7, 7t

in horses, 85

in indigestion, 859

normal, 7, 7t

Heart sounds

auscultation of, 7, 86, 88

displacement of, 7

muffled, 88-89, 89b

in pericarditis, 499

Heartwater disease. see Ehrlichia ruminantium

infection

Heat

detection of, in cattle, 194, 1463

silent, 193-194

Heat stress, 1397, 1458

Heat stroke, 34-35

Heaves, 568

Heavy metals, 958

Heifers

mastitis in, 1144-1146

risk factors for, 1145

minimum growth curve for, 147b prepartum treatment of, 1145-1146 Staphylococcus aureus in, 1144-1145 udder edema in, 1146 vaccinations for, 1637b

Heinz bodies, 425

hemolytic anemia, 1173

Helichrysum argyrosphaerum, 1061

Hemal lymph node, 1181-1182 Hemangiosarcoma, 609, 609/ Hematocrit, 424

Hematologic samples

handling of, 421-422

Hematologic samples (Continued) transportation of, 421-422 venipuncture site and technique for, 421

Hematology, in peritonitis, 789 Hematoma

ethmoid, 620-622, 620f

intramural, in descending (small) colon, 786

ovarian, 1469

penile, 1505-1506

Hematopoietic stem cells, 429-430 Hematuria, 169-170

causes of, 170b

definition of, 169-170

enzootic, 993

Hemiparesis, 137

Hemiplegia, 117t

Hemivertebra, 1095-1096 Hemiwalking, 123

Hemlock, 1767t-1769t Hemoabdomen, 713, 713f Hemochromatosis, 950-951 Hemoglobin

concentration, 424

in oxygen transport, 68

urine containing, 169

Hemoglobinuria

description of, 169 postparturient, 1174-1176, 1401

Hemolymphatic system, 1188-1196 alterations in, 82-94 hematopoietic, diseases of, 1151-1196

Hemolysis, 427

as cause of anemia, 289

intravascular, after cutaneous burns, 1176 Hemolytic anemia, 115

autoimmune, 1171-1172, 1726t-1728t bovine anaplasmosis and, 1164-1165 causes of, 1163b

copper toxicosis as cause of, 1174-1175 cutaneous burns and, 1173 eperythrozoonosis as cause of, 1168 haemobartonellosis as cause of, 1168 Heinz body, 1173 hematologic manifestations of, 1163 immune-mediated, 1171-1173, 1726t-1728t

leptospirosis as cause of, 1169 postparturient hemoglobinuria as cause of, 1174-1176

theileriasis as cause of, 1168-1169 trypanosomiasis as cause of, 1169 L-tryptophan-indol intoxication and, 1174 water intoxication as cause of, 1174 Hemolytic syndrome, 1176

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), 959, 998-999

Hemonode enlargement, 1181-1182 Hemoperitoneum, in horses, 792-793, 1152

causes of, 792b Hemophilia A, 1155 Hemoptysis, 57-60

pulmonary hemorrhage as cause of, 58 in ruminants, 58b

Hemorrhage, 1155

gastrointestinal, 1154

in liver disease, 922

poisonous plants as cause of, 1775 thrombocytopenia as cause of, 1160 Hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles, 1468-1469

Hemorrhagic bovine viral diarrhea virus infection, 824

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, in ruminants, 898-899

Hemorrhagic diathesis, 1179

Hemorrhagic shock, fluid therapy for, 1532, 1532b

Hemosiderophages, 59-60

Hemospermia, 1512

Hemostasis

function tests for, 448, 1161 physiology of, 1153-1154

Hemostatic disorders antithrombin III, 446-447, 447b blood loss caused by, 1153 fibrinogen degradation products, 446, 446b hypofibrinogenemia, 447, 447b platelet function defects, 444 prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, 444, 446b

prolonged prothrombin time, 444-445, 445b

thrombocytopenia, 442-444, 443b thrombocytosis, 444 vasculitis, 1157

von Willebrand disease, 444

Hemostatic dysfunction, 1153-1154 Hemothorax, 298, 581, 1152

Hendra virus, 578, 634-636, 1017-1018, 1578t-1585t

Henipavir^rUs, 1017-1018

Heparin

for endotoxemia, 755 laminitis treated with, 1238 thrombus prevention with, 508

Heparinized blood, 71

Hepatic abscesses, 939-942 clinical signs of, 941 economic importance of, 942 etiology of, 939-940 in horses, 942 pathology of, 940-941, 941f pathophysiology of, 940, 940f prevention of, 941-942 sequelae of, 942 treatment of, 941-942 ultrasonography in, 941, 941f

Hepatic drug metabolism capacity, deficiency in, 950

Hepatic encephalopath, 132t-133t, 923, 923f

treatment of, 952-953

Hepatic failure, in foals, 932

Hepatic function, alterations in, 95-115

Hepatic lipidosis, 942-948, 1543-1544 clinical signs of, 942 in dairy cows, 942 diagnosis of, 942-943 fat, metabolism of, 944f insulin for, 943 lipid mobilization syndrome and, 942-946

pathophysiology of, 943-944, 944f-945f prevention of, 945-946 treatment of, 945 ultrasound in, 943

Hepatic photosensitization, in liver disease, 922

Hepatic telangiectasia, 949

Hepatitis, acute, in horses, 927-928 Hepatobiliary enzymes, in foal, 261 Hepatobiliary system, diseases of, 921-955 Hepatoblastoma, in horses, 950 Hepatocellular carcinoma, in horses, 950 Hepatoencephalopathy, 134t Hepatolithiasis, 951-952

Hepatomegaly, 952

Hepatotoxins, 934 chemicals, 936t drugs used, 937t plants, 935t

Herbicides, 1805

Herds

pneumonia in, 346 vaccinations for, 1635-1641, 1636b Herd-to herd transmission, of bovine viral diarrhea virus, 822

Hereditary afibrinogenemia, 447

Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia, 1347-1348, 1348f

Hereditary lethal spasms, 1078t-1079t Hereditary neuraxial edema, 136t, 1078t-1079t

Hermaphroditism, 334

Hernia

diaphragmatic, 582, 701, 865 in horses, 769

hiatal, in ruminants, 838 inguinal

in foal, 251, 251f in horses, 769 umbilical

in foal, 255 strangulating, 769 ultrasound examination of, 255-256, 256f-257f

Hetastarch, for nonsteroidal anti­inflammatory drug toxicit, 800

Hiatal hernia, in ruminants, 838 High limb fractures, 1258 High-altitude disease, 493

High-dose adrenocorticotropic stimulation test, 1360-1361, 1388

High-level disinfection, 1568 High-mountain disease, 493 High-sodium crystalloid solutions, 1055 High-speed treadmill videoendoscopy, 623 Hindlimbs lameness, 213 “Hip drop”, 215 “Hip hike”, 215

Hip lock dystocia, 342

Histamine bronchoprovocation using, 525 pruritus mediation by, 180

Histamine H2-receptor antagonists, 349 Histiocytic inflammation, 461

Histopbilus somni., 340 abortion, 1499 characteristics of, 647t-648t, 699-700 clinical signs of, 660-661 definition of, 660 diagnosis of, 661 epidemiology of, 661 etiology of, 660 necropsy findings, 661 pathogenesis of, 661 perilaryngeal vasculitis caused b, 642 thromboembolic meningoencephalomyelitis caused by, 229, 1069-1070, 1291 treatment of, 662 vaccination for, 662, 1652-1653 Histoplasma spp.

H. capsulatum, 5531

H. farciminosum, 1293

Histoplasmosis, 556t, 557-558, 558f 1293, 1331

History obtaining of, 2, 3f questionnaire for, 2

HlyA, 1295

Hoary alyssum, 1782

Hock joint, postural changes associated with, 220

Holding stalls, 1573

Holliday-Segar formula, 263

Holstein bulls, 1091 Homemade electrolyte solutions, 1541t “Honker” syndrome, 231

Hooves

poisonous plants that affect, 1781-1782 trimming of, 1227

Hormone implants, in veal calves, 1560 Hormone therapy, for recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, 1454

Horner syndrome, 130, 138t, 1065-1066 clinical signs of, 1066 definition of, 1065-1066 diagnosis of, 1066 etiology of, 1065-1066 treatment of, 1066

Horse chestnut, 1772t-1774t Horse nettle, 1772t-1774t, 1776t-1778t Horses

abdominal distention in, 106-107, 101b abnormal peripheral pulse in, 93-94, 93f 94b

abortion in causes of, 1488t description of, 198-199 endotoxemia as cause of, 1494 equine herpesvirus 1 as cause of, 1488t, 1491-1492

equine herpesvirus-1 as cause of, 198 equine viral arteritis as cause of, 1488t, 1492

insect-related, 1493 leptospirosis as cause of, 1493 noninfectious causes of, 1489 placentitis as cause of, 1489, 1490f protozoal causes of, 1493 Salmonella as cause of, 1493 trypanosomiasis as cause of, 1494 twin pregnancy, 1488

Anaplasmaphagocytophila in, 1158-1159 anhidrosis in, 35 ankylosis in, 1222-1223

antithrombin III reductions in, 447b anuria in, 172b, 173 arterial pH in, 519t arteriosclerosis in, 507 ascites in, 84b aspergillosis in, 1293 atherosclerosis in, 507f atopic dermatitis in, 1317 atrial fibrillation in, 89-90, 508 babesiosis in, 1168 bacterial keratitis in, 1285, 1285f bladder rupture in, 980-981 body condition scoring in, 20, 20b bone fragility disorder in, 1263, 1263f bone marrow collection in, 451f 453f bronchoalveolar lavage in, 520-521 bullous pemphigoid in, 1317 calcium disorders in, 1379-1381, 1380b calcium requirements, 1376-1377, 1377t cantharidiasis, 1381 cardiac arrhythmias in, 85, 85b cardiac murmurs in, 87b cerebrospinal fluid normal values in, 1008t chemotherapy in, 1186 chronic renal failure in, 959 coat length and density abnormalities in, 184-187, 186b colic in, 102-105, 102b common variable immunodeficiency in, 1744-1745, 1746f

competitive endurance, fluid therapy for, 1537-1538

corneal disease in, 1282 corneal ulcers in, 1279-1280 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in, 1193-1194, 1193f, 1324-1325 coughing in, 44b, 516 crusting in, 184b cryptococcosis in, 1293

Horses (Continued)

cutaneous onchocerciasis in, 1335f cutaneous vasculitis in, 1320-1321, 1321f daily nutrient requirements of, 158t decreased growth in, 142b decreased weight gain in, 142b dental abnormalities in, 113, 113b dental examination in, 725-728, 725f, 726b, 727t

deworming of, 1675-1676 diarrhea in

acute, 1527b description of, 96b, 99-101 dictyocaulosis in, 1687 digoxin therapy in, 493b dysphagia in, 17, 110-111, 110b dystocia in, 205-207 dysuria in, 168b edema in, 83f endurance, exhaustion in, 1430 eosinophilia in, 432b erosions in, 182b erythema multiforme in, 1320f esophageal disorders of, 729-735 exercise intolerance in, 89b exercise responses in, 75-81 eyelid lacerations in, 1279 facial nerve paralysis in, 1114-1115 failure to recovery of, 1538 fecal output in, 95 fescue toxicosis in, 202 fever in, 35b, 38b-40b fluid physiology of, 1521-1522 fractures in, 214b fundus in, 1270f fungal keratitis in, 1287, 1288f galactorrhea in, 211, 211b gastric abscessation in, 742 gastric glandular disease in, 737-740, 738f, 741t

gastric rupture in, 742

gastric tumors and other masses in, 742, 742f-743f

gastrointestinal disease in, 16-17 with gastrointestinal diseases, fluid therapy for, 800-804

gastrointestinal pathogens in, 470-471, 470f

genetic tests for, 1711t grass sickness in, 1111-1112 headshaking in, 1030-1032 heat stroke in, 35 hematuria in, 170b with hemochromatosis, 951 hemolytic syndrome in, with liver failure, 1176

hemoperitoneum in, 1152 hemostatic data in, 443t Hendra virus in, 578, 634-636 hepatic neoplasia in, 950 histoplasmosis in, 1293 hyperfibrinogenemia in, 438b hyperglobulinemia in, 436b hyperlipidemias in, types of, 948t hyperproteinemia in, 436, 436b hyperthyroidism in, 1364 hypoalbuminemia in, 440b hypocalcemia in, 1380-1381, 1380b, 1431 hypofibrinogenemia in, 447b hypoparathyroidism in, 1380-1381 hypoproteinemia in, 440b hypothyroidism in, 1364-1365 icterus in, 113-115, 114b immune response in, 1726t-1728t immunodeficiency disorders in, 1725t immunodeficiency syndrome in, 1725t immunologic disorders in, 1717-1726

Horses (Continued) immunologic responses in, 1717-1723, 1733-1734

immunosenescence in, 1745-1747 infectious anemia in, 1169-1170 infectious diseases in, 466-471, 467t intracarotid drug injection in, 1027 ionophores in, 1801-1802 jugular venous distention and pulsation in, 90b

keratitis in

bacterial, 1285, 1285f fungal, 1287, 1288f viral, 1289

lameness in, 22, 212-214, 213b, 216t leptospirosis in, 1002-1005, 1169, 1291-1292

leukemia in, 1186-1187 liquid diets for, 1697-1698 Listeria monocytogenes in, 1292 liver failure in, hemolytic syndrome with, 1176

localized myoneuropathy in, 1442 Lyme disease in, 1190-1191 lymph node enlargement in, 92-93, 93b lymphangioma in, 1188 lymphocytosis in, 433b lymphoma in, 1184-1186, 1344 lymphopenia in, 433b lymphosarcoma in, 1313 malignant hyperthermia in, 34 mastitis in, 1149-1150 mastocytosis in, 1343 melanomas in, 1343 melena in, 105-106, 106b meningitis in, 134t, 1042-1045 Moraxella conjunctivitis in, 1285 muffled heart sounds in, 89b muscle spasms in, 226, 226b myeloencephalopathy in, 469-470 myeloma in, 1187-1188 myoclonus in, 226, 226b nasal discharge in, 52b, 54b, 56b neglect of

recognizing, 14, 19-22 spotting, 19-22 surgical procedures and, 22 unequivocal, 20 neonatal isoerythrolysis in, 1172-1173 neutropenia in, 432b nutrient requirements for growth in, 146t oak (acorn) toxicosis in, 903-905 obesity in, 165, 1365 ocular squamous cell carcinoma in, 1312 oliguria in, 172b, 173 oral vesicles, erosions, ulcers, or growths in, 111-115, 111b, 112t osteoarthritis in, 1216 osteochondrosis in, 1198 painful peripheral swellings in, 92, 92b panhypoproteinemia in, 440b papules in, 183b paralytic rabies in, 1040 parasites in, 1669-1676 parenteral nutrition in, 1700-1702, 1700t-1701t

paresis in, 223-224, 224b paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, 511 partial pressure of oxygen in, 62-63, 67 periodontal disease in, 113 peripheral vestibular diseases of, 1062-1063

peritoneum in, disorders of, 787-793 pharyngeal cysts in, 630-631 phosphorus disorders in, 1385-1386 pigmentation abnormalities in, 187-188, 188b

Horses (Continued)

pigmenturia in, 170b polyneuritis equi in, 1107 polyuria in, 172b precocious mammary gland development in, 211, 211b

prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, 446b

prolonged gestation in, 204

prolonged prothrombin time in, 445b protein-losing enteropathy in, 441 pruritus in, 179-180, 180b pustules in, 183 b

pyuria in, 170-171, 171b quinidine gluconate in, 499b rectal prolapse in, 919-920, 920f regurgitation in, 108-110, 108b reportable diseases of, 1594b respiratory distress in, 63b-64b respiratory rates in, 71 rib fractures in, 581-582, 582f salmonellosis in, 905-911 sarcoid in, 1313-1314, 1314f, 1338-1342, 1341f

sarcoidosis in, 1350, 1350f scaling in, 184b

seborrhea in, 1345-1346 sinuses in, 522

skin nodules, tumors, or swellings in, 181b spinal cord trauma in, 1089 squamous gastric disease in, 735-737, 736f staphylococcal cellulitis in, 1324 stranguria in, 168b stridor in, 72b

stringhalt in, 1108-1110, 1108f systemic inflammatory response syndrome in, criteria for diagnosis of, 744t tapeworms in, 1672-1673, 1675 temporohyoid osteoarthropathy in, 1265-1266, 1265f

tetanus in, 1603-1613, 1604t-1612t thiamine deficiency in, 1026 thoracocentesis in, 521-522, 522f thrombasthenia in, 1156 thrombocytopenia in, 443b thyroid function assessments in, 1366-1367

tracheal aspirates in, 520-521 traumatic optic nerve blindness in, 1025-1026, 1026f

tremors in, 136t tuberculosis in, 598 ulcers in, 182b urethral obstruction in, 975 urinary incontinence in, 168b ventral midline dermatitis in, 1334 vesicles in, 183b viral keratitis in, 1289 vomiting in, 108-110, 108b warbles in, 1337 weakness in, 89b weight gain in, 144t, 145f weight loss in, 154b-155b, 157-159, 1372 West Nile virus encephalitis in, 469 Horseshoe nails, 1245 Horsetail, 1772t-1774t Housing, animal, 1572-1574 Howell-Jolly bodies, 425

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 1458, 1469, 1514

Human toll-like receptors, seven ligands for, 747t

HUS. see Hemolytic uremic syndrome Husbandry, 20-21

HY antigen, 1464

Hyaluronan, 1219, 1231-1232 Hydralazine, 498

Hydrallantois, 308 Hydramnios, 308 Hydranencephaly, 132t-133t, 1057-1059 Hydrocephalus, 132t-133t, 288, 1057-1059 aino virus and, 1057 akabane virus and, 1057 bluetongue virus and, 1057 bovine virus diarrhea virus and, 1057 Cache Valley virus and, 1057 Chuzan virus and, 1057 clinical pathology of, 1058 clinical signs of, 1058 congenital hypertensive, 1058 definition of, 1057-1058 etiology of, 1057-1058 hypertensive, 1058 normotensive, 1057-1058 other infectious agents and, 1058 pathology of, 1058

Schmallenberg virus and, 1058 treatment of, 1059

Hydrochlorothiazide, 1146, 1430 Hydrocortisone, 1386-1387

Hydrogen breath test, in equine alimentary system, 718

Hydrometra, 1484-1485 Hydromyelia, 1096

Hydrops allantois, 308, 308t Hydrops amnii, 308, 308t Hydrosalpinx, 1471

Hydrostatic pressure, 82, 1522 Hydrothorax, 82

Hydroxyamphetamine, 1066 β-Hydroxybutyrate, 159 Hyperalgesia, 27-28 Hyperbilirubinemia

congenital, 948 persistent, in Thoroughbreds, 948

Hypercalcemia, 406, 406b, 803t, 1381-1382 description of, 964 of malignancy, 1384 neonatal, 1384 treatment of, 1385

Hypercapnia, 254 Hyperchloremia, 803t, 980 Hyperdentition, 722

Hyperechoic, 705 Hyperesthetic leukotrichia, 1347 Hyperextension deformities, 1250 Hyperfibrinogenemia, 438, 438b, 541, 1744 Hypergammaglobulinemia, 437 Hyperglobulinemia, 1187, 1749 Hyperglycemia, 269, 416, 416b Hyperimmune plasma, 753-754 Hyperkalemia, 404, 404b, 803t, 1530 Hyperkalemic arrhythmia, 367 Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 1427-1428 calcium gluconate for, 1429 clinical signs of, 1428 control of, 1429-1430 description of, 464, 1705 diagnosis of, 1428-1429 etiology of, 1428, 1429f feed for, 1429-1430, 1429t fluid therapy for, 1536-1537, 1537b in horses, 1428, 1429f myotonia in, 1428 prognosis for, 1430 treatment of, 1429

Hyperkeratosis, 183-184, 1146 Hyperketonemia, 1408-1414 clinical, 1409-1410 clinical pathology of, 1412 clinical signs of, 1410 control of, 1413-1414 definition of, 1402, 1409-1410 diagnostic tools of, 1412

Hyperketonemia (Continued)

differential diagnosis of, 1410 economic impact of, 1411 epidemiology of, 1410-1411 insulin for, 1412-1413 necropsy findings of, 1411-1412 pathophysiology of, 1408-1414, 1409f prevention of, 1413-1414 prognosis for, 1412-1413 propylene glycol for, 1412 subclinical, 1409-1410, 1410f treatment of, 1412-1413

Hyperkinetic arterial pulse, 94 Hyperlipemia, in ponies, 947-948 Hyperlipidemia, types of, in horses, 948t Hypermagnesemia, 803t

Hypermetria

central nervous system lesions, 117t definition of, 122, 135

Hypermotilit, 6-7 Hypernatremia, 803t

in calves, 341

in neonatal ruminants, 341-342

signs of, 341 treatment of, 341

Hyperosmolar therapy, in brain and spinal cord injur, 1534—1535

Hyperparathyroidism

nutritional secondar, 1382-1384, 1382f-1383f, 1407

renal secondary, 1382, 1407-1408, 1408t Hyperphagia, 117t

Hyperphosphatemia, 407, 407b, 1385-1386 Hyperpigmentation, 187

Hyperpnea, 60, 515 Hyperproteinemia, 436-438 hyperglobulinemia, 437-438, 1187 panhyperproteinemia, 436-437, 436b-437b Hypersensitivity disorders, 1317-1322

atopic dermatitis, 1317-1318, 1726t-1728t contact dermatitis, 1321-1322 cytotoxic, 1724

definition of, 1724

drug eruption, 1321, 1321f

erythema multiforme, 1319, 1320f IgE-mediated, 1724 insect bites, 1726t-1728t milk allergy, 1319

urticaria, 1318-1319, 1319b, 1320f vasculitis, 1320-1321, 1321f, 1726t-1728t Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 568, 686-687, 1726t-1728t

Hypersensitivity reactions, 181 Hypertensive hydrocephalus, 1058 Hyperthermia

anhidrosis as cause of, 35

description of, 33

drugs that cause, 35-36 exercise as cause of, 34 head trauma and, 1024 heat stroke as cause of, 34-35 malignant, 34, 1454 nervous system disorders as cause of, 36 Hyperthyroidism, 1364 Hypertonia, 139 Hypertonic dehydration, 402 Hypertonic saline, 1532 Hypertonic saline solution (HSS), in fluid therapy, 802

Hypertonic solutions, for acute abdomen, 852

Hypertrichosis, 1353 Hypertriglyceridemia, in ponies, 947-948 Hypertrophic osteopathy, 1240-1241 Hyperventilation, 63, 515 Hypervitaminosis D, 1384 Hyphema, 1278, 1300

Hypoalbuminemia, 101, 440-441, 803z^, 804,

1376,1527

in equine proliferative enteropathy,

761

Hypoaldosteronism, 1361

Hypocalcemia, 406, 406b, 803, 803t description of, 132t-133t dietary phosphorus on, 1395-1397, 1396/ in foals, 1381

in horses, 1380-1381, 1380¼ 1431 hypomagnesemia as cause of, 1393

in indigestion, 877

intravenous Ca treatment to, 1397-1398 mastitis and, 1142

periparturient, 1393-1394

in ruminants, 852

seizures secondary to, 1380 signs, 229-230 tetany secondary to, 1380 treatment of, 1381-1382

Hypochloremia, 803, 8031

Hypoderma, 1336-1337

Hypoderma spp.

description of, 1336

H. bovis, 686-687, 1092-1093

H. Iineatum, 686-687, 1092-1093 Hypoechoic, 705

Hypofibrinogenemia, 447, 447b Hypogalactia, 211b

Hypogammaglobulinemia, transient, 1738-1739

Hypoglossal nerve

dysfunction of, 137t

examination of, 130

Hypoglycemia, 132t-133t, 416, 416b

in foals, 269

in neonatal ruminants, 340

Hypoglycin A, 1441-1442, 1442/ Hypohidrosis, 1362. see also Anhidrosis Hypokalemia, 403-404, 404b, 803, 8031,

1403

in indigestion, 877 subclinical, 1403-1404 treatment of, 1403

Hypokalemic myopathy, 1430

Hypomagnesemia, 132t-133t, 136t, 512, 803, 803t, 1395, 1398

rumen in, 1398 treatment of, 1399

Hypomagnesemic tetany, 1398-1399 Hypomelanosis, 187

Hypometria, 135

Hypomotility, of esophagus, 732 Hypomyelogenesis congenita. see Border disease

Hyponatremia, 402-403, 803t, 1000

in neonatal ruminants, 340-341 Hypoparathyroidism, 1380-1381 Hypophagia, 117t

Hypophosphatemia, 147-148, 407, 407b, 803, 1174, 1260, 1385

Hypopigmentation, 187

Hypoplasia

ovarian, 1471

testicular, 1513-1514

Hypoplastic anemia, 1160

Hypopnea, 253 Hypoprolactinemia, 1791

Hypoproteinemia, 82-83, 302, 440-441, 440b-441b, 804

acute diarrhea and, 777

in equine proliferative enteropathy,

761

fluid therapy for, 1531-1532

Hypopyon, 1300

Hypotension, 1024, 1389 Hypothalamic-pituitary axis, 1352-1353 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 291, 1358-1360, 1358/, 1387-1389 accelerated maturation of, 291

Hypothalamus suppression, 195 Hypothermia, 42

Hypothyroidism

anhidrosis associated with, 1366 clinical signs of, 1364-1365 congenital, in foals, 1368, 1770-1771, 1780

description of, 1364

infertility in mares and, 1366 laminitis associated with, 1365 obesity associated with, 1365 rhabdomyolysis associated with, 1366 syndromes associated with, 1365-1366 treatment of, 1367

tri-iodothyronine (T₃) suppression test for, 1367

Hypotonia, generalized, 257

Hypotonic dehydration, 402 Hypoventilation, 515

Hypovolemia, 749, 1389

fluid therapy in, 800

liver disease as cause of, 1526

Hypovolemic shock, 1151

Hypoxemia, 254

causes of, 519-520 definition of, 67, 519-520 in gestation, 241 predisposing conditions to, 68-69 treatment of, 519-520

Hypoxia, 949

definition of, 520

dystocia and, 312

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, 586

Hypoxic ischemic syndrome, 245 Hysteroscopy, 1477

I

Iatrogenic megaesophagus, in horses, 733 Iatrogenic polyuria, 979

IBK. see Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis

Icteric hemoglobinuria. see Bacillary hemoglobinuria

Icteric mucous membranes, 249

Icterus

in horses, 113-115, 114b

in liver disease, 921

Idiopathic acute hepatic disease, 927

Idiopathic epilepsy, 1028

Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis (IFEE), 764

in small intestine, 766

Idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia, 71

Idiopathic renal hematuria, 975-976, 975f-976f

Idiopathic systemic granulomatous disease, 1384

IDT. see Intradermal testing

IgG index, 1008

Ileal hypertrophy, 709, 709f, 766

Ileal impaction, 766

Ileus, in mares, 1380

Iliac crest bone marrow collection, 451f, 453-454

Imaging-based diagnostics, of osteoarthritis, 1218

Imidacloprid, 1806

Imipramine, for narcolepsy-cataplex, 1030 Imiquimod, 1328

Immune-based tests, for paratuberculosis, 912-913

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, 1171-1173, 1726t-1728t

Immune-mediated keratitis, 1298-1299 Immune-mediated keratopath, 1726t-1728t Immune-mediated myositis, 1436, 1436f, 1726t-1728t

Immune-mediated ocular diseases

allergic blepharoconjunctivitis, 1297 eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis, 1298 keratitis, 1298-1299

nonulcerative keratitis, 1298-1299 nonulcerative keratouveitis, 1298-1299 overview of, 1296-1305

Immune-mediated polysynovitis/polyarthritis, 1726t-1728t

Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP), 443, 1160, 1726t-1728t, 1749

Immune modulators, 1478-1479

Immune responses

adaptive

description of, 1720, 1720f-1721f immunodeficiencies of, 1723-1724 description of, 1121, 1551 exercise effects on, 1723 in foals, 1726t-1728t inadequate, 1723 innate, 586-587, 1717

Immune system

age effects on, 1723

endotoxin, 337 innate, 1120 stress effects on, 1640 Immunoassay, 323 Immunodeficiency disorders

adaptive immune response defects and, 1723-1724

features of, 1725t

in foals, 1725t

in horses, 1725t

immunosuppression caused b, 1750-1751 innate immune response defects and, 1723-1724

ruminants, 1759-1763 Immunoelectrophoresis, 436 Immunofluorescence, 523-524 Immunoglobulin(s)

absorption, factors influencing, 320

for cough evaluations, 50

equine, 1722t

in foal serum, 437f

infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis treated with, 1295

isotypes of, 1722t

lacteal, 1144

in milk, 1121, 1735

passive transfer of, 316-317 semiquantitation of, 1729t-1732t

Immunoglobulin A, in colostrum, 1735t

Immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity disorders, 1724

Immunoglobulin G

in colostrum, 1735, 1735t replacements, 383

turbidimetric immunoassay, 1729t-1732t, 1736

uptake, 323

Immunoglobulin M

in colostrum, 1735t

selective deficiency of, 1725t, 1743 Immunohistochemistry, 524, 668 Immunologic disorders

agammaglobulinemia, 1742-1743 common variable immunodeficienc, 1725t, 1744-1745, 1746f compromised or deficient immune responses as cause of, 1723-1724 drug-induced immunosuppression, 1747-1748

Immunologic disorders (Continued)

foal immunodeficiency syndrome, 1725t, 1729t-1732t, 1741-1742 in horses, 1717-1726 immune-mediated injury caused b, 1724-1726

severe combined immunodeficienc, 559, 1725t, 1729t-1732t, 1739-1741, 1740/ Immunologic responses

in horses, 1717-1723, 1729t-1732t, 1733-1734

innate, 1717 laboratory assays for assessing, 1729t-1732t

Immunology, in bluetongue, 818-819 Immunophenotyping, 1729t-1732t Immunosenescence, in horses, 1745-1747 Immunosuppression in acute BVDV, 824 autoimmune disorders and, 1748 corticosteroids and, 1750 drug-induced, 1747-1748 equine herpesvirus type 1 as cause of, 1750-1751

equine herpesvirus type 5 as cause of, 1751 equine influenza as cause of, 1750 immune-mediated disorders, 1748-1749 immunodeficiency disorders as cause of, 1750-1751

infectious agents/processes associated with, 1750-1751

in late sepsis, 750 lymphosarcoma and, 1749 during parturition, 1121 plasma cell myeloma and, 1749 in pregnancy, 1762-1763

Impaction abomasal, 893-895 ascarid, 765 cecal, 712, 779 colonic, 707, 707/ in descending (small) colon, 784 gastric, 705, 706/ 741-742 ileal, 766 of large colon, 779-780 in small colon, 707

Impaction colic, 165 Impaired diffusion, 69

Impaired oxygen utilization, 749 Impetigo, 1323-1324

IMTP. see Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

Inactivated Immune Stimulating Complex, 1603

Inactivated vaccines, 1638

Inborn errors, in metabolism, 1072-1074 clinical pathology of, 1074 clinical signs of, 1073-1074 pathology of, 1074 prevention of, 1074 treatment of, 1074

Incisors

equine, 719 malocclusions of, 722 supernumerary, 722

Incontinence, 139 causes of, 168b definition of, 166 diagnosis of, 166-169 in horses, 168b urinary diagnosis of, 970 in horses, 969-970, 970/ treatment of, 970

Incretin hormones, 1371 Indigestion, in ruminants, 854-879 abdominal contours in, 856, 857/

Indigestion, in ruminants (Continued) acute ruminal lactic acidosis in, 869-871 acute simple, 868-869 acuteness of onset in, 855 animal stance in, 856 auscultable findings in, 858 bloat in, 856, 857t bradycardia in, 859 cardia, obstruction of, 865 chronic recurrent bloat in, 864-865, 865t classification of, 855b clinical signs of, 855-859 definition of, 854-855 diaphragmatic hernia in, 865 differential diagnosis of, 855-859 esophageal (reticular) groove function in,

877- 879

etiology of, 854-855

fecal abnormalities in, 859 feed characteristics on, 867-868 feeding in, 875

fermentative disorders, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of, 875-877, 875b

forestomach diseases, of calves, 877-879 forestomach microbial population in, 867 free gas bloat in, 866-867 frothy bloat in, 871-873 general signs of, 855-856, 856t heart rate in, 859

obstructive (vagal), 862-866, 866b omasal transport, failure of, 863-864 pain elicitation in, 859 palpable findings in, 856-858 pathophysiology of, 855-859 of poor-quality roughage, 865 prevention of, 877 primary, 855 pyloric outflow failure in, 864 recurrent bloat in, 879 reticulitis in, 861-862 reticuloruminal fermentive function, disorders of, 867-877 reticuloruminal milk accumulation in, 878, 878/

reticuloruminal motor function, disorders of, 859-867

rumen fluid analysis for, 873-875, 874t rumenitis in, 861-862 ruminal alkalosis in, 873 ruminal contents, alteration of, 876 ruminal development, problems in,

878- 879

ruminal ingesta, putrefaction of, 873-875 ruminal microbial flora, inactivity of, 868 ruminal parakeratosis in, 862 secondary, 855 subacute ruminal acidosis in, 871 supportive treatments of, 876-877 vomiting in, 859

Inductance plethysmography, 525-526, 525/ Infarctive purpura hemorrhagica, 1435-1436, 1435/

Infection control, 1563-1592 animal movement and housing in, 1572-1574

antimicrobial resistance, 1591 barrier protocols in, 1570-1572 border disease virus, 1589 bovine viral diarrheal virus, 1589 Clostridium difficile, 1588 Coxiella burnetii, 1591 Cryptosporidium parvum, 1588 description of, 1563 education and awareness, 1576-1586 equine herpesviruses, 1590 equine influenza, 1589-1590

Infection control (Continued) equine rotavirus, 1588-1589 hand hygiene, 1569-1570. see also Hand hygiene

informed consent, 1565

isolation protocols, 1573-1574 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 1590-1591

paying for, 1565

principles of, 1564-1565 respiratory protection, 1572 Salmonella enterica, 1587-1588 strangles, 1589

Streptococcus equi, 1589 surveillance, 1574-1576 targeting of efforts, 1565 vaccination for, 1587

Infections

biologics in prevention of, 1599-1668 fever caused b, 38b-39b

general considerations, 1599-1603 host response to, 267 immunosuppression and, 1750-1751 location of, 1549 severity of, 1547

sudden death caused by, 228-235, 228b Infectious anemia, equine, 1169-1170 Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), 1293-1296

definition of, 1293

economic impact of, 1293-1294 epidemiology of, 1294 etiology of, 1294

experimental vaccination for, 1295 pathophysiology of, 1294-1295 risk factors for, 1294

vaccination for, 1664-1667 Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, 1034 infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, 199 Infectious liver disease, 927-942 Infectious necrotic hepatitis, 928 Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV), 1486 Inferior alveolar nerve, 721 Infertility

in bovine viral diarrhea virus, 825 hypothyroidism associated with, 1366 nonpathogenic, 1456-1464 anestrus. see Anestrus

anti-Mullerian hormone in, 1458 breeding season, 1456-1457 cystic follicular degeneration, 1457-1458

heat stress as cause of, 1458 ovarian reserve in, 1458 plant toxicity in, 1458 poor nutrition as cause of, 1458 prolonged luteal phase, 1461 pseudopregnancy, 1461 silent estrus, 1461

Inflammation

control of, in acute abdomen, 852-853 of esophagus, 733 granulomatous, 461 histiocytic, 461 mammary glands, 1118

small intestine, in duodenitis-proximal jejunitis, 758

treatment of, 953

ulcerative duodenitis and, 756-757 Inflammatory airway disease, 593-598

aerosolized therapy for, 597-598 affecting performance, 594 airway responsiveness associated with, 595 bacterial infection in, 596 bronchoalveolar lavage, 594-595 bronchodilators for, 597 characteristics of, 598

Inflammatory airway disease (Continued) clinical findings of, 594 corticosteroids for, 597 definition of, 593-594 diagnosis of, 594-595 differential diagnosis of, 596-597 environmental remediation for, 597 etiology of, 595-596 histopathologic findings, 595 lung function testing for, 595 mast cell inhibitors for, 597 prevalence of, 594 radiography of, 595 recurrent airway obstruction versus, 593 treatment of, 597-598

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 709, 709/, 763-764, 764/ acute diarrhea and, 770 chronic, 1726t-1728t

Inflammatory cascade, 337

Inflammatory myopathies, 1432-1434 Influenza A, 571

Influenza virus

in ruminants, 655-656

zoonotic disease caused by, 1578t-1585t Informed consent, 1565

Infraorbital canals, 719 Infundibula, 720-721 in equine, 724

Ingested chemicals, 567-568

Inguinal hernia

in foal, 251, 251/

in small intestine, 769

Inhaled chemicals, 568, 569/

Inheritance

codominant, 1705 dominant, 1705 recessive, 1704-1705

Inherited cardiomyopathy, 497

Inherited myoclonus of Peruvian Paso foals, 1072

Inherited periodic spasticity, 1078t-1079t Inhibitory input, increased, 861 Injury, catabolic response to, 1694 Innate immune response

description of, 586-587, 1717 immunodeficiencies associated with defects in, 1723-1724

Innate immune system

cells of, 1717-1718 description of, 1120 Inopressor drugs, 263 Inorganic acidosis, in horses, 803 Inotropes, 1002

Inpatient areas, 1573

Insect-bite hypersensitivity, 1726t-1728t Insecticides

poisoning caused b, 132t-133t postmortem identification of, 1804-1805 for psoroptic mange, 1332 for warbles, 1337

Insect-related abortion, 1493 Insemination, anestrus after, 1463 Inspiratory airway obstruction, 604-605 Inspiratory stridor, 329

Insufflation, of 100% oxygen, 67 Insulin

fasting concentrations of, 1370 for hepatic lipidosis, 943 high intravenous doses of, sudden death caused by, 231-232

ketosis treated with, 1412-1413 Insulin/glucagon ratio, 152 Insulin infusions, in sepsis, 753 Insulin-like growth factor-1, 1206 Insulin tolerance test, 1386 Insurance examination, 13

Intention tremor, 135

Interdigital dermatitis, 1326-1327

Interdigital necrobacillosis, 1242-1243, 1667

Interferon-γ(IFN-γ), 335, 1005

Interleukin-1, 36-37

Interleukin-17, 586

Intermittent abdominal pain, in enteroliths, 780

Intermittent fevers, 38

International Association for the Study of Pain, 24

Interphalangeal joints, postural changes associated with, 220

Interstate health examination, 13

Interstitial balance, 1521-1522

Interstitial capillary oncotic pressure, 1521-1522

Interstitial pneumonias

acute respiratory distress syndrome, 680-686, 680/

atypical, 680

feedlot acute, 681-682

in horses, 549, 566-569, 567b, 567f, 645

in ruminants, 679-687

Intervertebral sagittal ratio, 1086

Intestinal atresia

in neonatal atresia, 350

in ruminants, 896

Intestinal incarceration, in ruminants,

897

Intestinal lymphoma, 1185

Intestinal motility, physiology of, 793

Intestinal protectans, for neonatal diarrhea, 377

Intestinal stenosis, in ruminants, 896

Intestinal tumors, in ruminants, 898

Intraabdominal masses, 713, 714/

Intraarticular medications, for navicular disease, 1231, 1231/

Intracarotid drug injection, 1027

Intracellular fluid volume, 1521

Intradermal Johnin test, in paratuberculosis, 912-913

Intradermal skin testing, 1729t-1732t

Intradermal sweat test, for anhidrosis, 1362, 1363/

Intradermal testing (IDT), 1318

for allergen, 50

Intraluminal objects, in esophageal disorders, 837

Intraluminal obstructions, in descending colon, 785

Intramammary infections antimicrobial therapy for, 1141-1143 coagulase-negative staphylococci as cause of, 1128-1129

dry cow therapy for, 1144

Escbericbia coli as cause of, 1137, 1137t immunologic response to, 1119 prevention of, 1134-1136

Pseudomonas spp. as cause of, 1134

Stapbylococcus aureus, 1119, 11251,

1128- 1129, 1139

Streptococcus agalactiae as cause of,

1129- 1130

subclinical phase of, 1122

Intramural hematoma, in descending (small) colon, 786

Intraocular examination, 1269

Intraocular mass, 1309t-1310t

Intraocular parasites, miscellaneous, 1308

Intraocular pressure, 1271

Intrasynovial analgesia

distal interphalangeal joint, 216 in lameness evaluation, 217

Intravascular hemolysis, after cutaneous burns, 1173

Intravenous fluid therapy, for salmonellosis,

911

Intravenous nutrition, 1699-1700 Intussusceptions

cecocecal, 712, 783

cecocolic, 712, 712/

colocolic, 783

of large intestine, 783

in neonatal ruminants, 350-351

in ruminants, 896-897, 897/

in small intestine, 710, 711/, 769-770 In-veterinary clinical culturing (IVCC), 1126 Involucrum, 1224

Iodide therapy, for fungal infections of respiratory tract, 554

Iodine, 1796

Iodochlorhydroxyquin, for chronic diarrhea, 778

Ionophore antibiotics, for indigestion, 877 Ionophores, 1398, 1408

in cattle, 1802

in horses, 1801-1802

4-ipomeanol toxicit, 683 rhabdomyolysis caused b, 1440

IPV. see Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis IRAK, 1352-1353

IRAK-M, 1352-1353

Iridocyclitis, 249

Iris, 1269

Iron deficiency anemia, 1177-1178 Iron-regulated outer membrane proteins, 657 Iron toxicity, 1796-1797

in foals, 932

Irritant contact dermatitis, 1321-1322

Irritant receptors, 43

Ischemia, 949

Ischemic myelopathy, 140t

Ischial urethrostomy, 990

Isoerythrolysis, neonatal

description of, 1172-1173, 1726t-1728t equine, 1753-1754, 1756t, 1758b ruminants, 1758

Isoflupredone acetate, 591, 1142

Isolation protocols, 1573-1574 Isometamidium chloride, 1050

Isoniazid

for actinomycosis, 813

tuberculosis treated with, 697

Isopropyl alcohol, 1799

Isosthenuria, 973

Isothermal amplification, 474

Isotonic crystalloid solutions, in fluid therapy, 802

Isotonic dehydration, 402

Isotonic saline solution, 1530

Isoxsuprine hydrochloride, 1231 Itraconazole

aspergillosis treated with, 556-557

fungal infections of respiratory tract treated with, 552, 554t

IVCC. see In-veterinary clinical culturing Ivermectin, 1332, 1336, 1678t

for peritonitis, 791

toxicity, 288

Ixodes pacificus, 1190

Ixodes spp., 1039, 1110, 1159

J

J negative, 1751

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, 638, 689-690

Jamaican nettle tree, 1772t-1774t

Jamshidi needle, 457-458

January disease. see Cerebral theileriasis

Japanese B encephalitis, 1018

Jaundice, 113-115, 114b

Jaundiced foal agglutination test, 1758b

Jaw drop, 117t, 135

Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome, 898-899

Jimmyweed, 1772t-1774t Jimsonweed, 1767t-1769t, 1772t-1774t, 1776t-1778t

Johne's disease, description of, 441, 473 Johnson grass, 1772t-1774t

Joint lavage, for septic arthritis, 1211 Joint pain, 8

Joints

diseases of, 1197-1266

therapeutics based on replacement of components of

of osteoarthritis, 1219

Jugular veins

palpation of, 10 thrombus of, 507-508

Jugular venous distention, 90-92, 90b-91b, 91f

Juvenile Arabian leukoderma, 1347, 1347f

Juvenile idiopathic epilepsy, 1029

K

Kangaroo gait, 1113 Karyotype, 1706

Kentucky coffee tree, 1776t-1778t Keratin, 1119-1120

Keratitis

bacterial, 1285 clinical signs of, 1285 fungal, 1287, 1288f immune-mediated, 1298-1299 nonulcerative, 1298-1299 viral, 1289

Keratoconjunctivitis

Branhamella ovis, 1285 chlamydial, 1284 description of, 1276 eosinophilic, 1298 mycoplasmal, 1283 Onchocerca, 1306 treatment of, 1306

Keratomycosis, 1287

Ketamine

description of, 32 in endotoxemia, 756 Ketoconazole, 554t Ketone bodies, 419, 1409-1410 Ketonlactia, 159 Ketoprofen

analgesic uses of, 30-31 description of, 30t laminitis treated with, 1238

Ketosis, 1408-1414. see also Pregnancy toxemia

clinical, 1409-1410 clinical pathology of, 1412 clinical signs of, 1410 control of, 1413-1414 definition of, 1402, 1409-1410 diagnostic tools of, 1412 differential diagnosis of, 1410 economic impact of, 1411 epidemiology of, 1410-1411 fluid therapy for, 1543-1544 insulin for, 1412-1413 necropsy findings of, 1411-1412 pathophysiology of, 1408-1414, 1409f

prevention of, 1413-1414 prognosis for, 1412-1413 propylene glycol for, 1412 subclinical, 1409-1410, 1410f treatment of, 1412-1413

Kidneys

abscesses of, 963 agenesis of, 997 calculi of, 973 in equine alimentary system left, 705-706, 706f right, 713

palpation of, 10

in ruminants, 845-846, 846f-848f Kids

daily nutrient requirements for, 151t mycoplasmal polyarthritis in, 1214-1215 paresis in, 342 vaccination for, 1646t

Kikuyu grass poisoning, 1076 Klebsiella spp., 1131 Klinefelter syndrome, 1706 Knapweed poisoning. see Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia Knuckling, 117t

Kochia, 1772t-1774t Kochia scoparia, 233-234 Krabbe disease, 1078t-1079t Kunjin virus, 1018-1019

L

Laboratory samples, submission of, 395-397 Laboratory tests

age and, 398

anticoagulants for, 400t bilirubin, 415, 415b breed and, 398 calcium, 405-406 chloride, 404-405 fluid and electrolyte balance, 401-408 gastrointestinal disease panel, 397 general panel, 396 glucose, 415-416 liver disease panel, 396 magnesium, 407-408 metabolic profiling, 397 muscle panel, 396 normal range for, 399t normal values, 397-401, 398t osmolality, 405 pH, 418 phosphorus, 406-407 potassium, 403-404 protein, 418-419 renal disease panel, 396-397 results, factors influencing, 398-401 selection of procedures for, 396-397 serum protein electrophoresis, 400t sex and, 398 sodium, 401-403 species and, 397-398 specific gravity, 418 veterinary diagnostic services, 395-396 Laburnum anagyroides, 233-234 Lacerations, corneal, 1280 Lacrimal secretions, 51 Lacrimal system, 1268 β-Lactams

bronchopneumonia treated with, 531t characteristics of, 1549t

Lactate

blood, 1525

plasma, 1525

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 414-415, 924-925, 1181

Lactated Ringer's solution, 1530 Lactation

alterations in, 209-211

anestrus secondary to, 194-195 Lactational osteoporosis, 1407 Lacteal immunoglobulins, 1144

Lactic acidosis, 803t diagnostic tests for, 10-12

Lactobacilli, in acute ruminal lactic acidosis, 870

Lactoferrin, 315, 367, 1120

Lactogenesis, 209 Lactose, 389-390 Lacunae, 1482-1483 Lamb dysentery, 900 Lambs

abomasal bloat in, 350 arthrogryposis in, 1221-1222 listeriosis in, 1069 net energy requirements for, 148t ovine hereditary chondrodysplasia in, 1205-1207, 1206f toxicosis in, 1808-1809 tracheal collapse in, 644 vaccination for, 1629t-1631t

Lameness, 212-218 approach of diagnosis of gait, observation in, 214 in horse, 212-217 perineural anesthesia in, 216 radiography techniques for, 217 in cattle, 1198 characteristics of, 212 chronic pain associated with, 27-28 compensatory, 215 definition of, 212 evaluation of, 78-79, 1222

navicular disease, 1227

forelimb, 214 grading, 215, 215t hindlimbs, 213 in horses, 22 mechanisms of, 212 noninfectious causes of, 280, 280f in osteochondritis dissecans, 1198 pain associated with, 251, 27-28 phantom, 215 physical examination of, 13, 213-214 in ruminants, 217-218 secondar, 215 subsolar abscess as cause of, 1245-1246 visual findings of, 3-5

Laminitis, 1235-1239 anticoagulant therapy for, 1238 chronic, 1236 clinical pathology of, 1236-1237 clinical signs of, 1236 contrast venography for, 1237 control of, 1239 definition of, 1235 endotoxemia and, 1235 epidemiology of, 1237 etiology of, 1235 flunixin meglumine for, 1238 in horses, 17, 21 hypothyroidism associated with, 1365 necropsy findings, 1237 pathogenesis of, 1235 pathophysiology of, 1235-1236 pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction as cause of, 1355-1356 poisonous plants and, 1781-1782 in Potomac horse fever, 773 prevention of, 753, 1239 prognosis for, 1238-1239 radiographic findings, 1237f radiology of, 1236-1237, 1237f treatment of, 1237-1238

Lampas, 719

Lantana, 1776t-1778t

Laparoscopy, in equine alimentary system, 703-704, 704f

Laparotom, 42

Large colon

impaction of, 779-780 nephrosplenic entrapment of, 781 right dorsal displacement of, 781 sand impactions of, 780-781 volvulus of, 782-783

Large intestine

medical disorders of, 770-779 acute diarrhea, 770-771 antimicrobial-associated diarrhea, 776 cantharidin (Blister beetle) toxicit, 775-776

chronic diarrhea, 777-779 clostridial diarrhea, 773-774 equine coronavirus enterocolitis, 774-775

Potomac horse fever, 772-773 in ruminants, 842-843, 844f surgical disorders of, 779-783 atresia coli, 781-782, 782f cecal impaction, 779 enteroliths, 780, 780f impaction, 779-780 intussusception, 783 nephrosplenic entrapment, 781 nonstrangulating obstruction, 781 right dorsal displacement, 781 sand impactions, 780-781 simple obstruction, 779 strangulating obstruction, 782 volvulus, 782-783

volvulus of, 896

Larkspur poisoning, 1767t-1769t, 1769-1770 Larval cyathostominosis, 1672

Larval toxocariasis, 695 Laryngeal adductor test, 127 Laryngeal collapse, in liver disease, 923 Laryngeal granulomas, 643 Laryngeal hemiplegia, 643

Laryngeal necrobacillosis, 642-643 Laryngeal papillomatosis, 643 Laryngitis, necrotic, 642-643 Larynx

abscesses of, 643 auscultation of, 47 compression of, 345-346 edema of, 643 in horses, 517f palpation of, 10 paralysis of, 643 paresis of, 346 pathologic conditions of, 58 symmetry of, 74 trauma of, 643

Lasalocid, 681, 16911

Latency related transcript, 649

Latbyrus spp.

L. collis, 1061

L. sylvestris, 1061 Laurel, 233-234, 1776t-1778t Lavage, of septic joint, 278-279 Lavender foal syndrome, 1072-1073 Lawsonia intracellularis, 470, 760-761 Laxatives

for acute abdomen, 853

for large colon impaction, 780 LDH. see Lactate dehydrogenase Lead intoxication, 233

Lead poisoning, 132t-133t, 1059-1061 clinical pathology of, 1060 clinical signs of, 1060 control of, 1060-1061 definition of, 1059 dietary factors of, 1059 epidemiology of, 1059 etiology of, 1059 pathogenesis of, 1059-1060

Lead poisoning (Continued)

pathology of, 1060 thiamine therapy for, 1061 treatment of, 1060-1061

Leafy spurge, 1776t-1778t Leakage enzymes, 924 Lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio, 311 Left-displaced abomasum (LDA), 6, 6f 885-887

Left dorsal displacement, of large colon, 781 “Left shift”, 429-430

Left-to-right shunt, 483

Leg angles, 220-221 Leg mange, 1332 Lens, trauma to, 1281

Lentiviruses, 1169

Leptin, 1391

Leptospira spp.

bacterins, 1654-1655

description of, 1002, 1169

L. biflexa, 1002

L. borgpetersenii serovar hardjo, 1003, 1005

L. interrogans, 960, 1002, 1003t, 1302, 1654

L. interrogans pomona, 171

L. interrogans serovar pomona, 1301-1302 zoonotic disease caused by, 1578t-1585t Leptospirosis

abortion

in cows, 1496

in horses, 1493

clinical findings of, 1003

in cows, 1291-1292 definition of, 1002-1005, 1169 description of, 1627 diagnosis of, 1004, 1169 epidemiology of, 1002-1003 in foal, 931

hemolytic anemia caused by, 1169 in horses, 960-962, 1169, 1291-1292 microscopic agglutination test for, 1004 pathophysiology of, 1003-1004 prevention of, 1005 prognosis for, 1004-1005 in ruminants, 1002-1005 treatment of, 1004-1005 vaccination for, 1654-1655 virulence factors, 1004

Lethal factor, 1188

Lethal trait A46, 1761

Lethal white foals, 303, 303f

Lethargy, 131

Leukemia

acute, 1186 chronic, 1186 definition of, 1186 in horses, 433, 1186-1187 leukemic, 1186

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 1761 Leukocytes, 429-431, 430t

basophils, 430, 430t eosinophils, 430, 430t lymphocytes, 430-431 monocytes, 431 neutrophils, 429-430, 430t

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 1320 Leukocytosis, 401, 1194, 1435 Leukoderma, 187

Leukoencephalomalacia

description of, 134t equine, 1026-1027

clinical pathology of, 1026 clinical signs of, 1026 diagnosis of, 1026 epidemiology of, 1026 pathology of, 1026-1027 treatment of, 1027

Leukogram

alterations in, 429-434 basophilia, 432 components of, 429 corticosteroids in, 433 eosinophilia, 432, 432b in horses, 433 interpretation, 431-433 lymphocytosis, 432-433, 433b lymphopenia, 433, 433b monocytosis, 433, 433b neutropenia, 432, 432b neutrophilia, 431, 431b in ruminants, 433-434

Leukopenia, 269

Leukotoxin, in Fusobacterium necrophorum, 941-942

Leukotrichia, 187 Leukotriene B4, 587 Levamisole, 1678t, 1692

Levator palpebrae superioris, 129 Levothyroxine, 1365, 1370, 1372-1373 Leydig cells

description of, 1466 tumors of, 1515

Libido, 189

Lice, 1331-1332, 1331t

Lidocaine

for acute abdomen, 853

for duodenitis-proximal jejunitis,

760

for gastrointestinal ileus, 796 magnesium sulfate and, 29 for peritonitis, 791 side effects of, 1799 sodium bicarbonate and, 29 ventricular tachycardia treated with, 499t

Light-chain (AL) amyloidosis, 996 Lightning strike, 231

Limb deformities, flexural, 1249-1252 Limb reflexes, 257

Lincomycin, 1326

Linear alopecia, 1346-1347

Linear keratosis, 1346-1347 Linked, 1710b

Lipid mobilization syndrome, hepatic lipidosis and, 942-946

Lipids, in milk replacers, 390 Lipoarabinomannan, 539-540 Lipoma

mesenteric pedunculated, strangulation by, 768, 768f

strangulating, in descending (small) colon, 786-787, 786f-787f

Lipopolysaccharide

core antigen bacterins, gram-negative mutant, 1660-1661 febrile response to, 37 in severe coliform mastitis, 1140

Liptac test, 6

Liquid diets

for horses, 1697-1698 for ruminants, 1698

Listeria monocytogenes, 1292, 1578t-1585t abortion, 1499 infection, 1067-1069

Listeriosis, 138t, 1067-1069, 1068f clinical pathology of, 1069 clinical signs of, 1068-1069 control of, 1069 definition of, 1067 epidemiology of, 1067-1068 etiology of, 1067 pathogenesis of, 1068 pathology of, 1069 treatment of, 1069

Liver

in equine alimentary system, 710-711, 711f

neoplasia of, 950, 950f

regeneration of, 921

reserve of, 921

in ruminants, 843-845, 844f-846f

Liver abscess, 229

description of, 115

Liver biopsy

for hepatic lipidosis, 943

for liver disease, 926

Liver-derived serum enzymes, 923-925, 924t Liver disease

acute hepatitis in, 927-928, 927f ascites in, 922

bacillary hemoglobinuria in, 929-930 black disease in, 928-929

chronic active hepatitis in, 932-933

congestion in, 949

diagnosis of, 921-926

diarrhea in, 921-922

drug metabolism and excretion, failure of, 949-950

fetal liver damage in, 949

in foals, 930

hemochromatosis in, 950-951

hepatic encephalopathy in, 132t-133t, 923, 923f

hepatic photosensitization in, 922 hepatoencephalopath, 134t hypovolemia caused by, 1526 hypoxia in, 949

icterus in, 921

infectious, 927-942

ischemia in, 949

laboratory tests, 396, 923-925

liver biopsy for, 926

liver-derived serum enzymes in, 923-925, 924t

liver failure versus, 921

liver function tests in, 924t

excretion, 925-926

miscellaneous, 948-951

other hepatotoxins in, 934, 935t-937t parasitic, 927-942

pathophysiology of, 921-923

poisonous plants as cause of, 1775-1779 prognosis of, 926 pruritus in, 922

pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity in, 933-934, 933t

Rift Valley fever in, 948-949 signs of, 921-923, 922t telangiectasia in, 949 tenesmus in, 922 toxic, 927-942

Tyzzer's disease in, 930-932

ultrasound examination for, 926

weight loss in, 921-922

Liver dysfunction, fluid therapy for, 1526-1527, 1526b

Liver failure

antibiotic therapy for, 952

colloid therapy for, 953

fluid therapy for, 953, 1526-1527, 1526b liver disease versus, 921

miscellaneous treatments of, 953-954 therapy of, 952-954

Liver flukes

in cattle, 921, 936

clinical signs of, 936-937

control of, in black disease, 929

diagnosis of, 937

etiology of, 934-936

Fasciola gigantica in, 939

Fasciola bepatica in, 934-935

Liver flukes (Continued) Fascioloides magna in, 939 in feedlot calves, 939 flukecidal drugs for, 939 necropsy findings in, 937 prevention of, 937-939, 938f in ruminants, 934-939 treatment of, 937-939, 938f

Liver function tests excretion of, 925-926 upper limits of, 924t

Lobelia, 1776t-1778t

Local anesthesia, 29 alternatives to, 29-32 description of, 29 magnesium sulfate, 29 sodium bicarbonate, 29

Local anesthetics, in horses, 216

Local antibiotic therapy, for septic arthritis, 277-278

Local muscle strain, 1444 Localized myoneuropathy, 1442 Locoism, 136t, 140t, 1073, 1774

Locoweed, 493, 1054, 1073, 1767t-1769t, 1771-1774, 1772t-1774t

Locus, 1710b

Locust trees, 1772t-1774t, 1776t-1778t Lone atrial fibrillation, 508 Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, 474 Louping ill, 132t-133t, 1039

Lower motor neuron lesions, 124 Low-level disinfection, 1568 Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), 755

L-selectin, 1120

Lumbar muscle strain, 1444

Lumbar vertebra, bone marrow collection from spinal process of, 451, 452f

Lumbosacral spinal tap, 1006, 1007f Lumpy wool

defense mechanisms of, 527 mechanical function of, 524

Lung abscesses antimicrobial therapy for, 533 ultrasonography of, 541-542

Lung adhesions, 534

Lung biopsy description of, 523 recurrent airway obstruction, 589

Lung function testing, 595

Lung neoplasms, 608

Lung sounds adventitious, 516 classified as, 7-8

Lung tumors, 701

Lungworms anthelmintics for, 1688 at-risk populations, 1687-1688 of cattle

Ascaris suum, 694

Toxocara vitulorum, 694 clinical management of, 1688 clinical manifestations of, 1688 control of, 1688-1689, 1689t life cycle of, 1687 pathophysiology of, 1687 prevention of, 1689 of sheep and goats, 694-695 vaccination for, 1688-1689

Lupines, 1772t-1774t

Luteal function, prolonged, 1470 Luteal insufficiency, 1470

Luteal phase, prolonged, 1461 Luteinizing hormone, for cystic follicular degeneration, 1458

Luteolysis, premature, 1470 Luxations, 1219-1221, 1220f

Lyme disease, 1190-1191, 1292

Lymph nodes

aspirates from, 422

enlarged, 92-93, 93b

head, 9

neck, 9

palpation of, 7 preiliac, 10 reactive, 422 submandibular, 9

Lymphadenopathy, 1181 description of, 92-93 Streptococcus equi as cause of, 559, 559f submandibular, 618

Lymphangiectasia, 765

Lymphangioma, in horses, 1188 Lymphatic system, in horses, 17 Lymphedema, chronic progressive, 1350-1351

Lymphocyte(s), 430-431

B, 1720-1721

in bone marrow, 461

classes of, 1720 normal values for

in adaptive immune response, 1720 intracellular pathogen clearance by, 540 Lymphocyte antigens, 1752-1753 Lymphocyte proliferation assa, 1729t-1732t Lymphocytosis, 432-433, 433b Lymphoma

alimentary, 1185

angiotrophic, 1186 bovine

adult form of, 1182-1184

atypical, 1181

characteristics of, 1180-1184

control of, 1183-1184

cutaneous, 1181

diagnosis of, 1182-1183

epidemiology of, 1182

hemonode enlargement, 1181-1182 physical examination of, 1181 thymic, 1181

chemotherapy for, 1186 classification of, 1184 cutaneous, 1186 generalized, 1185 in horses, 1184-1186, 1744 immunohistochemical classification of, 1185

intestinal, 1185

mediastinal, 1185-1186 multicentric, 1185

T-cell, 1185

thoracic, 1185-1186 thymic, 1185-1186

Lymphopenia, 433, 433b, 1747-1748 Lymphosarcoma

bovine, 1313

bovine leukemia virus and, 229 in cattle, 1180

cutaneous, 1344 description of, 503, 504f epicardial, 1182 epidural, 1092f in horses, 1313 immunosuppression associated with, 1749 lung metastases from, 701

orbital, 1313f

in small intestine, 764

Lysosomal storage disease, 136t Lyssavirus, 1040

M

Maceration, 198

Macrocyclic lactones, 1678t, 1692

Macrolides

characteristics of, 1549? diarrhea caused b, 545 Rhodococcus equi infections treated with, 543, 544?

Macrophages phagocytosis b, 1718-1719 in tracheobronchial aspirate, 529

“Mad Cow” disease. see Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Mad itch. see Pseudorabies

Maedi-visna, 132?-133?, 687-689 Maedi-visna virus (MVV), 1216

infection, 1032

Magnesium, 1398 hormone concentrations of, 1378? hypermagnesemia, 407-408, 407b hypomagnesemia, 132?-133?, 136?, 407, 407b, 512, 1395

in neurologic injury, 1535 serum, 407-408

Magnesium sulfate, 1025 description of, 29 ventricular tachycardia treated with, 499?, 514

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cranial nerve injuries, 1024 of equine alimentary system, 716 of hepatic encephalopathy, 923 of navicular disease, 1229-1230, 1229f of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, 1356-1357

of septic arthritis, 1210-1211, 1211f of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, 1265-1266

Maintenance fluid therap, 802, 1523-1524, 1523?

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 1301, 1339, 1752-1753

Malacic ulcer, 1287 Malassezia dermatitis, 1330 Maldigestion tests, in equine alimentary system, 718

Male reproductive disorders, 1505-1519 Male sexual function

alterations in, 189-193, 190b-191b breeding soundness examination, 189,192b

Maleruption, 722

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), 112?, 113, 132?-133?, 138?, 649-651

definition of, 1291

ocular lesions associated with,

1291

prognosis for, 1291 in ruminants, 830-833

clinical pathology of, 831 clinical signs of, 830-831, 831f control of, 832-833 definition of, 830 differential diagnosis of, 830-831 epidemiology of, 831-832 etiology of, 830 necropsy findings in, 832 pathophysiology of, 831 prevention of, 832-833 prognosis of, 832 serology of, 831 treatment of, 832 viruses in, 830?

sudden death caused by, 229 Malignant edema, 1662 Malignant head catarrh. see Malignant catarrhal fever

Malignant hyperthermia, 34, 1454 Malignant melanoma, 609

Mallein intradermal skin test, 601

Mammary glands anatomic structure of, 1119-1122 defense mechanisms in, 1128 description of, 209 development of, 209 in dry cows, 1143 enlarged, 209-210, 209b health and disorders, 1118-1150 health of dairy cattle, 1118 immunoglobulin production in, 1735, 1735?

inflammation of, 1118 involution of, 1144 precocious development of, 211, 211b quarters of, 1119

skin conditions of, 1146-1147 udder edema, 210, 210b, 1146

Mammary inflammation, 1120-1121 Mandible, in horses, 719 Mandibular fractures, 110

Mandibular prognathism, 249-250 Mange, 1332-1333

chorioptic, 1332-1333 definition of, 1332 demodectic, 1333 psoroptic, 1332 sarcoptic, 1333

Mannheimia haemoly?ica, 656 antimicrobials for, 658-659 characteristics of, 647?-648?, 652 clinical signs of, 656 definition of, 656 diagnosis of, 658 epidemiology of, 657-658 etiology of, 656 immunity to, 1649-1650 necropsy findings, 658 pathogenesis of, 656-657 prevention of, 658-659 serologic tests, 658 transtracheal aspiration, 658 treatment of, 658-659 vaccination for, 659, 1294-1295, 1649-1652

Manual rupture, in cystic follicular degeneration, 1458

Manure gases, 685

Maple syrup urine disease, 136?, 1078?-1079? Mare reproductive loss syndrome, 198, 499, 502

Mares

abnormal labial approximation in, 1487 agalactia in, 210-211, 210b anestrus in, 194b, 1459, 1460? breeding season in, 194, 1456 cervicitis in, 1485 dystocia in, 205-206, 205b endometrial cysts and lacunae in, 1482-1483

endometritis. see Endometritis estrogen in, 1491 estrous cycle irregularities in, 194 fescue toxicosis in, 202, 203b induction of parturition in, 244 infertility in, 1366 late gestation

allantocentesis in, 239 amniocentesis in, 239 assessment of, 237-241 ultrasound-guided transabdominal in, 239

mammary gland enlargement in, 209-210, 209b

maternal behavior, 248 ovary abnormalities in, 1466 perinatal risk factors in, 237, 238b pneumovagina in, 1485

Mares (Con?inued)

pregnancy in, 248 loss of, 200b normal duration for, 204 prolonged, 204, 205b progestins in, 202, 1467 prolonged gestation in, 205b puberty in, 1459 pyometra in, 1480 repeat breeding in, 196b retained fetal membranes in, 207, 208b, 1472

seasonal anestrus in, 1459-1461 systemic disease in, 242-243 urovagina in, 1486 uterine prolapse in, 1483 vaccines in, 1600-1601, 1604?-1612?

Marker, 1710b

Marsh marigold, 1776?-1778?

Masks, 1572

Masseter muscle myodegeneration, 1440 Mast cell inhibitors, 597

Mast cell tumors, 1343

Mastitis

antibiotics for, 1149-1150 anti-inflammatory drugs for, 1142-1143 antimicrobial therapy for, 1138-1147, 1550-1551

bacteremia associated with, 1141 in beef cows, 1147 bulk tank cultures for, 1127 bulk tank somatic cell counts, 1118 California Mastitis Test, 8-9, 1123 clinical

description of, 1119, 1124 in goats, 1149 in horses, 1149 severe, 1140-1141

coliform, 229, 1130-1131, 1140 control of, 1134-1138 in dairy goats, 1148-1149 in dairy sheep, 1148 definition of, 1122-1134 detection of, 1122-1134, 1123? diagnosis of, 1122-1134, 1123? during dry period, 1143-1144 economic impact of, 1118-1119 electrolyte therapy for, 1141-1142 etiologic agents, 1124-1127 extended therapy for, 1139 fluid therapy for, 1141-1142 frequent milking for prevention of, 1143 gangrenous, 8-9 gram-negative bacterins for, 1137, 1137? in heifers, 1144-1146 in horses, 1149-1150 hypocalcemia associated with, 1142 immunizations for, 1137-1138 immunologic responses to intramammary infection, 1120-1122

incidence of, 1119 in-veterinary clinical culturing for, 1126 leptospirosis and, 1003

mammary gland enlargement caused b, 209

milk samples for, 1124-1126 milking techniques for prevention of, 1132 molecular testing for, 1127

National Mastitis Council, 1124 oxytocin for prevention of, 1143 pathogens that cause

characteristics of, 1128 coagulase-negative staphylococci, 1128-1129

coliforms, 1130-1131 contagious, 1128 Corynebac?erium bovis, 1133

Mastitis (Continued)

environmental streptococci, 1130 epidemiology of, 1128-1134

Escherichia coli, 11251, 1131 immunization against, 1137-1138 Klebsiella spp., 11251, 1131 milk samples for identifying, 1128 Mycobacterium spp., 1131-1133

Nocardia spp., 1134

Pasteurella multocida, 1133 prevalence of, 1128

Prototheca spp., 1133

Pseudomonas spp., 1134

Serratia spp., 1131 staphylococcal species, 1125t, 1139-1140

Staphylococcus aureus, 1125t, 1128-1129

streptococci, 1139-1140

Trueperella pyogenes, 1133 physical examination of, 8-9 prevalence of, 1136-1138 prevention of, 1134-1138, 1145 reservoirs for, 1128 Ringer's solution for, 1142 in small ruminants, 1147-1149 Staphylococcus aureus, 1128-1129, 1667 subclinical, 1120, 1122 supportive therapy for, 1141-1143 transmission of, 1128 treatment of, 1133 vaccinations for, 1132, 1667

Mastocytoma, 1343

Mastocytosis, 1343

MAT. see Microscopic agglutination test Maternal antibody interference, 1601-1602, 1639-1640

Maternal behavior, of mare, 248 Maternally derived antibodies, 1600-1601 Matrix metalloproteinases, 587, 1217 Maturity, 290-294

at-risk late pregnant mare, 291-292 causes of, 290-291

clinical progression of, 292-293

of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 291

laboratory assessment for, 292

Maxillary premolars, tooth root abscess in, 808

Maxillary prognathism, 249-250

Maxillary sinuses

equine, 719

paracentesis of, 60

percussion of, 728

McCallum speculum, 641-642

MCF. see Malignant catarrhal fever

Mean arterial pressure, 1525

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration, 424-425

Mean cell volume, 424

Mean corpuscular volume, 460-461

Mean platelet volume, 442

Meat goats, 164t

Mebendazole, 1678t, 1689t

Meckel diverticulum, 766, 766f

Meconium aspiration syndrome,

297-298

Meconium impaction, 304

in foal, 251-252

Meconium retention, in descending (small) colon, 785-786

Mediastinal fenestrations, 522

Mediastinal lymphoma, 1185-1186

Mediastinal tumors, 629

Mediastinum, in esophagus, 730 Mediators, release of, 747

Medical management, of osteomyelitis, 1225

Medical record computer-generated, 18 electronic, 18 filing of, 18 in horses, 17-19 name filing systems, 18 numeric filing system, 18 in ruminants, 10, 11f

Medicated feed, 1558, 1559b Medications, recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis caused b, 1454

Medulla oblongata, 136-137 Medullary washout, 418 Megaesophagus

in horses, 641, 732-733, 733f in ruminants, 837-838

Megakaryocytes, 459 Megakaryocytic bone marrow hypoplasia, 1179

Megasphaera elsdenii, 870

Melanin, 187 Melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R), 1352-1353

Melanocortin receptor 2 (MC2R), 1358 Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, 185-186 α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone, 1352-1353

Melanocytes, 187 Melanocytic nevi, 1343 Melanoma, 1343, 1487-1488 Melanotropes, 1352, 1357 Melena, 105-106, 106b

Melioidosis, 600 Melophagus ovinus, 1337 Meloxicam analgesic uses of, 31 description of, 30t indications for, 31

Membrane attack complex, 1718 Membrane phospholipids, 1121 Membranous ventricular septal defect, 483 Menace response, 128, 131, 249, 1022-1023 Menadione sodium bisulfide, 1799 Meningitis

bacterial, 1042-1045

in foal, 288 cephalosporins for, 1044 clinical pathology of, 1043 clinical signs of, 1043 control of, 1043-1045 definition of, 1042-1043 epidemiology of, 1042-1043 etiology of, 1042-1043 in horses, 134t, 1042-1045 in neonates, 327, 338 pathogenesis of, 1043 pathology of, 1043 in ruminants, 132t-133t, 338-340, 339f, 340t, 1042-1045 suppurative, 1042-1045 treatment of, 1043-1045

Meningocele, 1096 Meningoencephalitis description of, 1042 listeriosis, 138t, 1067, 1068f thromboembolic, 1069-1070

Meningomyelocele, 1096 Meningoventriculitis, 1042 Mental alertness, 121, 131 Mentation, 120-121, 121f abnormal, 131-132 depressed, 327, 335-343 in horses, 16 in neonatal ruminants, 335, 336b

Mercury, 1797

Mescal bean, 1772t-1774t Mesenteric fat necrosis, in ruminants, 898

Mesenteric pedunculated lipoma, strangulation by, 768, 768f

Mesocolic tears, in descending (small) colon, 786

Mesquite, 1776t-1778t

Metabolic acidosis, 408, 409b

in anesthetic-related myopathies, 1443 compensation for, 63

fluid therapy for, 1540, 1540b, 1542-1543 in horses, 803-804

in neonatal ruminants, 340 recurrence of, 980

Metabolic alkalosis, 408-409, 409b, 1394, 1394f

Metabolic profiling, 397

Metacarpal fractures, in horses, 1261-1263, 1261f-1262f

Metaldehyde, 233, 1808

Metals

arsenic, 1794-1795

iodine, 1796 mercur, 1797

Metamyelocytes, 429-430

Metaphylactic antimicrobial therap, 679

Metastatic pneumonia, 645, 698-699 Metatarsophalangeal joint flexural deformity, 1250, 1250f

Metformin hydrochloride, 1373

Methemoglobin, 71, 1173 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 1323-1324, 1572, 1578t-1585t, 1590-1591

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudointermedius, 1323

Methylene blue, 1771

Methylene diphosphonate, 1423 3-Methyleneindolenine, 681-682 Methylprednisolone, 566, 1445-1446 Methylxanthine derivatives, in endotoxin- induced inflammation, 754-755

Metoclopramide

for acute abdomen, 853

for gastrointestinal ileus, 796-797

Metritis

in camelids, 1482 contagious equine, 1475 in horses, 1480 postpartum, 1480-1481 septic, 1480-1481

Metronidazole

bacterial pneumonia treated with, 532-533 for clostridial enterocolitis, 774 for hepatic encephalopathy, 953 for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity, 800

MHC. see Major histocompatibility complex

Miconazole, fungal keratitis treated with, 1288

Microarrays, 474-475

Microbial-fermentative forestomach disorders, prevention of, 877

Microbiological analysis, of bulk tank milk, 1126-1127

Microcephaly, 132t-133t

Microcystins, 1784-1785, 1784f-1785f

Microfilarial preparation technique, 179

Microfilaricides, 1306

Micrognathia, 1078t-1079t

Micronutrient deficiency, 157

Microsatellite markers, 1709, 1710b, 1710t, 1753, 1754f

Microscopic agglutination test (MAT), 1004

Midbrain injury, 1023

Middle meatus, 55

Midlimb fractures, 1257

Milbemycins, 1692

Mild sprain, 1219

Miliary dermatitis, 1317-1318

Milk

bloody, 1146 immunoglobulins in, 1121 macrophages in, 1121 somatic cell counts of, 1118

Milk allergy, 1319

Milk aspiration, 298

Milk fever

Ca-deficient diet to, 1396 in dairy cows, 1393-1394 in goats, 1393-1394 pathogenesis of, 1394 relapsing, 1397 risk factors, 1396-1397 treatment of, 1397 Milk goats, 164t Milk intake requirements, 1696t Milk letdown

definition of, 1119 failure of, 210 stimulation of, 1119

Milk replacers, 141, 325, 387-393 acidification of, 392 additives to, 392-393, 393t animal plasma proteins in, 389 carbohydrates in, 389-390 fat content of, 390, 390t fat levels in, 390-391 feeding recommendations for, 393 ingredients used in, 388-390, 388f, 388t lipids in, 390, 390t manufacturing, 391-392, 392t medications, 393t minerals in, 390 mixability of, 391 protein sources, 389t, 392-393 recommended protein in, 390-391 soy protein in, 389 vitamins in, 390 wettability of, 391 whey protein in, 389

Milk samples, 1124-1126

Milking

equipment for, 1134 mastitis prevention through, 1143 visual examination during, 5 Milkvetches, 1767t-1769t, 1771-1774, 1772t-1774t

Milkweed, 1767t-1769t Mineralocorticoid receptors, 1360 Mineralocorticoids, 1360

Minimum bactericidal concentration, 1548 Minimum inhibitory concentration, 1548 Minocycline, 531t

Miosis, 117t

Miscellaneous bacterial abortion, 1500-1502 Misoprostol

for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity, 799-800

for ulcerative duodenitis, 758 Missense mutation, 1714 Mistletoe, 1767t-1769t Mites, ear, 1071 Mitochondrial myopathy, 1454 Mitogen-activated protein kinases, 586 Mitral regurgitation, 490, 490f Mitral valve

bacterial endocarditis of, 492 chordae tendineae rupture of, 488-489, 488f, 492 dysplasia of, 487

Mixed acid-base imbalances, 410

Model Veterinary Practice Act, of American Veterinary Medical Association, 20 Moderate sprain, 1219

Modified live vaccines, 1637-1638

Modified McMaster technique, 1686b

Molar teeth, overgrown or loose, in ruminants, 807

Molasses, 1053

Molecular diagnostics, 462-476 genetic diseases, 475-476 guidelines for clinicians to select, 466 high throughput applications of, 463 in large animals, 462-466 multiple pathogen testing with, 463 rapid applications of, 463 regulatory considerations of, 466 respiratory disease evaluations, 524 results

interpretation of, 465 reporting of, 465-466 technological superiority of, 463 technologies used in, 464 by university and commercial laboratories, 463

Molecular testing, for infectious diseases in cattle, sheep, and goats, 471-476 description of, 471-472 dot-blots, 472-473 isothermal amplification, 474 Northern blots, 472-473 polymerase chain reaction, 473-474 sample submission, 472 Southern blots, 472^473 technologies used in, 472-475 in horses, 466-471, 467t clinical applications of, 467-471 equine influenza, 467-468 miscellaneous pathogens, 471, 471f neurologic pathogens, 469-470 respiratory pathogens, 467-469 Rhodococcus equi, 468-469 sample submission, 466, 467f Monensin, 231-232, 681, 1047, 1398, 1440, 1691t, 1802

Monepantel, 1693

Monkshood, 1767t-1769t

Monoclonal antibodies, for equine leukocyte antigens, 1187t

Monoclonal gammopathy, 437-438 Monocyte-derived dendritic cells, 1342 Monocytes, 431

Monocytosis, 433, 433b

Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), 1151, 1161

Monosom, 1706 Monosomy X (XO), 1464 Morantel, 1678t, 1692-1693 Moraxella spp.

conjunctivitis caused by, 1285 in horses, 1285

M. bovis, 1294, 1664-1667, 1665t-1666t Morbillivirus, 836

Morning glor , 1772t-1774t Morphine, for acute abdomen, 853 Mosaics, 1464-1465, 1464f Mosapride, for gastrointestinal ileus, 797 Motility disorders, of esophagus, 732-733 Motility modification, in gastrointestinal ileus, 796-797

Motility-modifying agents, for acute abdomen, 853

Motor activity, 859-861

Motor neuron disease, 1104 ancillary tests for, 1105-1106 cause of, 1104-1105 clinical course of, 1106-1107 clinical signs of, 1105, 1105f diagnosis of, 1106 epidemiology of, 1104 glucose absorption/metabolism testing for, 1105-1106

Motor neuron disease (Continued) history of, 1104 laboratory findings in, 1105 muscle biopsy for, 1106 necropsy findings, 1106 needle electromyography for, 1105 nerve biopsy for, 1106 oral glucose tolerance tests for, 1105-1106

pathogenesis of, 1104-1105 treatment of, 1106

Motor unit and cauda equina diseases, 1101-1107

Mouth

blood supply to, 719 examination of, in neonates, 327,

328f

Moxidectin, 638-639, 693-694, 1333, 1336, 1678t

toxicity, 288

MPS. see Mononuclear phagocyte system Mucoid nasal discharge, 52b-53b Mucormycosis, 552

Mucosal disease

in bovine viral diarrhea virus, 826 bovine virus diarrhea virus and, 1646 vaccinations and, 1646

Mucous membranes cyanotic, 327, 343 hyperemia of, 337 icteric, 249 of nares, 9 oral, 249-250 physical examination of, 9

Mucus

in coughing, 46

in feces, 106, 107b

Muellerius capillaris, 694-695, 1686 Muffled heart sounds, 88-89, 89b

Mule foals, 1172-1173

Mullerian inhibiting substance, 1466 Multicentric lymphoma, 1185

Multiple congenital central nervous system defects, 1077, 1078t-1079t

Multiple-level brain dysfunction, 1013-1062

Multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), 744

in calves, 337 criteria for, 745t

Multiplex realtime-polymerase chain reaction, for neonatal diarrhea, 361 Multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease, 1726t-1728t

Mummification, fetal, 198, 1462t, 1470 Mural thrombi, 505

Murmurs, cardiac in calves, 328-329 causes of, 87b characteristics of, 87 continuous, 87 diagnostic approach to, 88 diastolic, 87 echocardiography of, 88 ejection, 87-88, 87f, 88b in foals, 252-253 functional, 87-88 grading of, 87 in horses, 87b point of maximal impulse, 87 regurgitant, 87-88, 87f, 88b in ruminants, 87b systolic, 87-88, 87f in valvular heart disease, 488-489, 488f-489f

Murray Valley encephalitis, 1018 Muscle atrophy, 139, 1424-1425

Muscle biopsy

description of, 1423-1424

type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy diagnosis using, 1447

Muscle cramping, 1430-1432

Muscle crush syndrome, 1442

Muscle diseases, 1421-1455

classification of, 1424-1426

Muscle ischemia, 1425-1426

Muscle mass, 127

Muscle necrosis, 1425-1426

Muscle palpation, 1421

Muscle panel, 396

Muscle spasms, 225-226

mechanisms of, 225-226

Muscle strain, 1444

Muscle tone

altered, 1424

description of, 127, 139

Muscle tremors, 1421, 1422f

Muscle weakness, 1424

Muscular system

clinical pathology of, 1422f aspartate aminotransferase, 1422 biops, 1423-1424 creatine kinase, 1422 electromyography, 1423 exercise testing, 1423 lactate dehydrogenase, 1422 myoglobin concentrations, 1422 nuclear scintigraphy, 1423 serum enzymes, 1422, 1422f ultrasonograph, 1423 urinalysis, 1422-1423

evaluation of, in exercise intolerance, 79 physical examination of, 1421, 1422f Muscular wall, of esophagus, 729 Musculoskeletal abnormalities, 212-226 lameness. see Lameness

major clinical signs or problems encountered, 212-226 stiffness. see Stiffness

Musculoskeletal disease

in horses, 22

in neonatal ruminants, 342-343 poisonous plants as cause of, 1774-1775 Musculoskeletal system

in foal, 258, 258f

in horses, 17

Muzzle net, 1031

MVV. see Maedi-visna virus

Myasthenic diseases, 128

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

(MAP), in paratuberculosis, 911 Mycobacterium spp.

M. felis, 599

M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, 664

M. tuberculosis, 598, 695, 1578t-1585t mastitis caused b, 1134 pleuritis caused by, 599 tuberculosis caused by, 598

Mycoplasma abortion, 1499

Mycoplasma spp.

definition of, 599

M. agalactiae, 662, 1214

M. bovis, 647t-648t, 653, 662, 695, 1125t, 1145, 1291

M. bovoculi, 1284

M. capricolum, 1214

M. conjunctivae, 1283-1284

M. mycoides, 1214

M. putrefaciens, 1214 mastitis caused b, 1128 transmission of, 1132

Mycoplasmal keratoconjunctivitis, 1283 Mycoplasmal polyarthritis, in goats, 1214-1215

Mycosis fungoides, 1181

Mycosis, guttural pouch, 55, 138t, 616-618 Mycotic aspergillus rhinitis, 557

Mycotic granulomas

nasal, 636-637

respiratory tract, 551, 555f

Mycotic pneumonia, 698 Mycotoxicoses, 1786-1788 Mycotoxins

aflatoxins, 1786t, 1788-1789 deoxynivalenol, 1786t, 1789 detection of, 1785-1786 ergot alkaloids, 1786t, 1790-1792 fumonisins, 1786t, 1790 importance of, 1785 production of, 1785-1786 zearalenone, 1786t, 1789-1790

Mydriasis, 117t

Mydriatic agents, for equine recurrent uveitis, 1303-1304

Myelocytes, 429-430 Myelodysplasia, 1096 Myeloencephalopathy, description of, 469-470

Myelography, 1007

Myeloid bone marrow hypoplasia, 1179 Myeloid/erythroid ratio, 459-460 Myeloma

in horses, 1187-1188 plasma cell, 1749

Myeloperoxidase, 1210

Myocardial depression, 749

Myocarditis, 495-499

cardiac catheterization, 497 clinical pathology of, 496-497 clinical signs of, 495-496, 495f control of, 498-499 definition of, 495 differential diagnosis of, 495-496 digoxin for, 498 electrocardiographic evaluation of, 78 electrocardiography of, 496, 496f-497f epidemiology of, 497 etiology of, 495 inherited, 497 necropsy findings, 497-498 pathophysiology of, 497 prevention of, 498-499 prognosis for, 498 sudden death caused by, 496 treatment of, 498 viral causes of, 495

Myoclonus, 225-226

inherited myoclonus of Peruvian Paso foals, 1072, 1078t-1079t mechanisms of, 225-226

Myoglobin, 169, 419 Myoglobinuria, 167f, 170, 1444 Myometrial stimulants, for retained fetal membranes, 1473

Myonecrosis, clostridial, 1432, 1432f Myoneuropathy

localized, 1442

postanesthetic, 1442, 1442f

Myopath, 1078t-1079t

atypical, 1441 centronuclear, 1455 classification of, 1425b exertional, 1425b glycogen branching enzyme deficiency, 1454-1455, 1455f

hypokalemic, 1430 inflammator, 1432-1434 mitochondrial, 1454 myofibrillar, 1451 nonexertional, 1425b seasonal pasture, 1441

Myopathy (Continued) virus-associated, 1436 vitamin E-deficient, 1440, 1441f

Myositis, immune-mediated, 1436, 1436f

Myotactic reflexes, 124-126

in cattle, 124 grading scale for, 124 in horses, 124 pelvic limb, 125-126, 126t testing of, 124, 125f thoracic limb, 125, 125t

Myotonia, 1426

clinical signs of, 1426, 1427f diagnosis of, 1426-1427 dystrophic, 1426-1427 in goats, 1705 in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 1428 prognosis for, 1427-1428, 1428f treatment of, 1427

Myotonia congenita, 1426

Myotonic disorders, 1426-1430 definition of, 1426 hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. see Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis hypokalemic myopath, 1430

N

Nail care, 1570 “Nail prick”, 1245 Nalbuphine, 32 Narcolepsy-cataplexy, 121, 132t-133t, 1029-1030, 1078t-1079t clinical signs of, 1029-1030 definition of, 1029 diagnosis of, 1030 etiology of, 1029 prevention of, 1030 treatment of, 1030

Nares, 9

NAS. see Non-aureus staphylococci Nasal bots, 1307

Nasal cavit, 57

Nasal cavity diseases allergic rhinitis, 637 bacterial nasal granuloma, 636-637

mycotic nasal granuloma,

636-637

Nasal discharge, 9, 51-56 acuteness of onset, 52 bilateral, 52 catheterization of, 56 centesis of, 56 chronic, 52 computed tomography of, 55 definition of, 51 description of, 516 diagnostic approach to, 54-56 endoscopic examination of, 55 history-taking, 54-55 in horses, 52b, 54b, 56b ingesta in, 56b mucoid, 52b-53b mucopurulent, 618 pathophysiology of, 51-56 percutaneous aspiration of, 56 physical examination of, 55 purulent, 54b radiography of, 55 in ruminants, 53b-54b, 56b serous, 52b-53b in sinusitis, 618 ultrasound of, 56

Nasal foreign bodies, 637

Nasal fractures, 637

Nasal granuloma

bacterial, 636-637

enzootic, 637

mycotic, 636-637

Nasal polyps, 637-638

Nasal resistance, 71

Nasal secretions

abnormal, 51-52

normal, 51

origin of, 52

serous, 51

volume of, 52-54

Nasal trauma, 637

Nasal tumors, 637-638

Nasal turbinates, congenital cystic, 638 Nasogastric intubation, of foals, 265 Nasolacrimal duct obstruction, 1309t-1310t Nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome, 631-634, 632f-633f

Nasopharyngeal swabbing

for cough evaluations, 48

for stridor evaluations, 75

Nasopharyngeal syndrome, 632f-633f Nasopharynx

endoscopy of, 630f-631f

in foals, 630f-631f

Nasotracheal tubes, 244-245

National Animal Health Emergency

Response Corps, 1597

National Incident Management System, 1595 National Mastitis Council, 1124

National Residue Program, 1562

National veterinary accreditation program, 1594-1595, 1595b

Natural killer cells, 1717

Navel treatment, 324-326

Navicular bursoscopy, 1232

Navicular disease

chondroprotective agents for, 1232 computed tomography of, 1230 diagnosis of, 1227

diagnostic imaging of, 1227-1230 evaluation of, 1226

extracorporeal shockwave treatment for, 1232

farriery for, 1230-1231

history-taking, 1226-1227

hoof balance for, 1230

intraarticular medications for, 1231, 1231f isoxsuprine hydrochloride for, 1231 magnetic resonance imaging of, 1229- 1230,1229f

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for, 1231

nuclear scintigraphy of, 1230 palmar digital neurectomy for, 1232 phenylbutazone for, 1231

surgical treatment for, 1232-1233 treatment of, 1230

ultrasonography of, 1229

NCV. see Nerve conduction velocity

NEB. see Negative energy balance

Neck

examination of, in neonates, 328

of foal, 250

lymph nodes of, 9

physical examination of, 9

skin of, 9-10

Necropsy

in abomasal dilation and emptying defect of Suffolk sheep, 893

in abomasal impaction, 895

in abomasal ulcers, 892

in abomasal volvulus, 889

in actinobacillosis, 811

in actinomycosis, 812-813

in black disease, 928

Necropsy (Continued)

in bluetongue, 819-820

in bovine viral diarrhea virus, 826-827

in choke, 837

in esophageal disorders, 837

in foot-and-mouth disease, 835

in liver flukes, 937

in malignant catarrhal fever, 832

in oak (acorn) toxicosis, 904

in traumatic reticuloperitonitis, 885 Necrotic enteritis, 900-901 Necrotic laryngitis, 642-643

Necrotizing enterocolitis, 245, 305-306, 306f Necrotizing salpingitis, 1471

Needle electromyography, for equine motor neuron disease, 1105

Needle lavage, for septic arthritis, in foals, 278, 278f

Negative energy balance (NEB), 1408

Negative frequency dependence of resistance, 595

Negative pressure pulmonary edema, 582

Negative selection, 1707

Neglect, in equine patients

recognizing, 14, 19-22

spotting, 19-22

surgical procedures and, 22

unequivocal, 20

Negri bodies, 1040

Nematode infections, gastrointestinal anemic crisis, 1681 anthelmintics for, 1678-1679, 1678t, 1684-1685

at-risk populations, 1677, 1681-1682 in cattle, 1678t, 1679

clinical manifestations of, 1677-1678 clinical signs of, 1681

copper oxide wire particles for, 1684 epizootiology of, 1680-1681 FAMACHA for, 1682-1683, 1685 in goats, 1680-1685

grazing strategies for, 1683-1684 life cycle of, 1677, 1680-1681 nematode-trapping fungi for, 1684 pathophysiology of, 1677, 1681 in sheep, 1680-1685

smart drenching method for, 1682-1683 vaccines for, 1684

Nematode-trapping fungi, 1684

Neomycin, for hepatic encephalopath, 953 Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, 1726t-1728t, 1758-1759

Neonatal calf enteric disease vaccines, 1655-1658

Neonatal diarrhea, 351-378, 351t-352t, 352f bacteria, 353-355

beef cow herd management and, 361, 362f biosecurity and, 367

bovine torovirus, 356

diagnostic tests for, 360

bovine viral diarrhea virus and, 356 calf, 351

Campylobacter spp. and, 355 clostridia and, 354-355 diagnostic tests for, 358 coccidiosis, 357 colostrum and, 361 coronavirus and, 355-356, 365 diagnostic tests for, 359 dam parity and, 361 dehydration and, 367, 367t diagnosis of, 358

diagnostic tests for, 358-361 sample collection for, 358 diet and, 365-366 dystocia and, 361 E.coli in, 351, 353

Neonatal diarrhea (Continued) diagnostic tests for, 358-361 enteropathogenic, 351 enterotoxigenic, 351, 364, 1658-1660, 1661t

etiology of, 353-358 examination for, 367-368, 368f fluid therapy for, 369-370

Giardia, 357

heart failure in, 353

herd strategies to prevent, 362-367 intensive calf-rearing systems and, 361-362

laboratory for, 368

minimizing pathogen exposure, 362-364 in beef herds, 364

in dairy herds, 362-364, 363t multiplex RT-PCR, 361 nonspecific immunity for, 365-367 nutritional, 357-358 pathogenesis of, 351-353 physical examination for, 367 prognosis of, 377 protozoa and, 351, 356-357, 360-361 risk factors for, 361-362 rotavirus and, 355, 365

diagnosis of, 359-360

Salmonella, 351, 354 diagnostic tests for, 359 reduction of, 364-365

summar, 377-378

treatment of, 367-377 antiinflammatory drugs, 377 antimicrobials for, 374-377 antiprotozoal drugs for, 377 electrolyte therapy for, 370-374, 372t, 374f

fluid therapy for, 369-370

intestinal protectants, 377

viruses, 355-356

Neonatal disease

clinical investigation of, 326-334 colostrum for. see Colostrum environmental management of, 315 history for, 326

navel treatment of, 324-326 omphalitis, 324-325

physical appearance and, 327-331 physical examination of, 330 risk of, 326

Neonatal encephalopathy, in foals, 281-288 clinical signs of, 284

diagnosis of, 284-286, 285f-286f pathological findings for, 287-288 pathophysiology of, 281-284, 282f-283f prognosis of, 287-288

risk factors for, 284

treatment of, 286-287

Neonatal enteric pathogens, colostrum and, 321

Neonatal equine respiratory distress syndrome, 564

Neonatal hemorrhagic enterotoxemia, 900-901

Neonatal hypercalcemia and asphyxia, 1384

Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI), 289 description of, 1172-1173, 1726t-1728t equine, 1753-1754, 1756f, 1758b in foals, 931-932 ruminants, 1758

Neonatal ruminants, 335-381 abdominal distention in, 347-351 abomasal bloat in, 349-350 abomasal displacement in, 349 abomasal ulcers in, 348-349, 349f anemia, 380

bleeding disorders, 381

Neonatal ruminants (Continued)

breath sounds in, 343 cyanosis, 380-381, 380b depressed mentation, 335-343, 336b examination for, 343-345

fever, 380

heart murmur, 381

hypernatremia in, 341-342 hypoglycemia in, 340 hyponatremia in, 340-341 icterus, 381

intestinal atresia in, 350 intussusception in, 350-351 lameness in, 379

and reluctance to walk, 378-379

lung disease in, 344 meningitis in, 338-340, 340t metabolic acidosis in, 340 musculoskeletal disease in, 342-343 neuromuscular disease in, 342-343 omphalitis, 379-380 patent urachus, 379

respiratory condition diagnostic testing in,

344- 345, 344t

respiratory difficulty in, 343-347, 343b respiratory infection in, 346-347 septic arthritis in, 378-379 septicemia in, 335-338, 337t, 1289 umbilical enlargement, 379-380 upper respiratory tract disorders,

345- 346

weakness in, 335-343, 336b

Neonatal ulcerative dermatitis, 1726t-1728t Neonates

cardiac arrhythmias, 329 cardiovascular disease in, 328 congenital heart disease, 328-329 enteral supplementation in, 1698-1699 examination of

abdomen, 329-330, 331f back, 328 ears, 328 external genitalia, 334 eyes, 327-328 feces, 334 head, 327, 327t limbs, 331-332 mouth, 327, 328f musculoskeletal system, 33 1-333, 332f 333t

neck, 328

perineal region, 333-334 thorax, 328-329, 329t, 330f umbilicus, 330-331, 332f urine, 334

musculoskeletal system, 331-333, 332/-333/; 333t

neurologic examination in, 131 nutritional support of, 1696, 1696t perinatal adaptations of, 311 secretory diarrhea in, 97 skeletal muscle myopathy in, 332 temperature of, 312 thermoneutrality in, 312 Neonicotiniamides, 1806 Neoplasia

of adrenal medulla, 1361

in descending (small) colon, 786

in esophagus, 735 fever caused b, 39b globe, 1315 nasal, 638

in small intestine, 764-765 of thyroid gland, 1364

urinary tract, 971-972, 973f 998 vestibular and vulvar, 1487-1488

Neorickettsia risticii, 100, 470, 772

Neospora spp.

infection, of cattle, 1047

N. caninum, 1047 abortion, 1501, 1502/

N. hughesi, 469 Neosporosis, 140t Neostigmine

for acute abdomen, 853

for gastrointestinal ileus, 796 Neotyphodium coenophialum, 35-36, 1458 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI), 977 Nephrolithiasis, 973, 986 Nephropathy

pigment, 957

vasomotor, 959 Nephrosplenic entrapment, of large colon, 781

Nephrotoxicity

acute renal failure caused by, 962-963 aminoglycoside, 956 amphotericin B, 959

Nerve conduction velocity (NCV), 1012, 1012t

Nerve paralysis, 3-5 Nervous coccidiosis, 132t-133t, 1046, 1690 Nervous ketosis, 132t-133t

Nervous system, diseases of, 1006-1117

Babesia encephalitis, 1048 brain tumors, 1027-1028 cerebral theileriasis, 1049-1050 cerebral trypanosomiasis, 1050-1051 ceroid lipofuscinosis, 132t-133t, 1062 cholinesteric granuloma encephalopathy, 1028

coenurosis, 1061-1062 cranial nerve injuries. see Cranial nerve injuries

Ehrlichia ruminantium infection, 1048-1049

epilepsy. see Epilepsy equine leukoencephalomalacia, 1026-1027 flatpea poisoning, 1061

Helichrysum argyrosphaerum poisoning, 1061

lead poisoning. see Lead poisoning meningitis. see Meningitis narcolepsy-cataplexy, 1029-1030 Neospora infection, 1047 nervous coccidiosis, 1046 pituitary abscesses, 1045 polioencephalomalacia, 1051-1054 sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis, 1042 Nested polymerase chain reaction, 474 Netobimin, 1678t Neurapractic lesions, 1112 Neurectomy, palmar digital, 1232 Neuroaxonal dystroph, 1087-1089

cause of, 1088

clinical signs of, 1088 diagnosis of, 1088 epidemiology of, 1087-1088 history of, 1087-1088 laboratory findings of, 1088 necropsy findings, 1088 pathogenesis of, 1088 prognosis of, 1088-1089 treatment of, 1088-1089 Neurohypophysis, 1352 Neurologic diseases, 116-140 behavioral changes associated with, 120-121

clinical signs of, 116-118 diagnosis of, 118-119 dietary deficiencies associated with, 119, 119t

disease history and, 119 environmental factors, 119

Neurologic diseases (Continued) history-taking, 119 localization of, 117t physical examination of, 130 plant poisonings as cause of, 119, 120t poisonous plants and, 1771-1774, 1772t-1774t signalment and, 118-119 vaccination history and, 119

Neurologic examination behavior, 120-121 of cervical stenotic myelopath, 1086 conscious proprioception, 122/, 123 flexor reflexes, 126 gait, 121-123 general comments for, 119-120 mentation, 120-121, 121/ muscle mass, 127 muscle tone, 127 in neonates, 131 overview of, 119-131 posture, 123-124, 123/ righting response, 123-124 spinal reflexes, 124, 126-127

Neurologic system in foals, 256-257 in horses, 17

Neurologic trauma, replacement fluid therapy for, 1533-1534

Neuromuscular diseases

in neonatal ruminants, 342-343 weakness caused b, 266

Neuronal lipodystrophy, 1078t-1079t Neuro-ophthalmic assessment, 1268 Neuro-ophthalmologic lesions, 128t Neuropathy, 1078t-1079t

Neurotmesis, 1112

Neurotoxic anatoxins, 1785

Neutropenia, 432, 432b alloimmune neonatal, 1748-1749, 1759 leukogram for, 1748

Neutrophilia, 431, 431b

Neutrophils, 49, 335, 429-430, 430t, 1718 development of, 429-430

New animal drug application, 1557

New-variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), 1037

Next-generation sequencing, 475

Nicotiana, 234

Nictitating membranes description of, 1268 protrusion of, 1309t-1310t trauma to, 1279

Nightshade, 1767t-1769t, 1772t-1774t Nigropallidal encephalomalacia, equine, 1063-1064 clinical signs of, 1063 diagnosis of, 1063 epidemiology of, 1063-1064 necropsy findings, 1063 pathophysiology of, 1063 prevention of, 1064 treatment of, 1064

Nipah virus, 1018, 1578t-1585t

Nitrate poisoning, 68, 234, 1770-1771, 1771t Nitric oxide, fever reduction using, 37 Nitrofurans, 1559

Nitrofurazone, 132t-133t, 1061, 1691t toxicosis, 1061

Nitrogen dioxide, 685

Nitroimidazoles, 1559

Nitroxinil, 1678t, 1693

NMDA receptor antagonists, 32

NMDA receptors, magnesium sulfate effects on, 29

Nocardia spp., 1134

Nocardioform placentitis, 199

Nociception

functions of, 24 pathways of, 28/

Nociceptive threshold tests, 26-27, 27/ Nodules, skin, 181-182

Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), 1125? Nonbovids, in paratuberculosis, 914 Non-CIRCI adrenocortical insufficienc, 1360-1361

Nonesterified fatty acids, 1408, 1409/ Non-imaging-based diagnostics, of osteoarthritis, 1218

Noninflammatory chronic diarrhea, 778 Nonprotein nitrogen, 1800-1801

Nonrabies viral encephalomyelitis, 138? Nonscarring alopecia, 184

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

(NSAIDs)

for acute abdomen, 852-853

acute renal failure caused b, 956 analgesic uses of, 29 bacterial pneumonia managed with, 533 in cattle, 30?

cerebrocortical disease treated with, 1035? for duodenitis-proximal jejunitis, 760 for endotoxin-induced inflammation, 754 for equine gastric glandular disease, 739 equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy with, 1081

equine recurrent uveitis treated with, 1303 gabapentin and, 32 mastitis treated with, 1143

navicular disease treated with, 1231 of osteoarthritis, 1218-1219 for peritonitis, 791 for persistent breeding-induced endometritis, 1479

recurrent airway obstruction treated with, 591

right dorsal colitis caused by, 1153 for septic arthritis, 279 septic arthritis managed with, 1213 temporohyoid osteoarthropathy managed with, 1065 toxicity of, 798-800, 956 clinical signs of, 799 diagnosis of, 799 management of, 799-800 pathophysiology of, 798-799 predisposing factors for, 798-799 undifferentiated ruminant respiratory disease treated with, 672

West Nile encephalitis managed with, 1021 Nonstrangulating obstruction, of large colon, 781

Nonstrangulating obstructive lesions, of

small intestine, 710 Nonthyroidal illness syndrome, 1365 Nonulcerative keratitis, 1298-1299 Nonulcerative keratouveitis, 1298-1299 Norepinephrine, 32 Norketamine, 32 Normosol-R, 1530 Normotensive hydrocephalus, 1057-1058 Northern blots, 472-473 Nuclear angiocardiography, 482 Nuclear factor κB signaling, in septic shock,

748/

Nuclear medicine

in equine alimentary system, 716-717 imaging, 519-524

Nuclear scintigraphy

for cough evaluations, 50 muscle diseases evaluations, 1423 navicular disease, 1230 septic arthritis, 1210 suspensory ligament desmitis, 1254

Nucleated erythrocytes, 425

Nucleic acid extraction, 465

Nucleic acid sequence analysis, 475 Nucleotides, 1704

Numinbah horse sickness, 636

Nutrition. see also Diet assessment of, 5, 1695 enteral diets, 1696-1697, 1697?-1698? female reproduction affected b, 1458 intravenous, 1699-1700 for large animals during chronic illness, 1695-1696

liquid diets, 1697-1698 parenteral, 1699, 1700?-1701?, 1701b

Nutritional anestrus, 194-195 Nutritional diarrhea, 357-358 Nutritional myodegeneration, 346, 1437,

1438?, 1439/

Nutritional rhabdomyolysis, 1437-1442, 1438?, 1439/

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, 1382-1384, 1382/-1383/, 1407

Nutritional status, assessment of, 5, 1695 Nutritional support

chronic renal failure treated with, 966 in fluid therapy, 804 in foals, 265

Nutritionally acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 1723

Nymphomania, behavioral, 1462 Nystagmus

central nervous system lesions, 117? head tilt and, 134-135 spontaneous, 135-136

O

Oak, 1772?-1774?, 1776?-1778?

Oak (acorn) toxicosis, in ruminants and horses, 903-905 clinical pathology of, 904 clinical signs of, 903-904, 903/ control of, 905 definition of, 903 differential diagnosis of, 903-904 epidemiology of, 904 etiology of, 903, 903/ necropsy findings in, 904 pathophysiology of, 904 prevention of, 905 prognosis of, 904-905 treatment of, 904-905

Obesity

body condition scoring and, 165 diagnosis of, 165 differential diagnosis of, 165 in horses, 165, 1365 hypothyroidism associated with, 1365 mechanisms of, 164-165 in ruminants, 165 treatment of, 165

Obstructive apnea, 347

Obstructive (vagal) indigestion, 862-866 treatment of and prognosis for, 865-866, 866b

Obstructive intestinal diseases, 895-899 causes of, 895?

cecum dislocation in, 897-898 clinical signs of, 895 definition of, 895 differential diagnosis of, 895 duodenal sigmoid flexure, volvulus of, 895-896

etiology of, 895 functional ileus (pseudoobstruction) in, 899

hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in, 898-899

Obstructive intestinal diseases (Con?inued) intestinal atresia or stenosis in, 896 intestinal incarceration in, 897 intestinal tumors in, 898 intussusception in, 896-897, 897/ large and small intestine, volvulus of, 896 mesenteric fat necrosis in, 898

Obstructive urolithiasis, 164

fluid therapy for, 1544

Obtundation, 117?

Obturator nerve injury, 1114, 1115/ Occipitoatlantoaxial malformations, 140?, 266, 1094-1095, 1095/

Occult blood, 59, 419

Occupational Safety and Health Administration record keeping requirements, 19

Ocular abnormalities, 132-134

Ocular asymmetr, 1272-1276

Ocular discharge, 1274?-1275?, 1276-1277, 1309?-1310?

Ocular elaeophoriasis, 1307

Ocular habronemiasis, 1306

Ocular neoplasia

description of, 1308-1315

differential diagnosis of, 1309?-1310?

Ocular onchocerciasis, 1302, 1305

Ocular pain, 1277

Ocular parasites

description of, 1305-1308 miscellaneous types of, 1307 ocular elaeophoriasis, 1307 ocular habronemiasis, 1306 ocular onchocerciasis, 1305 ocular thelaziasis, 1307

Ocular signs

causes of, 1273?-1274?

differential diagnosis for, 1274?-1275?

Ocular squamous cell carcinoma, 1276 bovine, 1308-1312, 1310? ovine and caprine, 1312

Ocular surface neoplasms, 1276

Ocular thelaziasis, 1307

Ocular trauma

causes of, 1277-1278

chemical injury, 1282

involving globe, 1315

lens, 1281

ocular examination for, 1278

optic nerve, 1281-1282, 1281/

orbit, 1278-1279

retina, 1281, 1281/

uveal tract, 1280-1281

vitreous, 1281

Ocular tumor, miscellaneous, 1314

Oculomotor nerve

dysfunction of, 137? examination of, 128-129

Odontogenic tumors, 725

in ruminants, 808-809

Odontoma, 809

Oes?rus ovis infestation, 638-639, 1307 Office of International Epizootics, 1593 OGT. see Oral glucose test Oleander, 1776?-1778?

Olecranon fracture, 1259, 1259?

Olfactory nerve

dysfunction of, 137?

examination of, 127

Oligodontia, 722

Oliguria, 172b, 173, 245, 959

treatment of, 1530-1540

Oliguric renal failure, 1530

Omasal transport failure, 863-864 Omasum, 839

Omeprazole, 737, 1213

in abomasal pH, 892

Omphalitis, 324-325

in neonatal ruminants, 379-380 Onchocerca spp.

description of, 1674

O. cervicalis, 1305, 1335, 1674

O. gutturosa, 1336

O. lienalis, 1336

O. volvulus, 1305

Onchocerciasis

cutaneous, 1335-1336, 1335f ocular, 1302, 1305

Ongoing loss replenishment, in fluid therapy, 802

Oophoritis, 1471

Ophthalmic examination, 1267-1272 Ophthalmic history, 1267-1272 Ophthalmoscope, 1268 Ophthalmoscopy, 1269

Opioid receptors, 31-32

Opioids

for acute abdomen, 853 analgesic uses of, 31-32

Opisthotonos, 117t

Optic nerve, 1022

atrophy of, 1270f, 1282 dysfunction of, 137t examination of, 127-128 trauma to, 1281-1282, 1282f traumatic blindness in horses, 1025-1026, 1026f

tumors of, 1315

Optic neuropathy, traumatic, 1023

Optical refractometers, 1738

Oral cavity

of foal, 249-250, 249f pathologic conditions of, 58 Oral disease, equine, 719-729 Oral glucose test (OGT), 1371 Oral lesions, 111, 111b-112b, 112t Oral sugar test, 1370 Oral tumors, equine, 725 Oral vesicles, 111-115, 111b-112b, 112t Orbit

cysts of, 1276 lymphosarcoma of, 1313f palpation of, 1268 trauma to, 1278-1279

Orbital neoplasia, miscellaneous, 1315 Orexigenic system, 1390-1391 Orf. see Contagious ecthyma (CE) Organ dysfunction, anemia secondary to, 1178

Organic acidosis, in horses, 803 Organism detection tests, for paratuberculosis, 913

Organochlorines, 132t-133t, 1806-1807 Organophosphates

mechanism of action, 1693 neurologic diseases caused by ingestion of, 119

sudden death caused by, 231-232 toxicity caused by, 1803-1805 Orthokeratosis, 183-184 Osmotic diarrhea, 96 Osseous sequestrum, 1224 Osteoarthritis, 1216-1219 Osteochondritis dissecans, 1198 Osteochondrosis

clinical signs of, 1198 copper levels and, 1199 definition of, 1198 diagnostic tests for, 1198-1199 differential diagnosis of, 1198 etiology of, 1198-1200 nutritional factors, 1207 pathophysiology of, 1199 prognosis for, 1200

Osteochondrosis (Continued) sites of predilection of, 1198 treatment of, 1200

Osteodystrophia fibrosis, in ruminants, 807 Osteodystrophy, 1260

Osteogenesis imperfecta, 1261 Osteomalacia, 1407

Osteomyelitis, 266, 1223-1226 antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads for, 1225

chronic, 1223 clinical signs of, 1223, 1224f computed tomography of, 1224f definition of, 1223 etiology of, 1223 in foals

classification of, 274-275 diagnosis of, 275-277, 275b, 276f etiology of, 275

pathophysiology of, 275 prognosis of, 279-280 treatment of, 277-280 pathophysiology of, 1225 regional limb perfusion for, 1225-1226 septic, 279 treatment of, 1225-1226 ultrasonography of, 1229 vertebral, 1233

Osteophytes, 1235

Osteoporosis, 1407 lactational, 1407

Ostertagia ostertagi, 1677

Ostertagiasis, 1677, 1679-1680 Otitis interna, 1070-1071

clinical signs of, 1070-1071 control of, 1071 definition of, 1070 diagnosis of, 1070-1071 epidemiology of, 1070 etiology of, 1070 pathogenesis of, 1070 treatment of, 1071

Otitis media, 1070-1071 clinical signs of, 1070-1071 control of, 1071 definition of, 1070 diagnosis of, 1070-1071 epidemiology of, 1070 etiology of, 1070 pathogenesis of, 1070 treatment of, 1071

Otobius megninii, 1432

Outer surface protein A, 1190-1191 Outpatient areas, 1573

Ovarian atrophy, 195

Ovarian cysts, 1457

Ovarian hematoma, 1469

Ovarian hemorrhage, 1471

Ovarian hypoplasia, 1471

Ovarian tumors, 1467-1468, 1471 cystadenomas, 1468 germ cell tumors, 1468 granulosa cell tumor, 1471 granulosa-theca cell tumors, 1461t, 1467-1468, 1468f, 1470t

Ovary abnormalities, 1466-1471 abnormally enlarged, 1467-1469 abnormally small ovaries, 1466 advanced age as cause of, 1466-1467 anovulatory follicles, 1468-1469, 1469f immaturity as cause of, 1466-1467 luteal insufficiency, 1470 in mares, 1466 persistent corpus luteum, 1469-1470 premature luteolysis, 1470 in ruminants, 1470

Ovary palpation, 1457 Overeating disease, 901

Overo lethal white syndrome, 1073 Ovine encephalomyelitis, 1039 Ovine hereditary chondrodysplasia, 1205-1207, 1206f

Ovine nasal adenocarcinoma virus, 638 Ovine progressive pneumonia virus, 1032, 1215

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, 689-690 Ovine white liver disease, 918

Oxalates

in plants, 1377t plants that contain, 1783t toxicity, 1381, 1782-1783, 1783t Oxfendazole, 1678t, 1689t Oxibendazole, 1678t Oxidative stress, 587, 1354 Oximes, 1805 Oxygen therapy

hypothermia treated with, 42 recurrent airway obstruction treated with, 592

Oxygen transport, 79 Oxyhemoglobin, 68 Oxytetracycline acute renal failure secondary to, 959 bronchopneumonia treated with, 531t for digital dermatitis, 1326

Ehrlichia ruminantium infection treated with, 1049

flexural limb deformities treated with, 1251 leptospirosis treated with, 1004 for Potomac horse fever, 773 for septic arthritis, in foals, 277 sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis treated with, 1042

Oxytocin

estrous cycle affected b, 1457 induction of parturition, 244 mastitis prevention and, 1143 myometrial contractions induced by, 1472, 1483-1484

retained fetal membranes treated with, 1472

Oxytropis spp., 1073 Oxyuris equi, 1673

P

Pacific bent grass, 1772t-1774t Packed cell volume (PCV), 401, 424, 961, 1151

in acute abdomen, 851

Pain, 24-32

abdominal, Cryptosporidium parvum as cause of, 25f

behavioral indicators of, 24-26, 25t-26t in brain-injured horses, 1025 control of, acute abdomen, 852-853 diagnosis of, 24-27 distress calls during, 26 dysphagia secondary to, 110 lameness, 25t-26t ocular, 1277 parietal, 102 pathologic, 27 persistent, 27 pharmacologic interventions for, 27-32 postures associated with, 25t responses to, 24 scoring systems for, 24 surgery-induced, 29 visual indicators, 24-26

Pain assessments, 8

nociceptive threshold tests for, 26-27, 27f pressure algometry, 26-27, 27f

Pain aversion tests, 27

Pain behaviors

description of, 24 measurement of, 25

Pain elicitation, in indigestion, 859

Pain hypersensitivit, 27

Pain perception, 28-29

PainfUl peripheral swellings, 92, 92b

PAIs. see Plasminogen activator inhibitors

Palatal cysts, 625

Palatal instability, 594, 622-623

Palm oil, 390

Palmar digital nerves, perineural anesthesia of, 1227

Palmar digital neurectom, 1232

Palpation, 5-6

Palpebral reflex, 128

Palpitation, in ruminants, 217-218, 218f

Pancreas, in equine alimentary system, 710-711, 711f

Pancreatic calculi, 955

Pancreatic disease, 954-955

Pancreatitis, 954

Pancytopenia, 1187

Panhyperproteinemia, 436-437, 436b-437b Panhypoproteinemia, 440b-441b, 441

Papillomas, 1327-1328, 1328f 1328t

Papular stomatitis, 111-113, 112t, 1578t-1585t

Papules, skin, 182-183, 183 b

Paracentesis

in equine alimentary system, 703 peritonitis and, 350

Paradoxic aciduria, in abomasal volvulus, 888

Paradoxical erythroid hypoplasia, 1179

Paradoxical vestibular syndrome, 1023

Parafilaria multipapillosa, 1674

Paraformaldehyde, 363-364

Parainfluenza virus type 3, 647t-648t, 1648-1649

Parakeratosis, 183-184, 862

Parallel channel sign, 951

Paralumbar fossa, 5-6

Paralytic rabies, 1040

Paramesonephric duct aplasia, 1484

Paranasal sinuses

erosive diseases of, 57

ethmoid hematoma, 620-622, 620f pathologic conditions of, 57 sinusitis of, 618-620

Paraneoplastic eosinophilia, 432

Paraneoplastic erythrocytosis, 1180

Paraneoplastic syndromes, in small intestine, 764-765

Paraphimosis, 1508-1509

Paraplegia

central nervous system lesions, 117t spinal cord compression and, 266, 342

Parapox viruses, 1578t-1585t

Paraquat, 1807

Parascaris equorum, 765, 1671

Parasite(s)

acetate tape preparation for, 177

Anoplocephala perfoliata, 1671 collapse and, 229, 229b diagnosis of, 1674-1675 equine, 1669-1676 papular lesions versus, 183 skin diseases caused b, 1331-1338, 1331t

strongylins, 1673

sudden death and, 229, 229b

tapeworms, 1672-1673, 1675

Parasite control programs, 1669-1693 anthelmintic resistance, 1669-1670 cyathostomins, 1670 egg hatch assays, 1685

Parasite control programs (Continued)

egg reappearance periods, 1670, 1675-1676

evaluation of, 1685-1686

fecal egg count reduction test, 1670,

1670b, 1670t, 1674, 1679, 1685, 1686b integrated, 1675-1676 larval culture, 1685 larval identification, 1685

modified McMaster technique, 1686b necropsy evaluation, 1686 overview of, 1669

Parascaris equorum, 1671

parasite distributions, 1670-1671

parasite refugia, 1671

pasture larval counts, 1685

prepatent periods, 1670, 1671t strongylins, 1673

tapeworms, 1672-1673, 1675

Parasite refugia, 1671, 1682

Parasitic bronchitis and pneumonia

Ascaris suum, 694

Toxocara vitulorum, 694

Parasitic liver disease, 927-942

Parasitic pneumonia, 567 Parasitism

blow fly strike, 1335

conjunctival, 1305-1307 corneal, 1305-1307 cutaneous onchocerciasis, 1335-1336, 1335f

hypoderma, 1336-1337

pediculosis, 1331-1332, 1331t screwworm infestation, 1334-1335 sheep keds, 1337 stephanofilariasis, 1336 trombiculidiasis, 1332 uveal, 1307-1308

weight loss caused b, 152, 157

in young horses, 142

Parathyroid gland, 1390

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

concentrations of, 1378t

release of, 1394f

secretion of, 1379, 1400

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)

concentrations of, 1378t

hypercalcemia of malignancy secretion of, 1384

production of, 1379

Paratuberculosis, in ruminants, 911-915

in camelids, 912

clinical, 912, 912f

control of, 914-915

diagnosis of, 912-914

in goats, 912

immune-based tests for, 912-913 nonbovids in, 914

organism detection tests for, 913 pathogenesis of, 911-912 prevention of, 914-915 in sheep, 912

stages of infection, 911-912 susceptibility of, 911 testing scenarios in, 913-914 transmission of, 911 treatment of, 914 zoonotic potential of, 915 Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, 1093 Parentage testing, 1709-1710 Parenteral nutrition

complex, 1700

complications associated with, 1701-1702 description of, 1699, 1700t-1701t, 1701b in foals, 265

monitoring of, 1702

Parenteral nutrition (Continued)

preparation and administration of, 1701, 1701b

Paresis, 223-225, 223b

approach to diagnosis of

in horses, 223-224, 224b

in ruminants, 224-225, 225b

in kids, 342

mechanisms of, 223

Parietal pain, 102

Parietal peritoneum, 787

Parietal pleura, 528

Parietal trauma, 1021

Parotid gland carcinomas, in ruminants, 810 Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, 511

Partial inspiratory obstruction, 607

Partial pressure of arterial oxygen, 1024-1025

Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), 343, 1180 in horses, 62-63

Partial pressure of oxygen/fractional inspiration of oxygen ratio, 519-520, 564

Partial thromboplastin time, 445-446 Parturient paresis

induction of, description of, 205

stages of, 205-206

Parturition, induction of, 244

in ruminants, 311

Paspalum grasses, 1772t-1774t

Paspalum staggers, 1075

Passive immunity, transfer of, in foal, 274 Passive transfer

failure of, plasma transfusion for in foals, 264

sepsis, risks of, 267

management to ensure, 321-324

monitoring for, 323-324

Pastern bacterial infection, 1323 Pasteurella spp.

P. multocida, 647t-648t, 659, 1133, 1634, 1652

P. pneumonia, 8 Pasteurellosis, 1629t-1633t Pasture cattle, 1554t-1555t Patellar reflex

central nervous system lesions, 117t description of, 125-126

Patent ductus arteriosus, 252-253, 485

clinical pathology of, 485

clinical signs of, 485

definition of, 485

differential diagnosis of, 485

epidemiology of, 485-486

etiology of, 485

necropsy findings, 486

pathophysiology of, 485

prognosis of, 486

treatment of, 486

Patent foramen ovale, 487

Patent urachus, in neonatal ruminants, 379 Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

(PAMPs), 745, 1120, 1717-1718, 1718f partial list of, 746t

Pathologic pain, 27

Patient medical records, 18

Pattern recognition receptors, 1717-1718 interaction with, 745-747, 746f, 746t-747t partial listing of, 746t

Paurangiotic horses, 1269

PCKD. see Polycystic kidney disease PCV. see Packed cell volume

PDW. see Platelet distribution width

Pectin-lecithin complexes, 740

Pediculosis, 1331-1332, 1331t

Pelger-Huet anomal, 430, 1724 Pelleted feed sampling, 146b

Pelvic entrapment of bladder, 992-993

Pelvic girdle, 8

Pelvic limb myotactic reflexes, 125-126, 126t Pemphigus complex, 1726t-1728t

Pemphigus foliaceus, 1297, 1316-1317, 1317'f Pemphigus vulgaris, 1317

Penectom, 990 Penetrance, 1706 Penetrating injuries, to sole of foot, 1246-1247, 1247f

Penicillin

for actinomycosis, 813

Clostridium tetani treated with, 1098-1099 Corynebacterium renale treated with, 995 urinary tract infections treated with, 968-969

Penicillin G, bronchopneumonia treated with, 531t

Penile deviations, 1511

Penile injury, 1505

Penis

in bucks, 189 in bulls, 189 diseases of, 1505-1512 examination of, 189 palpation of, 167-168 in rams, 189 Pentalogy of Fallot, 486 Pentoxifylline

for cutaneous vasculitis, 1320 in endotoxin-induced inflammation, 754-755

laminitis treated with, 1238 Peracute death, in black disease, 928 Percussion

auscultation with, 6

of chest, 8

Percutaneous aspiration, of nasal discharge,

56

Percutaneous sinus centesis, 619 Perennial ryegrass staggers, 1074-1075 Pergolide, 1357

Pericardial effusion, 7, 500-501 Pericardiectomy, 502 Pericardiocentesis

for pericarditis evaluations, 501, 502f in traumatic reticuloperitonitis, 885 Pericardiotom, 502-503 Pericarditis, 499-503

ascites in, 499

cardiac catheterization for, 502 clinical pathology of, 499-502 clinical signs of, 499 control of, 503 definition of, 499 echocardiographic findings of, 500-501, 501f

effusive, 502 electrocardiographic findings of, 500, 500f-501f epidemiology of, 502 etiology of, 499 fibrinous, 501f heart sounds in, 499

mare reproductive loss syndrome and, 499, 502

necropsy findings, 502, 503f pathophysiology of, 502 pericardiocentesis for, 501, 502f pericardiotomy for, 502-503 prevention of, 503 prognosis for, 502-503 radiography for, 500, 500f septic, 502-503 traumatic, 500f, 502 treatment of, 502-503

Perilla frutescens, 234, 684, 1781

Perilla ketone, 567-568, 684 Perilla mint, 1767t-1769t, 1781 Perimembranous ventricular septal defect, 483

Perimetritis, 1481

Perinatal asphyxia syndrome, 245-246 Perinatal death, in horses, 238b

Perineal reflex, 126

Perineal region

in neonates, 333-334 physical examination of, 8-9

Perineal urethrostomy, 990 Perineural anesthesia, 216 of palmar digital nerves, 1218

Periocular asymmetry, 1272-1276 Periodic hyperkalemia, 140t

Periodontal disease

in horses, 113, 723 in ruminants, 806

Periorbital abscesses, 559, 559f Periorbital mass, 1309t-1310t Peripartum period, 307

Periparturient period, defense mechanism in, 1121-1122

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, 1747 Peripheral chemoreceptors, 60

Peripheral cyanosis, 68

Peripheral edema, 82-84, 84b

Peripheral nerve disorders, 140t, 1112-1116 brachial plexus, 1112-1113 description of, 1112 facial nerve paralysis. see Facial nerve, paralysis of femoral nerve, 1113 obturator nerve, 1114, 1115f peroneal nerve, 1114, 1114f radial nerve, 1113, 1113f sciatic nerve, 1113-1114, 1114f suprascapular nerve, 1112, 1112f tibial nerve, 1114 treatment of, 1115-1116

Peripheral nerve signs, diseases manifesting with, 1077-1117

Peripheral pulse, abnormal, 93-94, 93f, 94b Peripheral swellings, painful, 92, 92b Peripheral vestibular disease

description of, 138t

of horses

clinical signs of, 1062-1063 definition of, 1062 diagnosis of, 1063 etiology of, 1062 treatment of, 1063

Peritoneal cavity

in equine alimentary system, 713, 713f review of, 879

in ruminants, 839, 840f-841f adhesions of, 880 diseases in, pathophysiologic mechanism of, 879-880

healing in, 879 histology of, 879 normal peritoneal fluid in, 879 peritoneal infection, host defenses against, 879-880

Peritoneal dialysis, 1529

Peritoneal drainage, for peritonitis, 791

Peritoneal effusion, 82-84

Peritoneal fluid, 787

analysis, in horses, 789t assessment, ultrasonography in, 839, 840f-841f

fever of unknown origin evaluations, 41 Peritoneal infection, host defenses against, 879-880

Peritoneal lavage, for peritonitis, 791 Peritoneal lymphatic channels, 787

Peritoneum, 879

disorders of, in horses, 787-793

Actinobacillus peritonitis, 792 hemoperitoneum, 792-793, 792b peritonitis, 787

Peritonitis

bowel inflammation caused by, 97 in horses, 713, 713f, 787

abdominocentesis in, 789-790, 789t Actinobacillus, 792

adhesion prevention of, 791-792 anatomy of, 787 anthelmintics for, 791 anti-inflammatory therapy for, 791 antimicrobial therapy for, 790-791, 790t bacterial culture in, 790 biochemistry in, 789 causes of, 788b clinical features of, 788 diagnosis of, 788-790 fluid therapy for, 790 hematology in, 789 pathogenesis of, 787-788 physiology of, 787 prognosis of, 792-793 sensitivity in, 790

surgical management of, 791 treatment of, 790-792 ultrasonography of, 788, 789f parietal pain associated with, 102 in ruminants, 879-883

ancillary tests for, 881-882, 881f antibiotic therapy for, 882 ascites and, 882 causes of, 880b classification of, 880 clinical signs of, 880-881 definition of, 880 diagnosis of, 880-881 etiology of, 880 examples of, 880b pathophysiology of, 880 pneumoperitoneum and, 882 prognosis of, 882-883 retroperitoneal abscess and, 882-883 supportive therapy of, 882 surgical therapy for, 882 treatment of, 882

uroperitoneum as cause of, 986 Peroxygen, 1567t Persimmon, 1776t-1778t

Persistent anovulatory follicles, 1468 Persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection acute mucosal disease in, 826 chronic mucosal disease in, 826 disease associated with, 826 identification and elimination of, 828-829 in offspring, 825

Persistent corpus luteum, 1469-1470

Persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate, 624

Persistent hymen, 1487

Persistent hyperbilirubinemia, in

Thoroughbreds, 948

Persistent pain, 27

Persistent penile frenulum, 1511 Persistent right aortic arch, 733 Persistent truncus arteriosus, 487 Peruvian Paso foals, 1072

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), 836-837, 1290

Pesticides antidotes for, 1803 carbamates, 1803-1805 description of, 1802-1803 exposure to, 1803b

Pesticides (Continued)

in feed, 1802

glyphosate, 1805

neonicotiniamides, 1806 organochlorines, 1806-1807 organophosphates, 1803-1805 paraquat, 1807 pyrethroids, 1805-1806 regulation of, 1803 tetrachlorvinphos, 1802

Petechial hemorrhages, 1159-1160 Phaeohyphomycosis, 1331

Phalaris staggers, 919, 1076-1077

Phalaris tuberosa, 919

Phantom lameness, 215

Pharyngeal abscess, in ruminants, 813-814 Pharyngeal collapse, in liver disease, 923 Pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia, 613, 613f Pharyngeal paresis, 110-111

Pharyngeal scar, 631

Pharyngeal trauma

in horses, 611

in ruminants, 641-642, 641f-642f 813-814, 814f

Pharyngitis, 612-614

acute, 612

antimicrobial therapy for, 613 chronic, 612

clinical pathology of, 612

clinical signs of, 612 control of, 614 definition of, 612 diagnostic tests for, 612-613, 613f differential diagnosis of, 612 endoscopy of, 613f epidemiology of, 613 etiology of, 612

laboratory aids for, 612-613 pathophysiology of, 613 prevention of, 614 prognosis for, 613-614 treatment of, 613-614

Pharynx

cysts of, in horses, 630-631 inflammation of, 611, 631-633, 633f pathologic conditions of, 58

Phenogroups, 1751

Phenols, 1567t

Phenothiazine, 1693

Phenotype, 1705, 1710b

Phenotypic sex, 1466

Phenylbutazone, 1231

analgesic uses of, 30, 1251 description of, 30, 30t in food animals, 1560 in horses, 1238

Phenylethylamines, 1077

Phenytoin, 1454 Pheochromocytomas, 1361

Phimosis injur, 1506-1508 Phosphatic calculi, 988

Phosphine gas, 1807 Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, 591 Phospholipase D (PLD), 1192 Phosphorus, 406-407

for beef cattle growth, 150t

bone disease associated with, 1404 chronic deficiency of, 1400-1401 chronic excess of, 1378 description of, 1399

disorders, in horses, 1385-1386 equine requirements, 1376-1377, 1377t homeostasis of, 1378-1379, 1379f, 1399-1400

hormone concentrations of, 1378t hyperphosphatemia, 407, 407b hypophosphatemia, 407, 407b

Phosphorus (Continued)

plasma concentration of, 1399-1400 requirements, 1376-1377, 1377t salivary secretions, 1399-1400

Phosphorylase deficienc, 1455 Photoaggravated vasculitis, 1320

Photosensitization, 1345, 1346f, 1781-1782 Physical examination, 2-13

auscultation, 6, 6f body temperature, 5, 5t data sheet use in, 4f heart rate, 7t palpation, 5-6 purpose of, 2 record, 14-22 respiratory rates, 7t

Physical urticaria, 1318 Physitis, 1197-1198

Phytobezoars, 742 Phytoestrogens, 1780

Phytohemagglutinin, 1729t-1732t

Pica, 165

Pig(s) arterial pH in, 519t malignant hyperthermia in, 34 Rhodococcus equi in, 537

Pig major acute phase protein, 439 Pigbel, 901

Pigment nephropath, 957

Pigment nephrosis, 1001 Pigmentation abnormalities, 187-188, 188b Pigmenturia, 169-170

causes of, 170b definition of, 169

Pine, 915

Piperazine, 1693 Piroplasmosis, 1048, 1168, 1307 Pithomyces chartarum, 1345 Pituitary abscesses, 1045

Pituitary gland adenohypophysis, 1352 anatomy of, 1352 in horses, 1358-1360 hypothalamic-pituitary axis, 1352-1353 neurohypophysis, 1352

pars intermedia of, 1352, 1353f suppression of, 195

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, 1354-1357

in aged horses, 1745

clinical signs of, 1354-1356, 1354f-1355f, 1467

computed tomography of, 1356-1357 description of, 20, 1235, 1354, 1723 dexamethasone suppression test for, 1356, 1356f

diagnosis of, 1356-1357, 1356f dopamine inhibition and, 1354 equine metabolic syndrome versus, 1368, 1369t

laminitis secondary to, 1355-1356 magnetic resonance imaging of, 1356-1357

muscle mass atrophy associated with, 1355 necropsy findings of, 1357 pathophysiology of, 1354, 1354f polyuria/polydipsia with, 977-978 prognosis for, 1357, 1467 secondary infection in, 1355 treatment of, 1357, 1467

weight loss associated with, 1355, 1355f Pivot point, 1202

Placenta

dysfunction of, 308 relaxin for, 238-239 retained, in mares, 1380 transrectal ultrasound of, 310

Placental insufficienc, 241-242

Placentitis, 242

abortion caused by, 1489, 1490f

Plain radiography, for painful abdomen, 303, 303f

Plaiting, 214-215

Planum nasale, 1066

Plaques of edema, 210

Plasma

administration of, 1737

antithrombin III, 446-447, 447b

failure of passive transfer in, 264

for foals, 262-263

Plasma cell myeloma, 1749

Plasma cells, 461, 1188

Plasma concentrations, in fluid therapy, 800-801

Plasma ionized calcium, 803

Plasma lactate, 1525

Plasma-Lyte 148, 1530

Plasma protein/fibrinogen (PP/F) ratio, 438

Plasma proteins

in foal, 260

generalized edema and, 82-83 measurement of, 435-436 for traumatic reticuloperitonitis, 884

Plasma volume, 1521-1522

Plasmids, 1552

Plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAIs), 1154 Platelet(s)

decreased production of, 442-443

in foal, 260

function defects of, 444

life span of, 443

parameters for, 442

sequestration of, 443

Platelet-activating factor inhibitors, 756 Platelet count, 442

Platelet distribution width (PDW), 442 Platelet-rich plasma, 1160

Pleural abscesses, 534f-535f, 535

Pleural drainage, 533

Pleural effusion, 699-700

causes of, 84b

clinical signs of, 700 definition of, 82, 699-700 diagnosis of, 700 differential diagnosis of, 528 drainage of, 521-522, 522f etiology of, 699-700 in horses, 84b percussion of, 516-517 radiography of, 530 in ruminants, 84b thoracic ultrasonography of, 529, 529f treatment of, 700

Pleural fluid, equine, 530-531

Pleural friction rubs, 516, 528

Pleural lavage, 533

Pleural mesothelioma, 701

Pleural pressure, 45-46

Pleural space aspiration, 521-522

Pleural tumors, 608

Pleuritis, 599, 699-700

Pleurodynia, 16, 47-48, 528 Pleuropneumonia, 519 aerobic bacterial isolates associated with,

in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of, 532t

anaerobic, 532-533

auscultation findings in, 528 complications of, 535 definition of, 526 diagnostic approach

biochemical tests, 528

description of, 528-531 endoscopy, 528

Pleuropneumonia (Continued) hematology tests, 528 radiograph, 530, 530/ thoracic ultrasonography, 529, 529/-530/ thoracocentesis for cytology and culture, 530-531

thoracoscopy, 531 tracheobronchial aspirate for cytology and culture, 528-529 differential diagnosis of, 528 epidemiology of, 526-527 fibrinous, 534 in horses, 16 pathophysiology of, 527 pneumothorax caused by, 579-580 prognosis for, 535 risk factors for, 526-527 treatment of

antimicrobial agents, 531-533, 531t fibrinolytic agents, 533-534 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, 533

pleural drainage, 533 pleural lavage, 533 thoracoscopy, 534 thoracotomy, 534-535, 534/-535/ Pleuroscopy

for cough evaluations, 49-50 for epistaxis evaluation, 60 Pneumoconiosis, 598-599 Pneumocystis carinii, 558-559 Pneumocystis jiroveci infection, 549, 5531, 559

Pneumocystosis, 556t, 558-559 Pneumomediastinum, 581

Pneumonia

adenovirus, 577 aspiration, 698 bronchiolitis obliterans, 687 clinical classification of, 645 environmental risk factors for, 346 fibrosing alveolitis, 687 in foals, 548-550, 558/ fungal, 551, 552/, 698 granulomatous, 557 in herd, 346

interstitial, 549, 566-569, 567b, 561/ 645 metastatic, 645, 698-699 mycotic, 698

neonatal, 548-550

ovine progressive, 687-689 virus, 1032

Pneumocystisjiroveci, 549, 5531, 559 Pneumoperitoneum, in ruminants, 882 Pneumothorax, 7-8, 298, 579-581, 580/, 700-701

Pneumovagina, 1485

Point of maximal impulse, 87

Point of maximal intensity, 483 Poison hemlock, 1767t-1769t, 1772t-1774t Poisonous plants

blue-green algae, 1784, 1785/ cardiovascular toxicities, 1775 cyanogenic, 1767t-1769t, 1770 description of, 1766-1793 digestive toxicities, 1775-1779 ergot alkaloids, 1780-1781 female reproduction affected by, 1458 flatpea, 1061 gastrointestinal signs, 1775-1779, 1776t-1778t

Helichrysum argyrosphaerum, 1061 hematologic toxicities, 1775 hepatic disease caused b, 1779 musculoskeletal disease caused by, 1774-1775

neonatal effect of, 1779-1781

Poisonous plants (Continued)

neurologic diseases caused by, 119, 120t, 132t-133t

neurologic signs caused b, 1771-1774, 1772t-1774t

nitrate toxicity, 1770-1771, 1771t oxalates, 1377t, 1783t

pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity, 1779, 1779t reproductive effect of, 1779-1781 respiratory syndromes caused b, 1781-1782

in ruminants, 684 skin affected by, 1781-1782 sudden death caused by, 233, 1767-1771, 1767t-1769t

urinary system affected by, 1782-1783 Pokeweed, 1776t-1778t Polioencephalomalacia, 123/, 132t-133t, 230, 1051-1054

clinical pathology of, 1053 clinical signs of, 1052-1053 control of, 1053-1054 definition of, 1051 epidemiology of, 1051 etiology of, 1051 pathogenesis of, 1051-1052 pathology of, 1053 prevention of, 1053-1054 prognosis of, 1053 treatment of, 1053

Poll, 1021-1022 Polychromasia, 425

Polyclonal gammopathy, 437 Polycystic kidney disease (PCKD), 964 Polycythemia, in liver failure, 953 Polycythemia vera, 1180

Polydipsia, 977-979, 1355 Polydontia, 722

Polygenic traits, 1705-1706

Polyionic fluids, for Potomac horse fever, 773

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

assays

in rotavirus, 718

in salmonellosis, 772

equine coronavirus detection using, 471 genetic testing uses of, 1714 infectious disease indications for, 463-464 molecular testing for infectious diseases in cattle, sheep, and goats, 473-474 multiplex, 474 nested, 474

nucleic acid extraction, 465 preanalytic variables, 464-466 quantitative, 473, 524 real-time, description of, 464, 474 respiratory disease evaluations, 524 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, 1207

Rhodococcus equi infections, 543 standard, 473-474

Streptococcus equi, 561, 561/ traditional, 464 in veterinary molecular diagnostics, 464 Polymethylmethacrylate beads, antibiotic- impregnated, 1212-1213, 1225 Polymorphic proteins, 1752t Polymyxin B, 754

for peritonitis, 791 Polyneuritis equi, 1107, 1726t-1728t Polyps, nasal, 637-638

Polysaccharide storage myopath, 1446 caloric balance for, 1450 diets for, 1450 exercise for, 1450 expectations in, 1451 fat source selection for, 1450-1451

Polysaccharide storage myopathy (Continued) forage selection for, 1450 low-starch, high fat concentrates in, 1451 management of, 1450 rest for, 1450

terminology associated with, 1446 type 1, 1446, 1447t, 1448/ type 2, 1449

Polyserositis. see Sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis

Polysilicic acid, 988

Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans, 1219, 1232 Polysynovitis, in Rhodococcus equi infections, 537

Polysynovitis-arthritis, 1215

Polyunsaturated fatty acids, 1438 Polyuria, 172-173, 172b, 977-979, 1355

Polyuric renal failure, 1529-1530

POMC. see Proopiomelanocortin

Pompe disease, 1078t-1079t

Ponderosa pine, 1780

Ponies

hyperlipemia in, 947-948 hypertriglyceridemia in, 947-948 nutrient requirements for, 146t, 158t tracheal collapse in, 626-629

Porcine pulmonary edema, 1790

Porphyria

congenital erythropoietic, 1176-1177 dental abnormalities associated with, 113 toxic, 1177

Positive selection, 1707

Postanesthetic myelopathy and encephalopathy, 140t, 1094

Postanesthetic myoneuropathy, 1442, 1442/

Postparturient hemoglobinuria, 1174-1176, 1401

Postpatent parasitic bronchitis, 1687

Postural deformities, 218-221, 219t acquired, 218-219 approach to diagnosis of, 219 congenital, 218-219 in horses, 219, 219b mechanisms of, 218-219 in ruminants, 219-221, 220b

Postural reactions

conscious proprioception testing using, 123

testing of, 123

Posture

abnormalities of, 123-124 pain-related, 25t visual examination during, 2

Postvaccinal hepatitis, 927

Potassium, 1401-1404

balance, in cow, 1402-1403 in feed, 1429t high intravenous doses of, sudden death caused by, 231-232

homeostasis, 1402 hyperkalemia, 404, 404b hypokalemia, 403-404, 404b and “Downer cows”, 1403

mammary concentration of, 239 renal secretion of, factors affecting, 1403-1404

serum, 403-404 supplementation of, in foals, 263 transfer of, 1403

Potassium hydroxide preparation, 177, 177/ Potomac horse fever (PHF), 228, 470, 772-773, 1604t-1612t, 1624

Povidone iodine, 1567t

Pralidoxime chloride, 1805

Praziquantel, 1673, 1693

Prebiotics, for neonatal diarrhea, 366-367

Precocious mammary gland development, 211, 211b

Prednisolone

for atopic dermatitis, 1318

for pemphigus foliaceus, 1316-1317 Prednisolone acetate, 1280-1281 Preemptive analgesia, 27 Prefemoral lymph nodes, 7 Pregnancy

ergot alkaloid exposure during, 1791

immunosuppression during, 1762-1763 influenza vaccination in, 1618

late, indigestion of, 864

later stages of, in bovine viral diarrhea virus, 825-826

ovarian hematoma in, 1469

twin

abortion in, 199

in mares, 1488

vaccine responses affected b, 1601 Pregnancy loss

abortion, 198-199

causes of, 200b-201b

definition of, 198

early embryonic death, 198

in mares, 200b

physical examination in, 208 placentitis and, 242

Pregnancy toxemia, 1400-1401

of beef cows, 946

of does, 946-947

of ewes, 946-947

fluid therapy for, 1543-1544 Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, 198 Pregnenolone, 237-238

Prekallikrein, 445-446

deficiency, 1154

Premature ventricular contractions, 94 Premolars, 720

Preoptic region of the anterior hypothalamus, 33

Prepubic urethrostomy, 990

Prepuce

diseases of, 1505-1512

examination of, 190

Prepurchase examination, 13 Preputial hairs, 167f Prerenal azotemia, 957

Prescapular lymph nodes, 7

Pressure algometry, 26-27, 27f

Primary abomasal impaction, 894

Primary bone tumor, equine, 725

Primary brain injury, 1023

Primary cycle activity, 860-861

Primary hyperparathyroidism, 1381-1382

Primary indigestions, in ruminants, 855

clinical signs typically associated with, 856t

Primary psychogenic polydipsia, 978 Prion protein, 1035

Privet, 1776t-1778t

Probiotics, for neonatal diarrhea, 366

Procainamide, 499t

Procaine penicillin

for dermatophilosis, 1323

for otitis media/interna, 1071 Procoagulant proteins, 1153-1154 Progestagens, 237-238 Progesterone, for placentitis, 1490-1491 Progestins

description of, 1459

in mares, 202, 1467

Prognathism, 722

Progressive ataxia, 140t

Progressive spinal myelinopathy, 1078t-1079t

Progressive viral pneumonias

description of, 694

ovine progressive pneumonia, 687-689 Prohormone convertases, 1352 Prokinetic agents, for duodenitis-proximal jejunitis, 760

Proliferative enteropathy, equine, 760-762

Proliferative glomerulonephritis, 963-964

Proliferative stomatitis, in ruminants, 816-817

Prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, 444, 446b

Prolonged gestation, 204-211

Prolonged prothrombin time, 444 445, 445b

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC), 1352,

1353f

Propafenone, 499t

Propionate, 1412

Propranolol, 499t

Proprioception

afferent pathways involved in, 124f

conscious, 122f, 123

definition of, 123

general pathways of, 123

testing of, 122f, 123

Propylene glycol, 132t-133t, 1412, 1799 Prorubricytes, 459

Prostaglandin E analogs, for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicit, 799-800

Prostaglandin F2_α, for cystic follicular degeneration, 1458

Prostaglandins

for bovine uterine infections, 1481

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs effect on, 29

pruritus caused b, 180

for retained fetal membranes, 1473

Proteases, 587

Protective antigen (PA), 1188

Protective outwear, 1571

Protein, 418-419

in milk replacers, 389, 389t

requirements, 1696

Protein C, 448

Protein-calorie malnutrition, 141, 156, 1694

Protein electrophoresis, 435, 436f Protein-energy malnutrition, of beef cows,

946

Protein-losing enteropathy, 440-441 Prothrombin time, prolonged, 444-445, 445b Protostrongylus rufescens, 1686

Prototheca spp., 11251, 1133

Protozoa

diarrhea and, 356-357

neonatal diarrhea and, 351

Protozoal abortion, 1047, 1493

Proximal enteritis, 758

Proximal hindlimb suspensory ligament desmitis, 1254-1255

Proximal interphalangeal phalanx flexural deformit, 1252

Proximal limb fractures, 1255

Pruritus, 179-180, 180b

in liver disease, 922

in psoroptic mange, 1332

Pseudallescheria boydii, 5531, 555 Pseudallescheriasis, 555

Pseudoaneurysm, 506

Pseudocowpox, 1146, 1328-1329 Pseudocyst, 997

Pseudomonas spp., 1134

Pseudomyotonia, 1455

Pseudoobstruction, in ruminants, 899 Pseudopregnancy, 1461

Pseudorabies, 132t-133t, 229, 1038-1039 clinical pathology of, 1038-1039 clinical signs of, 1038 control of, 1039 definition of, 1038-1039 epidemiology of, 1038 etiology of, 1038-1039 pathogenesis of, 1038 pathology of, 1039 treatment of, 1039

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, 51 Pseudotruncus arteriosus, 487

Psoroptes spp., 1332

Psoroptic mange, 1332 “Psychogenic” polydipsia, 977 Psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid, for sand impactions of the large colon, 781

Psyllium mucilloid, in right dorsal ulcerative colitis, 800

Ptaquiloside, 1775

Ptosis

central nervous system lesions, 117t

in Horner syndrome, 1066

Ptyalism, in ruminants, 809

Puberty, 1459

Pulmonary abscesses, 519

Pulmonary capillaries

rupture of, 605

stress failure of, 606

Pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure, 1522, 1539

Pulmonary capillary pressure, 582 Pulmonary edema, 582-584, 583f, 584t Pulmonary emboli, in hepatic abscesses, 942 Pulmonary embolic aneurysm, 58 Pulmonary emphysema, 8

Pulmonary flow/systemic flow ratio, 482

Pulmonary function testing

for cough evaluations, 50 description of, 524-526 forced expiratory maneuvers, 526 forced oscillation techniques, 525 histamine bronchoprovocation, 525 recurrent airway obstruction, 589 respiratory inductive plethysmograph, 525-526

Pulmonary hemorrhage

epistaxis caused by, 58 exercise-induced. see Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage

Pulmonary hypertension, 493-495, 494f Pulmonary imaging, in foals, 254-255 Pulmonary metastatic tumors, 609 Pulmonary resistance, 525

Pulmonary thromboembolism, 58 Pulmonary ventilation, 1025

Pulmonic valve

lesions of, 491 stenosis of, 487

Pulp cavit, 721

Pulp horns, 721

Pulpy kidney disease, 901

Pulse

auscultation of, 7 palpation of, 93 peripheral, abnormal, 93-94, 93f, 94b Pulsed wave Doppler echocardiograph, 479-480

Pulsion diverticula, of esophagus, in horses, 735, 735f

Punch biopsy, 178

Pupil

anisocoria, 1275-1276 examination of, 1268-1269 opacities of, 1269

Pupillary light reflex, 128

Purified protein derivative, 696

Purpura hemorrhagica, equine, 563-564,

1157-1158,1726t-1728t

Purulent lung infections, in bloat, 879 Purulent nasal discharge, 54b

Pustules, skin, 182-183, 183b Pyelonephritis, 964, 969/, 994

Pyloric outflow failure, 863-864

Pyloric stenosis, 742

Pyoderma

in ruminants, 1323

staphylococcal, 1323

Pyometra

in camelids, 1482

in dairy cows, 1481

description of, 1460t, 14621, 1470

in mares, 1480

in ruminants, 1481

Pyosalpinx, 1471

Pyrantel pamoate, 1673, 1678t, 1692-1693

Pyrethroids, 1805-1806

Pyrogenic cytokines, 36-37

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity, 933-934, 933t, 1779, 1779t

Pythiosis, 554, 1331

enteric, 763

Pythium insidiosum, 1331

Pythium spp., in enteric pythiosis, 763 Pyuria, 170-171, 171b

Q

Q fever, 1578t-1585t, 1591

Quadriparesis, 137

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, 473,

524

Quarter horses

congenital encephalomyelopathy in, 1072, 1078t-1079t

hyperesthetic leukotrichia in, 1347

type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy in, 1447

Quaternary ammonium, 1567t Questionnaire, 2

Quinapril, 493, 498

Quinidine gluconate

atrial fibrillation treated with, 510

in cattle, 499b

in horses, 499b

ventricular tachycardia treated with, 499t Quinidine sulfate, 510-511

Quittor, 1248

R

RAAS. see Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Rabies, 1040-1042

clinical pathology of, 1041

clinical signs of, 1040-1041, 1041/, 10411

control of, 1041-1042

definition of, 1040

dumb, 1040

epidemiology of, 1040

etiology of, 1040

furious, 1040

in horses, 134t

ocular manifestations of, 1292

paralytic, 1040

pathogenesis of, 1040

pathology of, 1041

in ruminants, 132t-133t

signs and symptoms of, 138t

treatment of, 1041-1042

vaccination for, 1604t-1612t, 1615-1616, 1629t-1633t, 1665t-1666t, 1668

zoonotic disease caused by, 1578t-1585t Rachischisis, 1096

Ractopamine, 1798, 1802

Radial immunodiffusion, 1729t-1732t, 1736 Radiation hybrid maps, 1710b Radioallergosorbent test

for cough evaluations, 50 recurrent airway obstruction evaluations, 589

Radiography

of acute abdomen, 851

bacterial pneumonia evaluations, 530, 530f for cervical stenotic myelopathy, 1086 for cough evaluations, 50

for cranial nerve injuries, 1024

for cyanosis evaluations, 71 for epistaxis evaluation, 60 of equine alimentary system, 713-716, 714/-717f

in equine dentistry, 728

of esophagus, 730

for exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, 603

fever of unknown origin evaluations, 41t, 42

for inflammatory airway disease, 595

for lameness, 217, 217t

for laminitis, 1236-1237, 1237f for nasal discharge evaluations, 55 for navicular disease, 1227-1229, 1228f for respiratory distress evaluation, 67 of respiratory tract, 517-518 for retropharyngeal lymph node abscessation, 610, 611f

for sinusitis evaluations, 619

for spider lamb syndrome, 1207, 1207f

for spondylitis, 1233-1235 for stridor evaluation, 75 for suspensory ligament desmitis, 1254 for swelling, 222-223 of thorax, 518

for tracheal collapse, 627

for traumatic reticuloperitonitis, 884, 884f for urolithiasis, 986-987

Ramipril, 493

Rams, 1506, 1508-1510 epididymitis in, 1629t scrotal circumference of, 8-9, 9t

Ranitidine, 737

in abomasal pH, 892 Rapamycin, 1748 Rape, 1776t-1778t Rathke's pouch, 1352 Rattlesnake bites, 1792-1793, 1792f-1793f Rayless goldenrod, 1767t-1769t Reactive oxygen species, 587

scavengers of, 755

Real time polymerase chain reaction, description of, 474

Real-time reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction, respiratory disease evaluations, 524

Recessive inheritance, 1704-1705 Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbST), 1414

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), 1179

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, 534

Recombination, 1710b Record keeping, for special purposes, 18-19 Records, 2-13

Rectal examination

for chronic renal failure evaluations, 965 of equine alimentary system, 702-703 for urinary tract infection evaluations, 965 Rectal palpation

in acute abdomen, 850

in small intestinal fibrosis, 765

Rectal prolapse

in descending (small) colon, 786

in ruminants and horses, 919-920, 920f stranguria as cause of, 166

Rectal temperature

in acute abdomen, 850

of foals, 248-249

Rectal thermometer, 5

Recurrent airway obstruction β2-adrenergic agonists for, 590-591 antiinflammatory drugs for, 591-592 arterial blood gas analysis for, 588 auscultation of, 588 beclomethasone dipropionate for, 591-592 bronchodilators for, 590-591 clinical scoring system for, 588 clinical signs of, 588

cor pulmonale secondary to, 588 corticosteroids for, 591-592 definition of, 585-587 dexamethasone for, 591-592 diagnostic tests for, 588-590 differential diagnosis of, 588 endoscopic evaluation of, 588 environmental management of, 590, 592 epidemiology of, 587-588 etiology of, 585-587 fluticasone for, 591-592 furosemide for, 592 genetics of, 587-588 heritable form of, 587-588 in horses, 21, 524 immune mechanism, 1726t-1728t inflammatory airway disease and, 587, 593 inflammatory mediators, 587 innate immune response role in, 586-587 intradermal skin testing of, 589 isoflupredone for, 591 laboratory aids, 588-590 lung biopsy of, 589 mucus excess associated with, 589 muscarinic antagonists for, 590 oxygen therapy for, 592 pathology of, 590 phosphodiesterase inhibitors for, 591 physical examination of, 588 prognosis for, 592 pulmonary function tests for, 589 serum allergy tests for, 589 thoracic radiographs for, 588-589 treatment of, 590-592 triamcinolone acetonide for, 591 ultrasound of, 589

Recurrent bloat, 879

Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, 1451-1452

Red blood cell antigens, 1751-1752 Red blood cells, in foal, 260 Red maple poisoning/toxicosis, 232, 1172 Redwater, 1048. see also Bacillary hemoglobinuria

Reflex bronchoconstriction, 43-44 Reflux esophagitis, 732 Refractometry, 435, 1738 Refractor, 323-324, 324t Regenerative and biologic therapies, of osteoarthritis, 1219

Regional limb perfusion, of osteomyelitis, 1225-1226

Regurgitant murmurs, 87-88, 87f, 88b Regurgitation, 108-110, 108b-109b Rehydration, in fluid therapy, 802 Reinfection syndrome, 1687 Relative erythrocytosis, 1179 Relaxin, 238-239

for placentitis, 1491 Remittent fevers, 38

Renal abscesses, in foals, 963

Renal agenesis, 997

Renal amyloidosis, 996

Renal calculi, 973

Renal defects, 997

Renal disease, laboratory tests, 396-397 Renal encephalopath, 999

Renal failure, polyuric, 1529-1530

Renal oxalosis, 334, 997

Renal proteinuria, 440

Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism, 1382, 1407-1408, 1408t

Renal system, diseases of, 956-1005 Renal tubular acidosis, 979-980, 980t Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), 1389-1390

Repeat breeder, 196-198, 196b-197b

Repeats in the structural toxin (RTX), 1294-1295

Repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS), 1012-1013, 1012t

Replacement beef heifers, 1554t-1555t Replacement fluid therapy, for neurologic trauma, 1533-1534

Reproduction, cycle of, 1787/ Reproductive disease

in acute BVDV, 824-826, 825/ poisonous plants as cause of, 1779-1781

Reproductive system, diseases of, 1456-1519 Reserpine, 1454, 1799

Respirators, 1572

Respiratory acidosis, 409-410, 410b Respiratory alkalosis, 410, 410b Respiratory coronavirus, 647t-648t Respiratory difficulty, in calves, 343-347, 343b

Respiratory disease

in acute BVD, 824

in beef calves, 673 in beef cattle, 674 in cattle, 674 chief complaints for, 515 in dairy calves, 672-673 in feedlot cattle, 673-674 general evaluation of, 515-517 in goats, 674 guttural pouch catheterization evaluations, 523

history-taking, 515 immunologic techniques for, 523-524 lung biopsy evaluations, 523 molecular techniques for, 524 nucleic acid-based techniques for, 524 physical examination of, 515-517 polymerase chain reaction evaluations, 524 presenting signs of, 515 in sheep, 674 sinus trephination evaluations, 522-523 in stocker cattle, 673-674 thoracocentesis evaluations, 521-522, 522/ undifferentiated ruminant

anti-inflammatory therapy for, 672 antimicrobial therapy for, 669-672 antiviral therapy for, 672 bacteria, 669

in beef calves, 673, 675, 677

in beef cattle, 674, 676

in cattle, 674-676

clinical pathology of, 667 clinical signs of, 665-666 control of, 676-679 in dairy calves, 672-673, 675b diagnostic approach, 666-667 environmental risk factors for, 674-676 epidemiology of, 672-674 in feedlot cattle, 673-674 in goats, 674, 676, 679

Respiratory disease (Continued) history-taking, 665 host risk factors for, 674-676 immune status assessments, 667 immunomodulators for, 672 maternal antibody effect on response to vaccination for, 678-679 metaphylactic antimicrobial therapy for, 679

microbiological tests, 668-679 necropsy findings, 667-668 prevention of, 676-679 risk factors for, 674-676 in sheep, 674, 676, 679 in stocker cattle, 673-674 supportive therapy for, 672 treatment of, 669-672 vaccination for, 678-679, 679b viruses, 668-669

Respiratory distress, 60-68 blood gas analysis of, 67 causes of, 63b-65b complete blood count in, 67 definition of, 60 diagnostic approach to, 66-68 endoscopic examination of, 67 in foals, 253 hemoglobin, detection of abnormal, 67 history-taking, 66 in horses, 63b-64b insufflation of 100% oxygen, 67 pathophysiology of, 60-68 physical examination of, 66-67 radiographic examination of, 67 in ruminants, 64b-65b treatment of, 298-299 ultrasound examination of, 67-68

Respiratory failure, 246

Respiratory function alterations in, 43-81 testing, 524-526

Respiratory inductive plethysmography, 525-526, 525/

Respiratory infection, 296-297 in ruminants, 346-347

Respiratory protection, 1572

Respiratory rate in acute abdomen, 850 assessment of, 60 description of, 7t

Respiratory secretions, 520-521 Respiratory sounds abnormal, 73-74 description of, 71

Respiratory system arterial blood gas analysis of, 519-520, 519/

evaluation of, 59 in horses, 16, 76 resistance, 595 training-related adaptations, 76 Respiratory tract endoscopy of, 517 evaluation of, in exercise intolerance, 77-78

exercise-induced, 234 in foals, 253-254 fungal infections of

Acremonium strictum, 558 adiaspiromycosis, 558 amphotericin B, 552 antifungal agents for, 552-554 aspergillosis, 555-557, 557/ azoles, 552-554, 554t blastomycosis, 556t, 557 candidiasis, 556t, 558 clinical signs of, 551 Respiratory tract (Continued) coccidiomycosis, 558 conidiobolomycosis, 554-555 cryptococcosis, 555, 556t definition of, 550-551 diagnostic sampling of, 551-552 etiologic agents, 554-559 etiology of, 550-551 histopathologic studies for, 551 histoplasmosis, 556t, 557-558, 558/ immune function testing for, 552 iodide therapy for, 554 microbiological culture for, 551 molecular techniques for, 552 organisms that cause, 553t pneumocystosis, 556t, 558-559 pseudallescheriasis, 555 scopulariopsis, 558 treatment of, 552-559, 556t heat dissipation in, 63-66 nuclear medicine imaging of, 519-524 radiographs of, 517-518 ultrasonography of, 518-519

Restraint, during ophthalmic examination, 1267

Restriction fragment length polymorphism, 475

Resuscitation

in fluid therapy, 801-802 foal, 244-245

Retained fetal membranes, 207-209, 1472 in camelids, 1474 in cows, 1473 in does, 208, 1474 in ewes, 208, 1474 history-taking, 208 in mares, 207, 208b, 1472 physical examination of, 208-209 in ruminants, 208, 208b, 1473-1474 Reticulated leukotrichia, 1347, 1348/ Reticulitis, 861-862 Reticulocytes, 460-461 Reticuloomasal orifice, obstruction of, 865 Reticuloruminal fermentive function, disorders of, 867-877

Reticuloruminal milk accumulation, 878, 878/

Reticuloruminal motor function, disorders of, 859-867

Retina

separation of, 1271/ trauma to, 1281, 1281/ Retinal degeneration, 1271/ Retinal vessels, 1270-1271, 1270/ Retinitis, 1308 Retroperitoneal abscess, in ruminants, 882-883

Retropharyngeal lymph nodes abscessation of, 609-612 description of, 559, 610

Retropulsion, 1268

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

in bovine viral diarrhea virus, 828 respiratory disease evaluations, 524 Reynolds number, 87 Rhabdomyolysis

acute, 1434-1435, 1434/ chemical toxins as cause of, 1440-1441 creatine kinase levels in, 79 exertional, 1425-1426, 1425b, 1444-1454 causes of, 1445 chronic, 1446 clinical signs of, 1444, 1444/ description of, 1381 dietary imbalances as cause of, 1445 etiology of, 1445

Rhabdomyolysis (Continued) exhaustion as cause of, 1445 in horses, 1444 idiopathic, 1446 management of, 1446 overexertion as cause of, 1445 polysaccharide storage myopathy. see Polysaccharide storage myopathy recurrent, 1451-1452 severe, 1446 sporadic, 1445 treatment of, 1445-1446 fluid therapy for, 1536, 1536b in foals, 266 hypothyroidism associated with, 1366 ionophores as cause of, 1440 nonexertional

description of, 1425-1426, 1425b, 1432-1444

inflammatory myopathies, 1432-1434 nutritional, 1437-1442, 1438t, 1439/ serum enzyme alterations in, 1425 severe, 1446

Streptococcus equi associated with, 1434-1436

toxic, 1437-1442 toxic plants as cause of, 1441 traumatic, 1442-1444

Rhinitis equine, 577 mycotic aspergillus, 557

Rhodococcus equi

active immunization for, 547-548 airborne concentration of, 539 antibody-mediated immunity to, 540 cell-mediated immunity to, 540-541, 547-548

characteristics of, 540 chemoprophylaxis for, 548 chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia caused by, 468-469

description of, 535-536 diarrhea caused b, 100 in domestic animal species, 537 enteritis, 762-763 genotypic variability in isolates of, 539 in horses, 538 hyperimmune equine plasma, 540 immunity to, 540-541 immunization for, 547 isolates of, 538 molecular testing for, 468-469 passive immunization for, 547 pathogenesis of, 538-539 phagocytic cell interactions with, 539-540 in pigs, 537 screening for, 546-547 vertebral osteomyelitis, 266 virulence of, 537-538 zoonotic disease caused by, 1578t-1585t Rhodococcus equi infections

abdominal form of, 536, 537/ in adult horses, 537, 540 ancillary therapies for, 545 bacteremic spread of, 537 bronchopneumonia caused by, 535-548, 536/, 1289

clinical manifestations of, 536-538 cytology culture of, 543 diagnosis of, 541-543 epidemiology of, 539 extrapulmonary disorders caused by, 536-537

on farms, 546-548 in foals, 431, 438, 463, 537, 541 imaging techniques for, 541-542, 542/ intestinal lesions, 536

Rhodococcus equi infections (Continued)

laboratory tests, 541

macrolides for, 543, 544t

ocular lesions secondary to, 536

polymerase chain reaction amplification of, 543

polysynovitis associated with, 537 prevention of, 546-548 prognosis for, 545-548

pulmonary disease caused by, 536

septic arthritis, 1208

serology of, 542

thoracic radiography of, 541-542 treatment of, 543-545, 544t

Rhodococcus erythropolis, 538

Rhodococcus jostii, 538 Rhododendron, 1776t-1778t

Rhodopsin, 1056

Rib(s)

bone marrow collection from, 453, 454/-455/

fractures of, 16

resection of, thoracotomy with, 534-535, 534/-535/

Ribcage, 6

Richter hernia, 769

Ricin, 232

Ricinus communis, 232

Rickets, 1406-1407

Ricobendazole, 1678t

Rifampin

bronchopneumonia treated with, 531t for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis cellulitis, 1325

tuberculosis treated with, 697

Rift Valley fever, 948-949, 1578t-1585t

Right displaced abomasum, 6, 6/

Right displacement of the abomasum (RDA), 887

Right dorsal colitis, 712, 1153

Right dorsal displacement, of large colon, 781

Right dorsal ulcerative colitis (RDUC)

in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity, 798

treatment of, 800

Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, 483

Righting response, 123-124

Rinderpest, 112t, 836-837

Ring womb, 308

Ringer's solution, 1142

Risk aversion, 1564

RN(-) glycogen storage disease, 1455

RNS. see Repetitive nerve stimulation Roaring, 130

Robert Jones-type bandage, 1257 Rodenticides, 1162

aluminum phosphide, 1807-1808 anticoagulant, 1808 metaldehyde, 1808

sodium monofluoroacetate, 1808

strychnine, 1809

zinc phosphide, 1807-1808

Rosary pea, 1776t-1778t

Rose bengal stain, 1271 Ross River virus, 1017

Rostral mandibular masses, in ruminants, 808-809, 808/-809/

Rostral mandibulectomy, for rostral mandibular masses, 809

Rotavirus

diarrhea and, 355, 365

environment and, 363

equine, 471

in fecal examination, 718

neonatal diarrhea and, 351

Rotavirus (Continued)

sodium hypochlorite for, 363 vaccination for, 1626-1627

Roughage, poor-quality, indigestion of, 865 Rouleaux, 425

Rumen

auscultation of, 6-7 fluid analysis, 873 palpation of, 6-7 in ruminants, 839 sodium concentrations, 1055 sulfur metabolic pathways in, 1052 tympany, causes of, 865t

Rumenitis, 861-862 Rumenitis-liver abscess complex, 940, 940/ Rumenotomy, for abomasal impaction, 894-895

Ruminal alkalosis, 873

Ruminal bloat, sudden death caused by, 231 Ruminal contractions, 6-7

Ruminal development, problems in, 878-879 Ruminal drinking syndrome, 878, 878/ Ruminal fluid chloride, 875

Ruminal ingesta, putrefaction of, 873 Ruminal microbial flora, inactivity of, 868 Ruminal parakeratosis, 862

Ruminal tympany, 879 Ruminants

abdomen, ultrasonography of, 838-847 abdominal distention in, 106-107, 108b abdominal pain in, 848 abnormal offspring syndrome in, 308-309 abnormal peripheral pulse in, 93-94, 93/, 94b

abomasal dilation in, 893

abomasal displacement in, 885-889 abomasal impaction in, 893-895 abomasal ulcers in, 842, 843/, 889-893 abomasal volvulus in, 888 abomasum in, 840-841, 842/ abortion in, 199

Brucella abortus, 1498 Campylobacter /etus subsp. venerealis, 1498 causes of, 1495t epizootic bovine, 1497

Histophilus somni as cause of, 1499 leptospirosis, 1496

Listeria monocytogenes, 1499 Mycoplasma, 1499 noninfectious causes of, 1494 actinobacillosis in, 810-811, 810/ actinomycosis in, 811-813, 812/ acute abdomen in, 847-854, 849/ acute urethral obstruction in, 984-985 agalactia in, 210-211, 211b alimentary disease in, 804-920 amyloidosis in, 996 anestrus in, 195b, 1462t antithrombin III reductions in, 447b ascites in, 84b assessment of fetal viability in, 309-311 assessment of fetal vitality in, 313-314, 313t

bladder rupture in, 986 bluetongue in, 111-113, 112t, 817-820, 818/

body temperature, 5, 5t

bovine papular stomatitis in, 816-817 bovine viral diarrhea virus, diseases caused b, 820-830, 822/

breeding season in, 1456-1457 broken teeth in, 807 bronchopneumonia in, 645-646, 646b, 666 cardiac arrhythmias in, 85b cardiac murmurs in, 87b cervicitis in, 1485 choke in, 837-838

Ruminants (Continued)

Clostridium perfringens toxins, diseases caused by, 899-903 coat length and density abnormalities in, 184-187, 186b

cobalt deficiency in, 918-919, 918t, 919f coccidiosis in, 1689-1692, 1691t colic in, 102, 103b, 105 contagious ecthyma in, 814-816, 815f copper deficiency in, 119, 915-917 coughing in, 45 b crusting in, 184b cystitis in, 994 deciduous teeth, developmental anomalies and retention of, 807

decreased growth in, 143 b, 147-148 decreased weight gain in, 143 b, 147-148 dental abnormalities in, 113, 113b dental attrition in, 805-806 dental caries in, 807, 807f dental disease in, 804-805 dental erosion in, 805-806 dental fluorosis in, 808 dentigerous cysts in, 806-807 diarrhea in, 97-98, 99b, 101-102 dysphagia in, 110-111, 111b dystocia in, 206b, 312-313 dysuria in, 168b ear mites in, 1071 early dilation syndrome in, 308 ectopic ureters in, 997-998 edema in, 84b electrolyte issues in, 1401 enlargement in, 222-223 environmental management in, 309 enzootic hematuria in, 993 eosinophilia in, 432b epidermolysis bullosa in, 1348-1349 erosions in, 182b esophageal dilation in, 838 esophageal disorders in, 837-838 excessive salivation in, 809 exercise intolerance in, 89-90, 89b fecal output in, 95 fescue toxicosis in, 202-203 fever in, 36b, 39b-40b fluid therapy in, 1541-1544, 1541t foot-and-mouth disease in, 834-836 forestomachs of, 839-842, 841f-842f glomerulonephritis in, 996-997 heart rate in, 7, 7t hematuria in, 170b hemolytic uremic syndrome in, 959 hemostatic data in, 443t hiatal hernia in, 838 history, 2-13

obtaining, 2, 3f hydropic conditions in, 308 hydrops allantois, 308, 308t hydrops amnii in, 308, 308t hyperfibrinogenemia in, 438b hyperglobulinemia in, 436b hyperproteinemia in, 436, 437b hypofibrinogenemia in, 447b hypogalactia in, 211b icterus in, 113-115, 114b immunologic disorders, 1759-1763 incontinence in, 168b indigestion in, 854-879, 855b, 856t-857t, 857f

induction of parturition in, 311 influenza virus in, 655-656 jugular venous distention and pulsation in, 91b

kidneys in, 845-846, 846f-848f lameness in, 217-218 large intestine in, 842-843, 844f

Ruminants (Continued)

lead poisoning in, 1059-1061 leptospirosis in, 1002-1005, 1654-1655 liquid diets for, 1698 liver flukes in, 934-939 liver in, 843-845, 844f-846f Lyme disease in, 1190-1191 lymph node enlargement in, 92-93, 93b lymphocytosis in, 433b lymphopenia in, 433b macromineral and bone problems of, 1392-1408

malignant catarrhal fever in, 830-833 mammary gland enlargement in, 209-210, 209b

maternal nutrition in, 309, 310b megaesophagus in, 838 melena in, 105-106, 106b meningitis in, 1042-1045 molar teeth, overgrown or loose, 807 muffled heart sounds in, 89b muscle spasms in, 226, 226t myoclonus in, 226, 226t nasal discharge in, 53b-54b, 56b nephrolithiasis in, 986 neutropenia in, 432b neutrophilia, 431b oak (acorn) toxicosis in, 903-905 obesity in, 165 obstructive intestinal diseases in, 895-899 omasum in, 839 oral disease in, 804-805 oral vesicles, erosions, ulcers, or growths in, 111-115, 112b

osteodystrophia fibrosis in, 807 other abdominal structures of, 846-847 otitis interna in, 1070-1071 otitis media in, 1070-1071 painful peripheral swellings in, 92, 92b papules in, 183b paratuberculosis in, 911-915 parenteral nutrition in, 1700-1702 paresis in, 224-225, 225b parotid gland carcinomas in, 810 pelvic entrapment of bladder, 992-993 perinatal adaptation in, 311-314, 312t periodontal disease in, 806 peripartum, 307-314 peripheral edema in, 84b peritoneal cavity of, 839, 840f-841f peritoneal fluid of, 839, 840f-841f peritonitis in, 879-883 peste des petits ruminants in, 836-837 pharyngeal trauma in, 641-642, 641f-642f and abscess, 813-814, 814f pigmentation abnormalities in, 187-188, 188b

pigmenturia in, 170b pleural effusion in, 84b polyuria in, 172b precocious mammary gland development in, 211, 211b

prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, 446b

prolonged gestation, 205b prolonged prothrombin time in, 445b pruritus in, 179-180, 180b pseudorabies in, 1038-1039 pustules in, 183b pyoderma in, 1323 pyometra in, 1481 pyuria in, 170-171, 171b rectal prolapse in, 919-920, 920f regurgitation in, 108-110, 109b repeat breeding in, 197b respiratory distress in, 64b-65b respiratory tract diseases in, 646b

Ruminants (Continued) retained fetal membranes in, 208, 208b, 1473-1474

reticuloruminal fermentive function, disorders of, 867-877

reticuloruminal motor function, disorders of, 859-867, 860t

rinderpest in, 112t ring womb in, 308 rostral mandibular masses in, 808-809, 808f-809f

rumen in, 839 salivary duct atresia in, 809-810 salivary gland diseases in, 809-810 salmonellosis in, 905-911 scaling in, 184b

sexual function alterations in, 189-193, 190b-191b

sialoadenitis in, 810 sialocele in, 810 sinusitis in, 639-641, 639f-640f skin nodules, tumors, or swellings in, 181b small intestines in, 842-843, 843f spinal cord trauma in, 1089-1090 spontaneous fractures in, 1260-1261 sporozoan infections in, 1046-1047 stiffness in, 217-218 stranguria in, 168b stridor in, 73b suffolk sheep in, emptying defect of, 893 sulfur toxicity in, 1404 swellings in, 222-223 teeth

anatomy of, 804-805, 804f eruption of, 805 examination of, 805, 805f thrombocytopenia in, 443b tooth root abscess in, 807-808 tracheal aspirates in, 520-521 tracheal collapse in, 643-644 traumatic reticuloperitonitis in, 883-885 tremors in, 136t tubular necrosis in, 999-1002 ulcers in, 182b urachal disorders in, 991-992 ureterolithiasis in, 986 urethral rupture in, 985-986, 985f urinary bladder in

eversion and prolapse of, 992

rupture of, 986

urinary incontinence in, 168b urinary tract in, 845-846, 848f urinary tract infections in, 994-996 urolithiasis in, 984-991 uterine prolapse in, 1483 uterine torsion in, 307 vaginal prolapse, 307-308 vertebral fractures in, 1089-1090 vesicles in, 183b vesicular stomatitis in, 111-113, 112t, 833-834, 833f

vomiting in, 108-110 weakness in, 89-90, 89b weight loss in, 155b-156b, 159-164 Rupture, gastric, in horses, 742 Russian knapweed, 1772t-1774t Ryanodine receptor 1 gene, 1443 Ryegrass staggers, perennial, 1074-1075, 1772t-1774t

S

Saccbaropolyspora rectivirgula, 651 Sacrocaudal epidural anesthesia, 168 Sagebrush, 1772t-1774t Salicylanilides, 1693

Salicylic acid derivatives, 31

Salinomycin, 1691t, 1802

Saliva loss, from dysphagia, 110

Salivary cutaneous fistula, 725

Salivary duct agenesia, in ruminants, 809-810

Salivary duct atresia, in ruminants, 809-810 Salivary gland diseases, in ruminants, 809-810

Salivary glands and ducts, equine, 725 Salivary mucocele, 725

Salivation, excessive, in ruminants, 809 Salmonella spp.

abortion, 1493, 1500 bacterial enteritides caused by, 1292 control of, in veterinary hospital, 911 diagnostic tests, 359 diarrhea and, 354

in neonatal foals, 300 Dublin, 346-347, 906-907 enteritis, 907 environmental contamination in, 907-908 in horses, 771 immunity to, 354 infection control for, 1587-1588 polymerase chain reaction assays for diagnosis of, 470 reductions of, 364-365

S. enterica, 940, 1578t-1585t

S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, 771 serogroups, 906 vaccination, 1660, 1661t vaccines for, 909

Salmonellosis, 229 in horses, 771-772 clinical findings in, 771 clostridial enterocolitis and, 774 diagnosis of, 772 epidemiology of, 771 prevention of, 772, 772/ treatment of, 772, 772/ in ruminants, 905-911

clinical pathology of, 907 clinical signs of, 906-907 control of, 907-911 definition of, 905-907 differential diagnosis of, 906-907 enteric, 910

epidemiology of, 907-911, 909t etiology of, 905-907, 906t necropsy findings in, 910 pathophysiology of, 907 septicemic, 910 treatment of, 910-911

Salpingitis, 1471-1472

Salt intoxication, 1401

Salt poisoning, 132t-133t, 1054-1055 clinical pathology of, 1054-1055 clinical signs of, 1054 control of, 1055 definition of, 1054 diagnosis of, 1054-1055 epidemiology of, 1054 etiology of, 1054 pathogenesis of, 1054 pathology of, 1055 treatment of, 1055

Salter Harris type 1 fracture, 331

Sand impactions, of large colon, 780-781 SAO. see Silica-associated osteoporosis Saprophytic fungi, 1076

Sarcobatus vermiculata, 233-234 Sarcocystis abortion, 1501

Sarcocystis spp. description of, 132t-133t infection, description of, 1046-1047 S. arieticanis, 838

S. neurona, 469, 1082

Sarcocystosis, description of, 1436-1437 Sarcoid, equine, 1313-1314, 1314/, 1338-1342, 1341/

Sarcoidosis, equine, 1350, 1350/, 1726t-1728t

Sarcoptic mange, 1333 “Saw-horse” stance, 3-5

Scabby mouth. see Contagious ecthyma (CE) Scaling, 183-184, 184b

Scandinavian knuckling syndrome, 1106-1107

SCCs. see Squamous cell carcinomas Schiff-Sherrington syndrome, 139 Schirmer’s tear test, 1268

Schmallenberg virus, 1058

Scintigraphy

for cough evaluations, 50

in equine alimentary system, 716-717 muscle diseases evaluations, 1423 navicular disease, 1230 septic arthritis, 1210

suspensory ligament desmitis, 1254 Sclera, examination of, 328 Scopulariopsis, 558 Scour Bos 9, 1658

ScourGuard 4KC, 1658 Scouring rush, 1772t-1774t

Scours vaccines, 1658-1661

Scrapie, 132t-133t, 1037-1038, 1290 clinical signs of, 1037 control of, 1038

definition of, 1037 diagnosis of, 1037-1038 epidemiology of, 1037 etiology of, 1037 pathogenesis of, 1037 public health considerations in, 1038 treatment of, 1038

Screwworm infestation, 1334-1335 Scrotal circumference

of bull, 8-9, 8t

of ram, 8-9, 9t

Scrotum

epidural analgesic drug administration into, 28

examination of, 190-192

SDF. see Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter Seasonal anestrus, 1459-1461

Seasonal pasture myopathy, 1441 Seborrhea, equine, 1345-1346 Secondary abomasal distention, 894 Secondary brain injur, 1023 Secondary cycle activity, 861 Secondary hyperparathyroidism, 1382 Secondary indigestions, in ruminants, 855 Secondary lameness, 215

Secretory diarrhea, 97, 334

Secretory myelomas, 1187

Sedation, for acute abdomen, 852 Sedative-analgesic drugs

α2-adrenergic agonists, 32

description of, 31

opioids, 31-32

Sedatives, 15

Segmental aplasia, 1484

Segmental defects, 1484

Segmental myelitis, 140t Seizures, 281, 281b

aura before, 121

in calves, 327

central nervous system lesions, 117t characteristics of, 121

in foal, 257

focal, 121, 1028-1029 generalized, 121, 1028-1029 hypocalcemic, 1380 narcolepsy-cataplexy versus, 1030

Seizures (Continued)

postictal phase of, 121

signs and symptoms of, 131-132 treatment of, 1025

Selective IgG2 deficiency, 1761

Selective IgM deficiency, 17251, 1743 Selenium

description of, 1437-1438, 1438t toxicosis caused b, 1782

Selenomonas ruminantium, 870

Semen

collection of, 192 quality assessments, 192 volume, 189

Semicoma, 117t Semimembranosus muscle strain, 1444 Seminal vesiculitis, 1517-1518 Semitendinosus muscle strain, 1444 Sensitivity, in peritonitis, 790 Sepsis, 742-756

acute diarrhea and, 777 cardiovascular resuscitation for, 751-753 causes of, removal of, 753 classification of, 744/ clinical signs of, 750 clinicopathologic signs of, 750-751 colloids for, 1529 definition of, 1528-1529 definitions of, 742-745, 743/, 744t, 746t early, systemic inflammatory response syndrome in, 747-750, 748/, 749t fluid therapy for, 1528-1529, 1528b, 1543 in foals, 267-274

antiacid therapy for, 272 antiendotoxin therapy for, 272 antifungal therapy for, 272 antimicrobial therapy for, 270-272, 270t-271t

blood culture in, 270 cardiovascular support for, 272-273 causative organisms of, 267-269, 268t clinicopathologic findings in, 269-270 definitive diagnosis of, 270 focal infection, 273 leukopenia in, 269 outcomes of, 273-274 physical examination findings in, 269, 269/

predisposing factors of, 267 preventative strategies for, 274 prognosis of, 273-274 sequelae of, 273 therapy for, 270-272

future treatment considerations for, 756 hypocalcemia caused by, 1381 laminitis, prevention of, 753 late, immunosuppression in, 750 in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity, 798

pathophysiology of, 745-750 polydipsia associated with, 977 polyuria associated with, 977 severe, 744

stage of, assessment of, 751 treatment of, 751-756, 752/ miscellaneous, 755-756

on vascular tone, 749 Septic arthritis, 266 antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads for, 1212-1213

antibiotics for, 1212-1213 arthrocentesis for, 1210, 1210t in calves, 1207 in cattle, 1213

computed tomography of, 1210, 1211/ diagnosis of, 1209-1211, 1210t

Septic arthritis (Continued) facilitated ankylosis for, 1213 in foals

adjunctive therapy for, 279 classification of, 274-275 computed tomography of, 1211f diagnosis of, 275-277, 275b, 276f drainage and lavage of the septic joint for, 278-279, 278f etiology of, 275 illustration of, 1208f local antibiotic therapy for, 277-278 magnetic resonance imaging of, 1210-1211, 1211f management of, 279 pathophysiology of, 275 prognosis of, 279-280 synovial fluid analysis for, 275 systemic antibiotic therapy for, 277 treatment of, 277-280 ultrasonography for, 276, 276f incidence of, 1207 joint drainage and lavage for, 1211-1212 in neonatal ruminants, 378-379 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for, 1213

nuclear scintigraphy for, 1210 pathogenesis of, 1208-1209 prognosis for, 1213-1214 risk factors for, 1207 synovial fluid analysis for, 1210, 1210t treatment of, 1211-1213 type E, 1208 type I, 1208, 1209f type F, 1208, 1208f type S, 1208 type T, 1208, 1209f

Septic cardiac emboli, in hepatic abscesses,

942

Septic emboli, 698

Septic osteomyelitis, 279 Septic pericarditis, 502-503 Septic renal disease, in foals, 963 Septic shock, 272 in calves, 336

Septic thrombophlebitis, 506, 506f Septicemia, 335-338, 337t antimicrobial therapy for, 336 endotoxemia and, 744 foals, 557f neonatal, 335, 1289 ocular manifestations of, 1289 in ruminants, 335-338 Septum secundum, 311-312 Serologic testing, 669 Serology, in malignant catarrhal fever, 831 Serous nasal discharge, 52b-53b Serratia spp., 1125t, 1131 Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), for placentitis, 1491

Serum amyloid A (SAA), 439, 439t, 996, 1210

for placentitis, 1491 in traumatic reticuloperitonitis, 884 Serum bile acids (SBAs), in foals, 930 Serum biochemistry profiles in abomasal ulcers, 891 in acute abdomen, 851 for traumatic reticuloperitonitis, 884 Serum chemistry tests, in acute diarrhea, 776 Serum creatinine concentrations, in fluid therapy, 800-801

Serum enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, 115, 1422 creatine kinase, 1422 lactate dehydrogenase, 1422 muscular system evaluations, 1422, 1422f

Serum gastrin concentration, for abomasal ulcers, 891

Serum hepatitis, 927

Serum neutralization test, 669

Serum pepsinogen concentration, for abomasal ulcers, 891

Serum protein, 417

Serum protein electrophoresis, 435, 436f, 1729t-1732t

Serum sickness, 1726t-1728t

Serum total bile acid concentration, in liver function test, 925

Serum urea nitrogen (SUN), 925 Setaria spp., 1094, 1308, 1674

Severe acute bovine viral diarrhea virus infection, 823-824

Severe acute respiratory syndrome, 1572 Severe combined immunodeficiency, 559, 1725t, 1729t-1732t, 1739-1741, 1740f Severe sepsis, 744

Severe sprain, 1219 Sex-linked traits, 1705 Sex reversals, 1465

Sexual differentiation monosomy X, 1464 stages of, 1464 XXY syndrome, 1464

Sexual dimorphism, equine, 721

Sexual function alterations

cyclic irregularity, 193-194, 193b dystocia, 205-207, 205b-206b male, 189-193, 190b-192b prolonged gestation, 204-211, 205b repeat breeder, 196-198, 196b-197b

Sexually transmitted diseases, endometritis caused by, 1475

Shaker calf syndrome, 1078t-1079t Sheep

abortion in, 199 adenoviruses of, 656 arterial pH in, 519t bluetongue in, 1290 body condition scoring in, 161f, 161t border disease in, 132t-133t, 1033-1034 bovine parainfluenza virus 3 in, 653-654 Branhamella ovis keratoconjunctivitis in, 1285

breeding season in, 1456 bronchopneumonia in, 645-646, 646b Brucella melitensis abortion in, 1504 cerebrospinal fluid normal values in, 1008t chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis in, 1284 clostridial myonecrosis in, 1433 Clostridium perfringens type D in, 901-902 coenurosis in, 1061-1062 copper toxicosis in, 232-233, 1175 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in, 1192

daily nutrient requirements for, 150t-151t, 163t

early dilation syndrome in, 308 Ehrlichia ruminantium infection in, 1048-1049

enzootic adenocarcinoma in, 1315 eperythrozoonosis in, 1168 estrous cycle irregularities, 193b, 194 foot rot in, 1243-1244 freemartins in, 1465 gastrointestinal nematode infections in, 1680-1685

genetic tests for, 1711t, 1715t and goat plague. see Peste des petits ruminants (PPR)

heart rate in, 85 heat stroke in, 34-35 icterus in, 115 kangaroo gait in, 1113

Sheep (Continued)

keratoconjunctivitis in, 1283 Listeria monocytogenes in, 1292 liver biopsy in, 926 lungworms of, 694-695 lymphoma in, 1344 mastitis in, 1148 melanomas in, 1343 mycoplasmal keratoconjunctivitis in, 1283

Oestrus ovis infestation in, 638-639, 1307 oral vesicles, erosions, ulcers, or growths in, 112t

ovine encephalomyelitis in, 1039

ovine hereditary chondrodysplasia in, 1205-1207, 1206f

ovine progressive pneumonia in, 687-689, 1032, 1148, 1215

palpation of, 5

paratuberculosis in, 912

peste des petits ruminants in, 1290 pseudopregnancy in, 1484-1485 pulmonary adenocarcinoma in, 689-690 pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity in, 934 respiratory disease in, 674 retropharyngeal lymph node abscessation in, 609-612

scrapie in, 1037-1038, 1290 serum protein values for, 436t sternum in, 452

ulcerative dermatosis in, 983

ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis in, 983f uterine infections in, 1480

vaccinations in, 1628-1635, 1629t-1631t Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever, 832

Sheep gid. see Coenurosis

Sheep keds, 1337 Sheeppox, 1329

Shiga toxin-producing E.coli, 353-354

Shiga toxins, 998

Shivering, 33

Short tandem repeats, 1709

Shunting

central cyanosis and, 69 definition of, 69

Sialoadenitis, 725

in ruminants, 810

Sialocele, in ruminants, 810

Sickle hock, 220

Siderophore receptors and porins, 365 Siderophores (SRPs), in salmonellosis, 909-910

Signalment, 118-119

Silage disease, 1067-1069 Silent estrus, 1462-1464 in camelids, 1464 in cows, 1462-1463 in does, 1463 in ewes, 1463 prognosis for, 1463 treatment of, 1463

Silent heat, 193-194

Silica-associated osteoporosis (SAO), 1385 Silica calculi, 988

Silicate associated osteoporosis, 1263-1265, 1264f

Silicosis, 598-599

Silver sulfadiazine, 1324

Simmental hereditary thrombopath, 1156-1157

Simple hair follicle, 185

Simple obstruction

of descending (small) colon, 784-786

of large intestine, 779

of small intestine, 765-766

Single-fiber electromyography, 1012t, 1013

Single nucleotide polymorphisms, 1706,

1709-1710, 1710b

Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms, 507 Sinus trephination, 522-523 Sinuses

erosive diseases of, 57 ethmoid hematoma, 620-622, 620f in horses, 522 pathologic conditions of, 57 percussion of, 16 sinusitis of, 618-620

Sinusitis

in horses, 618-620, 719-720 in ruminants, 639-641, 639f-640f

Skeletal muscle myopathy, 332 Skeletal system evaluation, 78-79 Skin

glanders manifestations of, 600, 600f poisonous plants that affect, 1781-1782 Skin biopsy, 178-179, 179f Skin diseases and disorders, 174-188, 1316-1351

albinism, 1347 alopecia areata, 1317 atopic dermatitis, 1317-1318 aural plaques, 1328, 1328f autoimmune, 1316-1317, 1749 besnoitiosis, 1338 bovine herpes mammillitis, 1329 bullous pemphigoid, 1317 chronic progressive lymphedema, 1350-1351

contact dermatitis, 1321-1322 crusting, 183-184, 184b Culicoides hypersensitivity, 1333-1334, 1333f

cutaneous amyloidosis, 1349, 1350f cutaneous habronemiasis, 1337-1338 cutaneous lymphosarcoma, 1344 cysts, 1344 dermatophilosis, 1322-1323, 1322f dermatophytosis, 1329-1330, 1329f-1330f diagnostic techniques for

acetate tape preparation, 177 bacterial culture, 179 biops, 178-179, 179f cytologic studies, 178 deep fungal culture, 179 Dermatopbilus congolensis preparation, 177-178, 178f

dermatophyte culture, 174-177, 177f immunopathology, 179 microfilarial preparation, 179 potassium hydroxide preparation, 177, 177f

skin scrapings, 174

subcutaneous fungal culture, 179 digital dermatitis, 1325-1326 drug eruption, 1321, 1321f environmental, 1344-1345 eosinophilic granuloma, 1349, 1349f epidermolysis bullosa, 1348-1349 equine sarcoidosis, 1350, 1350f equine seborrhea, 1345-1346 erythema multiforme, 1319, 1320f folliculitis, 1323-1324 frostbite, 1344 furunculosis, 1323-1324 goatpox, 1329 heel cracks, 1326-1327 heel horn erosion, 1326-1327 hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia, 1347-1348, 1348f histoplasmosis, 1331 history-taking, 174, 175f hyperesthetic leukotrichia, 1347 hypersensitivity disorders, 1317-1322

Skin diseases and disorders (Continued) hypoderma, 1336-1337 impetigo, 1323-1324 interdigital dermatitis, 1326-1327 juvenile Arabian leukoderma, 1347, 1347f linear alopecia, 1346-1347 linear keratosis, 1346-1347 lymphosarcoma, 1344

Malassezia dermatitis, 1330 mange, 1332-1333. see also Mange mastocytosis, 1343 melanoma, 1343 milk allergy, 1319 nodules, 181-182 papillomas, 1327-1328, 1328f, 1328t papules, 182-183, 183b parasitic, 1331-1338 pediculosis, 1331-1332, 1331t pemphigus foliaceus, 1316-1317, 1317f pemphigus vulgaris, 1317 phaeohyphomycosis, 1331 photosensitization, 1345, 1346f physical examination of, 174, 176f pruritus, 179-180, 180b pseudocowpox, 1328-1329 pustules, 182-183, 183b pythiosis, 1331 reticulated leukotrichia, 1347, 1348f scaling, 183-184, 184b screwworm infestation, 1334-1335 seborrhea, 1345-1346 sheep keds, 1337 sheeppox, 1329 sporotrichosis, 1330-1331 squamous cell carcinoma, 1338 stephanofilariasis, 1336 swellings, 181-182 trombiculidiasis, 1332 tumors, 181-182 of unknown or genetic origin, 1345-1351

urticaria, 1318-1319, 1319b, 1320f ventral midline dermatitis, 1334 vesicles, 182-183, 183b vitiligo, 1347 warbles, 1336-1337 warts, 1327-1328, 1328f, 1328t zinc responsive dermatitis, 1351 zygomycosis, 1331

Skin nodules, 181-182 Skin tumors, 181-182 Skull fractures, 1022 Skull surgery, brain trauma treated with, 1025

Skunk cabbage, 1767t-1769t, 1776t-1778t Slap test, 127

Slaughter, 1554t-1555t Sleeper calves. see Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis

Sleeping sickness. see Cerebral trypanosomiasis

Small colon

descending, disorders of, 783-787 aganglionosis, 783-784 atresia coli, 783-784 congenital, 783-784 enteroliths, 784-785 fecaliths, 784-785 foreign bodies, 784-785 intramural hematoma, 786 meconium retention, 785-786 mesocolic tears, 786 neoplasia, 786 prognosis of, 787 rectal prolapse, 786 simple impaction, 784 simple obstructions, 784-786

Small colon (Continued)

strangulating lipoma, 786-787, 786f-787f

strangulating obstructions, 786-787 vascular lesions, 786

of equine alimentary system, 707, 708f Small intestine

calcium absorption in, 1377

diseases and disorders, diarrhea associated with, 97

in equine alimentary system, 707-710, 708f

distended loops of, 708, 708f-709f intussusception of, 710, 711f nonstrangulating obstructive lesions of, 710

strangulating obstructive lesions of, 710, 710f-711f

medical disorders of, 756-765 chyloabdomen, 765, 765f duodenitis-proximal jejunitis, 758-760 enteric pythiosis, 763 equine proliferative enteropath, 760-762

fibrosis, 765

inflammatory bowel disease, 763-764, 164f lymphangiectasia, 765

neoplasia, 764-765

Rhodococcus equi enteritis, 762-763 ulcerative duodenitis, 756-758, 757f

in ruminants, 842-843, 843f

surgical disorders of, 765-770

ascarid impaction, 765 diaphragmatic hernias, 769 epiploic foramen entrapment, 767-768 idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis, 766

ileal hypertrophy, 766

ileal impaction, 766

inguinal hernia, 769 intussusceptions, 769-770

Meckel diverticulum, 766, 766f mesenteric pedunculated lipoma, strangulation by, 768, 768f

simple obstruction, 765-766 strangulating obstruction, 767-770, 767f-768f

strangulating umbilical hernias, 769 strangulations, 770

volvulus, 768-769

volvulus of, 896

Small ruminant lentivirus infections, 1032-1033

Small ruminant lentiviruses, 687-688

Smart drenching method, 1682-1683 Smegma, 167

Smoke inhalation, 584-585, 643

Sneezeweed, 1772t-1774t, 1776t-1778t SOAP form, 17-18

Soaps, 1569

Sodium

deficiency of, 1430

in foals, 263

hypernatremia, 403, 403b

hyponatremia, 402-403, 403b

in ruminants, 1401

serum, 401-403

toxicity, 1401

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)

lidocaine and, 29

local anesthesia uses of, 29

renal tubular acidosis treated with, 980

Sodium fluoride, 1240t

Sodium hypochlorite, 363, 1567t

Sodium iodide

for actinobacillosis, 811

for actinomycosis, 813

Sodium molybdate, 1176 Sodium monofluoroacetate, 1808 Sodium monoiodoacetate, 1222-1223 Sodium overload, 263 Sodium sulfate, 1176

for large colon impaction, 780 Sodium sulfite, 323 Soft palate, equine anatomy of, 622 congenital defects of, 624-625, 624/-625/ cysts of, 625 dorsal displacement of, 594, 622-623, 622f, 624f

instability of, 594, 622-623 physiology of, 622

Solanum spp. storage disease, 136? Solar elastosis, 1338 Solar toe pain, 216 Sole abscesses, 1247 Soluble mediators, 1719? Somatic cell counts

of cow milk, 1118, 1120 of goat milk, 1147 Somatic cell nuclear transfer, 204 Somatotropin, 1414-1415 Somnolence, 265-267 Sonogram, in septic thrombophlebitis, 506f Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), 412, 924-925

Sore mouth. see Contagious ecthyma (CE) Sorghum toxicity, 140?, 1107-1108 clinical pathology of, 1108 clinical signs of, 1108 control of, 1108 definition of, 1107 epidemiology of, 1108 etiology of, 1107 necropsy findings, 1108 pathophysiology of, 1108 prognosis of, 1108 treatment of, 1108

Sotalol, 499?

Sound analysis, for dorsal displacement of

the soft palate, 623 Southern blots, 472-473 Soy protein, 389 Spastic paresis, 1078?-1079?, 1426 Specific-factor assays, 448 Specific gravit, 418 Sperm stasis, 1518-1519 Spermatic cord

examination of, 190-192 torsion of, 1516 Sphingolipids, 1790 Spider lamb syndrome, 1200, 1205-1207, 1206f, 1704-1705

Spinal abscesses, 1099-1100 clinical pathology of, 1100 clinical signs of, 1100 definition of, 1099-1100 etiology of, 1099-1100 pathogenesis of, 1100 pathology of, 1100 prevention of, 1100 radiographic findings of, 1100 treatment of, 1100

Spinal accessory nerve, 130 Spinal column, 6 Spinal cord

cervical, 138-139, 140? compression of, 266, 342 congenital abnormalities of, 1078?-1079? diseases manifesting with, 1077-1117 diseases of, 140?

lumbosacral region of, 139 sacrococcygeal region of, 139 trauma, 1089-1091

Spinal cord (Con?inued) clinical signs of, 1090 conservative management of, 1091 diagnosis of, 1090-1091 in horses, 1089 livestock, 1089-1090 pathophysiology of, 1090 prognosis for, 1091 in ruminants, 1089-1090 surgery for, 1091 treatment of, 1090-1091

Spinal cord injury, hyperosmolar therapy for, 1534-1535

Spinal deformities, 1096

Spinal dysmyelination, 1078?-1079?

Spinal dysraphism, 1096

Spinal reflexes, 124, 126-127

Spinal tumors, 1091-1092 clinical pathology of, 1091-1092 clinical signs of, 1091 treatment of, 1092

Spiral colon pings, 6

Splanchnic nerves, in reticuloruminal motilit, 860

Spleen, in equine alimentary system, 705-706, 706f

Splenic platelet sequestration, 443 Splenomegaly, 443

Spondylitis, 1233-1234, 1234f Spondylosis, 1234-1235

Spontaneous fractures, 1261

Spontaneous recovery, from cystic follicular degeneration, 1457

Sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis, 132?-133?, 1042

Sporadic lymphoma, 1181-1182

Sporo?hrix schenckii, 1330

Sporotrichosis, 600, 1330-1331 Sporozoan infection, 132?-133?

of ruminants, 1046-1047 clinical pathology of, 1047 clinical signs of, 1047 control of, 1047 definition of, 1046-1047 epidemiology of, 1047 etiology of, 1046-1047 pathogenesis of, 1047 pathology of, 1047 treatment of, 1047

Sprains, 1219-1221

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), 1487-1488

cutaneous, 1338

in equine stomach, 742, 742f urinary bladder, 971

Squamous gastric disease, equine, 735-737, 736f

Squirrel corn, 1772?-1774?

S^E-negative XX sex-reversed males, 1465-1466

S^E-positive XX sex-reversed males, 1465 Staggers syndromes, 1074-1077 bermudagrass staggers, 1075-1076 canarygrass staggers, 1076-1077 corynetoxicoses, 1076 differential diagnosis of, 1077 kikuyu grass poisoning, 1076 paspalum staggers, 1075 perennial ryegrass staggers, 1074-1075 tremorgenic mycotoxicoses, 1074-1076 Stained fevers, 38

Stallions

bacterial infections in, 1510 balanoposthitis in, 1509 fescue toxicosis effects on fertility of, 203 paraphimosis in, 1508 parasitic infestations in, 1512

Stallions (Con?inued)

penile deviations in, 1511

persistent penile frenulum in, 1511 phimosis in, 1506

sexual function alterations in, 189-193, 190b, 192b

testicular volume in, 190-192 tumors of penis and prepuce, 1511 urethral injury in, 1509 urethritis in, 1509

Stanchion head, 1022

Staphylococcal cellulitis, 1324

Staphylococcal pyoderma, 1323 S?aphylococcus spp.

S. aureus

in heifers, 1145

iatrogenic joint infection caused by, 1208-1209

mastitis caused by, 1125?, 1128-1129, 1667

methicillin-resistant, 1323-1324, 1572, 1578?-1585?, 1590-1591

vaccination for, 1665?-1666?

S. in?ermedius, 1320

S. pseudoin?ermedius, 1323

Star thistle poisoning. see Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia

Starling’s equation, 1521-1522

Stars of Winslow, 1269-1270

Static compliance, 525

Stenosis, vagal indigestion and, 863 S?ephanofilaria spp., 1336 Stephanofilariasis, 1336

Sternal edema, 528

Sternum

bone marrow collection in, 452-453, 453f in llamas, 452-453

in ruminants, 452

in sheep, 452

Steroids

for seasonal anestrus, 1459

surfactant production and, 311

Stertorous breathing, 253

Stiffness, 212-218

approach to diagnosis of, 212-217

in horse, 212-217

in horses, 212-217, 213b

major component of, 218b

mechanisms of, 212

in ruminants, 217-218

Stifle joint

postural changes associated with, 220 swelling of, 222-223

Stillbirth

causes of, 312

in horses, 238b

Stocker cattle

respiratory disease in, 673-674 vaccinations for, 1637b

Stockers, 1554?-1555?

Stomach

disorders of, 735-742

in equine alimentary system, 705 equine gastric glandular disease in, 737-740, 738f, 741?

equine squamous gastric disease in, 735-737, 736f

miscellaneous diseases of, 742

Storage diseases, 1072-1074

clinical pathology of, 1074

clinical signs of, 1073-1074 pathology of, 1074

prevention of, 1074

treatment of, 1074

Strabismus, 117?, 1078?-1079?, 1272

Strangulating lipoma, in descending (small) colon, 786-787, 786f-787f

Strangulating obstruction

in descending (small) colon, 786-787

in large intestine, 782

in small intestine, 767-770, 767f-768f Strangulating obstructive lesions, of small intestine, 710, 710f-711f Strangulating umbilical hernias, 769 Strangulations, in small intestine, 770 Stranguria

causes of, 166, 168b definition of, 166 diagnostic approach to, 166-169 in foals, 986

rectal prolapse secondary to, 166 signs of, 166, 167f

Streak canal, 1119

Streptococcus agalactiae, 1125t, 1129-1130 Streptococcus equi

antimicrobials for, 563 brain abscess caused b, 1045 clinical signs of, 559-564, 559f complications of, 563-564 description of, 468, 1292 diagnostic approach to, 560-562, 560t environmental persistence of, 560 epidemiology of, 560 glanders versus, 600 guttural pouch empyema caused by, 616 immunity to, 560 infection control for, 1589 lymph node abscessation, 563 lymphadenopathy caused by, 559, 559f metastatic spread of, 563 nasal shedding of, 560 outbreaks of, 562, 562t, 563f pathogenesis of, 559-560 polymerase chain reaction of, 561, 561f purpura hemorrhagica, 563-564 rhabdomyolysis associated with, 1434-1436

serologic testing for, 561 transmission control, 562t transmission of, 560 treatment of, 562-564 vaccination, 561, 1604t-1612t, 1622-1624 Streptomyces spp., 199 “Stress response”, 401 Stridor, 7-8, 71-75

aspiration of, 75 biopsy of, 75 complete blood count for, 75 cranial nerve dysfunction and, 136-137

definition of, 71 diagnostic approach to, 72-75 endoscopic examination, 74-75 field exercise testing for, 73 history-taking, 72 in horses, 72b inspiratory, 329 nasopharyngeal swabbing for, 75 pathophysiology of, 71-75 physical examination of, 72-73 radiographic examination of, 75 in ruminants, 73b ultrasound of, 75 in yearlings, 74

Stringhalt, 140t, 1108-1110, 1108f clinical pathology of, 1109 clinical signs of, 1108-1109 pathology of, 1109 pathophysiology of, 1109 prognosis of, 1110 treatment of, 1109-1110

Stromal abscess, 1287-1288 Strong ion difference, 411-412, 412f Strongylins, 1673

Strongyloides westeri, 717-718, 1673

diarrhea in neonatal foals, 301

Strongylus spp.

S. equinus, 1673

S. vulgaris, 230, 1092, 1671

Struck, 900-901

Strychnine, 233, 1809

Stupor, 131

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), 871 Subchondral bone cysts, 1198 Subchondral bone sclerosis, 1218 Subclinical hypocalcemia, 1394 Subclinical hypokalemia, 1403-1404 Subclinical ketosis, 1409-1410, 1410f Subclinical mastitis, 1118-1120 Subcutaneous fungal culture, 179 Subepiglottic cysts, in horses, 630-631 Subluxations, 1219-1221

Submandibular lymph nodes, 9 Submandibular lymphadenopathy, 618 Submucosal hematoma, in descending (small) colon, 786

Subpalpebral lavage systems, 1286, 1286f, 1294

Subsolar abscess, 1245-1246 Substance, 180

Succinylcholine, 1443 Succussion, 6, 329-330 Suckle reflex, in foal, 257

Sucralfate, gastric ulcers treated with, 106 Sudan grass, 1772t-1774t

Sudden death

cardiovascular causes of, 230, 230b caused by poisonous plant, 233 collapse versus, 227-228 dilated cardiomyopathy as cause of, 496 equine athletes in, 235 infectious causes of, 229, 229b metabolic causes of, 230 miscellaneous causes of, 234 myocarditis as cause of, 496 nutritional causes, 230 parasitic causes of, 229 perinatal, in foals, 234 physical causes of, 231 poisonous plants as cause of, 1767-1771, 1767t-1769t

toxic causes of, 231-232, 231b-232b Suffolk sheep, abomasal dilation and emptying defect of, 893 SulfadiazineZpyrimethamine, for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, 1083 Sulfadimethoxine, 1691t

foot rot treated with, 1243 Sulfamethazine, 1691t Sulfaquinoxaline, 1691t Sulfonamides

in adult dairy cattle, 1560 characteristics of, 1549t

Sulfur, 1052, 1404 Sulpiride, 1459

Summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease, 592-593, 1774-1775 Summer slump, 1781

Superficial keratitis, 1298-1299 Supernumerary teeth, in horses, 722 Supplemental S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), for liver diseases, 953-954

Supplements, recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis caused b, 1453-1454

Suppurative cholangiohepatitis, duodenitis- proximal jejunitis and, 758

Suppurative meningitis, 1042-1045 Supramammary lymph nodes, 8-9 Suprascapular nerve injury, 220, 1112,

1112f

Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, 78

Surfactant

deficiency, 310-311

production of, steroids and, 311

Surgery

for abomasal displacement, 886

for abomasal ulcers, 892

for acute abdomen, 852

bacterial keratitis treated with, 1287 bladder rupture treated with, 981-982 for cervical stenotic myelopathy, 1087 corneal lacerations treated with, 1280 dorsal displacement of the soft palate treated with, 623

flexural limb deformities treated with, 1251

guttural pouch mycosis treated with, 618 headshaking treated with, 1031 navicular disease treated with, 1232-1233 osteochondritis dissecans treated with, 1200

for osteomyelitis, 1225

for peritonitis, 882

retropharyngeal lymph node abscessation treated with, 611

skull, brain trauma treated with, 1025

spinal cord trauma treated with,

1091

temporohyoid osteoarthropathy treated with, 1065, 1266

tracheal collapse treated with, 627 urolithiasis treated with, 990

Surgical hand antisepsis, 1570

Surgical masks, 1572 Surveillance, 1574-1576

Survey radiography, in equine alimentary system, 714

Suspensory ligament desmitis, 1253-1255

Swainsona poisoning, 136t Swainsonine toxicity, 1073

“Sweeney”, 1112, 1112f, 1424

Sweet clover toxicosis, 1162-1163, 1767t-1769t

Swellings, 221-222

approach to diagnosis of, 221

in horses, 221-222, 221b mechanisms of, 221 in ruminants, 222-223 skin, 181-182

Swine, 1554t-1555t “Swinging light” test, 128

Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (SDF), 1380, 1431

fluid therapy for, 1538

Syncope, 1030

Syncytia, 651

Syndactyl, 331

Synergistic hemolysis inhibition test, 41 Synovial fluid analysis, 422-423

septic arthritis, 275, 1210, 1210t Syringomyelia, 1096

Systemic anaphylaxis, 1726t-1728t

Systemic antibiotic therapy, for septic arthritis, 277

Systemic arterial hypotension, 1022

Systemic disease, in mare, 242-243

Systemic inflammatory response, in calves, 337

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), 267

description of, 1522

diagnosis of, criteria for, 744t

in early sepsis, 747-750, 748f, 749t

sepsis and, 744

Systemic lupus erythematosus, 1726t-1728t, 1749

Systemic neuraxonal dystrophy, 1078t-1079t Systolic murmurs, 87-88, 87f 483

T

T-cell lymphomas, 1185

T cells

in adaptive immune response, 1720 intracellular pathogen clearance b, 540 Tachycardia

description of, 7

in foals, 252

Tachypnea, 60, 328 causes of, 61b-62b definition of, 60 diagnostic approach to, 60 in horses, 61b pathophysiology of, 60 in ruminants, 62b

Tacrolimus, 1299, 1748

Taenia multiceps infestation, 1061-1062 Tail pull examination, 1421 Tallebudgera horse disease, 636 Tapeworms, 1672-1673, 1675 Taxus spp. poisoning, 234

Tears, mesocolic, in descending (small) colon, 786

Teart, 915

Teat

anatomy of, 1119

conditions that affect, 1146-1147 hyperkeratosis of, 1146

Teat canal, 1119

Teat warts, 1147

Teeth

broken, 807

deciduous, developmental anomalies and retention of, 807

in horses, 720-722, 720f-721f molar, overgrown or loose, 807 physical examination of, 9 in ruminants

anatomy of, 804-805, 804f eruption of, 805 examination of, 805, 805f supernumerary, 722

Tegaserod, for gastrointestinal ileus, 797 Telangiectasia, 949

TEME. see Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis

Temporal area trauma, 1021-1022, 1022f Temporohyoid osteoarthropath, 1064-1065, 1064f, 1265-1266, 1265f

clinical signs of, 1064-1065 diagnosis of, 1065 prognosis of, 1065 treatment of, 1065

Temporomandibular joint, in horses, 720 Tendinitis, 1252-1253

clinical signs of, 1252-1253 deep digital flexor, 1252 definition of, 1252 diagnosis of, 1253 etiology of, 1252 prognosis for, 1253 treatment of, 1253 ultrasonography of, 1253

Tenesmus, 166

in liver disease, 922 Teratomas, 1468, 1515 Testes

examination of, 190-192 volume of, 190-192

Testicular differentiation, 1465

Testicular disorders

abscess, 1513 cryptorchidism, 1514

Testicular disorders (Continued) degeneration, 1514-1515 hematocele, 1513 hydrocele, 1513 orchitis, 1515 scrotal dermatitis, 1513 scrotal injury, 1513 testicular aplasia and hypoplasia, 1513-1514

Testicular feminization, 1466

Testicular hypoplasia, 1513-1514 Testicular neoplasia, 1515

Testicular tumors, 1515-1516 Tetanospasmin, 1097

Tetanus, 140t, 288, 1097-1099

active anti-toxic immunity, establish, 1099 characteristics of, 1097

clinical signs of, 1097-1098 diagnosis of, 1097 in foals, 1604t-1612t generalized, 1098 good footing, ensure, 1098 in horses, 1603-1613, 1604t-1612t hydration and nutritional status, maintain, 1099

infection, eliminate, 1098-1099 muscle relaxation for, 1098 pathogenesis of, 1097 prevention of, 1099 prognosis for, 1099 treatment of, 1098-1099 unbound toxin, neutralize, 1099 vaccinations for, 1603-1613, 1604t-1612t, 1629t-1633t, 1663

Tetanus antitoxin (TAT), 1099

in acute hepatitis, 928

Tetrachlorvinphos, 1802 Tetracyclines

anaplasmosis treated with, 1165 bronchopneumonia treated with, 531t characteristics of, 1549t

Tetralogy of Fallot, 486 clinical patholog, 486 clinical signs of, 486 cyanosis and, 483 definition of, 486 differential diagnosis of, 486 epidemiology of, 487 etiology of, 486 necropsy findings, 487 pathophysiology of, 486-487 prognosis of, 487-488 treatment of, 487-488

Tetraplegia, 266, 342

Texas cattle fever, 1048

Tbeileria spp.

T annulata, 1049

Tparva, 1049, 1168-1169

Theileriosis, 132t-133t, 1168-1169 Theiler's disease, 927-928, 927f

Theiler's disease-associated virus (TDAV), 927 Tbelazia Iacrymalis, 1673-1674

Thelaziasis, ocular, 1307

T-helper cells, 335, 586, 1121, 1723 Thermal injur, 584

Thermal nociception threshold, 27, 27f Thermoneutrality, 312

Thiamine

deficiency of, 1026

lead poisoning treated with, 1061 in neurologic injur, 1535 polioencephalomalacia treated with, 1053

Third-space problem, 402

Thoracic cavity, diseases of, 699-701 Thoracic limbs

myotactic reflexes of, 125, 125t tone of, 127

Thoracic lymphoma, 1185-1186

Thoracic radiography

recurrent airway obstruction, 588-589 Rbodococcus equi infections, 541-542 Thoracic trauma

blunt, 581 clinical signs of, 579 diaphragmatic hernia, 582 etiology of, 579 hemothorax, 581 pneumomediastinum, 581 pneumothorax, 7-8, 579-581, 580f rib fractures, 581-582, 582f

Thoracic ultrasonography, 529, 529f-530f Thoracic wall diseases, 699-701 Thoracocentesis

bacterial pneumonia evaluations, 530-531 for cough evaluations, 49 for epistaxis evaluations, 59-60 fever of unknown origin evaluations, 41t in horses, 521-522, 522f respiratory disease evaluations, 521-522, 522f

Thoracoscopy, 534 Thoracotomy

intercostal approach to, 534-535, 534f-535f

pleuropneumonia treated with, 534-535, 534f-535f

rib resection with, 534-535, 534f-535f Thorax

auscultation of, 7-8, 7t cardiac region of, 7 examination of, in neonates, 328-329, 329t palpation of, 70

percussion of, 7-8, 16, 516-517 radiographic examination of, 67 radiographs of, 518

Thornapple, 1767t-1769t, 1776t-1778t Thoroughbreds, persistent hyperbilirubinemia in, 948

Thrombasthenias, 1156-1157 Thrombin time, 448

Thrombocrit, 442 Thrombocytopenia, 442-444, 1159-1160 clinical signs of, 444 immune-mediated, 443, 1160, 1726t- 1728t, 1749

neonatal alloimmune, 1726t-1728t, 1758-1759

Thrombocytosis, 444 Thromboelastography, 448, 448f Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME), 1069-1070, 1291

clinical pathology of, 1070 clinical signs of, 1069 control of, 1070 definition of, 1069 epidemiology of, 1069 etiology of, 1069 pathogenesis of, 1069 pathology of, 1070 treatment of, 1070

Thromboembolic meningoencephalomyelitis, 138t, 229

Thrombosis, 505-508

aortoiliac, 505 clinical signs of, 505 control of, 508 definition of, 505 differential diagnosis of, 505 epidemiology of, 507 etiology of, 505 jugular vein, 507-508 necropsy findings, 507, 507f pathophysiology of, 507 prevention of, 508

Thrombosis (Continued)

prognosis for, 508

treatment of, 507-508

vena caval, 698-699, 698f

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis, 660 Thromboxane A2, 587

Thrush, 1247-1248

Thymic lymphoma, 1181, 1185-1186 Thymomas, 608

Thyroid axis, 1390 Thyroid disease

fescue ingestion as cause of, 1365 hyperthyroidism, 1364 hypothyroidism, 1364-1365 nonthyroidal illness syndrome, 1365 Thyroid function

alterations of, 1365

assessment of, 1366-1367

in neonatal foals, 1367-1368

in premature foals, 1368

Thyroid gland

description of, 1364-1368

in foals, 250

hormones produced b, 1364 hypertrophy of, 250 neoplasia of, 1364 physiology of, 1364

Thyroid stimulating hormone, 1364 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 1352, 1364, 1367

Thyroxine (T4), 1364

Tibial fractures, 1259-1260

Tick fever, 1048

Tick paralysis, 140t, 1110 Tiludronate, 1232

Time-dependent antimicrobial drugs, 1548-1549

Tissue Doppler imaging, 479-480

Tissue factor, 1153-1154

Tissue metabolism, for osteoarthritis, 1217 Tissue plasminogen activator

description of, 1154

recombinant, 534

TLRs. see Toll-like receptors

Tobacco, 1767t-1769t, 1776t-1778t Tolazoline, for gastrointestinal ileus, 797 Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 586, 1120 Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), 745-746 Toltrazuril, 1691t

Tongue

of foal, 250

physical examination of, 17

Tonometry, 1271

Tooth root abscess, in ruminants, 807-808 Torticollis, 140t

acquired, 1096-1097

Total body water, 1521

in foals, 264-265

Total carbon dioxide, 411

Total lung capacity, 525

Total nucleated cell counts, 422

Total plasma protein, 401

Total protein concentration, 422 Total solids, in acute abdomen, 851 Total WBC count, in acute diarrhea, 776 Toxic gases

chlorine, 685

manure gases, 685

nitrogen dioxide, 685

in ruminants, 684-686

zinc oxide, 685

Toxic liver disease, 927-942

Toxic nephropathies, 956-959, 958f Toxic plants, rhabdomyolysis caused by, 1441

Toxic porphyrias, 1177

Toxic rhabdomyolysis, 1440-1441

Toxicant-related disorders, 1764-1809 analytic testing, 1765 arsenic, 1794-1795

blister beetle poisoning, 959, 1792-1793 clinical signs of, 1765

clinicopathologic testing, 1765 history-taking, 1764-1765

Internet website information about, 17651 iodine, 1796

iron, 1796-1797

mercury, 1797 rattlesnake bites, 1792-1793, 1792f-1793f website information about, 1765t

Toxin B, in clostridial diarrhea, 774

Toxins

associated with increased temperature, 35b-36b

sudden death caused by, 231-232, 231b-232b

Toxocara spp.

T canis, 695

T Vituloruin, 694

Toxoplasma iridocyclitis, 1308

Toxoplasmosis, 1302 abortion, 1504

Trachea

anatomy of, 625 auscultation of, 47, 329 collapse, 346 collapsed, 626-629, 626f-627f congenital defects of, 628 cricotracheal ligament prolapse, 626 deviation of, 630f edema, 231, 645

extramural compression of, 629 focal intraluminal lesions, 628-629, 629f palpation of, 10

radiographic examination of, 67 rupture of, 628 stenosis of, 643-644 trauma to, 628, 628f

Tracheal aspirates, 520-521

Tracheal aspiration

for cough evaluations, 49

for epistaxis evaluations, 59-60 exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, 604

Tracheal breath sound, 329

Tracheal collapse

in horses, 626-629, 626f-627f

in ruminants, 643-644

Tracheal foreign bodies

in horses, 629

in ruminants, 644-645

Tracheal masses, 644-645

Tracheal rings

description of, 625 fractures of, 628

Tracheal tumors, 629

Tracheobronchial aspirate

bacterial pneumonia evaluations using, 528-529

columnar ciliated epithelial cells in, 529 macrophages in, 529

Tracheobronchial foreign bodies, 629 Tracheobronchoscopy, 603, 603t

Traction diverticula, of esophagus, in horses, 735

Traction extraction, of fetus, 207

Trafficking, 430-431

Training programs, 1577

Tranquilizers, 15

Transboundary animal diseases, 1593-1598 business continuity, 1597 clinical signs of, 1594, 1595b control of, 1597 description of, 1593

Transboundary animal diseases (Continued) detection of, 1596

investigation and response to, 1595-1597 management of, 1597

prevention and preparedness, 1595-1596 recovery from, 1597

response to, 1597

Transcutaneous ultrasonography

of equine alimentary tract, 704-713 technique for, 704-705, 705f Transduction, 1552 Transfaunation, for acute abdomen, 853 Transferrin, 438 Transformation, 1552 Transient hypogammaglobulinemia, 1725t, 1738-1739

Transient tachypnea in the neonate, 298 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy bovine spongiform encephalopath, 1035 scrapie, 1037

Transrectal ultrasound, placental separation, 242

Transthyretin, 438 Transtracheal aspirate

fever of unknown origin evaluations, 41t

Mannheimia haemolytica, 658

Transtracheal aspiration, 254

Trauma

lameness and, 214

laryngeal, 643

nasal, 637

optic nerve blindness in horses, 1025­1026, 1026f

tracheal, 628, 628f

Traumatic chorioretinopath, 1270f Traumatic optic nerve atrophy, 1281-1282 Traumatic optic neuropathy, 1023 Traumatic reticulitis. see Traumatic reticuloperitonitis

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP), 231, 500f, 502, 701

in ruminants, 883-885 abdominocentesis for, 885 acute-phase proteins for, 884 ancillary tests for, 883-885 blood gas analysis for, 884 clinical signs of, 883 complete blood cell count for, 883-884 control of, 885 definition of, 883 diagnostic imaging for, 884-885, 884f differential diagnosis of, 883 epidemiology of, 883 etiology of, 883 necropsy findings in, 885 pathophysiology of, 883 plasma proteins for, 884 prevention of, 885 prognosis of, 885 serum biochemistry profiles for, 884 treatment of, 885

Traumatic rhabdomyolysis, 1442-1444 Traumatic uveitis, 1280

Treadmill testing, for exercise intolerance, 79-81

Tremorgenic mycotoxicoses

bermudagrass staggers, 1075-1076 description of, 1074-1076 paspalum staggers, 1075 perennial ryegrass staggers, 1074-1075 saprophytic fungi as cause of, 1076 Tremors

diseases producing, 1071-1072

in horses, 136t

intention, 135

in ruminants, 136t

Trephining, 640-641

TRH. see Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Triamcinolone acetonide

equine recurrent uveitis treated with, 1303 recurrent airway obstruction treated with, 591

Triaryl phosphate poisoning, 1100-1101 clinical pathology of, 1101 clinical signs of, 1100-1101 definition of, 1100 etiology of, 1100 pathology of, 1101 prevention of, 1101 treatment of, 1101

Tricarboxylic acid, 1409

Triceps reflex, 117t Trichomoniasis, 1655 Trichophyton spp.

dermatophytosis caused by, 1329 T verrucosum, 176-177, 1330f

Tricuspid regurgitation, 491

Tricuspid valve

atresia of, 487

bacterial endocarditis of, 491 disorders of, 488

Trifolium hybridum, 1345 Trigeminal-mediated headshaking, 1031 Trigeminal nerve

dysfunction of, 137t examination of, 129

Triglycerides, in foal, 261 Tri-iodothyronine (T₃), 1364 suppression test, 1367

Trimethoprim characteristics of, 1549t

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for bacterial skin infections, 1324 sepsis treated with, 270t

Trimethoprim-sulfonamide, bronchopneumonia treated with, 531t

Trisomy, 1706

Tritrichomonas foetus, abortion caused b, 1500

Trochlear nerve

dysfunction of, 137t examination of, 128-129

Trombiculidiasis, 1332

“Trophic feeding”, 245-246

Tropical fever. see Cerebral theileriasis Troponin I, 78

Trueperella pyogenes, 610, 641, 656, 665, 940, 1133

Truncus arteriosus, 487 Trypanosoma spp., 1307 Trypanosomes, 1169 Trypanosomiasis cerebral, 1050-1051 description of, 132t-133t, 1169 ocular manifestations of, 1307

L-Tryptophan-indol intoxication, 1174 Tuber coxae, 215

Tuberculin skin test, 696 Tuberculosis

bovine, 695-698 in cattle, 1291 in horses, 598 Tubular necrosis

clinical signs of, 999 definition of, 999-1002 differential diagnosis of, 999 mechanisms of, 1000-1001 pathologic studies for, 1000 pathophysiology of, 1000-1001 prognosis for, 1001-1002 in ruminants, 999-1002 treatment of, 1001-1002 vasopressors for, 1002

Tularemia, 1191-1192, 1578t-1585t

Tumor necrosis factor-α, 36-37

Tumors

adnexal, 1314-1315

brain

in horses, 134t

in ruminants, 132t-133t, 1027-1028 cardiac, 503-505, 504f gastric, in horses, 742, 742f-743f lung, 701 odontogenic, 725 optic nerve, 1315 spinal, 1091-1092

clinical pathology of, 1091-1092 clinical signs of, 1091 treatment of, 1092

Tung, 1776t-1778t

Turkeys, 1554t-1555t, 1802 Turner syndrome, 1464, 1706

Turning sickness. see Cerebral theileriasis Twin lamb disease. see Pregnancy toxemia Twin pregnancy, 1488

Two-dimensional echocardiography description of, 479-480 in sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, 506f

Tylosin, for hepatic abscesses, 941 Tympany, guttural pouch, 614-615, 615f Type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy, 1446, 1447t, 1448f

Type 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy, 1449

Type I hypersensitivit, 1297, 1640,

1724

Type II hypersensitivity, 1297, 1724

Type III hypersensitivity, 1297, 1640

Type IV hypersensitivity, 1297, 1724-1726 Typhlitis, 712

Tyrosinase, 187, 915

Tyzzer's disease, 228, 930-932

U

Udder

edema, 210, 210b, 1146

in horses, 1149

scald, 1146

Ulcer(s)

abomasal, sudden death caused by, 231 definition of, 182

in horses, 182b mechanism of, 182 in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity, 798-799

in ruminants, 182b

Ulcerative dermatosis

in contagious ecthyma, 815 description of, 983 genital lesions, 1487

Ulcerative duodenitis, 756-758, 757f

Ulcerative esophagitis, in bovine papular stomatitis, 816

Ulcerative lymphangitis, 600

Ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis, 190, 983-984

clinical signs of, 983-984, 983f definition of, 983-984 differential diagnosis of, 983-984 epidemiology of, 984 pathophysiology of, 984 prevention of, 984 prognosis for, 984 treatment of, 984

UltrasoundZultrasonography

of abdomen

left side of, 705-710 right side of, 710-713 ruminant, 838-847

abdomen evaluation using, 17

UltrasoundZultrasonography (Continued)

of abdominal organs, in calves and cows, 839-847, 840f

in abomasal ulcers, 891, 891f

of abomasum, 840-841, 842f-843f

in acute abdomen, 851

bacterial pneumonia evaluations, 529, 529f-530f

bladder rupture, 981f

in calves, 330-331

of cecum, 712

in cholelithiasis, 951, 951f

colic evaluations, 104

of colon

left portion of, 706-707, 706f right portion of, 711-712

for cough evaluations, 49

for cyanosis evaluations, 71

of duodenum, 711, 712f

ectopic ureters, 971

of esophageal obstruction, 731

of esophagus, 730

fever of unknown origin evaluations, 41t, 42

of forestomachs, 839-842, 841f-842f

of gastric impaction, 705, 706f

of gastric ulceration, 705, 706f general comments about, 839 in hepatic abscesses, 941, 941f in hepatic lipidosis, 943

of kidne, 845-846, 846f-848f

left, 705-706, 706f right, 713

for lameness, 217

of large intestine, 842-843, 844f

of liver, 710-711, 711f 843-845, 844f-846f

in liver disease, 926

luxations, 1220, 1221f

muscle diseases evaluations, 1423

for nasal discharge evaluations, 56 navicular disease, 1229

in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity, 799

of omasum, 839

of other abdominal structures, 846-847

of pancreas, 710-711, 711f

patient preparation for, 839

of peritoneal cavity, 713, 713f, 839, 840f-841f

in peritoneal fluid assessment, 839, 840f-841f

in peritonitis, 788, 789f

probes for, 839

recurrent airway obstruction, 589

for respiratory distress evaluations, 67-68 respiratory tract evaluations, 518-519 of rumen, 839

for septic arthritis, 276, 276f

of small colon, 707, 708f

of small intestine, 707-710, 708f, 842-843, 843f

of spleen, 705-706, 706f

of stomach, 705

for stridor evaluation, 75

suspensory ligament desmitis, 1254

for swelling, 222-223 tendinitis, 1253

for traumatic reticuloperitonitis, 884 units for, 839

of urinary tract, 845-846, 846f-848f urolithiasis, 986-987

Umbilical enlargement, in neonatal ruminants, 379-380

Umbilical hernia

in foal, 255

strangulating, 769

Umbilical hernia (Continued) ultrasound examination of, 255-256, 256f-257f

Umbilical problems, 306 Umbilical vein, 330 Umbilicus, examination of, in neonates, 330-331, 332f

Unconjugated bilirubin, 925 Undifferentiated ruminant respiratory disease anti-inflammatory therapy for, 672 antimicrobial therapy for, 669-672 antiviral therapy for, 672 bacteria, 669

in beef calves, 673, 675, 677

in beef cattle, 674, 676

in cattle, 674-676

clinical pathology of, 667 clinical signs of, 665-666 control of, 676-679 in dairy calves, 672-673, 675b diagnostic approach, 666-667 environmental risk factors for, 674-676 epidemiology of, 672-674 in feedlot cattle, 673-674 in goats, 674, 676, 679 history-taking, 665 host risk factors for, 674-676 immune status assessments, 667 immunomodulators for, 672 maternal antibody effect on response to, vaccination for, 678-679 metaphylactic antimicrobial therapy for, 679

microbiological tests, 668-679 necropsy findings, 667-668 prevention of, 676-679 risk factors for, 674-676 in sheep, 674, 676, 679 in stocker cattle, 673-674 supportive therapy for, 672 treatment of, 669-672 vaccination for, 678-679, 679b viruses, 668-669

Upper airway

endoscopic evaluation of, 517 occlusion of, 344 strangles of, 560

Upper gastrointestinal obstructions, fluid therapy for, 1542

Upper limb fractures, 1257-1258 Upper motor neuron dysfunction, 168 Upper motor neuron lesions, 124 Upper respiratory tract disorders, 296, 297f in ruminants, 345-346, 636-639

Urachal remnant, 330-331 Urachal urine leakage, 982, 982f Urachus, disorders of, 991-992 Urea, in feed, 1800-1801 Urea poisoning/toxicosis, 132t-133t Urea toxicosis, 233

Ureaplasma abortion, 1500 Ureaplasma spp., description of, 1284 Uremia, 173

Uremic encephalopathy, 999 Ureter(s)

defects of, in foals, 982-983 ectopic, 169, 970-971, 971f, 997-998 Ureteral calculi, 973 Ureteral stones, 973 Ureterolithiasis, 986 Ureteroliths, 973 Ureterotomy, 990 Urethra

lesions of, 170 palpation of, 167-168 rupture of, 985-986, 985f, 989 Urethral calculi, 167-168, 989

Urethral hemorrhage, 976-977, 977f

Urethral injur, 1509

Urethral obstruction

acute, 984-985 chronic, 985 clinical pathology of, 987 in horses, 975 in ruminants, 984-985

Urethral process, 986-987

Urethritis, 1509 Urethrotom, 990

Urinalysis, 418-420

in acute abdomen, 851 bacteria, 419 casts, 419 cells, 419

chronic renal failure findings, 965 crystals, 419 glucose, 419

muscular system evaluations, 1422-1423 myoglobin, 419 occult blood, 419

pH, 418 protein, 418-419 specific gravity, 418 urine creatinine clearance ratio, 419-420

Urinary bladder calculi of, 973 denervation of, 139 distention of, 168, 985 dysfunction of, 168 eversion of, 992 marsupialization of, 990 paralysis of, 168, 970 pelvic entrapment of, 992-993 prolapse of, 992 rectal examination of, 168 rupture of, 255, 334, 986 clinical pathology of, 987 in horses, 986 in ruminants, 985-987 squamous cell carcinoma of, 972f

Urinary calculi, 988

Urinary function, alterations in, 166-173

Urinary incontinence, 139 causes of, 168b definition of, 166 diagnosis of, 970 diagnostic approach to, 166-169 in horses, 168b, 969-970, 970f treatment of, 970

Urinary tract congenital defects of, 997 hemorrhage of, 170 neoplasia of, 971-972, 971f, 973f, 998 radiography of, 986-987 in ruminants, 845-846, 846f-848f

Urinary tract infections, 967-969 amikacin for, 968-969 ampicillin for, 968-969 antimicrobial therapy for, 968-969 causes of, 967-970 cephalosporins for, 968-969 clinical findings of, 968 clinical pathology of, 994 clinical signs of, 994 control of, 995-996 crystalluria caused by, 172 diagnosis of, 968 differential diagnosis of, 994 epidemiology of, 995 gentamicin for, 968-969 hematuria in, 170 lower, 968 necropsy findings of, 995 pathophysiology of, 994-995 penicillin for, 968-969

Urinary tract infections (Continued) prevention of, 995-996 prognosis for, 995

rectal examination for, 968 risk factors for, 967-968 in ruminants, 994-996, 995f treatment of, 968-969, 995 upper, 967

Urine, 255

calcium levels in, 1422-1423 hemoglobin in, 169 pH, 1394

Urine analytes, 1526

Urine osmolarity, 334

Urine retention, 139

Urine specific gravity, in fluid therap, 801 Urogenital system

in foals, 255

physical examination of, 17

Urolith, 985, 989b

Urolithiasis

age and, 988

clinical signs of, 984-986

definition of, 984

dietary management of, 990-991 differential diagnosis of, 984-986 epidemiology of, 988 etiology of, 984

in goats, 105

medical treatment of, 989

necropsy findings of, 988-989 obstructive, 164, 988

fluid therapy for, 1544

postoperative considerations for, 990 prevention of, 990-991

in ruminants, 984-991

seasonal occurrence of, 988

silica, 988

surgery for, 989

treatment of, 989-990

water management for, 991

Uroperitoneum, 304-305

in foals, 981-983

peritonitis caused by, 987 Uroporphyrinogen III synthase (UROS), 1176-1177

Urospermia, 1512

Urovagina, 1486

Urticaria, 1318-1319, 1319b, 1320fj 1726t-1728t

Urticarial lesions, 181

U.S. Department of Agriculture national veterinary accreditation program, 1594-1595, 1595b

USDA-APHIS Uniform Program Standards for Voluntary Bovine Johne's Disease Control Programs (VJDCP), 913

Uterine drops, 308

Uterine lavage

for bovine uterine infections, 1481

for endometritis, 1482

for metritis, 1482

for persistent breeding-induced endometritis, 1478-1479

for retained fetal membranes, 1472 Uterine prolapse

in camelids, 1484

in mares, 1483

in ruminants, 1483

Uterine torsion, 307

Uterine tumors, 1484

Uteroplacental vascular insufficiency, 241 Uterus

of cattle, 310

examined by transrectal ultrasound, 310 Uterus didelphis, 1484

Uterus unicornis, 194-195, 1484

Uveal tract trauma, 1280-1281 Uveitis

anterior, 1292, 1300f definition of, 1283

V

Vaccines/vaccinations

administration of, 1600 advances in, 1644 adverse reactions to, 1602-1603, 1640, 1648

for alphaviruses, 1016 anaplasmosis, 1664, 1665t-1666t anthrax, 1604t-1612t, 1627, 1631t-1633t, 1668

autogenous, 1639 bacterial scours, 1658-1661 beef cows, 1636b

beef replacement heifers, 1637b Bibersteinia trehalosi, 665, 1653 bluetongue, 1629t-1633t, 1634 booster, 1601, 1640, 1640f botulism, 1604t-1612t, 1624-1625, 1663 bovine, 1635-1641, 1635b, 1655 bovine genital campylobacteriosis, 1655 bovine herpesvirus type 1, 1034, 1641-1642

bovine respiratory syncytial virus, 651-652, 1647-1648

for bovine viral diarrhea virus, 829 bovine virus diarrhea virus, 1645-1647, 1646t

broodmares, 1600-1601, 1604t-1612t Brucella

B. abortus, 1653-1654

B. ovis, 1633

calves, 1636b, 1644

caseous lymphadenitis, 1629t-1633t, 1634 cattle, 1636-1639, 1637b-1638b, 1639t chemically altered live virus, 1642 clostridia, 1628, 1629t-1633t, 1661-1664 coliform mastitis, 1631t-1633t contagious ecthyma, 816, 1629t-1633t, 1634

core, 1603, 1604t-1612t coronavirus, 1656-1658 dermatophytosis, 1330 Dicylobacter nodosus, 1244 equine

general considerations for, 1599-1628 types of, 1604t

equine encephalomyelitis, 1613

equine herpesvirus-1, 1604t-1612t, 1619 equine herpesvirus-4, 1619

equine influenza virus, 573, 1604t-1612t equine rhinitis A virus, 1627 equine rotavirus, 1604t-1612t, 1626-1627 equine viral arteritis, 1604t-1612t, 1625-1626

Escherichia coli, 1659-1660, 1659t feedlot cattle, 1637b, 1645 fibropapillomas, 1668 foals, 1601-1602

foot rot, 1633-1635, 1667 for foot-and-mouth disease, 836 for Fusobacterium necrophorum, 941-942 goats, 1628-1635, 1629t, 1631t-1633t gram-negative mutant lipopolysaccharide core antigen bacterins, 1660-1661 heifers, 1637b, 1644-1645 herd, 1635-1641, 1636b

Histophilus somni, 1652-1653 inactivated viral, 1642 infection control through, 1587 infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, 1295, 1664-1667

Vaccines/vaccinations (Continued) intramuscular administration of, 1600 intranasal, 1648

leptospirosis, 1005, 1627, 1654-1655 licensing of, 1600 lungworms, 1688-1689 malignant edema, 1631t-1633t Mannheimia haemolytica, 1649-1652 mastitis, 1132

modified live virus intranasal, 1642 modified live virus parenteral, 1642 mucosal disease and, 1646 neonatal calf enteric disease, 1655-1658 noncore, 1603, 1604t-1612t papillomatous digital dermatitis, 1667-1668

parainfluenza type 3, 1648-1649 for paratuberculosis, 914 Pasteurella multocida, 1652 for peste des petits ruminants, 837 Potomac horse fever, 773, 1604t-16121, 1624 pregnancy effects on, 1601, 1642-1643 programs for, 1644-1645 rabies, 1604t-1612t, 1615-1616, 1629t- 1633t, 1665t-1666t, 1668 reproductive disorder, 1633-1634 respiratory, 1634 for rinderpest, 837 rotavirus

bovine, 1656-1658

equine, 1604t-1612t, 1626-1627

safety of, 1601

Salmonella spp., 1659t, 1660, 16611 for salmonellosis, 909-910 sheep, 1628-1635, 1629t-1631t stocker cattle, 1637b, 1645 storage of, 1600

Streptococcus equi, 1622-1624 tetanus, 1603-1613, 1604t-1612t, 1629t-1633t, 1663 trichomoniasis, 1655 for vesicular stomatitis, 834 for West Nile encephalitis, 1021 West Nile virus, 1604t-1612t, 1613 Vagal indigestion, 861-866

treatment of and prognosis for, 866b

Vagal innervation, defective, 861

Vagal motor discharge, factors influencing, 860t

Vaginal prolapse, 307-308 Vaginal varicose veins, 1486 Vaginitis, 1486 Vagus nerve

dysfunction of, 137t examination of, 130

Valgus deformity, 1200, 1200f

Valvular heart disease, 488-493

clinical pathology of, 489-491 clinical signs of, 488-489 control of, 493 definition of, 488 differential diagnosis of, 488-489 digoxin for, 492-493, 493b echocardiography of, 489-490, 490f epidemiology of, 492 etiology of, 488 hemodynamic consequences of, 492-493 murmurs associated with, 488-489, 488f-489f necropsy findings, 492 palliative therapy for, 492 pathophysiology of, 491-492 prevention of, 493 prognosis for, 492-493 treatment of, 492-493, 493b

Vancomycin, characteristics of, 1549t vapA, 538-540

Varicocele, 1516-1517

Varus deformity, 1200

Vascular gingival hamartomas, 808, 808f

Vascular hydrostatic pressure, 1522

Vascular lesions, in descending (small) colon,

786

Vasculitis

characteristics of, 58-59 clinical manifestations of, 1157 corticosteroids for, 1320 cutaneous, 1320-1321, 1321f definition of, 1157, 1320 diagnosis of, 1157 equine purpura hemorrhagica, 1157-1158 equine viral arteritis, 1158 hypersensitivity, 1320-1321, 1321f, 1726t-1728t

leukocytoclastic, 1320

photoaggravated, 1320

Vasodilator, 498

Vasomotor nephropath, 959

Vasopressin, 263

in abomasal pH, 892

Vasopressors, 1002

Vector-borne transmission, 1574 Vegetations, 184

Vena caval thrombosis, 698-699, 698f Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, 1013-1014, 1293, 1613

Venipuncture, 421

Venous admixture, 67, 69

Venous distention, 90-92, 90b-91b, 91f

Venous pulsations, 90-92, 90b-91b, 91f Venous stasis test, 10

Venous thrombosis, 447 Ventilation-induced hypocapnia, 1025 Ventilation-perfusion mismatch central cyanosis and, 69 description of, 565

Ventilator-associated lung injury, 568 Ventral conchal sinus, in horses, 719-720 Ventral laminae of transverse processes, 1095 Ventral midline dermatitis, 1334

Ventricular function assessment, 482

Ventricular hypoplasia, 487

Ventricular septal defects, 483

cardiac catheterization of, 484

clinical pathology of, 483-484, 484f clinical signs of, 483 definition of, 483

differential diagnosis of, 483 echocardiographic findings, 479-480, 483, 484f

endocarditis risks, 484

epidemiology of, 484 etiology of, 483

left-to-right shunt caused by, 483 membranous, 483

necropsy findings, 484-485 pansystolic murmur associated with, 483 pathophysiology of, 484 perimembranous, 483

prognosis of, 485

treatment of, 485

Ventricular tachycardia, 512-514 antiarrhythmics for, 514 cardiac catheterization of, 513 clinical pathology of, 512-513 clinical signs of, 512 definition of, 512 diagnosis of, 512 differential diagnosis of, 512 drug therapy for, 499t echocardiographic findings, 512 electrocardiographic findings, 512, 513f epidemiology of, 513 etiology of, 512 heart rate, 512

Ventricular tachycardia (Continued) magnesium sulfate for, 4991, 514 multiform, 512, 513f necropsy findings, 513-514 pathophysiology of, 513 prognosis for, 514 treatment of, 499t, 514

Venturi effect, 231

Veratrum californicum, 204, 643, 1222

Verminous encephalitis, 134t, 138t Verminous meningoencephalomyelitis, 1092-1094

Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 1093

Draschia megastoma, 1094 Halicephalobus gingivalis, 1093, 1093f Hypoderma bovis, 1092-1093 Hypoderma lineatum, 1092-1093 Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, 1093 prevention of, 1094

Setaria spp., 1094

Strongylus vulgaris, 1092 treatment of, 1094

Vertebrae, congenital abnormalities of, 1078t-1079t

Vertebral anomalies, congenital, 1095-1096 incidental, 1095-1096 symptomatic, 1096

Vertebral body abscess, 266

Vertebral body malformations, 342

Vertebral fractures

description of, 1089

in horses, 1089

in ruminants, 1089-1090

Vertebral osteomyelitis, 266, 1233 Vesicles, skin, 182-183, 183b

Vesicular adenitis, 1517-1518

Vesicular gland adenitis, 192

Vesicular lesions, in foot-and-mouth disease, 835

Vesicular sounds, 516

Vesicular stomatitis, 111-113, 112t, 1578t-1585t

in ruminants, 833-834, 833f Vesiculoureteral reflux, 964 Vestibular dysfunction, 1023 Vestibular system dysfunction of, 130, 135 examination of, 130 function of, 130

Vestibulocochlear nerve, 130, 135-136, 137t Veterinary feed directive, 1557-1558

Vibrin, 1655

Vibrio cholera, 742-743

Vibriosis, 1629t

Villus atrophy, 95-96

Vincristine, 1748

Viral antigens, 668

Viral encephalomyelitis, 138t

Viral keratitis, 1289

Virulence-associated proteins, 539-540 Virus-associated myopathy, 1436

Virus isolation, in bovine viral diarrhea virus, 827-828

Virus neutralization, in bovine viral diarrhea virus, 828

Viruses, causing neurologic signs, miscellaneous and foreign emerging, 1016-1021 Visceral peritoneum, 787

Visual examination

description of, 2

equine, 15-16

Vital signs

in foals, 15t

in horses, 15t

Vitamin A

deficiency of, 132t-133t, 1055-1057 clinical pathology of, 1056

Vitamin A (Continued) clinical signs of, 1056 control of, 1056-1057 definition of, 1055 epidemiology of, 1055-1056 etiology of, 1055 pathogenesis of, 1056 pathology of, 1056 treatment of, 1056-1057 for neonatal calves, 366

Vitamin B12, 1413 reference values for, 918t

Vitamin D

in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, 1379 hormone concentrations of, 1378t insufficiencies, 1404 intoxication, 958

milk fever prevention using, 1396 in milk replacers, 390

Vitamin E

deficiency, 342 description of, 1437-1438 myopathy associated with, 1440, 1441f in milk replacers, 390

Vitamin K, 445, 607, 1808

Vitamin K_b 1808

Vitamin K3, 957, 1799

Vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors, 1155-1156

Vitiligo, 1347

Vitreous

examination of, 1269 trauma to, 1281

Vocal folds, 633

Voiding, 166 Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), 1408 in acute ruminal lactic acidosis, 870

Volvulus abomasal, 6 colonic, 706-707 in small intestine, 768-769

Vomiting, in indigestion, 859 von Willebrand disease, 444 von Willebrand factor, 444 deficiency, 1155

Voriconazole aspergillosis treated with, 556-557 fungal infections of respiratory tract treated with, 554, 554t

fungal keratitis treated with, 1288

V-pads, 264, 264f

W

Warble fly larvae, 234 Warbles, 1336-1337 Warfarin toxicosis, 1162

Warts, 1327-1328, 1328f, 1328t Water hemlock, 1767t-1769t

Water intoxication, 1174 Waterless hand sanitizers, 1570

Wattle cysts, 1344

Weak calf syndrome, 381, 656 Weakness, 89-90, 223-225, 223b in foals, 265-267 metabolic acidosis and, 340 in neonatal ruminants, 335-343, 336b

Weanlings, gastric disease of, 740-741 Weaver syndrome, 1078t-1079t

Weight, alteration of, 141-165 Weight gain decreased

causes of, 142b-143b diagnostic approach to, 143-147 in horses, 142b management of, 143-147 mechanisms of, 141-148

Weight gain (Continued)

in ruminants, 147-148 toxicities as cause of, 142 in horses, 145f

Weight loss biochemical analysis of, 158-159 causes of, 154b-156b conditions associated with, 152 copper deficiency and, 159-162 description of, 152 diagnostic approach to, 157-159, 157f flowchart for, 157f in horses, 154b-155b, 157-159, 1372 in liver disease, 921-922 mechanisms of, 152-157 parasitism as cause of, 157 resistance, 1372-1373 in ruminants, 155b-156b, 159-164

Welfare assessment of, 2-13, 12t compromised, 12 definition of, 12 freedoms of, 12b veterinarian’s responsibility to, 22

West Nile encephalitis, 1018-1019 causative agent of, 1018 clinical signs of, 1019-1020, 1020f control of, 1021 description of, 469 diagnosis of, 1020 differential diagnoses of, 1020 distribution of, 1019 history of, 1019 laboratory findings of, 1020 mortality rates for, 1020 natural history of, 1019 necropsy findings, 1021 NSAIDS for, 1021 supportive care for, 1020-1021 treatment of, 1020-1021 vaccination for, 1021

West Nile virus, 138t, 1016, 1604t-1612t, 1614-1615

Western equine encephalomyelitis, 1013­1014, 1293, 1604t-1612t, 1613

Wettability, 391 Wheals, 1318 Wheat gluten, 389 Whey protein, 389 White blood cell count and differential, in foal, 260

White cedar, 1767t-1769t White line disease, 1248 White muscle disease, 229-230 White snakeroot, 1767t-1769t White-tailed deer, 1093 Whitmore’s disease, 600 Wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever, 831-832

Wind-up, 28-29

Winter dysentery, in cattle, 905 Witch’s milk, 211

Withers pinch test, 8

Wnt4, 1465

Wobbler syndrome, 1084 Wolbachia pipientis, 1305 Wolf teeth, 720, 729

World Organization for Animal Health, Office of International Epizootics, 1593

Written protocols, 1576-1577

X

X chromosome, 1704 Xanthium spp. poisoning, 234 Xanthochromia, 1007, 1043 X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 1725t

XXX genotype, 1464-1465

XXY syndrome, 1464

XY sex-reversed females, 1465

Xylazine, 206

for acute abdomen, 853

analgesic uses of, 32

epidural administration of, 32 induced catecholamine release, 401

Y

Y chromosome, 1704

Yearlings

stridor in, 74

vaccinations for, 1638^

Yeast mastitis, 1133-1134

Yellow bristle grass, 1776t-1778t

Yellow jessamine, 1772t-1774t

Yellow lamb disease, 900

Yellow star thistle, 1772t-1774t

Yellow wood, 1776t-1778t

Yerba de pasmo, 1776t-1778t

Yew, 1767t-1769t

Yohimbine, for gastrointestinal ileus, 797

Z

Zearalenone, 211, 1786t, 1789-1790

Zigadenus spp., 234

Zilpaterol, 1798

Zinc oxide, 685

Zinc phosphide, 1807-1808

Zinc responsive dermatitis, 1351

Zinc sulfate turbidity tests, 323, 1736 Zona fasciculata, 1358

Zona glomerulosa, 1358

Zona reticularis, 1358

Zoonoses

awareness of, 1577

pathogens associated with, 1572 personnel with increased risk for, 1577-1586

types of, 1578t-1585t Zygomatic arch, in horses, 719 Zygomycosis, 1331

^aFrom George JW Snipes J, Lane M: Comparison of bovine hematology reference intervals from 1957-2006. Vet Clin Pathol 39:138, 2010. ^bFrom Jain NC: Schalm^,s veterinary hematology, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1986, Lea & Febiger.

PCV, Packed cell volume; HCT, hematocrit; MCV, mean cell volume; MCHC, mean cell hemoglobin concentration.

Normal Values for Leukogram Data (Adult Animals)

Normal Serum Protein Values for Horses, Cows, Sheep, and Goats

From Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, eds: Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, ed 5, San Diego, 1997, Academic Press (Appendix VIII, Blood analyte reference values in large animals).

ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BHB, β-hydroxybutyrate; BSP (t₁∕₂), bromsulphalein clearance halftime; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; CK, creatine kinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NA, not applicable; Pco₂, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; SDH, sorbitol dehydrogenase; Tco₂, total carbon dioxide; TIBC, total iron-binding capacity.

Data from Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, editors. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, ed 6, Burlington, MA, 2008, Academic Press, and the Normal Values Clinical Pathology Ontario Veterinary College and Animal Health Lab-Guelph, 2012.

Definition and Etiology

Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium caused by bacte­rial, viral, or parasitic organisms or thromboembolic disease

caused by these organisms. In large animals, recognized bacterial causes include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus equi, Clostridium chauvoei, and Mycobacterium spp. Myocarditis can also occur after bacteremia, septicemia, pericarditis, or endocarditis, regardless of the causative agent. Known viral causes of myocarditis include foot-and-mouth disease, equine infectious anemia, equine viral arteritis, equine influenza, and African horse sickness. Parasitic causes of myocarditis may include strongylosis^{162 * *} or onchocerciasis in horses and toxoplasmosis, cysticercosis, or sarcocystic infection in ruminants.^163,164 Currently it is thought that infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi may be a cause of myocarditis in

165

domestic animals, as it is in human beings.¹⁶⁵ Cardiomyopathy is a subacute or chronic disease of the ventricular myocardium that occurs without anatomic valvular disease, congenital malforma­tions of the heart or vessels, or pulmonary disease. In large animals, dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common cardiomyopathy. However, hypertensive cardiomyopathy occurs in horses associated with chronic renal disease, pain associated with chronic laminitis, and to some extent in ponies with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) where left ventricular hypertrophy has been detected.¹⁶⁶ Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with ventricular dilation, increased ventricular mass, and decreased systolic function. Although the cause is frequently undetermined,^126,167,168 several conditions have been related to or identified with cardiomyopathy. An inherited cardiomyopathy thought to be linked to the red Holstein gene has been found in Holstein-Friesian cattle in Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.^169-171 There is also a cardiomyopathy associated with a curly hair coat in polled Herefords and in Japanesse black calves.^172-173 Cardiomyopathy has been associated with ingestion of monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, gossypol, Cassia occidentalis, and Phalaris spp. Vitamin E and selenium deficiency, copper deficiency, excessive molybdenum, or high sulfates (secondary copper deficiency)

^,

174184

may cause cardiomyopathy.¹'^4-184 Consumption of plants in the Acer family and several other plants cause myocardial injury, myocarditis and cardiomyopathy.^185,186 Myocardial infiltration by neoplasia, such as lymphosarcoma or fibrosarcoma, also may cause cardiomyopathy. A fibrofatty infiltration of the right ventricle and interventricular septum similar to arrhythmogenic

187189

right ventricular dysplasia occurs in horses.¹⁸'^-189 Envenomation associated with rattlesnake bite can result in myocardial necrosis and secondary cardiomyopathy.^190-192 The most common cause of cardiomyopathy in horses is probably myocarditis, although the inciting insult is usually difficult to identify.

Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnosis

The manifestations of myocarditis are highly variable depending on the extent of the disease, location of the inflammation

or external), sepsis, parasite migration, degenerative vascular

disease, atherosclerosis, or aging changes (dilation, elongation,

and loss of elasticity of blood vessels) may play a role.^241-243 Histopathologic study of the Friesian with aortopulmonary

fistulation and thoracic aortic rupture suggest an underlying

connective tissue disorder of the aortic media collagen or elastin

contamination can cause thrombosis associated with catheteriza­tion. Secondary thrombosis can result from perivascular inflammation caused by cellulitis, lymphangitis, or other sources of bacterial invasion around the blood vessel. Mural thrombi, which occur in cardiac chambers associated with low-flow states and/or a coagulopathy, also may occur in large animals, although they have been rarely diagnosed antemortem in the heart.²⁴⁵ Thrombosis usually occurs when intimal disease is present, but it may occur in arteries with no intimal disease when a hypercoagulable state exists, such as with dehydration, endo-

Epistaxis and hemorrhage into airways can occur as a result of a number of diseases, including disorders of the upper airways and lungs (Table 31.12). Hemorrhage into the trachea or bronchi can be a result of EIPH, pulmonary abscess, fungal granuloma, trauma, pneumonia, pulmonary foreign body, or hemangio­sarcoma or other pulmonary neoplasia. Epistaxis can be associ­ated with all of these causes of hemorrhage into the lower airway and with diseases of the upper airway, including guttural pouch mycosis, ethmoidal hematoma, trauma, and neoplasia of the upper airways and associated structures. Thrombocy­topenia can cause epistaxis.

There is evidence of a heritable component to exercise- associated epistaxis in Thoroughbred racehorses (h² = 0.27 for lifetime risk of epistaxis and 0.5 for risk of a repeated episode during an individual race,¹³ and h² = 0.23 for an individual and 0.40 for a sire).¹⁴ While there is evidence of heritability of epistaxis, there are no reports of the specific genetic factors contributing to EIPH (of which epistaxis is one manifestation; see below), such as could be identified by genome-wide associa­tion studies or other techniques.¹⁵

■ Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnosis Poor athletic performance and epistaxis are the most common

17

infection in horses.¹

■ Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnosis Clinical signs include intermittent nasal discharge that may worsen when the head is lowered, retropharyngeal swelling, cough, fever, parotid swelling and pain, dysphagia, difficult breathing, and pneumonia.²² Nasal discharge can be unilateral or bilateral, even if only one pouch is affected, because the pharyngeal openings of the guttural pouches are located caudal to the nasal septum. Nasal discharge is generally nonodorous, white, and opaque. Altered breathing may result from gradual collapse of the pharynx as the guttural pouch distends. Signs of dysphagia

may occur from pharyngeal compression or paresis. Inspissation of the purulent material results in chondroids (hard concretions of inspissated pus). Differential diagnosis of guttural pouch empyema should include diseases with chronic mucopurulent nasal discharge such as pneumonia, sinusitis, upper respiratory tract infections, and guttural pouch tympany.

■ Clinical Pathology Leukocytosis is often present. Plasma fibrinogen concentration is often increased²²; changes occur in parallel with development of leukocytosis, pyrexia, and clinical signs of strangles or primary guttural pouch empyema. Analysis of fluid from the guttural pouch often yields a β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp.,^{17 *} although other bacteria have been isolated.^22-24

■ Diagnostic Aids Guttural pouch empyema should be considered when there is a chronic, nonresponsive nasal discharge. Diagnostic aids include endoscopy, radiography, percutaneous centesis, and aspiration of material from the pouch through the pharyngeal opening. Recognition of fluid

*Previous contributions of John C. Baker and John A. Smith are acknowledged.

■ Definition, Etiology, and Epidemiology Acute to chronic infection of the laryngeal mucosa and cartilage of young cattle is very common, particularly in feedlots. Laryngeal

Abscessation of the arytenoid cartilages caused by A. pyogenes has been reported in calves and sheep. Clinical signs include tachypnea, extension of the head and neck, cyanosis, and a severe progressive dyspnea with marked stertor that can be localized to the larynx. Many affected animals remain alert and afebrile and continue to eat until the terminal stages of severe dyspnea. Endoscopy reveals generalized edema and hyperemia of the laryngeal mucosa and obstruction of the rima glottidis by swelling of one or both arytenoids. Radiographs may demonstrate soft-tissue swelling of the larynx. The condi­tion has been speculated to be initiated by grass awns, trauma, hereditary predisposition, or congenital cavitations in the cartilages. In sheep, rams appear to be more commonly affected than ewes, and two reports found a breed predisposition in Texels and Southdowns, although other reports have indicated that various breeds are affected.³¹ The necropsy lesions consist of encapsulated abscesses containing pus and necrotic debris in the arytenoid cartilage, usually in the vicinity of the vocal cord. A tract from the abscess typically opens in an area of granulation tissue in the laryngeal mucosa. Treatment consists of tracheostomy, antibiotics (usually penicillin at 22,000 to 44,000 U/kg IM q12-24h), and antiinflammatory drugs (flunixin meglumine, 1.1 to 2.2 mg/kg IV daily or divided twice daily).

BVDV is an enveloped RNA virus of the genus Pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae. A wide spectrum of disease has been

associated with BVDV infection, including subclinical infection, bovine viral diarrhea and mucosal disease (see Chapter 32), immunosuppression, repeat breeding problems, abortion, fetal mummification (see Chapter 43), congenital defects, immu­notolerance, and persistent infections. Only the contribution

of this virus to respiratory disease is discussed here.

Historically the role of BVDV in the bovine respiratory

disease complex was controversial, but research provides good

evidence that the virus contributes to bovine respiratory disease

antigenically similar to North American isolates,^{95 *} whereas Japanese isolates have been more distinct.⁹⁸

Horses, sheep, and goats have also been shown to be

99100

seropositive to IDV at low prevalence ^, ; poultry have not yet been reported to be seropositive. An early report found

only 1.3% of 316 human serum samples from the United

States and Canada to be seropositive to IDV,⁹³ suggesting that infection of humans is uncommon. However, a recent small

*Previous contributions by John C. Baker and Trevor R. Ames are acknowledged.

David Francoz • Charles L. Guard

■ Definition and Classification Smith and colleagues¹ classified abomasal ulcers into four types: (1) nonperforating,

(2) nonperforating with severe blood loss, (3) perforating with local peritonitis, and (4) perforating with diffuse peritonitis (Table 32.20). Braun and associates subdivided type 1 abomasal ulcers (nonperforating ulcers) into four subtype on the basis of their structure.² In some case, abomasal ulcers rupture into the bursa omentalis and lead to omental bursitis. This type of ulcer has been classified as type 5 abomasal ulcers.³ These classifications are useful for describing the various clinical scenarios that may be observed in examination of an animal with abomasal ulceration.

■ Epidemiology Abomasal ulceration occurs in cattle of all ages. Veal calves appear the most frequently affected. At slaughter, healthy veal calves are found to have clinically inap­parent abomasal erosions and ulcers, with reported prevalence ranging from 67% to 87%.^4,5 In beef calves that died between the fourth day after birth and weaning, abomasal ulcers were observed in 3.9% on gross postmortem examination reported by a private veterinarians and in 18.9% on histologic examina­tion or confirmation results by a veterinary pathologist.⁶ In clinically affected calves, perforation with peritonitis (rather than hemorrhage) usually develops. In clinically normal cows, 20.5% had type 1 ulcers in a slaughter study.² In adult cattle with abomasal ulcers causing illness, approximately one third of clinical cases in a referral population had significant

*Contributions to previous editions by Terry C. Gerros are acknowledged.

Clinical disease of the bovine gallbladder is rare. Obstructive gallbladder disease has been associated with abdominal fat necrosis, choleliths, fascioliasis, foreign bodies, hepatic abscesses, neoplasia, and suppurative cholecystitis.^17,18 Adenomas and adenocarcinomas (most common tumors found in gallbladder),

Dehydration should be corrected with a balanced electrolyte solution, preferably without lactate. Lactate is normally

The cornerstone of treatment of TN is restoration of adequate renal perfusion and urine production. This is most

support, and diuresis if renal involvement is observed. In vitro

susceptibility has been demonstrated for several antibiotics

that could be used in food-producing ruminants, including

ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin G, erythromycin, tetracycline,

tylosin, and tilmicosin.^29,47-49 Daily oxytetracycline (100 mg/mL,

10 mg/kg IV or IM once daily for 5 to 7 days) or long-acting oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg IM or SC every other day for two to four treatments) are considered clinically effective, but con­trolled clinical studies reporting efficacy in acute leptospirosis have not been reported. Penicillin G procaine (25,000 IU/kg IM twice daily) and sodium ampicillin (20 mg/kg IM twice daily) have been suggested for treatment, but the efficacy of these regimens in cattle remains unproven.¹¹ In humans, doxycycline (100 mg q12h for 7 days) has been shown to reduce the duration and severity of illness.^{5 * * * * 10} Consideration of other antibiotics for treating acute leptospirosis should be based on their efficacy in clearing renal infections with host-adapted L. borgpetersenii serovar hardjo (see later).

IV or oral fluids may be indicated for systemic support. In animals with severe hemolysis, blood transfusion may be considered. Diuresis should be established in animals with hemoglobinuria or evidence of ARF from hemoglobinuric nephrosis or interstitial nephritis. The prognosis for renal disease caused by leptospirosis is influenced by the virulence of the serovar involved, host immunity, and extent of renal lesions. Cases with renal azotemia warrant a guarded prognosis because more than 75% of nephrons are affected in such cases, and chronic interstitial nephritis and fibrosis may occur after treatment of the acute disease.

Several antibiotics have been shown effective in clearing Leptospira spp. renal colonization and shedding in cattle. Long-acting oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg IM or SC, two doses 10 days apart) has been recommended to treat chronic leptospiral infections or reduce the risk of introduction of infected animals into a herd.³ Oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg IM once), ceftiofur sodium (2.2 mg/kg IM q24h for five treatments), ceftiofur crystalline free acid (6.6 mg/kg SC at the base of the ear once), tilmicosin (10 mg/kg SC once), and tulathromycin (2.5 mg/kg SC once) have been shown effective in clearing renal shed­ding of L. borgpetersenii serovar hardjo type hardjobovis from

.y

• 11 ∙ c ι 1S∩S1 ^rT^^,1 C(~^ C 1 " 1 " "

experimentally infected cattle.⁵⁰,⁵¹ Ihe efficacy of these antibiotic

■ Definition, Etiology, and Epidemiology Trypano­somiasis is a hemoprotozoan disease of African cattle that also infects the CNS. The disease is transmitted to cattle by the bite of the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.). The agents that infect cattle include Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense, and Trypanosoma brucei. An especially severe neurologic form of the disease has been caused by the inoculation of cattle with T. congolense, followed 1 year later by infection with T. brucei, or by simultaneous inoculation with the two agents.¹

■ Clinical Signs Encephalitic signs of the disease develop 2.5 to 5 months after infection and include ataxia, conscious proprioceptive deficits, knuckling (partial collapse of a joint into a flexed position), depression, circling, and head pressing. Some animals may show signs of behavioral change, lose the herd instinct, and develop hyperesthesia and constant repeti­tive movements. Other signs associated with progression of trypanosomiasis are semicoma, coma, recumbency, opisthotonos, and intermittent tonic-clonic convulsions, which occur 2 to

3 days before death. Affected animals are emaciated, anemic,

and icteric at death.^{2 3 *}

Experimental infection with trypanosomes causes a marked

■ Definition and Etiology Listeriosis is an acute menin­

goencephalitis caused by the Gram-positive bacterium L. monocytogenes. The disease has a worldwide distribution, but

occurs most often in temperate climates. Listeriosis typically

affects ruminants, fowl, and humans but is rare in horses. The prevalence of listerial meningoencephalitis in infected herds

does not usually exceed 1% of the adult animals at risk.¹

Clinical manifestations of listeriosis include septicemia of neonates, abortion, neonatal death, ophthalmitis, uveitis, septicemia and diarrhea in ewes, and neurologic disease.² Neurologic listeriosis may manifest as a multifocal brainstem

Robert J. MacKay

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is the most common infectious neurologic disease of horses in the United States. The Apicomplexa protozoan Sarcocystis neurona is the usual

cause, with sporadic cases caused by Neospora bugbesi.^{1 *}'¹ Species of Sarcocystis have an obligatory two-host life cycle.^{3 * S. * *} S. neurona reproduces sexually in the small intestine of the definitive host, the opossum (Didelpbis virginiana in North America and Didelpbis albiventris in South America), and results in the passage of oocysts/sporocysts with feces. Asexual proliferation occurs in the intermediate host and culminates in the formation of sarcocysts in muscle. The nine-banded armadillo, striped skunk, raccoon, and domestic cat are natural intermediate hosts that cover the geographic range in which EPM occurs.^4-7 The primary and secondary hosts for N. bugbesi are not known. The horse usually functions as an aberrant dead-end intermedi­ate host for S. neurona: With the exception of a single foal with S. neurona muscle sarcocysts,⁸ only precystic stages (i.e., merozoites and schizonts) have been found in the CNS of horses with EPM.

■ Pothogenesis The pathophysiologic and immunologic mechanisms of S. neurona infection in horses are not completely understood. Horses ingest the infective sporocyst stage of

S. neurona in food and water that have been contaminated by opossum feces. Congenital S. neurona infection is rare, but it is well established that N. bugbesi may be transmitted transplacentally.⁹ The mechanism of entry into the CNS of the horse is probably related to leukocyte-associated parasitemia.

Once in the CNS, S. neurona can localize and replicate in any region, from cerebrum to spinal cord. True peripheral nerves

and nerve roots are not infected; however, cranial nerves I and II (olfactory and optic), which are part of the CNS, can be affected. The location and extent of lesions determine the type and severity of clinical signs. Histologically, protozoa are usually associated with mixed inflammatory cellular responses and neuronal destruction. Schizonts (multicellular proliferative bodies) or free merozoites are common observed in the cytoplasm of neurons or mononuclear phagocytes and in capillary endothelial cells but rarely in other inflammatory or CNS cells.³

Both cellular and humoral immunity appear to be important for control of infection by S. neurona. Because of the intracel­lular location of the parasite, competent cell-mediated adaptive immune responses are considered essential for its elimination.

■ Epidemiology EPM is a disease of horses that have spent time in North or South America. There are isolated reports of horses elsewhere in which EPM was diagnosed but that have no history of travel to the Americas, and the nature of infection in these cases remains unclear.^10,11 Horses of all breeds can be affected by EPM, and there is no sex bias. There are

3. Growth spurts in foals

4. Intake of high levels of carbohydrates causing hormonal changes affecting the physis

6. Excessive or deficient calcium intake

■ Transmission Pedigree analyses and breeding studies have established that the gene responsible for this disease has a simple autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.^13-16 The breeding of carrier animals will produce 25% of offspring with the genetic disorder.^15,16 The breeding of a spider ram in a population of carrier females produces 50% of offspring with spider lamb syndrome.^6,14 The breeding of a carrier ram with his daughters also produced offspring with this disorder. The transfer of embryos produced between a spider ram and spider

John Maas

■ Definition and Etiology Ingestion of excessive fluoride by cattle, sheep, and horses can result in toxicosis. Acute fluoride toxicosis is relatively rare and is the result of accidental massive ingestion of fluoride compounds such as sodium fluoride or sodium fluorosilicate. Signs of acute fluoride toxicosis include restlessness, stiffness, anorexia, agalactia, salivation, vomiting or regurgitation, urinary incontinence, diarrhea, clonic convulsions, hyperemia, weakness, severe depression, and cardiac failure. Necrosis of the gastrointestinal mucosa and high concentrations of fluoride in plasma and urine are present in acute fluoride toxicities. Chronic fluoride toxicosis is most often referred to as fluorosis, a general term that includes osteofluorosis and dental fluorosis. Common sources of excess fluorides in the diet are

(1) water with a naturally high fluoride content, (2) forages

contaminated with fluorides from nearby (upwind) industrial plants (e.g., phosphate processing plants, aluminum plants,

aluminum smelters), (3) mineral sources (nondefluorinated rock phosphorus) and feed supplements with excessive fluoride

content, (4) forages contaminated by soil or water (particularly sprinkler irrigation water) with a high fluoride content, and

111316 2 17 18

sia,, pleuritιs,² pulmonary infarction,¹⁷ rib fracture,¹⁸ pleural adhesion,^2,6 pericarditis,^2,4 mediastinal lymphadenitis,⁶ and equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis.¹⁹ Reported primary extrathoracic disorders associated with HO include ovarian neoplasia,^5,20-22 abdominal tuberculosis,² peritonitis,² pituitary adenoma,⁹ pyogranulomatous dermatitis,³ and gastric squamous cell carcinoma.⁸ There is one report of HO in a mare that was thought to be associated with pregnancy; signs of HO developed during three different pregnancies and regressed each time after parturition.¹¹ In some cases, an underlying disorder is never identified.^2,6

■ Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of HO is not completely understood.^1,6-7 Initially, blood flow to the distal limbs is increased, followed by fluid retention and proliferation of connective tissue. Later there is bony proliferation along the inner aspect of the periosteum.^1,6,7 The periosteal prolifera­tion results in the bony enlargements seen clinically. The link between the primary lesion and the skeletal abnormalities is poorly understood. Proposed explanations include hormonal abnormalities, hypoxia, arteriovenous shunting, and neurologic mechanisms.^1,6,7 The neurologic theory is based on increased vagal stimulation, and the endocrine mechanism involves a variety of local and systemic hormones increasing the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet- derived growth factor (PDGF), causing release of megakaryo­cytes from the pulmonary circulation, resulting in platelet clumping in the periosteal capillaries.^7,19 No single theory offers a completely satisfactory explanation.

*Contributions to previous editions by R. David Whitley and Elizabeth M. Whitley are acknowledged.

Orbital injuries in domestic animals frequently include fractures of the orbital rim and zygomatic arch and damage to the supraorbital process of the frontal bone.² Fractures of the orbit may be identified by palpation, radiography, CT, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Contusions or lacerations of orbital soft tissues and temporary or permanent neurologic dysfunction also may be present.

Radiographic examination of the bony orbit in large animals is technically difficult and often unrewarding with conventional radiography. Standard lateral and dorsoventral views require powerful radiographic equipment for penetration of bony structures in horses and cattle.¹ Large fractures may be identi­fied, but distinct delineation of the bony orbit is difficult because of overlying sinus and nasal structures. An oblique view of the frontal bone is often the most helpful projection.³ This view may be taken with a portable machine because only minimal radiographic penetration of skull structures is required. Outlin­ing the orbit and surrounding bony structures allows identifica­tion of fractures, osteomyelitis with or without bony sequestra, and soft tissue abnormalities, including swelling and radiopaque foreign bodies. If a periorbital sinus is involved in the fracture, subcutaneous emphysema may be present. The use of digital radiography may allow enhanced visualization of the bony structures of the orbit, especially when only subtle changes are present. Digital radiography systems used in conjunction with portable equipment may provide adequate detail in standard

Conjunctival lacerations result in swelling (chemosis) and hemorrhage. The cornea and sclera should be examined carefully for evidence of lacerations or perforation. A concurrent scleral laceration is probable if the globe is excessively soft on digital

Trauma to the globe can damage the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. The resulting inflammatory response may range from very mild with rapid recovery to loss of vision and chronic discomfort. Signs of inflammation of the iris and ciliary body include blepharospasm, epiphora, miosis, aqueous flare, corneal edema, fibrin in the anterior chamber, hyphema, hypopyon, low IOP, and synechia formation. Concurrent damage to the corneal epithelium may be present and must be evaluated with fluorescein dye. Damage to the choroid may also affect the retina and lead to retinal detachment or degeneration.

Traumatic uveitis is treated in a manner similar to uveitis of other etiologies. Therapy is directed toward dilating the pupil to prevent synechia formation, cycloplegia to prevent painful ciliary spasm, and controlling the intraocular inflam­matory response. Topical atropine is instilled to maintain mydriasis and provide cycloplegia. Topical corticosteroids are used to decrease inflammation of the anterior segment if the corneal epithelium is intact.

The topical corticosteroids of choice are 1% prednisolone acetate or 0.1% dexamethasone. Subconjunctival injection of corticosteroids may also be beneficial in controlling inflamma­tion. Systemic medication should include an antiinflammatory, such as flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, phenylbutazone, or

Retinal tears, hemorrhage, edema, and detachment may be caused by trauma.²⁶ In cases of opaque ocular media, retinal separation may be diagnosed by ocular ultrasonography (Fig. 39.8). Retinal degeneration may follow ocular trauma. Retinal hemorrhage and edema should be treated with systemic corticosteroids. With current technology, surgical repair of

Ocular irritation caused by insecticides and disinfectants inadvertently applied to the eye is relatively common in the farm or ranch setting. Chemical burns to the cornea and adnexa may have serious consequences and may warrant a poor prognosis for salvage of the eye. Alkali burns are more severe than acid burns. Corneal burns from acids tend to be sharply demarcated and nonprogressive, whereas alkali burns cause progressive coagulation, melting, and sloughing of the corneal stroma.³ Chemically induced melting of the cornea must be differentiated from bacterial and fungal infections. Treatment for a suspected or known chemical burn should include lavage

edema and blindness.^{42 * *} Diagnosis is made by visualizing the parasite in the anterior chamber and detecting microfilaria in the blood. Treatment involves symptomatic antiinflammatory

and ivermectin therapy,^43,44 but surgical removal of larvae from the anterior chamber has also been reported.⁴⁵

Other filarides found free within the anterior chamber of horses' eyes include Dirofilaria immitis and O. cervicalis. Diagnosis and treatment are the same as for Setaria. Severe

endophthalmitis resulting from intraocular infection with the free-living nematode Halicephalobus has been reported in a horse.⁴⁶ The ocular disease was accompanied by a fatal

encephalopathy. Diagnosis was based on finding the parasite during microscopic examination of intraocular tissues.

The canine cestodes Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis may form intraocular hydatid cysts in humans, but in horses and ruminants subclinical orbital involvement is more common.⁴⁷ There is no medical treatment, and surgical removal is often impossible. Diagnosis is made on histopatho­logic examination of affected tissues.

■ Definition and Etiology Cutaneous papillomas or warts

occur (in decreasing order of frequency) in cattle, horses, goats,

and sheep.^1-4 The growths usually occur in young animals,^{4 * * *} as well as on teats of mature cattle and goats, and are white, tan,

or gray firm, protruding masses with a dry, horny surface. They vary in size from 1 to 500 mm and may be single or multiple. Species-specific papillomaviruses (subgroup of papovavirus) are responsible for causing warts.^5-7 It is now

accepted that parts of the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) genome

are found in naturally occurring equine sarcoids.⁸ There are

at least 10 BPV strains, designated BPV-1 through BPV-10 (Table 40.1),⁹ and probably more. At least two strains of virus are currently recognized in horses.

■ Clinical Signs Warts are usually small, benign growths that appear on animals younger than 2 years, persist for 3 to

12 months, and then spontaneously regress without causing clinical signs (other than a blemish). In cattle, warts on the teats, penis, or interdigital skin¹⁰ or in the alimentary tract may produce clinical signs of pain or occlusion. Warts usually develop in the ears of young cattle after tagging or tattooing, especially if instruments are not disinfected between individuals; these are not age related. Teat warts also predispose to envi­ronmental mastitis. Occasionally individuals with (presumed) defective cellular immunity may develop multiple extremely large warts that may result in weight loss.

In horses, warts on the face are rather common but rarely cause a significant problem (Fig. 40.8). The previously reported congenital wart in young horses has now been more properly termed a hamartomatous lesion (epidermal nevus) and has been shown not to be virus induced.¹¹

Warts are relatively rare in goats. They occur mainly on teats and may spread throughout the herd. A 1936 report described a herd outbreak involving the head, neck, shoulders, and forelegs in milking goats.¹² Does without adequate pig­mentation on the udder develop persistent mammary gland warts that may undergo transformation to become squamous cell carcinomas.¹³ There are probably at least two different strains of goat papillomavirus (head/neck and mammary).

Warts are rare in sheep but may occur on the face or legs. Differential diagnosis in sheep and goats includes contagious ecthyma (orf), ulcerative dermatosis, dermatophilosis, and sheeppox and goatpox.

Cutaneous stephanofilariasis is a filarial dermatitis of cattle.

The disease is caused by organisms of the genus Stephanofilaria

The L₃ stage is introduced into the animal host on subsequent

72

feedings.⁷²

of a heterologous host by papillomavirus.⁷ While BPV1 has been shown to be more prevalent in sarcoids from horses in Europe, the eastern United States, and Australia,^8-10 BPV2 has been more commonly reported in lesions from horses in the western United States and Canada.^11,12 Recently, sarcoids

collected in Brazil were found to be associated with BPV13, which is genetically more than 90% homologous to BPV1 and BPV2.¹³

sequences that are actively transcribed.^15,17

However, the role of BPV in the etiology of sarcoids con­tinues to be questioned. Although equine fibroblasts can be transformed in vitro following BPV1 infection,^22,23 experimental

The most common causes of enlarged ovaries in the mare are

(1) tumors, (2) anovulatory follicles, (3) ovarian hematomas, and (4) pregnancy.

Ovarian Tumors

Most equine ovarian tumors can be categorized as sex cord- stromal tumors (granulosa-theca cell tumors), epithelial tumors (cystadenomas), or germ cell tumors (dysgerminomas and tera­tomas), and mares can present with more than one tumor type.^{* 1}

GRANULOSA-THECA CELL TUMORS. The granulosa-theca cell tumor (GCT) is the most common ovarian tumor in the

α-progstaglandin product dinoprost tromethamine or similar

prostaglandin analog. The mare must be at least 5 days post

ovulation to respond reliably to treatment, although administra­

tion of the drug 3 days post ovulation can be effective.³² If the

mare is treated with PGF_2α in the presence of a mature diestrous

follicle (≥35 mm), she may ovulate the follicle without signs

of estrus in response to declining progesterone concentrations

that allow LH to be secreted from the anterior pituitary. An

Granulosa Cell Tumor

COW. Although rare, various ovarian neoplasms have been described in cows; granulosa cell tumors appear to be most common.¹

■ Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Granulosa cell tumors are characterized by unilateral ovarian enlargement, with the affected ovary being greater than 10 cm in diameter. The surface may be smooth or coarsely lobulated. Function of the contra­lateral ovary may be suppressed. The behavior of affected cows ranges from anestrus to nymphomania to bull-like behavior. Udder development and lactation may occur in affected heifers. Hormonal profiles, including estrogen and testosterone, may be variable among cows with granulosa cell tumors. Although inhibin has not been validated for use in cows, AMH is secreted by neoplastic granulosa cells and can be a useful diagnostic measurement.¹ Few bovine granulosa cell tumors are malignant, and they rarely metastasize. Among the other ovarian neoplasms that have been reported in cattle are dysgerminomas, interstitial cell tumors, and teratomas. Causes of ovarian enlargement that must be differentiated from ovarian neoplasia include ovarian cysts, oophoritis, ovarian abscesses, and parovarian cysts.

■ Treatment and Prognosis The treatment for ovarian neoplasia in cattle is surgical removal of the affected ovary; however, cows may not be as fertile as mares after removal of the tumor.

EWE. Granulosa cell tumors have been reported, but tumors of the genital organs of ewes appear to be rare. Animals with ovarian tumors may exhibit all types of behavioral and physiologic abnormalities (nymphomania, inappropriate lactation). Diagnosis

Cow

The cotyledonary placenta of cows is usually expelled within

■ Definition and Etiology Orchitis is most commonly caused by infection or trauma. Bacterial infections may develop hematogenously or occasionally by retrograde movement from infected accessory sex glands. Periorchitis or epididymitis may coexist.^{* 1} Testicular enlargement is due to edema that accom­panies the inflammatory reaction. Contusion and inflammation of the testes occur in racing stallions, particularly Standardbreds. S. Zooepidemicus is commonly isolated from infectious orchitis in stallions. In bulls, infectious orchitis is caused by B. abortus, M. tuberculosis, T. pyogenes, Nocardia farcinica, bovine herpesvirus

1 (IBR-IPV), and other miscellaneous organisms.² Epididymitis orchitis in rams may be associated with B. ovis or Actinobacillus seminis and Actinobacillus-like organisms.³

■ Clinical Signs and Differentials Acutely orchitic testes are hot, swollen, and painful. The swollen testis is turgid because of restriction by the tunica albuginea. Edema of the

other miscellaneous organisms cause epididymitis.¹ In mature rams the disease is commonly associated with B. ovis, whereas in ram lambs organisms from the Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, Histophilus, and Corynebacterium groups are prevalent.³ Routes

of infection have been postulated to be hematogenous, venereal,

or ascending from genitourinary passages, similar to routes of infection proposed for orchitis. Injuries, such as penetrating wounds, especially during shearing, could compromise the scrotal sac, leading to epididymitis. All routes of infection are likely to occur to some degree, depending on the pathogen

• Four principal goals for infection control programs:

• Decreasing the likelihood of exposure to infectious agents among patients and personnel

• Decreasing the intrinsic risks for health care-associated infections (HAIs)

• Maximizing participation of personnel in infection control activities

• Optimizing the efficiency of infection control procedures and policies

• These goals are achieved through five major actions:

• Decreasing direct and indirect patient contact

• Optimizing hygiene

• Using proven directed actions that decrease risks or are protective against HAIs, as well as actions that have a reasonable likelihood of efficacy based on biology, principles of pathogen transmission, and data from other species

• Identifying high-risk patients and HAIs through efficient surveillance strategies

• Optimizing communication and education among all personnel

Much attention is paid to the possible role of the inanimate environment in HAIs of large animals. Contamination of the hospital environment by microorganisms is inevitable and entirely expected, and detection of microorganisms in a hospital environment does not, by itself, indicate anything of clinical relevance. A variety of factors are likely involved in the potential clinical relevance of contaminants, including the organism, numbers present, likelihood of contact with susceptible hosts, degree of susceptibility of potential hosts, environmental effects (temperature, ultraviolet exposure, humidity), and routine infection control protocols. Many microorganisms grow well on environmental surfaces, provided there is adequate moisture

Programs for controlling infectious diseases are important components of management practices directed toward maximiz­ing the health, productivity, and performance of horses.^{* * 1} Infectious disease in an individual horse or outbreaks of infection in a group occur when horses experience challenge with an infectious agent at a dose sufficient to overcome resistance acquired through previous natural exposure to the disease or through vaccination. For this reason, programs for controlling infectious diseases should have the following three goals:

1. To reduce exposure to infectious agents in the horses' environment

Victor S. Cortese

Our knowledge of the different vaccines' ability to protect against infection with BVDV is rapidly increasing. Cur­rently, three kinds of BVDV vaccines are available: MLV vaccines, temperature-sensitive vaccines (available only in Europe), and inactivated virus vaccines (Table 48.9). MLV BVDV vaccines have demonstrated advantages over the newer inactivated vaccines. Most of these advantages are common to all MLV vaccines^1,2: (1) MLV vaccines are less expensive, (2) postvaccination anaphylactic reactions occur less often than after administration of some inactivated vaccines,

(3) immunity is achieved more rapidly after administration

of a single dose (within 7 to 10 days), (4) MLV vaccines produce much higher levels of serum-neutralizing antibodies,^{* 3 *}

(5) immunity lasts longer,^4-6 (6) MLV vaccines are effective

against a broader spectrum of viral strains,³ and (7) MLV BVDV vaccines are better able to protect the developing fetus from infection.^{7 * * * *}

On the other hand, MLV BVDV vaccines have certain

disadvantages compared with inactivated BVDV vaccines: (1) some MLV vaccines can produce mild immunosuppression for brief periods after administration,^{5 *} (2) some have been

associated with what is usually a rather low incidence of a highly fatal disease syndrome, postvaccinal mucosal disease^8,9

(see later), and (3) until recently, MLV vaccines were not

ordinarily recommended for routine use in pregnant cattle.

Studies have shown that the duration of cross-neutralizing

antibodies stimulated by inactivated BVDV vaccines depends

on the antigenic similarity between the vaccine strain and the wild-type virus to which the cow is exposed.^10,11 If there

are few common proteins, the ability to neutralize can be as short as 4 months; if there are many common antigenic sites, neutralization may last a year. MLV BVDV vaccines stimulate cross-neutralizing antibodies that can still be detected 18 months after vaccination.³ This longer duration was further demonstrated by a modified live BVDV vaccine receiving a USDA label containing a 1-year duration of immunity against the birth of both type 1 and type 2 persistently infected calves.¹²

Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of both modified live¹³,¹⁴ and inactivated type 1 vaccines¹⁵ to provide protection against type 2 BVDV strains, although the protection afforded by the MLV vaccine was more complete. The USDA/APHIS has established a licensing protocol for BVDV vaccines to obtain a type 2 BVDV protection claim. Most of the vaccines licensed against both BVDV type 1 and type 2 contain BVDV type 1 and type 2 isolates. The question of current vaccines' ability to cross-protect against BVDV type 1b strains has been raised,¹⁶ and further studies are needed to determine the level of protection afforded by current vaccine strains.

cally from bovine pneumonia as early as 1971 with occasional subsequent descriptions of isolations.^85-89 Much of the currently

available information about prevalence of B. trehalosi in bovine pneumonia is anecdotal and not well documented in the sci­

entific literature. What little data are documented, however, indicate a low prevalence of the bacterium. The Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) laboratories in the United Kingdom

documented 65 isolates of B. trehalosi from bovine pneumonia

cases since four initial cases were recorded in 2003.⁹⁰ Isolations ranged from 0 (2005) to 22 (2009) with over two thirds of the isolates occurring in the last 3 years of the study. Isolates have been from both beef and dairy cattle, and all ages have been

affected. In 72% of the cases, B. trehalosi was isolated in

combination with one or more other bacterial or viral respiratory pathogens. From 2007 and 2009, B. trehalosi was isolated from

approximately 20 to 45 cases of respiratory disease in dairy

cattle annually.⁸⁴ That report also documented multiple case

Little is known about immunity against B. trehalosi, and commercial vaccines specifically targeting this agent are not currently available. There is only approximately 35% homology between the genomes of B. trehalosi and M. haemolytica⁹¹ Some

gram-negative LPS core antigens assist in either the control

of bacterial infection, neutralization of bacterial endotoxin, or

a combination of both. In the trial where clinical coliform mastitis was reduced by 82%, however, vaccination did not reduce the incidence of subclinical intramammary coliform infections that were present at the time of calving.²⁷

Vaccination Programs

Recommendations for use of bacterins to prevent disease associated with salmonellosis are summarized in Table 48.11. Cows should not receive other vaccines containing gram­negative organisms (Pasteurella, Salmonella, Brucella, Campylo­bacter [Vibrio], Histophilus somnus, E. coli, or M. bovis bacterins) within 5 days of vaccination with J-5 E. coli bacterin.

A J-5 E. coli bacterin has also successfully reduced morbidity and mortality in experimental S. Typhimurium infection in calves.²⁸ However, because of the short half-life of passively acquired antibodies stimulated by mutant LPS core antigen vaccines,²⁹ vaccination of dry cows is unlikely to be an effective control measure for salmonellosis in calves except when calves

SherriU A. Fleming

The efficacy of a given parasite control program should not be assumed; it should be assessed on a regular basis. The routine performance of quantitative tests for parasite burdens allows veterinarians to identify the development of anthelmintic resistance. Although fecal flotation is useful in identifying the presence of parasites, the use of the McMaster technique allows an estimation of the numbers of parasites. Both procedures are relatively simple and can easily be performed in the practice setting. Alternatives to the McMaster technique include FLOTAC, Mini-FLOTAC, and smartphone automated parasite egg counting systems to determine fecal egg counts (FECs).¹ Once resistance has been documented, it is important to identify the species involved through larval identification.

FEC and FEC Reduction Tests²’⁶ (Box 49.2)

Determining numbers of nematode eggs in feces is the simplest and least invasive way to evaluate a parasite control program. Fecal examination may be of limited value in an individual animal because animals dying of parasitic infection may have no eggs in the feces, whereas animals with high FECs may be clinically normal. Nevertheless, FECs can provide information on the level of infection present in an individual animal, particularly when egg counts are repeated over the course of

2 to 3 weeks. Herd average FECs are more useful and provide

Lora Rickard BaUweber

Traditionally, lungworms are those nematode parasites that reside in the lung as adults. In domestic ruminant and equine species, most clinical cases of lungworm involve the genus Dictyocaulus. Species of Dictyocaulus tend to be host specific, with Dictyocaulus viviparus, Dictyocaulus filaria, and Dictyocaulus arnfieldi found in the bronchi of cattle, small ruminants, and equids (horses, ponies, donkeys), respectively. Sheep and goats may also be infected with Protostrongylus rufescens and Muellerius capillarisM This section focuses on Dictyocaulus infection, with a brief discussion of other lungworm parasites found in small ruminants.

Because verminous pneumonia requires specific treatment, it is important to distinguish it from diseases caused by other infectious agents. Often the role of lungworm in the cause of

*Contributions to previous editions by Sidra Hines are acknowledged.

^Contributions to previous editions by Sidra Hines are acknowledged.

M. Julia B. Felippe • Debra C. Sellon

The interrelationship between infectious agents and the host immune system is complicated. Infection, regardless of etiology, initiates a cascade of complex reactions intended to assist the host in control and elimination of the infectious agent. When the immune system is compromised, infectious agents have an increased opportunity to become established and cause significant disease in the host. This may happen because external factors suppress immune function in the host before encounter­ing a pathogen or because the pathogen suppresses immune responses in the host.

Common Infections in the Immunocompromised Host

Immunocompromised horses are incapable of developing a normal immune response, usually as a result of an immuno­deficiency disorder, immunosuppressive therapy or endocrine dysregulation, underlying disease, or malnutrition. When an equine host has impaired immune responses for any reason, infectious agents have an increased opportunity to establish persistent infection or cause significant harm to the host. For many immunocompromised horses, the result is persistent or unusually severe disease secondary to infection with common equine pathogens. In some situations, however, the immune capabilities of the horse are so impaired as to enable normally nonpathogenic infectious agents to cause disease. Identification of such pathogens or patterns of infection in an equine patient should lead the clinician to suspect underlying immunodeficiency.

Undoubtedly, primary immunodeficiency disorders (including SCID, agammaglobulinemia, FIS, and CVID), described in detail earlier in this chapter, represent the principal cause of immunocompromise in horses.^1-8 The most commonly described pathogens in horses with severe primary immunodeficiency include adenoviruses, Cryptosporidium parvum, Candida spp., P. jirovecii (formerly P. carinii), and R. equi (in adult horses). These are generally considered to be pathogens of the respira­tory and GI tracts, and most affected horses present with persistent or severe clinical signs associated with these body systems. Horses with less severe primary or secondary immune deficiency (e.g., selective IgM deficiency) may present with recurrent respiratory tract infections associated with a variety of bacterial pathogens.⁴ The most common secondary immu­nodeficiency disorder of horses is FPT of immunity.⁹ Affected foals commonly develop bacterial septicemia with or without localized bacterial infections.

Some foals with FPT or other forms of immunosuppression develop localized or systemic candidiasis.^10,11 This disorder appears to be most common in foals with FPT that have been treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobials for treatment of bacterial septicemia. This syndrome has some similarities to mucocutaneous candidiasis in people, which has been associated with several different subtle T-cell defects. Oral lesions range from discrete, focal, white, plaquelike lesions on the margins of the tongue to a generalized, thick, white, pseudomembranous coating covering the tongue and gingival mucosa. Most foals exhibit bruxism, ptyalism, fever, and depression. Other

(Color Plate 54.3) are the most important plant-related toxicoses in the western United States and significantly affect animals in other areas of the world.¹⁰ A review of poisonous plants

affecting livestock in China suggested locoweeds were respon­sible for an estimated 80% of all livestock losses due to plant toxicoses.² Many species in these genera can cause four different toxic syndromes: sudden death from methemoglobinemia due to nitro compounds in cattle and sheep (milkvetch [Astragalus spp.]); respiratory syndrome with emphysema-like signs, most

often seen in sheep (milkvetch [Astragalus spp.]); neurologic signs (Astragalus spp. and Oxytropis spp.); and selenium toxicosis (Astragalus spp.). Recent investigations have shown that the toxin swainsonine, responsible for the signs of nervous system dysfunction, is produced by an endophyte (Undilum oxytropis) in the plant seeds rather than by the plants themselves.³⁹

Swainsonine triggers clinical signs after chronic locoweed ingestion in horses and ruminants. This same toxin poisons horses and cattle consuming swainsona or darling pea (Swainsona spp.) in Australia.³ The toxin creates a lysosomal storage disease in which α-mannosidase is inhibited, resulting in swelling of axonal hillocks and growth of new dendrites and synapses in severe locoweed cases, a nonreversible change.^{36 * *}

Clinical neurologic signs of locoweed intoxication begin with depression and incoordination and progress to aberrant behavior, aggression, circling, weight loss, and eventually death if locoweed consumption continues. In affected horses, this leads to unpredictable behavior, endangering riders and handlers, so these animals are often euthanized or perhaps salvaged for breeding. Similar signs may be seen in horses forced to eat

Summer Pasture-Associated Myositis and Equine Atypical Myopathy

Recent research defined ingestion of box elder seeds from female trees (Acer negundo) (Color Plate 54.5) as a cause of

Clinical manifestations of oxalate poisoning are variable and depend on factors such as the form of oxalate in the consumed plant, the animal species, and the rate of consumption. Plants capable of causing oxalate toxicity are listed in Table 54.7. The balance between soluble (oxalic acid) and insoluble forms of oxalate in plants varies and is affected by GI tract pH following ingestion. Binding of calcium can occur in the GI tract lumen.